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MOTHERS REMEDTK S 



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Over One Thousand 

Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers 

of the United States 

and Canada. 






Also 



Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Diet, Nursing, 
Treatments, Etc., of Every Known Disease. 

Poisons, Accidents, Medicinal Herbs 

and Special Departments on 

Women, Children and Infants, 

by 

DR. T. J. RITTER 

Formerly connected with Medical Faculty of University 
of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Mich. 




REVISED 

with 

INTRODUCTION 

by 

DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS 




1916 



Copyright. 1910 

by 

G. H. FOOTE PUBLISHING CO. 

All rights reserved 



Copyright. 1915 

by 

G. H. FOOTE PUBLISHING CO. 



All rights reserved 






JAN 10 1915 

GI.A428ia3 



PREFACE 



Medicine is not an exact science, and it is reasonable to presume 
that even Time, with all its qualifying influences, will fail in its effects 
on this one branch of science. As the millions of faces seem each to 
present some differentiating feature, so each human system seems to 
require special study of its individual temperament. 

So physicians find it necessary to have more than one remedy for 
a given ill; they still find truth in the old adage, "What is one 
man's meat is another's poison." But Mother finds a variety of rem- 
edies necessary for another reason. Her medicine-chest is usually 
lacking the full quota of drugs required to meet the many emergencies, 
and she must turn to the ''remedy at hand." 

Necessity has again proved its influence and with the years thous- 
ands of simple home concoctions have found their way to the relief of 
the daily demands on Mother's ingenuity. These mothers' remedies 
have become a valuable asset to the raising of a family, and have 
become a recognized essential in a Mother's general equipment for 
home-making. 

For fifteen years the Publisher has handled so-called home medical 
works; during that time he has had occasion to examine practically all 
the home medical works published. He has been impressed with the 
utter uselessness of many, perhaps most, of these books because the 
simple home remedies were lacking. 

A few years ago he conceived the idea of gathering together the 
"Mothers' Remedies" of the world. This one feature of this book he 
claims as distinctly his own. Letters were sent by him to Mothers in 
every state and territory of the United States, and to Canada and 
other countries, asking for tried and tested "Mothers' Remedies." The 
appeal was met with prompt replies, and between one thousand and 
two thousand valuable remedies were collected in this way. 

Through courtesy to these Mothers who helped to make this book 
possible, the book was named "MOTHERS' REMEDIES." 

Dr. T. J. Ritter, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, a graduate of the regular 
School of Medicine at the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor^ and 

iii 



later one of the medical staff of the University, consented to furnish 
the necessary material to complete the Medical Department. Dr. Rit- 
ter, in over thirty years of actual practice, has met with all the 
exigencies of both city and country practice v^hich have brought to him 
the ripe experience of v^^hat would be called a "physician's life-time/' 
His success has been, in part, due to his honesty, kindliness and consci- 
entiousness, as well as to his thorough training an<i natural adaptability 
to the profession. 

Besides writing the Causes, Symptoms, Preventives, Nursing, Diet, 
Physicians* Treatment, etc., he has examined each and every one of the 
Mothers' Remedies and added, when possible, the reason why that rem- 
edy is valuable. In short, he supplied in his remarks following each 
Mother's Remedy the Medical virtue or active principle of the ingredi- 
ents. This lifts each Mother's Remedy into the realm of science,— in 
fact, to the level of a Doctor's Prescription. 

In writing his part. Dr. Ritter consulted, personally or through 
their works, considerably over one hundred of the acknowledged Med- 
ical Specialists of the world. Thus he has brought to you the latest 
discoveries of modern science, — the Medical knowledge of the world's 
great specialists. 

Dr. Ritter, therefore, wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to 
the following: On the subject of Theory and Practice, to Dr. Wm. 
Osier, Oxford University, England; Dr. James M. Andres, Ph. D., 
Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Hughes Dayton, 
Vanderbilt Clinic-College of Physicians and Surgeons; Dr. Hobart A. 
Hare, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Temple S. 
Hoyne, Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, 111.; Dr. A. E. Small, 
Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, 111. ; Dr. C. G. Raue, Hahnemann 
Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.: Dr. John King, Eclectic Medical 
Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio. On the subject of Materia Medica to Dr. 
John Shoemaker, Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. 
Hobart A. Hare; Drs. Hemple and Arndt, Homeopathic, and others. 
On the subject of Obstetrics, to Dr. W. P. Manton, Detroit Medical 
College, and others. On the subject of Surgery, to the American Text 
Book on Surgery, edited by Drs. Keen and White, of Philadelphia, and 
many contributors. On the subject of Nervous Diseases, to Dr. Joseph 
D. Nagel and others. On the subject of the Eye, to Dr. Arthur N. 
Ailing, of Yale University. On the subject of the Ear, to Dr. Albert 
H. Buck, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City; Dr. O. 
A. Griffin, University of Michigan and others. On the Nose and 

iv 



Throat, to Dr. James B. Ball, London, England. On the Skin, to Dr. 
James N. Hyde, Rush ^ledical College, Chicago, 111. ; Dr. Alfred 
Schaiek, Rush Medical College, Chicago, 111. On the Rectum and 
Anus, to Dr. Samuel G. Gant, Ph. D., Post-graduate College, New 
York City. On the Diseases of Children, to Dr. L. Emmett Holt, 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City ; Dr. Koplik, New 
York City ; Dr. Charles Douglas, Detroit College of Medicine ; Dr. 
Henry E. Tuley, University of Kentucky; Dr. Tooker, Chicago. On 
the subject of Nursing, to Isabel Hampton Robb, and on Dietetics, to 
Dr. Julius Friedenwald, College Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, 
Md. On the Baby to Drs. Holt, Douglas, Tooker, Koplik and Cool- 
idge. On Insanity, to Dr. Selden Talcott, formerly superintendent of 
the Middleton State Hospital for the Insane, New York State. Besides 
the above a great many other physicians and their works might be men- 
tioned, and to all appreciation is gratefully acknowledged. 

Mrs. Elizabeth Johnstone, who writes the department on "Manners 
and Social Customs," is the only daughter of the late Francis Gardiner, one 
of the early settlers of Washtenaw County, Michigan. She was edu- 
cated at the State Normal School, now the Normal College at Ypsi- 
lanti, and taught for several years after graduation. In 1880 she mar- 
ried the late Robert Ferguson Johnstone, editor of the Michigan 
Farmer, and after his death became editor of the Household Depart- 
ment of that paper. In 1895, the Farmer having passed into other 
ownership, she became a member of the Editorial Staff of the Detroit 
Free Press, where, continuing to write under the pseudonym of "Bea- 
trix" she has become widely known through the vast circulation of 
that paper. 

Years of experience have enabled her to write on topics of interest 
to women with comprehension of their needs, and to answer social 
inquiries with exactness. 

Miss Edna Gertrude Thompson, who supplies the chapter on 
Domestic Science, is a graduate of the Northern State Normal of 
Michigan. She was for a time a teacher in the Public Schools of Mich- 
igan and New York State. Miss Thompson later graduated from and 
is now the director of the Domestic Science Department of the Thomas 
Normal Training School of Detroit, Michigan. 

Miss Thompson has won an enviable reputation in Domestic Sci- 
ence work. She has avoided all of the quackery, self-exploitation and 
money schemes, which have proved a temptation to many in the work, 



and which have tended to brand the science as an advertising scheme, 
and confined herself to study, teaching and the legitimate development 
of the science. Her work in the Normal and in giving lectures on 
Domestic Science brings her in touch with large numbers of intelligent 
and practical women who realize that housekeeping and cookery must 
be reduced to a science. Luxuries of fifty years ago are necessities 
today. The increase in the cost of living without a corresponding 
advance in wages has made it imperative that method and system be 
installed in the home. 

Domestic Science is still in the embryo, but let us hope it will, in 
a measure at least, prove a panacea for modern domestic ills and recetve 
the encowragement and speedy endorsement that it deserves. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Beginning on 
Page 

Medical Department 1 

Mother's Diagnosis 1 

Respiratory Diseases 6 

Animal Parasites, Diseases Caused by 44 

Skin, Diseases of 52 

Digestive Organs, Diseases of 9-7 

Kidney and Bladder, Diseases of 152 

Infectious Diseases 166 

Blood and Ductless Glands, Diseases of 249 

Nervous System, Diseases of 261 

Constitutional Diseases 314 

Circulatory System, Diseases of 337 

Eye and Ear, Diseases of 346 

Deformities 369 

Intoxicants and Sunstrokes 371 

Accidents, Eemergencies and Poisons 376 

Herb Department 408 

Homeopathy 448 

Patent Medicines and Secret Formulae 465 

Woman's Department — 

Diseases of Women 489 

Obstetrics or Midwifery 515 

All About Baby 544 

Nursing Department 623 

Schools of Medicine, Leading 660 

Operations 662 

vii 



Hot Springs of Arkansas 666 

Common Household Articles, Medical Uses of 668 

Mothers' Remedies, Unclassified 674 

Manners and Social Customs 683 

Beauty and the Toilet 790 

Nursery Hints and Fireside Gems 800 

Domestic Science Department 817 

Canning^ Pickling, Preserving, Etc 831 

Candy Department . 848 

Miscellaneous, General. 856 

Dictionary, Medical 893 

Index — 

Medical 909 

Manners and Social Customs 944 

Miscellaneous 946 



▼ifi 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Adiwoids Opposite Page 8 

Appendix, Vermiform (Showing Different Types) " " lie 

Appenwx, Vermiform (When Affected by Inflammation and Gan- 
grene, Necessitating an Operation) " " 116 

Ardis (Baby Photo) " " 544 

Bandaging, Hospital Method -Page 384 

Bronchial Tubes and Lungs Opposite Page 6 

Circulatory System " " 337 

Diphtheria " " 184 

Drowning (Schaefer Method of Resuscitating) " " 399 

Eye Bandage, Plan of Borsch's Page 386 

Hand Arteries Opposite Page 392 

Hand Nerves " " 292 

Heart, Stomach and Appendix " " 97 

Herb Plates: 

Bearberry " " 411 

Blood Root " " 413 

Boneset " " 414 

Canada Fleabane " " 430 

Chamomile, True " " 417 

Elder Flowers " " 422 

Elecampane " '* 446 

Ginseng " " 424 

Indian Tobacco or Lobelia " " 417 

Mandrake or May-apple " " 429 

Marigold, Marsh *' " 430 

Mustard " " 432 

Partridge Berry *' " 432 

Pleurisy Root " " 434 

Rock Rose " " 437 

St. John's Wort " " 443 

Scouring Rush " " 414 

Seneca Snake Root " " 438 

Snake Head " " 408 

Tansy " " 437 

Wahoo " " 445 

Wormseed, American " " 446 

Wormwood " " 443 

ix 



Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder Page 153 

Muscular System Opposite Page 323 

Nervous System Page 262 

Obuque Bandage of the Jaw " 380 

RiTTER, Dr. T. J. (Photo) Opposite Title Page 

SaATic Nerve Opposite Page 266 

Skeleton " " 369 

Skiagraph (X-Ray Photograph) of the Hand " " 316 

Spiral Bandage of the Finger Page 384 

Spiral Bandage of the Foot " 384 

Spiral Reversed Bandage of the Jaw " 3*86 

Taste Buds ** 308 

Thyroid Gland (Goitre) Opposite Page 258 



PHYSICIAN'S INTRODUCTION 



"Of the things which man can do or make here below, by far the most 
momentous, wonderful, and worthy, are the things we call Books." — Carlyle. 

"A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the most patient 
and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us^ in times of 
adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness." — S. 
Smiles, 

Of making books there seems no end. Some are good, some bad, 
and many just an encumbrance upon the book-shelves, neither of much 
use nor particularly harmful. Some books are to- be read for cheer and 
amusement ; some for reproof and correction ; others to be studied for 
useful information and profit. 

The Ideal Book. — There is a wide felt need for a worthy book of 
sound hygienic and medical facts for the non-medical people. The 
Ideal Book for this mission should be compact in form, but large enough 
to give the salient facts, and give these in understandable language; it 
must not be "loaded" with obsolete and useless junk of odds and ends 
which have long ceased to be even interesting; it must carry with it the 
stamp of genuine reliability; it should treat all the ordinary and most 
common forms of ailments and accidents ; it must be safe in its teach- 
ings ; it needs to be free from objectionable language and illustrations, 
so that all of any family may study and use it with profit ; it must fre- 
quently warn of dangers ahead and urge the summoning of professional 
skill promptly, for there are many cases requiring the services of exper- 
ienced physicians and surgeons in their treatment ; it should advise rem- 
edies readily obtainable, as well as those for which long journeys to a 
drug store are required; and finally the book should be reasonable in 
price that those who most need it can afford to own it. 

Need of Brevity. — The facts of hygiene and therapeutic measures 
are widely scattered through medical literature, and extend over hun- 
dreds of years of time. Many volumes have been written on diseases 
of the eye, the heart, liver, and stomach, brain and other organs, to un- 
derstand which requires special technical education. It would be the 
height of folly to present these discussions to the laity in their original 
form, hence the necessity for condensation and presentation of the need- 
ful facts in the language of the people in whose interests the book is 
pnnted. In a book of fiction there may be need for useless verbiage for 
the sake of "making pages," but facts of vital importance and usefulness 
m our daily welfare need to be well boiled down and put into shape for 
ready reference. This has been done in "Mothers' Remedies," and I 
thmk it quite fulfills the ideal I have outlined above. 



The title is rather odd upon first seeing it, but the most plausible 
when you become acquainted with its import. It surely becomes the 
best friend of the whole family. 'It does not turn its back upon us in 
times of adversity/' but cheerfully answers a thousand and one questions 
of vital importance to the household. In the hour of distress, when ill- 
ness or accident befalls the dear ones, you may turn again and again to 
its pages without meeting disappointment. 

Its Value. — There are many books on household medicines, but in 
my opinion this is the most useful of them all, a very present help in time 
of need. You can go to it for helpful information without failing to find 
it. Is there serious illness in the house? It will tell you about it con- 
cisely and plainly, describing its symptoms, nature and course, and ad- 
vise you to consult the family physician if of a serious nature before it 
is too late. In the chapters on accidents, emergencies and poisons, it 
tells you what to do at once while awaiting the doctor's arrival. He will 
be much pleased to see that you have made the proper effort to treat 
the case. Prompt treatment makes for prompt recovery. 

The real value of any book, or what is sometimes called its intrinsic 
value, or utility, consists in what it avails to gratify some desire or want 
of our nature. It depends, then, wholly upon its qualities in relation to 
our desires. That which contributes in ever so small degree to. the well- 
being of humanity is of greater value than silver or gold. This book 
contains hundreds of prescriptions, any one of which will repay the 
small cost in money that it requires to possess it. In fact, the financial 
investment is so small when compared with the benefit derived from its 
pages that this feature need not be considered. 

Examples. — In the stillness and loneliness of the night, away from 
medical help, there comes the hoarse barking cough of the child, per- 
haps, and a case of croup is upon the responsibility of the parents. The 
struggles and terror of the little patient throws the household into con- 
sternation, and all is excitement in a moment. If the mother ever knew 
what to do in such a case she is likely not able to recall the exact remedy 
at this time, the doctor is miles away, and the case is urgent 

A reference to the medical index of "Mothers' Remedies" under 
croup shows that on pages 27, 28 and 29, is a full description of the at- 
tack, and there are fifteen (15) home remedies given, many of which can 
be found in the house, and the spasm may be stopped by the use of one 
of them. 

This is only one example of the use of this book. There are innum- 
erable times when cases come up in the home, or accidents befall a dear 
one and a ready remedy is required; the book most likely contains it, 
and is willing to tell you if you consult it carefully. 

Tuberculosis. — ^The article on tuberculosis is full of valuable rules 
on diet and hygiene for every person, whether he has the disease or not. 
A knowledge of the dangers and mode of spreading the disease is the 

xii 



best safeguard against having it. Where one person in every seven (7) 
dies of consumption it becomes imperative that full knowledge of the 
disease and its prevention should become widespread. 

Accidents and Poisons. — Another department that illustrates the 
value of the book is that on Accidents and Poisons, where quick action 
is needed to prevent great suffering and danger and the salvation of life 
itself. One cannot always get the doctor in time. A quick reference to 
this part of the book will give the proper course of action to follow. The 
indicated mother's remedy or the physician's treatment as given here 
applied in the "nick of time" will save many a life in cases of burns, or 
accidental poisoning, or hemorrhage. I have been called in such cases 
where a simple drink of warm mustard water promptly used would 
have saved a life in carbolic acid poisoning. It is in the emergencies 
where a ready knowledge of the ways and means necessary to conserve 
life is most valuable ; and it is in just such emergencies that one is most 
apt to forget what is best to do that a copy of Mothers' Remedies be- 
comes a priceless boon of helpfulness. 

All About Baby. — The Woman's Department, and the chapter on 
'*All About Baby," alone contain priceless information for the guidance 
of the women of the home. It is like having a good doctor right in the 
house who is ready and able to answer more than 500 questions of vital 
interest about Baby. The book is thoroughly reliable, free from exag- 
gerated statements and written in the plainest language possible so as 
to make it useful to every member of the home. The Herb Department 
gives a brief description of the more common and most useful plants and 
roots, with the time for gathering them, and the dose and therapeutic 
indication for their use. The botanical illustrations are correct and 
worthy of careful study. 

THE INDEX. — Mothers' Remedies is unique m arrangement, and 
full of detail, but so well indexed that any portion of it, or any disease 
and remedy, can be readily found, and when found you will have a 
choice of home remedies ready at hand. This is one of the features of 
the book that distinguishes Mothers' Remedies from the usual home 
medical books heretofore sold. 

This feature of the book cannot be too strongly impresse4. Its 
value becomes apparent as soon as one consults its pages. Long chap- 
ters of descriptive reading filled with high sounding, technical terms may 
look very learned because the average reader does not understand it 
fully. But it is what one can obtain from a book that is usable that 
makes it valuable. In Mothers' Remedies this idea has been excellently 
carried out. 

The Home Remedies. — If there was any question regarding the suc- 
cess of the book in this homelike arrangement, the utilization of the 
home remedies, in addition to the strictly medical and drug-store ingredi- 
ents, it was promptly dispelled when the book was printed and pre- 
sented to the people interested. It has proved to be the most wonderful 

xiii 



seller on the market — the most usable and useful book ever offered the 
non-medical reader ; because never before has a medical book contained 
the hundreds of simple home remedies from mothers. Because a physi- 
cian tells you why the remedies are useful — the reason why the things 
used are efficacious. 

Medical Terms. — Frequently one comes across technical terms in 
the secular papers which, unless understood, obscure the sense of the 
reading. There is a dictionary of medical terms as a separate depart- 
ment which adds much to the usefulness of the work; the spelling, 
pronunciation and definition being concisely given in English. 

Other Departments. — There are other departments, such as chap- 
ters on Manners and Social Customs, by an expert. Nursery Hints, 
Candy Making, Domestic Science, and Miscellaneous departments which 
interest every member of any average family in health as well as in sick- 
ness. The Candy Department provides many an evening's enjoyment 
for the young people. 

In addition, the book gives under each disease the physician's rem- 
edies, the symptoms, causes, preventives wherever important, the diet, 
nursing, necessity for operations, and much other needful information 
for the sick-room. A complete chapter on Nursing and a detailed ac- 
count of the Baby and its care is perhaps the most useful portion of the 
book to the mothers who desire to- learn all about the baby. Many 
home medical books are of doubtful value by reason of exaggerated 
statements or vague and unusable directions regarding treatments. 
Mothers' Remedies stands squarely upon the foundation of utility and 
practical every-day usefulness. No matter how many other home med- 
ical books one may have, this is also needful because there's none other 
on the market like it. One of the missions of Mothers' Remedies in the 
home is the prevention of disease through its sound sanitary teachings. 
It was written exclusively for home use, and its instructions can be fol- 
lowed by anyone who can understand plain English, and the home rem- 
edies are extensively explained and recommended so^ that in emergencies 
one can always find something of value to use while awaiting the sur- 
geon's arrival. It is a well-spring of usefulness in any home, and it 
gives me genuine plea^.ure to call attention to it in these few lines, and 
to bespeak for it the continued enthusiastic reception with which it has 
met heretofore. 

(Signed) WM. ELLWOOD ZIEGENFUSS, M. D. 

Detroit, July 2, 1914. 



xiv 



MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 



MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS 



STRIKING, CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS 

of Many Diseases for Quick Reference and Comparison 

WHEN IN DOUBT 

BEFORE CALLING THE DOCTOR. 



APPENDICITIS. — Loss of appetite. There may be nausea and 
vomiting; there is usually a sudden onset of pain, often sharp and 
severe in the whole or part of the abdomen. Later the pain settles in 
the right groin. Patient lies on his back with his right knee drawn 
up. The muscles become rigid on the right side and later a lump 
appears in the right groin (iliac fossa). 

ANEMIA. — This disease is a diminution of the total quantity of 
the blood of its red cells, or red corpuscles or of their Haemoglobin, the 
coloring matter of the red corpuscles. Some difficulty of breathing. 
Palpitation on least exertion, tendency to faint, headache, tired, irrit- 
able, poor or changeable appetite, digestive disturbances, constipation, 
cold hands and feet, difficult and painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), 
irregular menstruation, leucorrhea. And when the skin is pale, yel- 
lowish green tinge, with perhaps flushed cheeks, it might properly be 
called chlorosis or "green sickness." 

ADDISON'S DISEASE.— Great weakness, stomach and bowel 
disorders, weak heart and dark coloring (pigmentation) of the skin. 

BRIGHT'S DISEASE.— Albumin and casts in the urine. The 
onset is usually gradual. There is paleness and puffiness of the eye- 
lids, ankles or hands in the morning. Later increased dropsy of face 
and the extremities, pasty yellow complexion, dyspepsia, constipation 

and heart symptoms. 
1 -^ ^ 



g MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

BRONCHITIS, ACUTE. (Cold on the Chest.)— There is a feel- 
ing of tightness under the breastbone, with a dry hard cough and head- 
ache. This cough may make the chest feel raw and sore, especially in 
front. 

CHOLERA MORBUS.— The onset is usually sudden with nausea, 
vomiting, and cramp-like bowel pains; vomits at first the stomach 
contents. Purging follows; vomiting and purging with severe cramps 
in abdomen and legs. 

CROUP. — ^Child wakes up suddenly, perhaps at midnight, with a 
harsh barking cough, with difficulty of breathing, and it looks as if it 
could not get another breath. Then there is an easy spell and soon 
the spasm recurs. 

CANCER OF THE STOMACH.— There is anemia and a gradual 
loss of weight. A peculiar color of the skin (cachexia), irregular vom- 
iting, some bleeding of "coffee-ground" color. Progressive loss of 
weight. Dragging or burning in the region of the stomach. 

CHICKEN POX.— Slight fever, chilly feelings. In twenty-four 
hours the eruption appears upon the body, face and forehead often 
only a few separate red pimples which soon become rounded vesicles ; 
however, there may be few or many. 

DIABETES. — The onset is gradual, glucose (sugar) is persistently 
in the urine. Great quantity of urine passed ; six to forty pints in 
twenty-four hours. Thirst is great. Large quantities of water is 
taken. Loss of strength and weight, mouth is dry, tongue is red and 
glazed, skin is dry and wrinkled. 

DIPHTHERIA. — This disease begins gradually, as a rule, with 
chilly feelings, pain in the back and limbs, pulse is faster, with a gen- 
eral redness of the throat before the formation of the membrane ; with 
such symptoms there are great weakness, paleness, and a bad smelling 
breath. Soon a spot or spots may be seen on the tonsils, uvula or 
soft palate, but in a day or two a dirty white patch is seen on the 
tonsils and this may spread, and with it there is increased weakness, 
pallor, loss of appetite and fever. When the membrane is taken off 
of the tonsils there is left a raw surface, and the membrane rapidly 
reforms. 

DYSENTERY.— The onset may be marked by diarrhea, followed 
by a severe, cramp-like bowel pain, with frequent small stools con- 
taining blood 'and mucus and accompanied b}' much straining (ten- 
esmus). 

DYSPEPSIA, ACUTE. (Acute Gastritis, Acute Indigestion).— 

Distress in the stomach, headache, thirst, nausea, vomiting, tongue 
heavily coated, foul breathy distaste for food, tender stomach. 



MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS 3 

ERYSIPELAS. — The onset is sudden, hig-h fever, and a local red- 
ness with a sharply defined margin between it and a healthy skin. It 
freciiiently appears upon the nose and spreads over one cheek or both. 
Jt may show only a smooth raised skin, or there may be vesicles. 

EARACHE. — This is very common in children. It comes fre- 
quently as an extension through the eustachian canal of a cold. The 
ache is only an evidence of congestion or inflammation in the ear. 
The child bursts out crying violently and nothing seems to make it 
stop. It may cry for some time then stop. When it is very young it 
is restless, and wants to move constantly, and refuses to be comforted 
by the soothing embraces of its mother. It is quiet only a few mo- 
ments at a time and again renews its cries and restlessness. The 
cries are moaning and seem like hopeless cries. A child or infant that 
cries that way and will not be quieted, should be suspected of having 
earache, and hot applications of dry or wet heat should be applied to 
the ear. If such symptoms are neglected, in a few days you are 
likely to have a discharge running from the external canal (meatus) 
and perhaps oermanent injury may be done to the drum membrane by 
ulceration. Warm water poured in the ear frequently relieves common 
earache. 

GALL STONES. — Sudden agonizing pain in the right upper abao- 
men in the region of the liver, with vomiting, prostration, tenderness 
in that region. Pain generally comes at intervals in paroxysms. 
There may be pains in the stomach during the weeks when the attack 
is absent and the patient may think the stomach is the seat of the 
trouble. 

IRITIS. — Pain is severe and worse at night, the iris looks cloudy, 
muddy, the pupil is small. There is congestion around the iris (ciliary- 
congestion). 

KIDNEY STONES.— Pain goes from the kidneys down through 
the ureter into the bladder and into the scrotum. There may be sand 
in the urine that makes it look like blood. 

LA GRIPPE — The onset is usually sudden, with a chill, and all 
of the symptoms of an active fever, headache, bone-ache, a general 
ache all over. A feeling of extreme weakness ; feels miserable and 
sick. 

LOCK-JAW (Tetanus).— History of a wound. The muscles o\ 
the jaw may be stiff and set. When there are spasms the muscles 
remain stiff and hard for some time. 

MALARIAL FEVER. — 'Chill, fever, and sweat, or one stage may 
be absent. There may be only a slight chilly feeling with fever almost 
all day and then remission. 



4 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

MUMPS. — The swelling is in front and below and behind the 
ear. Hard to eat and the swallowing of vinegar is almost im- 
possible. 

MEASLES. — Comes on gradually. There is a feeling of tired- 
ness and languor, headache followed shortly by sneezing, cold symp- 
toms, running at the eyes, dry throat, cough, much like an ordinary 
cold in the head, but with a persistent, hard racking cough. The erup- 
tion appears first in the sides of the mouth, in the inner surface of the 
cheeks, lips, gums and soft palate, in size from that of a pin-head to 
that of a split pea. It appears then about the eyes and then on the 
face, chest and extremities. It is first in red spots and then gets 
blotchy. This is usually three to six days after the appearance of the 
cold (catarrh) symptoms. 

MEASLES (German). — Chilliness, slight fever, pain in the back 
and legs, coryza. The eruption appears on the first or second day, on 
the face, then on the chest and in twenty-four hours over the whole 
body. The glands under the jaw enlarge. 

OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM. (Inflammation of Eyes at 
Birth). — A severe conjunctivitis in the newly-born baby, swelling and 
redness usually of both eyes, occurring on the second or third day after 
birth ; very soon there is a discharge and shortly it becomes creamy 
pus which runs from the eyes w^hen the lids are parted. 

PLEURISY. — The onset may be sudden or gradual. Sudden 
with a chill, fever, a severe sharp pain, stitch in the side, made worse 
by respiration, coughing or moving. The cough is dry. The pain is 
near the breast and sometimes it extends to the back. 

PNEUMONIA. — It begins with a chill, fever, pain in the lungs, 
expectoration with cough, and the material spit up may be mixed with 
blood (rusty sputa). Then also rapid rise of temperature, "grunting" 
breathing, the nostrils dilate, and the cheeks are flushed. 

RHEUMATIC FEVER OR INFLAMMATORY RHEUMAT- 
ISM. — A number of joints become involved. It spreads from one joint 
to another, very painful joints, profuse sweating. 

SMALLPOX. — The onset is sudden and ushered in by a chill, 
nausea and vomiting, headache, and severe pains in the back and 
legs, without grip symptoms. There is a rapid rise of temperature. 
Usually on the fourth day after the onset small red pimples appear on 
the forehead, along the line of the hair and on the wrists. The tem- 
perature .falls with the appearance of the eruption. 

SPOTTED FEVER.— Marked loss of appetite, chill, projectile 
vomiting, severe headache, pain and stiffness of the back and neck. 
Later head is drawn back, often the back is rigid. The muscles of 
the neck and back are very tender. 



MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS 5 

SCARLET FEVER. (Scarlatina).— Comes on suddenly with 
loss of appetite, headache, sick stomach, perhaps vomiting, high fever, 
sore throat, vomiting may persist. The tongue is coated, edges are 
red ; later it is red and rough ; the so-called strawberry tongue. Usu- 
ally within twenty-four hours an eruption appears, first upon the neck 
and chest which spreads rapidly over the face and the rest of the 
body. The eruption consists of red pimply elevations about the size 
of a pin-head, very close together, so that the body seems to be cov- 
ered with a scarlet flush. If you look closely you can see these little 
pimply elevations. 

TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS.— Irregular temperatures, 
respiration is more frequent than normal, pulse is rapid, cough, expec- 
toration, night sweats, perhaps, and general failure of strength. 

TONSILITIS. (Smooth and Follicular).— Commences with a chill, 
rapid rise of temperature, general aching in the back, and legs espe- 
cially. The tonsils are large and red and spots may appear on them 
in a few hours. There may be no spots but a smooth, red, swollen 
tonsil, sometimes swollen to an enormous size. The spot and membrane, 
if any exists, are easily rubbed off and when this is done a glistening 
surface is seen, but not raw, as in diphtheria. 

TYPHOID FEVER.— There is a feeling of illness for a week or 
two and the patient is not able to w^ork much, does not sleep well, 
dreams, has a dull headache, back of the neck may be stifif. nosebleed 
sometimes, with a feeling as if there was some fever, increasing feeling 
of weakness, and sick feeling. Finally the fever, etc., becomes more 
prominent with constipation and diarrhea. 

ULCER OF THE CORNEA.— Light hurts the eyes very much, 
tears run freely and there is a feeling of something in the eye. The 
eyeball shows a rim of pink congestion about the cornea. The ulcer 
can be seen. 

ULCER OF THE STOMACH.— Pain, local tenderness, bleeding. 
Distress after eating and vomiting of a very acid fluid. Pain in the 
region of the stomach and usually sharp pain in the back is the most 
constant symptom. It is increased by food at once and relieved by 
vomiting. The tenderness upon pressure is usually marked and is 
localized. 

WHOOPING-COUGH.— Begins with symptoms of a cold in the 
eyes, nose, and the chest. The cough gradually becomes worse, 
usually in from seven to ten days; it comes in paroxysms (spells) and 
then the whoop. 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 



Including CROUP, COLDS, SORE-THROAT, HOARSENESS, 

BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA, HAY-FEVER, PLEURISY, 

ADENOIDS, PNEUMONIA, ETC 



With Definition, Cause, Symptoms, Preventives, Mothers' 

Remedies, Physicians' Treatment ; also Diet, Nursing 

and Sanitary Care; all for Home 

Use and Reference. 



THE ANATOMY OF THE NOSE.— The nose is divided by a 
middle partition (septum) into two cavities (nasal chambers or fos- 
sae) each being a wedge-shaped cavity, distinct by itself and extend- 
ing from the nostril or anterior nares in front to the posterior open- 
ings behind and from the base of the skull to the hard palate below. 
Where the posterior opening or nares ends is called the nose- 
pharynx. The pharynx joins there with the cavities and hence called 
nose-pharynx. The partition (septum) is thin, one-tenth to one-eighth 
of an inch in thickness and is composed in front of cartilage (gristle) 
and behind of bone. In its normal state this partition (septum) 
should be perfectly straight, thin and in the middle line. The cartil- 
aginous (gristle) portion is seldom found in this condition as, owing 
to its prominent location and frequent exposure to injury, blows and 
falling on the nose, the partition (septum) is often bent or turned to 
one side or the other so far in some cases as to close the nostril. 
The posterior part is composed of bone, and being well protected, is 
seldom found out of position or displaced, even when the cartilaginous 
portion is often badly deformed. The floor of the nose is formed by 
the upper jaw bone (maxillary) and the palate bone. The outer wall 
of the nose or nose cavity is the most complicated, for it presents 
three prominences, the turbinated bones, which extend from before 
backwards and partially divide the nose cavity into incomplete spaces 
called meatus passages. The turbinated bones are three in number, 
the inferior, middle and superior. They vary in size and shape, and 

6 




BRONCHIAL TUBES AND LUNGS. 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 7 

owing to the relations they bear to the surrounding parts, and to the 
influence they exert on the general condition of the nose and throat, 
are of great importance. The inferior or lower turbinate bone is the 
largest and in a way is the only independent bone. The middle and 
superior are small. They are all concave in shape and extend from 
before backwards, and beneath the concave surface of each one of the 
corresponding passages or openings (meatus) is formed. The inferior 
or lower (meatus) opening or passage is that part of the nasal (nose) 
passage which lies beneath the inferior turbinate bone and extends 
from the nostrils in front to the passage behind the nose (post-nasal) 
(posterior nares) toward the pharynx. The middle opening (meatus) 
lies above the inferior turbinate bone and below the middle turbinate 
bone. The sup-erior opening (meatus) is situated above the middle 
turbinate bone. 

The mucous membrane lining the nasal passages is similar to other 
mucous membranes. It is here called the Schneiderian membrane after 
the name of a German anatomist named Schneider. It is continuous 
through the ducts with the mucous membrane of all the various acces- 
sory cavities of the nose. It is quite thin, in the upper part over the 
superior turbinate bone and partition (septum) w^hile it is quite thick 
over the lower turbinate bone, the floor of the nose cavity and the 
lower part of the partition. It is well supplied with blood vessels, 
veins, and glands for producing the necessary secretion. 

The nose is an organ of breathing (respiration) and it warms 
and moistens the air we breathe and arrests particles 01 dust in the 
air before they enter the lungs. If the air we breathe is of an uneven 
temperature, or of marked degree of dryness, or if it is saturated with 
impurities, it always acts as a source of irritation to the mucous mem- 
brane of the upper respiratory tract, like the larynx. By the time the 
air reaches the pharynx, through the nose, it has become almost as 
warm as the blood, and also is well saturated with moisture. The 
mucous membrane that lines the nose cavity and especially that part 
over the lower turbinate bone, secretes from sixteen to tw^enty ounces 
of fluid daily. This fluid cleanses and lubricates the nose and moist- 
ens the air we breathe. Conditions ma}^ arise which interfere with 
this natural secretion. This may be due to the fact that some o*f the 
glands have shrunk or wasted (atrophied) and the secretion has be- 
come thick. This collects in the nose, decomposes and forms scabs 
and crusts in the nostrils. In this condition there will be dropping of 
mucus into the throat. This condition is usually only a collection of 
secretions from the nose, — which are too thick to flow aAvay, — collect 
in the space behind the nose, and when some have accumulated, drop 
into the pharynx. 

In order to be in good health it is necessary to breathe 
through the nose, and to do this there must be nothing in the 
nose or upper part of the pharynx to interfere with the free circulation 
cf the air through these cavities. The cavities of the nose may be 



8 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

partly closed by polpi (tumors) on the upper and middle turbinate 
bone, a spur on the (septum) partition, deviation of the partition or 
enlarged turbinate bones, or adenoids in the upper part of the pharynx. 
These troubles almost close up the nose sometimes and the person is 
compelled to breathe through his mouth. He not only looks foolish, 
talks thick, but is laying up for himself future trouble. By correcting 
the trouble in the nose and removing the adenoids m the upper part 
of the pharynx the patient can breathe through the nasal passages. 
If you take a tube you can pass it straight back through the lower 
channel (meatus) into the pharynx. It will touch the upper back wall 
of the pharynx. If the tube has a downward bend you can see it 
behind the soft palate and by attaching a string to that end you can 
draw it back out through the nostrils. In that way we plug the pos- 
terior openings (nares). The upper part of the pharynx reaches 
higher up behind than a line drawn horizontally above the tip of the 
nose to the pharynx. It reaches forward above the soft palate on its 
front surface. Its front surface is almost directly on a vertical line 
with tonsil, above the soft palate. On its upper part and on the side 
near the nose cavity is the opening of the eustachian tube. 

The name naso-pharynx means the junction of the nose and 
pharynx. Sometimes the upper posterior wall of the pharynx, called 
the vault of the pharynx, especially the part behind each eustachian 
tube, is filled almost full with adenoids. These are overgrowths or 
thickenings of the glandular tissue in the upper posterior wall of the 
pharynx (vault of the pharynx). 

ADENOIDS. (Pharyngeal Tonsil, Lurschkas Tonsil, Adenoid 
Vegetation, Post-nasal Growth.) — Adenoids are overgrowths or thicken- 
ings of the glandular tissue in the vault (top) of the pharynx. They are 
on the upper posterior wall of the pharynx, often filling the whole 
space, especially the part behind the ear-tube — eustachian tube. 

They are' a soft pliable mass, well supplied with blood vessels, 
especially in children. Some are firmer and these are the kind seen 
in adults. The color varies from pale pink to dark red. The struc- 
ture is similar to enlarged tonsils. 

Symptoms. — Children breathe chiefly or wholly through the 
mouth. They are apt to breathe noisily, especially when they eat and 
drink. They sleep with their mouth open, breathe hard and snore. 
They have attacks of slight suffocation sometimes, especially seen in 
young children. There may be difficulty in nursing in infants ; they 
sleep poorly, toss about in bed, moan, talk, and night terrors are 
common. They may also sweat very much during sleep. A constant 
hacking or barking cough is a common symptom and this cough is 
often troublesome for some hours before going to bed. Troubles 
with the larynx and pharynx are common and spasmodic laryngitis 
appears to be often dependent upon adenoids. Bronchial asthma 
and sneezing in paroxysms are sometimes connected with them. The 
chest becomes deformed. The prolonged mouth-breathing imparts 




ADENOIDS. 



RESPIRATORV DISEASES 9 

10 adenoid patients a characteristic look in the face. The lower jaw is 
dropped and the lips are kept constantly apart. In many cases the 
upper lip is short, showing some part of the upper teeth. The drop- 
ping of the jaw draws upon the soft parts and tends to obliterate the 
natural folds of the face about the nose, lips, and cheeks. The 
lace has an elongated appearance and the expression is vacant, 
listless, or even stupid. The nose is narrow and pinched, from long 
continued inaction of the wings of the nose (alae nasi). The root of 
the nose may be flat and broad. When the disease sets in during early 
childhood, the palate may become high arched. If the disease con- 
tinues beyond second teething, the arch of the palate becomes higher 
and the top of the arch more pointed. The upper jaw elongates and 
this often causes the front teeth to project far beyond the correspond- 
ing teeth in the lower jaw. The high arched palate is often observed 
to be associated with a deflected partition (septum) in the nose. 

The speech is affected in a characteristic way ; it acquires a dead 
character. There is inability to pronounce the nasal consonant sounds ; 
;/?, n, and ng and the /, r, and th sounds are changed. Some backward- 
ness in learning to articulate is often noticed. 

Deafness is frequently present, varying in degree, transient and 
persistent. Attacks of earache are common and also running of the 
cars. The ear troubles often arise from the extension of catarrh from 
the nose-pharynx through the eustachian tubes to the middle ear. 
Sometimes the adenoids block the entrance to the tubes. The ventil- 
ation of the middle ear may be impeded. Dr. Ball, of London, Eng- 
land, says : "Ear troubles in children are undoubtedly, in the vast 
majority of cases, dependent upon the presence of adenoid vegetation'^ 
(growths). 

Children w-ith adenoids are very liable to colds in the head, which 
aggravate all the symptoms, and in the slighter forms of the disease 
the symptoms may hardly be noticeable, except when the child is 
suffering from a cold. 

Chronic catarrh is often caused by adenoids. A chronic pus dis- 
charge often develop'S, especially in children. There is often a half-pus 
discharge trickling over the posterior wall of the pharynx from the 
nose-pharynx. And yet some children with adenoids never have any 
discharge from the nose. There may be more or less dribbling of 
saliva from the mouth, especially in young children, and this is 
usually worse during sleep. Headache is not uncommon when these 
growths persist into adult life : they continue to give rise to most 
of the symptoms just described, although these symptoms may be 
less marked because of the relatively larger size of the nose-pharynx. 
The older patients seek relief, usually, from nasal catarrh symptoms. 
They complain of a dry throat on waking and they hawk and cough, 
in order to clear the sticky secretion from the throat. The adenoids 
have often undergone a considerable amount of shrinking, but they 
frequently give rise to a troublesome inflammation of the nose and 



10 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



pharynx. Rounded or irregular red elevations will often be seen on 
the posterior wall of the pharynx, outgrowths of adenoid tissue in 
this region. Similar elevations are sometimes seen on the posterior 
pillars of the fauces. The tonsils are often enlarged. A good deal 
of thick discharge will sometimes be seen in the posterior wall of the 
pharynx proceeding from the nose-pharynx. 

Although adenoids, like the normal tonsil, usually tend to dimin- 
ish and disappear with the approach of youth, they constitute during 
childhood a constant source of danger and trouble and not infre- 
quently inflict permanent mischief. Also children afflicted with aden- 
oids are less able to cope with diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, 
whooping-cough, etc. 

Deafness, mouth-breathing habit, and imperfect resonance of the 
voice, as well as the characteristic expression of the face, will often 
remain as permanent effects of the impairment of function due to these 
growths in childhood, even though they have more or less completely 
disappeared. The collapsed state of the wings of the nose, and wasted 
condition of their muscles, resulting from long disease, often contrib- 
utes to the perpetuation of the mouth-breathing habit. On the other 
hand the rapid improvement, after a timely removal of the growths, 
is usually very striking. 

Treatment. — The only thing to do is to remove them soon, no 
matter how young the patient ma}' be. An anaesthetic is usually 
given to children. The operation does not take long and the patient 
soon recovers from its effects. The result of an operation, especially 
in young children, is usually very satisfactory. Breathing through the 
nose is re-established, the face expression is changed for the better. 
The symptoms as before described disappear to a great extent, 

COLDS. (Coryza. Acute Nasal Catarrh. Acute Rhinitis).— This 
is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose. 

Causes. — Exposure to cold or wet when the body is overheated ; 
sudden or extreme changes in the atmosphere ; inhaling irritating 
fumes or dust. 

Symptoms. — A chilly feeling, limbs ache, tendency to sneeze, 
severe headache above the nose, eyes are dry, stopped-up feeling in 
the nostrils. Then there is a thin watery discharge, usually of an 
irritating character, very thin at first, but it soon becomes thicker ; 
sometimes the ears ring (tinnitus). The nose and lining is red and 
swollen. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Colds. Borax for Cold Settled in 
Throat. "For a cold in the throat, dissolve a piece of borax, the size 
of a pea, in the mouth and don't talk. It will work like a charm." 
This is an old and well tried remedy and is very good for colds or 
sore throat. It acts by contracting the tissues and in that way there 
is less congestion in the parts. 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES H 

2. Colds, Valuable Caution and Treatment for. — Mrs. Maxwell, 
of Cleveland, writes in the Cleveland Press as follows: "If you intend 
to treat the cold yourself, take it up at the outset. Don't wait for 
it to develop. To break it up, nothing is better than the full hot bath 
at bed time, or the foot bath with mustard, followed by a hot drink. 
It is old-fashioned, but scientific, for nine colds out of ten are due to 
clogged pores. Benjamin Franklin said a hundred years ago that all 
colds come from impure air, lack of exercise, and over-eating, and 
nobody has ever bettered his conclusion. Even contagious colds will 
not be taken if the bodily resistance is kept at par. More fresh air, 
less grip. Avoid people who have colds, and keep out of badly ven- 
tilated rooms. Stuffy street cars are responsible for half the hard 
colds, not because people get chilled, but because the air is foul. And 
when you have a cold keep away from the baby. If the baby takes 
a cold, let it have medical attention at once. Don't experiment upon 
it with remedies intended for grown-ups." 

3. Colds, MolasseS" Vinegar Syrup for. — "One-half cup of mo- 
lasses, butter the size of a hickory nut, one tablespoon vinegar, boil 
together. Dose : One teaspoonful or less as the case requires. Take 
often until relieved." This is an old remedy and a good one. 

4. Colds, Quinine and Ginger for. — "Give plenty of quinine and 
drink hot water with ginger in it." Quinine, as we all know, is an 
old remedy for colds and therefore we all know how it acts. The 
ginger warms up the system and produces sweating. Care should 
i)e taken when using this remedy not to take cold, as the pores are 
all opened by the quinine. 

5. Colds, Boneset for. "Boneset tea steeped and drank cold 

cures a cold." Boneset simply acts by causing a better circulation in 
the system and in that way sweating is produced and we all know 
that a good sweat will usually cure a cold if taken in time. 

6. Severe Cold or Threatened Consumption. — "One pint of 
molasses; one pint of vinegar; three tablespoonfuls of white pine tar; 
let this boil not quite half down ; remove from the stove and let stand 
until next day ; then take and skim tar off from the top, throwing tar 
away. Jar up and take as often as necessary. Spoonful every half 
to two hours." 

7. Colds, Rock Candy Syrup for. — "Ten cents worth of rock 
candy ; one pint of whisk}^ ; one pint of water ; fifteen cents worth of 
glycerine ; mix all together ; this will syrup itself." Take one tea- 
spoonful as often as necessary. This is excellent. 

8. Colds, Skunk's Oil for. — "Skunk's oil has cured colds quickly 
by rubbing on chest and throat." The oil penetrates quickly and 
relieves the congestion. This remedy can always be relied upon. 

9. Colds, Lemons and Mustard for. — "A hot lemonade taken on 
going to bed and put the feet in a hot mustard bath ; taken in time 
will break up a cold." The idea of the foot bath is to equalize the 



12 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

circulation, as so many of our colds begin in the head and by drawing 
the blood from the head the congested parts of the head are relieved. 
iO. Colds and Cough, Hops or Catnip Poultice for. — "Hops or 
catnip put in little bags and steamed until hot, then placed on lungs 
and throat.'' This is a very good remedy, as the hot bags act as a 
poultice and draw the congestion from the diseased parts. It produces 
not only local, but general perspiration. 

11. Colds, Honey for. — ''Eat honey. I have tried this many times 
and it is very good." The honey is very soothing, but if a little hore- 
hound or lemon is added it would make it much more effective. This, 
is a good remedy for children, as they most all like honey. 

12. Colds, to Break Up at the Outset. — "To break up a cold soak 
the feet in hot water and drink all the cold water you can." This has 
been known to cure many severe colds if taken at the beginning. 

13. Cold in the Chest, Mutton Tallow and Red Pepper for.— "If 
cold is in the chest, render enough mutton tallow for one cupful and 
add one teaspoonful of red pepper and rub on chest and apply a flannel 
to keep out the cold. This is an old-time remedy and a good one." 

14. Colds, Lard and Turpentine for. — "Melt a half cupful of lard 
and add one and one-half teaspoonfuls of turpentine, rub on chest and 
apply flannel cloth." 

15. Cold, Milk and Cayenne as a Preventive. — "Drink a glass 
of milk with a pinch of cayenne in it. This will warm the stomach 
and prevent headache." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Colds.— Preventive. Avoid 
the known causes of the trouble. A daily cold bath, if well borne, is 
held to be an effectual prevention against taking cold. Have the 
adenoids removed if your physician so recommends it. If seen early 
it can frequently be aborted. Bathe the feet in hot mustard water, a 
small handful of mustard to a pail half full of hot water At the 
same time, drink hot teas, like hoarhound, ginger, lemonade, etc. Then 
put the patient to bed and place hot water fruit jars around him. 
This treatment will produce a good sweat. After the sweating has 
continued for some time and the patient feels uncomfortable because 
of the sweat, bathe him with a towel dipped in warm water, and dry 
the parts as you go along. Of course, all of this is done under cover. 
After you have bathed and dried the patient, put on a clean and 
well-aired night shirt and clean sheets, also well aired. This simple 
treatment will abort most colds. The patient should keep in bed for at 
least twelve hours after such a sweating. Plenty of cold water and 
lemonade can be given, especially after the patient has become cooler. 
Plenty of water is good for any cold; hot outside and cool for the in- 
side. The bowels should be opened with sal:s. A Dover's powder 
(ten grains) will produce sweating, but why use it when sweating can 
be produced by the means first mentioned. 

1. Camphor and Vaseline Mixed, or Camphor and Cream, rubbed 
m the nose is good to stop the cold and soreness. 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 13 

2. A few drops (two or three) of camphor taken internally every 
three hours will abort some colds, especially if the nose is all the time 
pouring out drops of water. 

3. Aconite in small doses, one-tenth of a drop, every two hours 
is a splendid remedy at the beginning. My experience has shown me 
that aconite does better work in these small doses. Put one drop in 
ten teaspoonfuls of w^atcr and give one teaspoonful at a dose. 

4. The following is good for a thick discharge : in oil spray. 

Menthol 6 grains 

Chloroform 5 drops 

Camphor 5 grains 

Liquid Alboline 2 ounces 

]\Iix and make into a solution. Use in an atomizer, every 
two hours. 

To cleanse the nostrils wash out each nostril gently with a solution 
made of one teaspoonful of listerine, or glyco-thymoline, or borolyptol, 
or one-quarter teaspoonful of common salt in a half glass of warm water. 

You can use a vaporizer and this solution : 

Menthol 5 grains 

Camphor 5 grains 

Compound tincture benzoin 1 dram 

Liquid Alboline 1 ounce 

Mix and make solution and use frequently in a nebulizer. 
Never snuff a solution into the nose, and do not blow the nose 
hard after using. Some of the solution or nasal discharge 
may be forced into the eustachian tube. 

5. Lard or camphorated oil rubbed on the nose and throat twice a 
day is good. 

6. To Restore the Loss of the Voice. — 

Oil of wintergreen 2 drams 

Lanolin or vaseline 1 ounce 

Mix and rub on the throat at night and put on flannel until 
morning. This will relieve the loss of voice very promptly. 

7. Put a quart of boiling water in a pitcher ; add from^ two to 
four drams of the compound tincture of benzoin and inhale the hot 
vapor. Wrap both head and pitcher in a towel. This is very good for 
sore throat also. 

8. Herb Teas for. — Gin^-er tea, catnip, hoarhound, pennyroyal, etc. ; 
hot, are all good to produce sweating and thus relieve cold. 

9. From Dr. Ball, a London, England, Specialist. — 

Menthol 30 grains 

Eucalyptol 30 drops 

Carbolic acid 2 drams 

Rectified spirits of wine 1 dram 

Mix thoroughly; a teaspoonful to be put into a pint (or 
less) of hot water and the steam to be inhaled through the 
nose for four or five minutes. This is useful in acute colds, 
especially in the later stages, and in chronic catarrh, etc. 



14 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

10. When the stage is rather marked or prolonged spray or syring-e 
out the nose with tepid solution once or twice a day using the fol- 
lowing : 

Bicarbonate of soda 3 to 5 grains 

Borax 3 to 5 grains 

Tepid water 1 ounce 

Use a spray, douche, or gargle in chronic catarrh and 
chronic phar>aigitis. When you wish to use a large quantity, 
mix an equal quantity each of soda and borax and put a couple 
teaspoonfuls to each pint of warm water and use. 

CATARRH. (Chronic Inflammation of the Nose, Chronic Rhini- 
tis). Causes. — Frequent attacks of colds, irritating gases and dust, 
adenoids, enlarged tonsils, spurs on the septum (partition bone) or 
foreign bodies in the nose, like corn, beans, stone, etc. 

Symptoms and Course. — There are alterations of the secretions; the 
amount varies in the same case at different times. Sometimes it is 
thin and watery, or thick, sticky mucus or this may alternate with 
more watery discharges. It may be mucus and pus or entirely pus. 
Frequently the secretions discharge into the throat and cause efforts 
to clear it by hawking and spitting. The secretion sometimes dries 
and forms crusts in the fore part of the turbinated bones and partition. 
Patients frequently pick the nose for this crust and ulceration may 
result at that point from its doing. Bleeding often occurs from picking 
the scales from the ulcers, and perforation of the partition may take 
place from extension of the ulceration. There is a feeling of stuffiness. 
There is some obstruction to breathing. If there is much thickness of 
the structures, nasal obstruction is a persistent symptom. Changed 
voice, mouth-breathing, etc., are noticed. A sensation of pain or weight 
across the bridge of the nose is sometimes complained of and this 
symptom is especially found associated with enlargement of the middle 
turbinated body on one or both sides, etc. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES. 1. Catarrh, Successful remedy for.— 

''Dissolve in one-half ounce olive oil as much camphor gum as it will 
take up. Moisten a little ginger with the oil, rub into the nostrils and 
snuff well up into the head." The olive oil is very soothing to the dis- 
eased parts and the camphor contracts the swollen mucous membranes, 
thereby relieving the catarrh. This is an excellent remedy. 

2. Catarrh, Cleansing Antiseptic Remedy for. — "Snuff about one 
teaspoonful of salt in cup of warm water every morning in nostrils. I 
have found this remedy simple but fine for catarrh and also having 
sleeping room well ventilated summer and winter will help in curing 
disease." This remedy will be found very effective in catarrh because 
it loosens up the secretions and cleanses the nose of the foul secretions 
and also has an antiseptic action. This can be used twice daily. Snuffing 
should be done v&ry gently so as not to draw the water too far back. 

3. Catarrh, V/itch-Hazel for. — "Pond's extract applied with nose 
snrav." Pond's extract is simply witch-hazel water and every one 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 15 

knows that witch-hazel water is healing and soothing to the membranes 
of the nose. This may be used regularly twice a day. 

4. Catarrh, Cure for.— 

Menthol 10 grains 

Camphor Gum 10 grains 

Chloroform 10 drops 

Fluid Alboline 8 ounces 

Mix. Apply in the nasal cavities with alboline atomizer. 

5. Catarrh of head, Mullein Leaves. Treatment, etc., for. — "Smoke 

dried mullein leaves and blow the smoke through the nose, and in addi- 
tion to this, piii; a heaping tablespoonful of powdered borax in a quart 
of soft water; syringe this up in the nose, and in addition to both of the 
above, frcHj,r.cntiy inhale a mixture of two drams of spirits of ammonia, 
half a dram tincture of iodine and fifteen drops of carbolic acid; smoke 
the mullein, syringe the borax water and inhale the last mixture all as 
frequently- as convenient and it frequently will cure if kept up faith- 
fully." 

6. Catarrh, Milk and Salt Wash for. — "Mix together one teaspoon- 

ful common salt, a teacupful milk, and half pint of warm water. Inject 
this into the nostrils three times a day. You may use the same quantity 
of borax in place of the salt, if you choose to do so." 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT for Catarrh.— If the patient is run 
down, give tonics, plenty of fresh air and sunshine in the sleeping room, 
change of climate to a dry, unchangeable climate is sometimes neces- 
sary. 

Local. — Attend to any disturbing cause, such as adenoids, spurs on 
the partition , turbinate bone, etc. It is first necessary to render the 
parts clean, through the use of some mild antiseptic solution, such as 
glyco-thymoline, listerine, borolyptol, salt, etc. Salt should not be used 
stronger than one-quarter teaspoonful in a glass half full of water. The 
others can be used in one to two teaspoonsfuls, to same amount of warm 
water. The solution should always be mild and warm. To use any 
solution pour it gently through the nose, tilting the head backward, 
with the mouth open ; then as the solution flows through the head 
should be put forward and downward. The solution flows out of the 
mouth, and also out of the other nostril. A nasal douche cup made 
purposely should be used if possible. 

1. Spray for. — After cleansing the nostrils with the solution the 
following soothing mild spray will be found of great benefit. 

Menthol 5 grains 

Camphor 5 grains 

Liquid Alboline 2 ounces 

Mix and make a solution. Use in an atomizer or nebulizer. 

2. Powders for. — Antiseptic powders are also very useful in some 
cases, such as, compound stearate of zinc and boric acid, or compound 
stearate of zinc and alum or compound stearate of zinc and menthol. 



16 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

One or two drams is enough to buy at once as it is very light; always 
use it in a powder in the following way : 

First take a long breath and while holding the breath, puff some of 
the powder into each nostril; then gently puff the breath out through 
each nostril. Do not snuff powder up the nose or use the powder- 
blower while breathing. If this is done, some will get into the pharynx 
and larynx and cause annoying coughing. 

3. Solution for. — 

Bicarbonate of soda ^ ounce 

Borax J^ ounce 

Salt y2 ounce 

White sugar 1 ounce 

Mix all. Half a teaspoonful to be dissolved in one-half 
tumbler of warm water; used with spray producer or a 
syringe. 

4. Spray, for. — 

Bicarbonate of soda 1^ drams 

Listerine 6 drams 

Water 1 ounce 

Use as a spray. 

OZENA. — (Foul odor from nose, not breath, due to catarrh of the 
nose). The membrane is dry and shrunken. It is a very offensive odor, 
thus called ''ozena." 

Causes. — It is usually seen in people who are very much debilitated, 
in young factory girls, and sometimes in healthy boys. Retained secre- 
tions in the nose, usually cause the odor. These decompose and ferment. 
The nose is large and roomy, the nostrils are filled with scabby secre- 
tions ; hard masses are formed which sometimes fill the nostril. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— The first few weeks, cleansing 
the nose with peroxide of hydrogen will stop the odor. First, remove 
the scabs with forceps and then wash and cleanse the nose with the 
peroxide solution. It can be used from one-quarter strength to full 
strength, but warm. This will leave the nose in a foamy, soapy con- 
dition and this can be cleansed with a mild solution of glyco-thymo- 
line or salt water. 

HOME TREATMENT.— This is very important. The patient 
should use a douche three or four times a da}-. In the solution 
glyco-thymoline or borolyptol one or two teaspoonfuls to one-half cup 
of warm water, and follow by a nebulizer or atomizer in which the 
following solution can be used : 

1. Lysol 10 drops 

on of Pine 15 drops 

Liquid xMboline 2 ounces 

Mix and make a solution, spray into the nose after douch- 
ing. 

2. The following ointment can be used if there is no atomizer or 
nebulizer at hand: 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES ly 

lo^ol • •; ; • 5 grains 

Boric acid 10 grains 

Cold cream 2 ounces 

Mix and make into an ointment, and rub a little into each 
nostril before retiring. 

3. Dr. Ferguson of New York uses the following: A new antisep- 
tic enzymol. This is used as follows. — Use one part of enzymol, three 
parts of warm water. Rub and cleanse the nose thoroughly with the 
solution, saturate a piece of absorbent cotton with this solution, place 
it in the nostril and leave it there fifteen to twenty minutes. 

HAY FEVER. (Rose Cold, June Cold or Hay Asthma).— This in- 
flammation of the nose occurs in August and September. It is really a 
nervous affection of the nose membrane. 

- Causes. — A predisposition : A peculiar sensitive area in the mucous 
membrane of the nose. An exciting cause circulating in the air, the 
dust or pollen of certain plants, such as rag-weed, hay and barley ; the 
odor of certain flowers, such as roses and golden rod; dust of some drugs 
as ipecac and benzoic acid; the odor of some animals. It usually comes 
about the same date each year, growing worse each year and, in time, 
affects the bronchial tubes. 

Symptoms. — The earliest symptoms are, usually, an itching 
sensation in the roof of the mouth and the palate, or itching and 
burning at the inner corner of the eyes. Irritation within the nose is 
also experienced and very soon spells of sneezing set in. The nose soon 
feels stuffy and obstructed, and there is a clear water discharge from the 
nose, which is especially copious after sneezing. The eyes look red and 
watery and the eyeballs pain and there is also pain in the forehead 
above the nose. It may take several days to develop these symptoms. 
They are usually worse in the morning . After some days these symp- 
toms become more persistent and severe. The nostrils are completely 
closed, and the patient must breathe through the mouth, and the spells 
of sneezing are very Adolent. The conjunctiva becomes congested and 
red, a profuse watery discharge runs from the eyes and the lids are 
swollen. In severe cases the face looks red and swollen. The mucous 
membrane of the mouth, pharynx and tonsils is more or less reddened 
and irritated, smell and taste are impaired and sometimes the patient is 
slightly deaf. The patient feels tired, weak, and it is hard to study or 
do manual labor. Slight feelings of chillness are common. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Hay fever, Quick Relief from.— 

"For hay fever and other slight forms of diseases which produce sneez- 
ing, there is no remedy more quickly effective, and often curative, than 
a vapor of heated salt and alcohol. Heat it very hot and breathe the 
vapor for ten minutes at a time, four or five times a day." 

2. Hay fever, Remedy Worth Trying for.— "A mixture composed 
of ten grains of sulphate of zinc, half teaspoonful of borax, and about 
four ounces of rose water. This is very good to inject into the nostrils 
if there is much irritation of eves and nostrils." 



y> 



18 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

3. Hay fever, Our Canadian Remedy for. — "Inhale smoke from 
ground coffee (sprinkle over coals). This relieved a case for me of 
five years standing." 

4. Hay Fever, Medicine That Helps. — ''Use phenol sodique as 
directed on the bottles. This was recommended to me by Mrs. Levi 
Weller, who said her husband had found more relief from this remedy 
than any other he had tried." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hay Fever.— 1. The following 
gives relief from the distressing symptoms. (But first the nose should 
be examined, for often there is local trouble there. ). Then give 
suprarenal extract tablets, each five grains. Take one every four or 
five hours. 

2. Pill Blennostasin. — Each pill contains five grains. Take one 
every four hours. 

3. The following solution gives temporary relief: — 

Dionin 10 grains 

Adrenalin (1 to 1000) 5 drams 

Water 2 ounces 

Mix solution and spray into the nose every two hours. 

4. After using the above spray which will shrink the mucous mem- 
brane apply the following oil spray: — 

Thymol 5 grains 

Menthol 5 grains 

Camphor 5 grains 

Liquid Alboline 1 ounce 

Mix and make a solution and spray into the nose three or 
four times a day. 

5. In some cases a drying powder does well, such as compound 
stearate of zinc and alum, one dram ; puff it into the nose with a pow- 
der-blower every hour. 

6. Dr. Ball of London, England, gives the following. — A spray of 
a four per cent of cocaine, or direct application of cotton-wool soaked 
in a stronger solution will be found to afford immediate relief. But the 
after effect is likely to be bad. Hence menthol is a better application. 

7. Another from Dr. Ball. — A one to five per cent solution of 
menthol in liquid paraffin may be painted or sprayed on the mucous 
membrane, or a, little cotton-wool soaked in an oily solution may be 
inserted in the nostrils. We must confess our weakness as physicians, 
when we treat this disease. There are local measures, such as give 
relief for the time being, but they must be carefully used. Diseases of 
the nose, tumors or ''spurs" frequently cause in the first place ; bad 
tonsils, and adenoids are likely to aggravate the trouble. , A change of 
climate is the only real help. Tone the general health. If the patient 
is very nervous fifteen grains of bromide of sodium three or four time a 
day gives relief. People subjected to hay fever should be treated be- 
tween the attacks to make them strong and to remove any local nose 
trouble and just before the time of year arrives for the attack it is well 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 19 

to take five gfrains three times a day of the suprarenal tablets or blennos- 
tasin the same way. and also si)ray the nose twice daily with a mild 
adrenalin soUition as the following: — 

Adrenalin ( 1 to 1000) 1 dram 

Water 2 ounces 

Change of climate is frequently quite beneficial. Some are relieved in 
the dry mountain air, while others are more benefited by the seashore 
or an ocean trip. 

TUMOR OF THE NOSE. (Nasal Polypus).— This tumor con- 
sists of a soft jelly-like whitish growth, usually found in the upper front 
part of the nostril. It may extend to the bottom (floor) of the nose, is 
quite soft and moveable, being easy to push aside with a probe. The 
air passing through the nostril will move it backward and forward. 
There may be one or several and they may completely fill the nostril. 
They sometimes grow from the back end of the middle turbinate bone, 
and gradually extend backward filling up the back part of the nostril 
and even extending into the space behind the nose and, if large, they 
may be seen below the soft palate. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— The only thing to do is to re- 
move them. This is usually done by a wire placed around the polypus 
and by the thumb-screw in the instrument, tighten the wire until it has 
cut through the base. 

DEVIATION OF THE SEPTUM (Partition).— Deviation is the 

bending or curving of the partition (septum) to one side or the other, 
leaving one nostril very large and roomy and closing the other nostril 
wholly or partly. 

Causes. — Blow'S, falls, etc.. high-arch palate. It is seldom seen 
under seven years of age. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— The treatment is to replace if 
possible, the part in the proper position. This requires an operation. 

NOSEBLEED. Mothers' Remedies.— 1. Nosebleed; remedy sent 
us by a Public School Teacher. — "Make a compress of paper soaked in 
cold water; put it under the upper lip and have the patient press the lip 
with the fingers. Remarks. — Tried with success in many cases by 
a school teacher." By putting under the lip and pressing on it, you 
press on an artery and stop bleeding. Be careful to use nothing but 
white paper, as ink or colors would come out when wet. 

2. Nosebleed, Alum as a cure for. — "Apply cold water to face and 
back of neck, snufT powdered alum." The powdered alum contracts 
the blood vessels, thereby shutting oflf the supply of blood. The cold 
water applied to the back of the neck affects the nervous system in 
such a manner that the blood vessels are contracted and so the blood 
supply is diminished. 

3. Nosebleed; Remedy that succeeded in a severe case. — "Put 
pieces of ice in cloth. Lay a piece each side of the nose and on the back 



20 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

of the neck. Remarks. — My neighbor's daughter had nosebleed which 
refused to stop until they were much frightened but this treatment 
soon stopped it, after which she rested quietly for a time." 

4. Nosebleed, Simple Remedy for. — "Place the finger on the side 
of the nose tight for ten or fifteen minutes. My mother has stopped her 
nose from bleeding when other remedies failed." This shuts off the cir- 
culation and helps to form a clot. 

5. Nosebleed, Another Home Remedy for. — "Hold the head back 
as far as possible, press up the end of the nose with the end of the 
finger." Best to lie on the side so blood will not run down the throat 
and choke the patient. 

6. Nosebleed, Puff -Ball for. — "Find an old brown puff-ball from 
the ground, pick out the soft inside part and put it in nose and let re- 
main for some time." 

7. Nosebleed, Vinegar and Water for. — "Wet a cloth in very 
cold water or strong cold water and vinegar and apply to back of neck, 
renewing as it gets warm. Have seen this tried and know it to be 
good." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Nosebleed.— Place the patient 
on his side half lying, head and shoulders raised and apply a cold com- 
press to the forehead, nose, and to the back of the neck. Press the end 
of the nose firmly against the partition between the nostrils, for some 
minutes. This presses directly upon the bleeding point, as a rule. 
Also, when lying in this position, the blood does not flow into the 
throat so readily. Raise the arms above the head, apply cold to the 
spine or to the scrotum; of men and breasts of women. Mustard foot 
baths are good, injection of cold water, or the injection of hot water, 
120 F., into the nostril will often help. Cold water, or salt water, can 
be gently snuffed. Alum solution on a cloth put in the nostril often 
helps. A piece of bacon cut to bits and placed in the nostril often 
stops it. Vinegar injected into the nostril is good, or you can use a 
cloth saturated with vinegar and placed in the nostril. White oak bark 
tea, strong, is effective; juice of lemon applied same way or injected is 
helpful. 

How to plug the nostrils; (front or anterior nares). — Do this with 
narrow strips of sterilized gauze, by placing the first piece as far back 
as possible, then with a narrow pair of forceps pushing in a little at a 
time until the nostril is filled. The gauze should be only one-half inch 
wide. If the bleeding still continues the posterior opening (nares) 
should be plugged. This can be known by seeing the blood flowing 
down the throat (pharynx). 

How this is done? Pass a soft rubber catheter, along the floor 
(bottom) of the nose until its end is seen passing down behind the soft 
palate into the throat. Grasp this with a pair of forceps and pull it 
forward into the mouth. Tie a stout string to the end of the catheter 
(about 1 and ly^ feet long) and tie the other end of the string aroimd 
the centre of a plug of lint or gauze, 1^ inches long and three-quarters 



RESFIR.nVRV DISEASES 21 

of an incli wide. Then pull the catheter back through the nostril, very 
gently. This will pull the plug into the posterior opening of the nose, 
and plug it. Hold this same end firmly and with a pair of forceps fill 
the anterior nostril with strips {^2 inch wide) of gauze, pushing them 
back to the posterior plug. The end of the string in the mouth may be 
fastened to a tooth or to the side of the cheek (if long enough) with 
a piece of adhesive plaster. The plug should not be left in position 
more than forty-eight hours, and it should be thoroughly softened with 
oil or vaselin before it is removed. Remove the anterior part first, 
gently and carefully and then with cocaine (if necessary) and more oil, 
the posterior plug is softened and removed by pulling the end of the 
string which is in the mouth gently and slowly. 

SORE THROAT (Acute Pharyngitis— Acute Pharyngeal Catarrh- 
Inflammation of the Pharynx — Simple Angina). — This is a common 
complaint especially among some adults. A predisposition to it is often 
due to chronic pharyngitis, chronic enlargement of the tonsils and 
adenoids of the wall of the pharynx as well as chronic nasal obstruction. 
Rheumatic persons are especially subject to it and acute articular rheu- 
matism is often observed to be preceded by an attack of pharyngitis. 
Tonsilitis is said to have the same influence also. 

Symptoms. — The throat is dry and feels stifif. There may be ten- 
derness at the angle of the jaw and' outside of the neck. Pains some to 
sw^allow. In a day or two there is a mucous secretion, making the 
patient inclined to clear the throat by hawking or coughing. The throat 
looks red and in the early stage this is more noticeable on the anterior 
pillars of the fauces, the soft palate and uvula. On the back wall you 
see bright red spots, the inflamed lymph follicles. It usually gets v^ell 
in two to seven days. It may become chronic after repeated acute 
attacks. 

Chronic. — This is very common in persons who smoke or drink to 
excess, also people who use their voice in public speaking as preachers 
do, or in calling loudly as hucksters, railroad brakemen, stationmen, etc. 

Prevention of chronic kind. — Ascertain the cause and remove it. 
Too hot food or too much spiced food cause the chronic kind. Rest 
the voice. Remove any existing catarrh. 

Prevention of acute kind. — Avoid undue exposure to cold and wet, 
wear warm comfortable flannel underwear. Bath the neck and chest 
daily with cold water. This is good cold preventive. The wearing of 
handkerchiefs, mufflers, around the neck is injurious unless you are 
driving. Accustom your neck to the cold from the beginning in the 
fall and Vv^inter months. Wearing a full beard is said to be a good pre- 
ventive. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES.— 1. Sore throat, Used for Years Suc- 
cessfully. — "Salt pork dipped in hot water then covered thick with black 
pepper. Heat in the oven and lay or bind on the throat or lungs. 
This has been a favorite remedy with us for years." Sew the pork to 



22 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

a piece of cotton cloth and bind over the sore parts after you have 
sprinkled the pork w^ith salt and pepper. Leave this on as long as the 
patient can endure it. When the pork is removed, rub the affected 
parts with cold cream or vaselin and put a clean muslin cloth on to 
keep person from taking cold. 

2. Sore throat, Splendid Liniment for. — 

"Olive oil H pint 

Ammonia Yz pint 

Turpentine H pint 

One egg. 

Shake till it forms emulsion. This can be used as a blister." 

This is a very effective remedy, but you must watch the throat very 
carefully as this will blister quickly. After removing the liniment, 
grease the parts with oil or cold cream. 

3. Sore throat. Simple Gargle for. — 

"Soda 1 teaspoonful 

Salt 1 teaspoonful 

Borax 1 teaspoonful 

Dissolve in pint of warm water ; use as a gargle frequently." 

This is a very good gargle. It contracts the parts and acts as an 
antiseptic and thoroughly cleanses the parts. 

4. Sore throat. Home Made salve for. — 

"Beeswax 1 ounce 

Rosin 1 ounce 

Camphor gum 1 ounce 

Lard about the size of an tgg" 

Mix the above ingredients together and apply to the outside of the 
throat. This causes the skin to become red thus drawing the inflamma- 
tion out of the throat and relieving the trouble. 

5. Sore Throat, Cold Packs, Sure Cure for. — "Put cold packs on 
the throat. Remarks: Was in Washington once and my little girl had 
a very sore throat. I put cold packs on the throat the first half of the 
night and the next day she was out seeing the sights as well as ever." 
Gargle with very hot water and a little soda. This makes it very 
effective. 

6. Sore Throat, Ointment for. — 

"Oil Turpentine Yi ounce 

Oil of Hemlock Y2 ounce 

Oil of Peppermint Y2 ounce 

Oil of Eucaliptus Y2 ounce 

Mix with one cup warm lard, apply warm to the throat." 

7. Sore Throat, Remedy from a mother in Johnson City, Tenn. — 
"Fat meat stewed in vinegar and bound to the neck. Kind friends: — 
After waiting so long I will help you what I can, and where is the 
mother that won't want the book? I am truly glad you have such an 
interest in the welfare of suffering humanity. I hope this book will 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 23 

soon be out on its f!;oo(.\ mission. Kind friends. T think it a wonderful 
kindness to the rich as well as the poor to have a friend in time of need. 
I think a good honest book of home remedies tried by our good mothers 
and grandmothers will be accepted and looked to by all mothers, 
for we all think mother knows best. I certainly want this book com- 
pleted and in my home." 

8. Sore Throat, Gargle and Local Application for. — 

"Common salt 2 tablespoonfuls 

Strained honey 2 tablespoonfuls 

Vinegar 3 tablespoonfuls 

Camphor /^ teaspoonf ul" 

Use as a gargle. External applications, wring a cloth out of salt and 
cold water and keep it quite wet, bind tightly about the neck and cover 
with a dry cloth. It is best to use this at night." 

8. Mild Sore Throat, Vinegar Gargle for. — "Gargle with vinegar 
and hot water. This will help to sooth the irritation and in a mild sore 
throat is a sure cure." 

10. Sore Throat, Alum and Vinegar for. — "One glass of warm 
water; one tablespoonful of vinegar; one teaspoonful of sugar; one-half 
teaspoonful of alum ; dissolve well and gargle throat several times 
daily." 

11. Sore Throat, Kerosene for. — "Dip a flannel cloth in coal oil, 
(kerosene) and bind on the throat. I have tried this; in fact it is what 
I always use. It is almost sure to cure." 

12. Sore Throat and Cough, Remedy always at hand. — "Equal parts 
of alcohol and glycerin make a good gargle, or use three tablespoon- 
fuls of vinegar and one of salt to a tumbler of water. Or simply hot 
water and salt when nothing else is to be had. The hot water alone is 
very good." 

13. Tickling in Throat, Simple Remedy for. — "Take bread crumbs 
and swallow them." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sore Throat.— 1. Inhalation 
of steam either with or without medicine is good. (See treatment of 
tonsilitis — Inhaling steam) I treated a man once who had a terrific 
pharyngitis. All the parts were so terribly swollen, that he was unable 
to swallow or talk. I induced him to inhale steam from a teakettle. He 
was able to put his mouth over the spout of the kettle and he was re- 
lived in a few minutes. I think it saved his life. I put no medicine in 
the water for that case. Very few persons can inhale the steam directly 
from the kettle. Other method is given under tonsilitis. A dose of 
salts at first is good. Remain in the house for a few days. 

2. Sulphur and Cream for. — Mix some sulphur with cream and 
put some of it on the sore membrane. 

3. Good Old Mother's Remedy. — "Steep a medium sized red pep- 
per in one-half pint of water, strain and add one-fourth pint of good 
vinegar and a heaping teaspoonful each of salt and powdered alum and 
gargle with it as often as needed. This is a very good remedy. 



24 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

1. Physicians' Local Treatment. — A wet compress on the neck is 
useful at the onset. Sucking ice or gargling with ice or cold water, or 
applying an ice bag to the throat will be found useful. 

Later on, warm gargles and steam inhalation are more grateful. 
If there is great pain in swallowing, cocaine painted on the throat or 
sucking a cocaine lozenge before taking food will be found very useful. 

2. When the attack is mild medicine may not be needed. When 
there is fever and the throat is real sore, you can use one drop doses of 
tincture of aconite every hour. This will frequently check it. 

3. I like the following at the beginning. Give tincture of aconite 
and mercury biniodide, called the pink tablet, alternately. Put ten drops 
of the aconite in one-half glass of water and give from one-half to two 
teaspoonfuls every one or two hours, alternating with one or two tablets 
of one-hundred grain tablet of mercury biniodide. After the first twenty- 
four hours stop the aconite and give the mercury biniodide every three 
hours. 

4. For Chronic Catarrh remaining after, lozenges containing 
rhatany or tannin are useful. 

5. Other gargles. — 

Menthol 3 to 5 grains 

Camphor 2 to 4 grains 

Liquid paraffine 1 ounce 

For irritable and catarrhal conditions of nasal membrane 
use a spray. 

6. Snuff.— 

Hydrochloride of Cocaine 1 grains 

Menthol 1 grain 

Sugar of Milk 2 drams 

Mix very thoroughly. 

When using the Menthol preparation do not use the preparation 
very hot. 

HOARSENESS. Inflammation of the Larynx. (Acute Laryngitis) 
Causes. — Due to taking cold or over using the voice ; hot liquids , 
poisons. It may occur in influenza and measles ; from irritating gases ; 
some are subject to it. '^' 

Symptoms. — Tickling in the larynx; cold air irritates, and breath- 
ing may cause some pain; dry cough; the voice may be altered At 
first it may be only husky. In children breathing may be very difficult, 
after a day or two there may be a light expectoration and finally there 
may be a loose cough and a slight fever. The trouble is in the region 
of ''Adam's Apple.'' There is little or no danger in these attacks 
if proper care is taken. The attack generally lasts two to four days. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Hoarseness, Borax for.— "For hoarse- 
ness dissolve a piece of borax the size of a pea in the mouth and don't 
talk. It will work like a charm." The borax does away with the inflam- 
mation of the inflamed parts and gives relief very quickly. 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 25 

2. Hoarseness, Egg and Lemon for. — "RciUn wliilc of one ci,',u^, 
juice of one lemon, with sugar enough to thicken, then add one tea- 
spoonful olive oil." Take one teaspoonful every hour until relieved. 

3. Hoarseness, Horseradish for. — ''Horseradish root; eat plenty 
of it. This has been tried and proved successful." 

4. Hoarseness, Successful Remedy for Adults. — "Take two ounces 
of fresh scraped horseradish root, infuse in a close vessel in one-half 
pint of cold water for two or three hours ; then add four ounces of 
acid tincture of lobelia and one-half pound of honey. Boil altogether 
for one-half hour, strain and take a teaspoonful four times a day. This 
is a very good remedy, especially for adults." 

5. Hoarseness, Lemon and Sugar for Children. — "Take the juice 
of one lemon and saturate with sugar, take a teaspoonful several times 
a day. It is sure to give relief. This is very pleasant to give to 
children, as they most all like it." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hoarseness.— 1. Rest of the 
voice and if the case is severe keep in bed in a room with an even 
temperature and the air saturated with moisture from a steaming tea- 
kettle, etc. 

2. An ice bag on the throat or cold water cloths to the front of 
the throat often give relief. 

3. Tincture of Aconite. — This is given in the beginning when 
there is fever. The dose depends upon the age, and the amount ot 
fever. You can give it to a child by putting one drop of aconite ir» 
twelve teaspoonfuls of water and then give one teaspoonful every one 
to three hours according to the case. For an adult you can put ten 
drops of aconite in ten teaspoonfuls of water and give one teaspoonful 
every hour or two. 

4. Citrate of Potash is given every four to five hours in adults. 

5. Full dose of five grains of Dover's powders at night for the 
irritating cough. 

6. For a cough, for a child one year old you can give one-half tea- 
spoonful, every two hours, of the following: — 

Syrup of Dover's powder 1 f^uid dram 

Tincture of Aconite 10 drops 

Simple syrup Enough to make two ounces 

Shake before using. 

TICKLING IN THROAT. Mothers' Remedies. Mullein Leaf 
Smoke Beneficial for. — "Smoke dried mullein leaves, just a few puffs are 
needed, and should be drawn into the throat. Myron H. Grinnel of Al- 
bion, Mich., says his grandmother always gathers mullein leaves for 
this purpose and finds them an excellent remedy. Too much would 
cause dizziness." Mullein leaves are good for inflamed membranes like 
the ear and throat. If a person does not wish to gather the leaves 
themselves they may buy them at a drug store. 



26 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

2. Tickling in Throat, Good Northern Canada Remedy for. — 
"Chew some of the bark of slippery elm and gargle the throat with 
saliva. This stops tickling in a few minutes." 

3. Tickling in Throat, Tested Gargle for.— "Gargle from four to 
six times daily with following : — 

Strong Sage Tea 1 pint 

Salt , 2 tablespoonf uls 

Cayenne Pepper 2 tablespoonf uls 

Vinegar 2 tablespoonfuls 

Honey 2 tablespoonfuls 

Mix thoroughly and bottle for use." 

The above ingredients are all excellent for sore throat and it is an old 
tried remedy and can easily be obtained. If it is too strong dilute with 
warm water to the desired strength. 

SWELLING OF THE GLOTTIS. (Oedematous Laryngitis. 
Oedma of the Glottis). — Swelling or oedma of the glottis or more cor- 
rectly of the structure which forms the glottis, is a very serious affec- 
tion. It may follow acute laryngitis or may be met with in chronic 
diseases of the larynx and from other diseases. It is dangerous. 

Symptoms. — Difficulty of breathing which increases in intensity 
so that the condition becomes very serious in a short time. There is 
whistling breathing, the voice is husky and disappears. 

Acute Laryngitis. — Inhalations and sprays. 

Menthol 10 grains 

Oil of pine 1 dram 

Tincture of benzion 1 dram 

Liquid alboline 2 ounces 

Make a solution. Use one teaspoon ful in a pint of boiling 
water ; inhale with a cone placed over the dish or put a shawl 
over the head and dish and inhale the steam. Or this one to 
inhale same way: 

Tincture of benzoin 1 dram 

Oil of tar 1 dram 

Liquid alboline 2 ounces 

Make a solution and use one teaspoon ful to a pint of 
boiling water as above. 

It may be necessary in order to save life, to have a physician make 
an opening by incision into the windpipe for the admission of air into 
the lungs. This process is called Tracheotomy. 

Diet in Laryngitis. — Hard and dry toasts should be avoided, for 
they give pain on being swallowed, same reason applies to highly sea- 
soned foods. Milk, custards, eggs, scraped beef may be taken. Diffi- 
culty in swallowing may be overcome by allowing the patient to lie 
flat on the bed, etc., with his face over the edge. Food can be sucked 
through the tube from a vessel placed below; or the patient can lean 
forward while eating. 

"CHILD CROWING" (Spasm of the Glottis.)— This is usually 
peculiar to children. 



RESPIRATORY DISH AS ES 27 

Cause. — It is purely a nervous aflfection and il occurs between six 
months and three years, and is most commonly seen in children with 
rickets. 

Symptoms. — It may come in the night or day ; or when the child 
awakes. The breathing is arrested, the child struggles for breath, the 
face is flushed, and then with a sudden relaxation of the spasm, the air 
is drawn into the lungs with a high pitched crowing sound. Convul- 
sions may occur. Death rarely occurs. There may be many attacks 
during the day. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT of Child Crowing, Preventive.— 

The gums should be carefully examined and if they are swollen and hot 
they should be lanced. The bowels should be carefully regulated, and as 
these children are usually of a delicate nature and afflicted with rickets, 
nourishing food and the treatment in diet and medicine should be given 
for rickets. Cod liver oil is a good general remedy. (See rickets). 

Cold Sponging. — In severe cases, the child should be placed in a 
warm bath tub and the back and chest thoroughly sponged for a minute 
or two with cold water. This plan may be used even when a child is 
in a paroxysm, though the attack is severe and the child looks blue, it 
is much better than to dash cold water in the face. Sometimes the 
attack can be stopped by introducing the finger far back into the throat. 

CROUP, Spasmodic. — This disease gives the parents a terrible 
shock if they have never seen any attacks of the kind. The symptoms 
which attend the attack are out of all proportion to the real danger. It 
is generally the result of exposure to cold or to the cold wind. Irritating, 
undigested food, often causes it. 

Symptoms. — Usually the child goes to bed perfectly well, or has a 
slight cold and wakes up an hour or two later, coughing and gasping 
for breath, due to a spasm in the wind pipe. The cough is shrill, more 
like a bark ; the cough is repeated at intervals and soon the patient 
breathes quickly and laboriously. It must sit up for it can breathe 
easier sitting. The voice is oftentimes nearly or quite lost, or at least 
only a hoarse whisper; the face is bluish or perspiring. The spasm lasts 
for a variable period, but rarely exceeds one-half hour, sometimes only 
a few minutes. The croupy cough and oppressed breathing may last 
longer than this, but these too subside after a time, after which the child 
drops to sleep and usually rests quietly for the rest of the night. There 
is a tendency to recurrence on succeeding night unless obviated by 
treatment. 

Treatment. Preventive. — Guard against such children's exposure 
to cold winds and dampness, dress them warmly. The living and sleep- 
ing rooms should not be too warm. Do not give them food hard to 
digest at any time, especially before bedtime. Foods hard to digest 
frequently cause the attack. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Croup, Cold Application for.— "Apply 
to throat a flannel wrung out of cold water, lay a dry cloth over it." 



28 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

This is an excellent remedy for a mother to try in case of an emeigency 
when no other medicine can be obtained. This very often will relieve 
a child until other remedies can be secured and has been known to save 
many children's lives. The cold water helps to draw the blood away 
from the larynx and air passages and also dilates the tubes and gives 
relief. Take great care not to wet the child, as this will cause it to 
take more cold and may prove fatal. 

2. Croup, Sure Cure for. — "Give child anything that will make it 
vomit, soak feet in hot water, apply onion drafts to bottom of feet, 
roast onions and put on the chest, keep warm. My mother has cured 
me at least one hundred times with the above remedy. She generally 
gave me pig's foot oil, or oil from the feet of a chicken, sometimes 
melted lard. Croup has to be attended to at once or it is fatal with 
the child." This is a very good remedy. 

3. Croup, Immediate Relief from Steaming.— 'Tut a small shawl 
over the child's head to retain steam, then put a small chunk of un- 
slaked lime in a bowl of water under shawl. The steam affords im- 
mediate relief, usually, if child inhales it." This is very good ; shawl 
should cover the child's head and bowl in which lime is dissolved. 

4. Croup, for Baby or Older Child. — "Take a teaspoonful alum, 
pulverize it and sprinkle it on the whites of two fresh eggs in a cup 
or glass, let it stand for a few minutes, until the combination has 
turned to water, or water is produced ; then give one-half teaspoonful 
to a child six months old or less, and increase the dose to one tea- 
spoonful for older children, and repeat the dose in fifteen or thirty 
minutes as the case may require. Remarks : From personal experi- 
ence in my own and neighbors' families, I have never known a case 
where it did not bring relief and cure. The dose must produce 
vomiting." 

5. Croup, Remedy that Never Fails. — "Two tablespoonfuls of 
liquor or brandy and one-quarter teaspoonful of glycerin, one tea- 
spoonful of sugar, one tablespoonful of water; stir up well and give 
one teaspoonful every hour or oftener if necessary. Then at same 
time take a flannel and soak well in cold water, wring it gently and 
put around neck with a heavy, dry flannel over the damp one. If 
damp flannel becomes hot take it off, dampen it in more cold water 
and apply again, and so on until relieved. Do not allow the patient 
to get chilled. Better results are obtained if patient will go to bed. 
Remarks: I have used this in my family, and have always found it 
to be the best croup cure I have ever seen, and it will be found to 
give immediate relief. The external application is extremely good." 

6. Croup, Coal Oil (kerosene) and Sugar for. — "Coal oil and sugar ; 
put a few drops on a teaspoonful of sugar." The coal oil produces 
vomiting, relieving the trouble. If the first dose does not have this 
effect upon the child, repeat it. 

7. Croup, Pork and Onion Poultice for. — "Put pork and onions 
on the throat. Drink plenty of hot water." Bind the pork and onions 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 29 

on the throat, acting as a poultice. The virtue of this can be increased 
by cooking the onions and pork togetlier. Onion syrup may be gi\cn 
internally to produce vomiting, even in very small babies. 

8. Croup, Bloodroot for. — "One teaspoonlul powdered blood- 
root mixed with molasses or sugar. Have taken this myself and it 
relieved at once. If one dose does not seem enough it may be re- 
peated." This is a very effective remedy, but is very weakening. 
Care should be taken not to repeat dose any oftener than absolutely 
necessary. 

9. Croup, Time Honored Remedy for. — ''Pulverized alum and 
sugar or honey or molasses ; mix together and give half teaspoonful 
doses or less. For infants use only in emergency cases." This is one 
of the good old-fashioned remedies that nearly every mother has used. 
It acts simply by producing vomiting and causing the air tubes to 
relax. Repeat in five to twenty minutes until it causes vomiting. 

10. Croup, Ipecac for. — "One-third teaspoonful of powdered ipecac 
dissolved in one teaspoonful of water, one tablespoonful of sugar; 
pour on one teacupful of boiling water and let boil down to a half cup. 
Dose: One teaspoonful for adults; children in proportion every two 
hours ; or, if needed to vomit children give again in ten or fifteen 
minutes." If you cannot secure the powdered ipecac, the syrup can 
be bought at any drug store, and is already prepared. Dose: Ten to 
fifteen drops as the case may need. 

11. Croup, Vaselin for. — ''Vaselin rubbed on the chest, cover 
with a hot flannel, and take %. teaspoonful of vaselin internally occa- 
sionally." Dissolve vaselin and repeat dose if necessary to produce 
vomiting. 

12. Croup, Ice Application for. — 'Tee applied to the throat is 
almost instant relief." It is best to break the ice up fine and sprinkle 
salt on same, putting it in a cheese cloth bag, binding on the throat 
with a flannel, and change as soon as it shows signs of wetting. 

13. Croup, Salt for. — "Parched salt put on the throat hot." The 
parched salt acts the same as mustard plaster, by producing a red- 
ness on the throat. Salt is something that we can always have on 
hand and by using this remedy we are always prepared for an 
emergency in case of croup. 

14. Croup, Castor Oil Breaks up. — "Castor oil, given before bed- 
time, is good. Dose. — From one-half to one teaspoonful. I have taken 
this when I was small." Castor oil is good when the bowels are con- 
stipated or the stomach is full. 

15. Croup, Coal Oil, Turpentine and SnufT, a Canadian Remedy 
for. — "A little coal oil and a few drops of turpentine soaked up by 
snuff, and used as plaster. Makes the child sneeze after a few min- 
utes. The poultice loosens the phlegm and the sneezing throws it off." 



30 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Croup.— Active. 1. Dr. 
Douglas says wring cloths out of cold water and apply very freely to 
the throat, and recommends the following syrup : 

Syrup of Ipecac 3 fluid drams 

Hive Syrup 4 fluid drams 

Water 1^ ounces 

Mix, and give one teaspoonful every half hour until the 
child vomits, then repeat the dose every two hours as needed. 

2. Place the child in a hot bath, wrap hot or cold cloths about the 
throat and put one teaspoonful of common soda in a glass of water 
and give one teaspoonful every fifteen minutes until relieved. 

3. Dr. Holt of New York, says. — The room should be very 
warm, hot cloths or poultices should be applied over the throat (Adam's 
apple and below) and either a croup kettle or ordinary teakettle kept 
boiling in the room. This is more efficacious if the child is placed in 
a tent made by a raised umbrella or some like method with a sheet 
thrown over it, and the steam introduced beneath the tent. If the 
symptoms are urgent ten drops of the syrup of ip'ecac should be given 
every fifteen minutes until free vomiting occurs. 

Whenever the symptoms reach a point where the breathing be- 
comes difficult, a doctor should be summoned without delay. It 
might be some other disease. 

4. Home Treatment. — One-half teaspoonful of alum mixed with 
molasses or honey will produce vomiting and help. This is very good 
when the croup is due to indigestion. At the same time, fry onions 
in lard and put them on the neck in front, or hot w^et cloths may do. 
The alum can be given once or twice if necessary, half an hour apart, 
about in one-fourth or one-half the first dose. 

5. Goose grease, or lard dissolved, and enough given to produce 
vomiting will do good. This idea is not only to cause vomiting but 
to cause a sick feeling after and at that time, which will cause the 
spasms to relax. A very good thing to do in addition i^ to put the 
child's feet in hot water, while local applications are put on the 
throat. These things tend to relax the muscles and this relieves the 
spasm. 

6. Steam is Very Useful. It relaxes the spasm by local contact 
and by producing general sweating. Cover the child's head and a 
pitcher with a shawl and inhale the steam from the boiling water in 
pitcher. You can put in the pitcher one teaspoonful of oil of tar or 
one to two teaspoonfuls of tincture of benzoin. This can be kept up 
for some time. 

COLD IN THE CHEST. (Acute Bronchitis. Inflammation of 
Bronchial Tubes). — This is an acute inflammation of the larger and 
medium sized bronchial tubes. 

Causes. — Youth and old age are more predisposed to it. Lack of 
fresh air and exercise, dusty work, poor general health, dampness and 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 31 

changeable weather in winter and early sj)ring. h may l)c secondary 
to cold, pharyngitis, measles, typhoid fever, malaria, asthma, and heart 
disease. 

Symptoms. — There is a feeling of oppression with chilliness and 
pain m the back, a dry, tight feeling beneath the breastbone with a 
dry harsh cough. This may cause headache and pain, and a raw feeling 
in' the chest, chiefly in front. There may be a temperature of one 
hundred or one hundred three or less. After a few days there is a 
thick, sticky secretion ; it is profuse. The other symptoms, except the 
cough, subside. This generally stops in ten days in a favorable case, 
or it may become chronic. In infants or old people it may extend to 
the smaller tubes causing broncho-pneumonia. There is more danger 
in infants than in older people. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Bronchitis, Camphor and Lard for.— 
1. "Grease a cloth well with lard to which has been added some 
camphor gum, then sprinkle on some dry baking soda, and lay it on 
the chest. The camp'hor and lard should be made into a salve, then 
put on the soda. The lard and camphor gum penetrates the affected 
parts, relieving the inflammation and tightness in the chest. It is 
well in children to put a layer of cotton cloth over the chest keeping 
them warm and getting better results from the remedy. 

2. Bronchitis, Grandmother's Remedy for. — 

"Hoarhound 5 cents worth 

Hops 5 cents worth 

Wild cherry bark 5 cents worth 

Licorice root 5 cents worth 

Boil and simmer altogether in two quarts of water long enough to 
get the strength out of the ingredients, strain, add three cups sugar, 
then add enough good whisky to keep from souring, say a half pint." 
This combination is not only good for bronchitis, but for the cough 
left from the effects of bronchitis. The hoarhound, wild cherry bark 
and licorice root have a very soothing effect on the bronchial tubes, 
and the hops quiets the nervous system. This is also good for a 
common cough. 

3. Bronchitis, Antiphlogistine Plaster for. — "Antiphlogistine is 
fine for bronchitis, where there is any inflammation, pleurisy, any 
kind of a scratch, especially rusty nails ; pneumonia. Set can in water 
long enough to heat, but not hot, spread on with case knife as thick 
as a silver dollar, spread cotton batting over it, keep on twenty-four 
hours, before changing. This is a very useful remedy to keep on 
hand." Antiphlogistine is very good to apply to the body wherever 
inflammation is present, as it withdraws the blood from the organ or 
part of the body that is affected. It does this by drawing the blood 
into the external circulation. It has the same effect upon the diseased 
parts as the old-fashioned mustard, but does not blister. In using the 
mustard plaster you are in fear of blistering, and then having the out- 
ward blister and inward inflammation to contend with. The anti- 



32 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

phlogistine can be purchased at drug stores. Set the can in warm 
water until it is warm, then spread on a piece of cotton cloth and apply 
to the affected parts, where it may remain for twenty-four hours, then 
repeat if necessary. Should always be put on warm, but not hot. 
It usually drops off when dry and no longer effective. 

4. Bronchial, or any Severe Cough. One of the best Home Rem- 
edies. — 

"Hoarhound (herb form) 1 ounce 

Irish moss 1 ounce 

Flax Seed (the seed not pulverized) 1 ounce 

Boneset 1 ounce 

Licorice Root (cut up fine) 1 ounce 

Place the above in some suitable pan or dish for such purpose in 
a gallon of cold water, and put it on the back of the stove, so that it 
will simmer slowly until reduced to one-half gallon, which may require 
one day or more, then strain and place in a bottle, or bottles. Dose. — 
One wineglassful three times a day. Add a little sugar if desired." 
This is a very fine cough remedy, as the hoarhound loosens the cough, 
the flax seed soothes the membrane, and the boneset by its general 
action on the system produces sweating. The Irish moss is a sort of 
food for the whole system and helps to build a person up. 

5. Bronchitis, Camphorated Oil and Steaming for. — ''Bathe the 
chest and throat up around the head with camphorated oil ; drink water 
and steam the throat and mouth over hot water. Have tried this 
recipe and found it effectual. Have a bronchial cough now and am 
treating it myself." The camphorated oil seems to have a very sooth- 
ing effect upon the chest, in fact it acts about the same as camphor 
and lard, only is more pleasant to use, and can be bought already pre- 
pared. Drinking plenty of water cleanses the S)'stem by acting upon 
the stomach, bowels and kidneys, carrying off the impurities. The 
breathing of steam is very soothing and healing to the throat and air 
passages. 

6. Bronchitis, General Relief for. — "Dose of castor oil every 
night; one teaspoonful for child. Grease well with camphorated oil 
or any good oil." ' The castor oil is very good for carrying off the 
phlegm from the stomach and bowels that children always swallow 
instead of coughing up like an older person. It is well in addition to 
the above remedy to give a little licorice or onion syrup to relieve the 
bronchial cough. 

7. Bronchitis, Lard Poultice for. — "Take a piece of cotton bat- 
ting large enough to cover chest and fit up close to the neck ; wring 
out of melted lard as hot as the patient can stand it, and apply. 
Change as often as it gets cold. Also give dose of castor oil." 

8. Bronchitis, Mustard Plaster for. — "Mustard plasters are very 
good." This acts as a counter-irritant, as it draws the blood to the 
surface and relieves the inflamed bronchial tubes. 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 33 

9. Bronchitis, Well-Known Remedy for. — 

"Cod Liver Oil 2 ounces 

GiiiRcr S^rup 2 ounces 

Mucilage of Gum Arabic 2 ounces 

Oil of Cloves e drops 

Dose : — Teaspoonful before meals and at bedtime." 

This is a very good remedy, as the cod liver oil by its general 
action tones up the whole system. The ginger tones and stimulates 
the stomach and takes away the sickening effect of the cod liver oil. 

10. Bronchitis Remedy and General Tonic. — "Take small doses 
of glycerin and one teaspoonful three times a day of codfish oil." 
This remedy, though simple, is very effective. The glycerin and 
codfish oil are both soothing to the affected parts, and the codfish oil 
is a very good tonic to tone up the general system. 

1. PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Bronchitis. Sweating 
Remedy for. — Take a hot bath and then go to bed, and take hot drinks 
after. See that the bowels are open. Nourishment is especially im- 
portant in infants and old age. You can sweat them as directed under 
la grippe. Drink hot drinks, such as hoarhound, ginger, flaxseed, hot 
lemonade or slippery elm. These will produce sweating and will give 
much relief. An onion poultice applied over the breastbone where 
the pain and tightness are, will do good. 

2. Steaming Remedy. — Inhaling steam from plain boiling water 
is good, or you can add one to two teaspoonfuls of compound tincture 
of benzoin or turpentine. The steaming will be more effective -if you 
make a tent, by fastening four sticks to the cradle or bed and cover 
with a sheet, introducing the steam underneath this at the foot of the 
bed, etc. A rubber tube can be fastened to the kettle. In this same 
way you can produce, if you wish, sweating by putting the end of the 
tube under the clothes elevated a little above the patient. Be careful 
not to scald the patient. 

8. Steaming With Pitcher. — If the soreness of the bronchial 
tubes is not relieved by this means, inhalations of steam arising from 
boiling water may be practiced, either through a cone, one end of 
which covers the top of a pitcher, and the other end of which covers 
the mouth and nose of the patient, or by covering the head and pitcher 
with a towel. The usefulness of this method may be much increased 
by the addition of from two teaspoonfuls to one tablespoonful of com- 
pound tincture of benzoin to each pint of water in a pitcher. This 
latter method can also be used in tonsilitis. pharyngitis and quinsy. 

4. Rub the chest with a camphor liniment and give the following; 

Tincture of Aconite 10 drops 

Sweet Spirits of Nitre 2 drams 

Distilled water to make 4 ounces 

Mix — One-half teaspoonful to a child, or dessert spoonful to an 
adult in water every hour. 



34 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

5. For Adults. — Compound licorice mixture one to two drams 
every three to four hours ; or five grains of Dover's powders every 
three to four hours. 

Diet in Bronchitis (similar to Laryngitis). — Drinks are useful in 
the dryer forms, such as hot flaxseed tea sweetened and flavored with 
lemon juice. It should be taken in large quantities. Hot milk and 
lemonade are also useful. 

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. Causes.— People over middle age are 
more liable to it. It comes chiefly in winter, in changeable, cold and 
damp climates. It may follow repeated acute attacks. 

Symptoms. — These are variable and are present chiefly in winter 
and damp weather. The cough is worse at night, and in the morning, 
expectoration is usually great. There may be slight fever at times. 
Often the patients are entirely free from the trouble during the 
summer. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Chronic Bronchitis. Preven- 
tive. — Warm equable climate, such as southern California, Florida, or 
the south of France, especially in the colder months ; warm clothing, 
avoid exposure and fatigue. 

1. First you can take three grains of ammonium chloride three 
to four times a day. 

2. Ammonium Chloride 2 drams 

Fluid Extract of Licorice 2 drams 

Distilled water brought to 3 ounces 

Mix and take one teaspoonful every three hours. 

8. If the cough is troublesome the following is good: 

Ammonium Chloride 2 drams 

Hive Syrup 4 drams 

Fluid Extract Licorice 1 ounce 

Paregoric 6 drams 

Distilled water enough to make 2 ounces 

Mix. Teaspoonful every three to four hours. 

COUGHS. Causes. — There are many causes ; inflammation of the 
larynx, bronchial tubes, lungs, also stomach and liver; and a nervous 
cough is present in our day. Remove the cause when possible. There 
are many good cough medicines now put up, and they can be bought 
at any drug store. Cough lozenges of all kinds are plenty, and a sure 
cure is claimed by each. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Dry Cough and Tickling— 1. "Rasp- 
berry Tincture. Take one-half pound of honey, one cup water; let 
these boil ; take off scum ; pour boiling hot upon one-half ounce lobelia 
herb and one-half ounce cloves ; mix well, then strain and add one gill 
of raspberry vinegar. Take from one teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful 
four times a day. Pleasant to take." 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 35 

2. Cough, Honey and Vinegar for. — "Money and vinegar." This 
is an old and tried remedy and a good one. The vinegar cuts the 
phlegm in the throat and bronchial tubes, and the honey is very 
soothing. 

3. Cough of Long Standing, Excellent Syrup for. — 

"Carbonate Ammonia 40 grains 

Syrup Senega 6 drams 

Paregoric 4 drams 

Syrup Wild Cherry 6 drams 

Syrup Tolu 4 ounces" 

This is a very good syrup, and is especially good for chronic cough 
or chronic bronchitis. Dose. — One teaspoonful every three hours. 

4. Cough, Reliable Mixture in Severe Cases. — 

"Oil of Anise ^ ounce 

Syrup of Balsam of Tolu ^ ounce 

Black Stick Licorice >2 ounce 

Best Rye Whisky 1 pint 

Shake well before using. Dose : — One teaspoonful at inter- 
vals of one hour or oftener; if cough is very bad." 

5. Cough, Mullein Leaf Tea for — "Mullein leaves steeped with 
loaf sugar cures a cough." Take four ounces of mullein leaves and 
boil for ten minutes in water, then add the loaf sugar. This is very 
soothing to the sore parts and also helps to loosen up the secretion so 
it can be raised easily. 

6. Cough, Lemon Juice and Sugar for. — "Lemon juice and sugar 
is a good remedy for coughs." It is surprising to see how quickly the 
lemon juice will cut the phlegm in throat, and sugar is always good 
for cold. 

7. Cough, Standard Remedy for. — 

"Hoarhound Five cents worth 

Hops Five cents worth 

Wild cherry bark Five cents worth 

Licorice root Five cents worth 

Boil or simmer altogether in two quarts of water long enough to 
get the strength out of the ingredients ; strain, add three cups sugar. 
Add enough good whiskey to keep from souring, say one-half pint. 
This will cure a stubborn cough." 

8. Cough, Ipecac Syrup for. — "One-third teaspoonful of ipecac 
dissolved in one teaspoonful of water; one tablespoonful of sugar; 
pour on one teacupful of boiling water and let it boil down to half 
cup. Dose. — One teaspoonful for adults, and children in proportion, 
every two hours, or, if needed to vomit children give again in ten or 
fifteen minutes." 



36 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

9. Cough Remedy for Adults (not for children). — 

"Laudanum Three cents worth 

Anise Three cents worth 

Essence of Peppermint Three cents worth 

Licorice (liquid) Three cents worth 

Brown Sugar 1 cup 

Molasses 1 cup 

Boiling water 2 cups 

Let this come to a little more than a boil. Take a teaspoonful of it as 
often as necessary." This is for adults. Do not use for children. 

10. Coughs, Very Simple Remedy for. — "Take one-half table- 
spoonful hogs' lard or salt pork grease, heat it hot, fill spoon with coal 
oil and swallow while hot. Have used this, will stop and cure the 
worst cough." Not to be given to children. 

11. Coughs, Glycerin, Brandy and Paregoric with Lemon, Good 

for. — "Glycerin, one ounce ; brandy, one ounce ; paregoric, one ounce ; 
lemon juice, one ounce. Mix well ; one teaspoonful every hour." 
This makes a very effective cough syrup. The glycerin and brandy 
cut the phlegm, and the paregoric is soothing and quieting. The 
lemon juice is healing to the membranes of the throat. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. For Coughs.— 

1. Flaxseed (unground) 3 teaspoonfuls 

Extract of Licorice 30 grains 

Boiling water 10 ounces 

Allow the mixture to stand one to four hours in a warm place. 
Then add a little lemon juice and sugar and place one to two tea- 
spoonfuls of gum arabic in the pitcher containing the mixture. A lit- 
tle paregoric (ten drops to the dose for adults) can be taken with it if 
the cough is very bad. Dose. — Drink freely every two to three hours. 

2. A good combination is the following: 

Chloride of Ammonia 2 drams 

Fluid Extract of Licorice 2 drams 

Distilled water 2^ ounces 

Mix. Teaspoonful every two hours or longer. 

3. Ammonium Carbonate >^ dram 

Syrup Senega 4 drams 

Wine of Ipecac 3 drams 

Syrup Tolu 1 ounce 

Spirits of Chloroform 3 drams 

Syrup of Wild Cherry enough to make. 4 ounces 

Mix. Take one to two teaspoonfuls everv hour or two until 
better. 

4. Ammonia Chloride 2 drams 

Hive Syrup 5 drams 

Paregoric 6 drams 

Syrup of Wild Cherry 4 ounces 

Mix. Teaspoonful every three hours until cough is better. 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 37 

5. Many other combinations could t)c j^ivcn. Moarhound tea. 
Sugar enough to sweeten makes a good cough remedy. 

6. Onion syrup is good for children. The bowels should always 
be kept open. 

BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. (Spasmodic Asthma.) Causes.— It 
occurs in all ages, but usually begins in the young, particularly males. 
It often follows whooping-cough. It may come from diseases of the 
mouth, such as adenoids, polypi. Exciting causes are change of cli- 
mate and residence, dust, smoke, odors, errors in diet, emotion, and 
cold. 

Symptoms. — The onset is often sudden, often during the night. 
Difficulty of breathing is intense. The patient cannot lie down, but 
often sits at an open window, resting the elbows on a table. The face 
is pale and the expression is anxious. There is a feeling of great 
oppression in the chest and often dread of suffocation. Respiration 
(breathing) though labored, is not unusually frequent, as expiration 
(out breathing) is much prolonged. In severe or prolonged attacks 
there are blueness, sweating, coldness of the extremities, with small 
and frequent pulse and great drowsiness. The attack lasts a few min- 
utes to many hours, and may pass off suddenly, perhaps to recur 
soon, or on several successive nights, with slight cough and diffi- 
culty in breathing in the intervals. The cough is nearly dry at first 
and the sputum is very tenacious. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Asthma, Raspberry Tincture for 
Adults. — "Take a half pound of honey, one cup water ; let these boil, 
take off the scum ; pour boiling hot upon one-half ounce lobelia herb 
and one-half ounce cloves ; mix well, then strain and add one gill of 
raspberry vinegar. Take from one teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful 
four times a day. Pleasant to take." The above remedy is very 
effective, as the honey has a soothing effect upon the inflamed parts, 
and the lobelia causes the bronchial tubes to dilate, relieving the 
patient. The raspberry tincture makes it more pleasant to take. In 
severe cases it will be necessary to give enough of the above remedy 
to cause vomiting which relieves the phlegm. 

2. Asthma, Simple but Effective Remedy for. — 'Take pieces of 
ordinary blotting paper and saturate it with a strong solution of salt- 
petre, then dry the paper. When a paroxysm is felt ignite a piece of the 
paper and inhale the smoke. This remedy is very good and acts 
quickly, doing away almost entirely with the distressing symptoms 
and shortens the paroxysm." 

3. Asthma, Lobelia Tea for. — "There is no medicine that is half 
so effective as lobelia in removing the tough, hard, ropy phlegm from 
the asthmatic persons," This remedy is very good, but care should 
be taken not to give it to consumptives, because it is too weakening. 
To obtain the best results, enough of the remedy should be given to 
produce relaxation of the bronchial tubes. Dose. — For adults should be 



38 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

from fifteen to sixty drops according to the strength of the patient. 
This will cause a little sickness of the stomach and vomiting, thus re- 
laxing the muscles and relieving the asthma. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Asthma.—!. Inhale chloro- 
form, or break a pearl of amyl nitrite in a handkerchief and inhale the 
fumes; or smoke saltpetre paper; or cigarettes containing stramonium 
(thornapple). Sometimes hot coffee fumes are good. 

To Prevent Recurrence. — Take five to twenty grains of iodide of 
potash three times a day. Do not eat much at night. Do not eat 
foods that cause gas or that are hard to digest. A change of climate 
is often good. Hot foot baths and hot drinks are helpful. Tincture 
of lobelia can be given in severe cases, fifteen drops repeated every 
half hour until the patient feels sick at the stomach. 

2. Vapo-Cresolene burned in a room is very good. This can be 
bought in twenty-five cent bottles in any drug store, with directions 
around the bottle. 

3. Tartar Emetic in one-hundredth grain, two given every half 
hour until there is a little sickening is a very good remedy. These 
can be bought at a drug store or from a homeopathic doctor or 
pharmacist. 

BLEEDING FROM THE WIND-PIPE AND LUNGS. 
(Haemoptysis). — This is a spitting of blood. It may come from the 
small bronchial tubes and less frequently from the blood vessels in the 
lung cavities or their walls. 

Symptoms. — In incipient consumption of the lungs, bleeding 
develops suddenly as a rule, a warm salty taste, lasting but a few 
moments, generally preceded by the spitting up of blood. The blood 
is coughed up and the bleeding may last only a few minutes or it 
may continue for days, the sputum being apt to remain blood-stained 
for a longer time. The immediate effect of the bleeding is to alarm 
the patient and family, no matter how slight it may be, inducing 
heart palpitation and other nervous symptoms. A small bleeding is 
not attended with any bad result, but large ones give rise to the 
symptoms of shock (sometimes immediate death) combined with 
anemia following the loss of blood. When the bleeding is large, blood 
by the mouthful may be ejected with each cough, and in these in- 
stances of such profuse bleeding is shown by dizziness, faintness, 
cold extremities, excessive pallor, sweating and rapid, small feeble 
pulse. This is followed, if the attack does not prove speedily fatal, 
by restlessness, and later by mild delirium and some fever. In few 
cases does the patient have a single bleeding; more frequently there 
are several at shorter or longer intervals. Large or small bleedings 
may precede by weeks, months, or even years any rational symptoms 
of consumption. 

Quantity. — This varies greatly. There may be less than an ounce 
or it might amount to a pint or more before the bleeding stops. In 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES yj 

advanced cases, in which large cavities have formed, large blood ves- 
sels may be eaten through and this followed by copious and alarming 
bleeding. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Bleeding from the Lungs. Salt 
Water for. — "Give the patient half a teaspoontul of common salt every 
hour or two until hemorrhage abates." 

2. Bleeding from the Lungs. Herb Tea for. — 'Two ounces each 
of history root, tormentil root, oak bark, and comfrey root, boil in 
three quarts of water down to one pint, strain and add one table- 
spoonful of ground ginger. Give a wine glass full every half hour 
until relieved. Place the feet in hot mustard water, keep the bowels 
open with a little senna and ginger tea and if necessary give a vapor 
bath." 

3. Bleeding from the Lungs, Effective Remedy for. — 

"Powdered Sugar 3 ounces 

Powdered Rosin 3 ounces 

Mix. Dose one teaspoonful three times a day." 

4. Bleeding from the Lungs, Tannin and Sugar for. — 

"Tannin 30 grains 

Powdered Sugar 1 dram 

Mix. Make ten powders and give one every ten minutes 
until relieved." 

Either one of the above remedies is excellent for this trouble, 
as the tannin and rosin contract the arteries and acts as an astringent. 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT for Bleeding of the Wind-pipe 
and Lungs. — In many cases the bleeding is slight and no more need 
b€ done than to keep the patient quiet and absolute rest. If the 
bleeding is free, the patient should be placed in bed, not allowed to 
speak above a whisper nor to change his position. 

1. First Thing to Do. — Eating ice, and using ice drinks are 
useful measures. The drinking of a little salt water at a time with 
one tablespoonful of salt in a glassful of water is good. In most 
cases more can be done by assuring the patient he will not die and 
keeping him quiet and at rest. Medicines should be given to satisfy 
the patient and family. The most cases stop of themselves. 

2. If Caused by Coughing. — If cough causes the bleeding one- 
half grain of opium should be given to control it, hypodermically, or 
even morphine one-eighth grain. 

8. Alum for. — Alum solution six grains to three ounces of 
water in fine spray is good. This goes right to the wind-pipe and 
contracts the vessels ; use a vaporizer. 

4. White Oak Bark Tea can be used as a spray in a vaporizer. 
If these produce coughing, they should be discontinued. 



40 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

5. Hot Water and Salt for. — A teaspoonful of salt in a pint of 
hot water is good also, used as a spray, or to inhale. But the patient 
must lie down. 

6. Other Easily Obtained Remedies. — Ergot in dose of one-half 
to one teaspoonful is very good ; this contracts the vessels. Bromide 
of potash in a dose of five to fifteen grains ; or chloral hydrate in dose 
of five to seven grains, if there is not heart trouble. If there is, 
chloral hydrate cannot be used. These quiet the nervous system and 
do much good. Strong hop tea will do the same thing if taken freely. 
Witch-hazel water thirty drops at a dose is good. 

Cautions. — Quiet the patient ; keep quiet yourself. If the bleed- 
ing is bad the extremities should be bandaged, beginning at the toes 
and fingers. 

Thirst. — Give small quantities at a time of ice-water. 

Diet. — Peptonized or plain milk, liquid beef peptonoids, fresh beef 
juice, bouillon, should be given in small quantities, two or three 
ounces every two or three hours. If there is a tendency to constipa- 
tion give rectal enemata. Return to the regular diet as soon as 
possible. Alcohol in any form is best avoided. If given as a stimu- 
lant it should be given in small quantities. 

BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA. (Acute Inflammation of the Smaller 
Tubes and Lungs). — 

Causes, — Most common under two years and in old people. Tak- 
ing cold, whooping cough and measles. 

Symptoms. — A primary case begins suddenly with a convulsion 

or chill, vomiting and rapid rise of temperature. Breathing is frequent 
and brain symptoms are marked. 

Secondary Cases. — After an ordinary case of whooping-cough, 
measles, bronchitis, etc., there is more' fever. The pulse is more 
frequent, and also the respiration, difficulty in breathing and severe 
and often painful cough. Temperature rises to 102 to 104; respirations 
are very fast, up to 60 to 80; the breathing (inspiration) is hard, 
labored, while the wings of the nose dilate ; expiration may be grunt- 
ing. Face looks anxious and bluish. This color may increase, other 
symptoms decreasing as suffocation deepens, rattling in chest and 
death from heart weakness. 

Prevention. — Avoid exposure to sudden changes of temperature. 
For the attack, jacket of oil silk or flannel to prevent sudden exposure, 
keep the temperature warmed up to 68 to 70 degrees night and day; 
the air must be fresh and pure and changed regularly. 

Children should be given ampile room and not hampered by extra 
clothing, as they like change of position, to get relief. The hot bath 
must be used often to redden the skin and relieve the pressure on the 



RESPIRATORY DISLASLS 41 

lungB, till they can be given relief. If you wish lu use a j)Oulticc the 
toilowing is a niee way to make it. Take a piece of muslin or linen, 
or cheese-cloth, wide enough when doubled to reach from the hjwer 
margin of the ribs to well ui) under the arm pits, and K^ng enough to 
go a little more than around the chest, open the double fold and 
spread the hot mass of poultice on one-half of the cloth and fold the 
other over it. It should be applied as hot as it can be comfortably 
borne and covered with oil silk or paraffin j^aper, so as to the longer 
retain the heat and moisture. The poultice should be renewed as 
often as it gets cold, and a fresh poultice should be all ready to put 
on when the old one is taken off. Place the end of the poultice upper- 
most, so that the contents will not fall out. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Pneumonia, Herb Tea and Poultice 
for. — ''Congestion of the lungs. One ounce of each of the following, 
slippery elm bark, crushed thyme, coltsfoot flowers, hyssop or marsh- 
mallow. Simmer in two quarts of water down to three pints ; strain 
and add one teaspoonful of cayenne. Dose : — Wineglassful every half 
hour. Apply hot bran poultices, or chamomile scalded in vinegar, 
changing often until the violence of the symptoms abate. If the 
bowels are confined, give an injection of half pint of hot water in 
which one-half teaspoonful each of gum myrrh, turkey rhubarb and 
ginger powder have been well mixed. If possible give vapor bath. 
Apply hot stones or bottles to the feet." 

2. Pneumonia, Home Remedy for. — "This can easily be relieved 
by the use of cayenne and vapor bath. This promotes the circulation 
in every part of the body, diminishing the pressure upon the lungs. 
These baths produce a regular circulation throughout the whole body, 
thus relieving the pressure upon the lungs by decreasing the amount 
of blood in the lungs. These baths should be taken but once a day, 
as they are weakening." 
3. Pneumonia, Hot Vinegar Applications for. — Congestion of 

Lungs. — ''Over the lungs lay cloths wet in clear hot vinegar. They 
should be five or six inches square and several thicknesses. Over 
the cloths lay a hot plate or hot water bottle ; change as often as 
necessary to keep them hot. This treatment will soon give relief, 
after which rub as much oil into the lungs as possible." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Pneumonia.— A doctor must 
be called. For high fever, one to one and a half drops of aconite, 
for adults every hour ; for children, about one-twelfth to one-eighth 
of a drop. For cough, chloride of ammonium, one to two grain doses. 
For pain, hot applications. 

Diet. — Milk, broth and tgg albumen and plenty of water to drink. 
(See laryngitis for diet.) 

ACUTE PLEURISY (Inflammation of the Pleura).— The pleura 
covers the wall of the chest cavity and infolds or surrounds the lungs. 
Pleurisy means the inflammation of this pleura or covering. 



42 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Causes. — Exposure to cold, etc. Onset may be gradual or sudden, 
with chills, fever and sharp' stitches in the side near the arm pit or 
breast. The patient lies on the affected side during the attack, the 
pain is made worse by breathing, coughing or motion. The cough 
is dry and painful, with difficult breathing. The temperature 102 to 
103. Sometimes there is fluid accumulated in the cavity. In about 
.^even to ten days the fever and other symptom disappear. The fluid 
is absorbed quickly if it is scanty, often very slowly if abundant. 
This fluid is contained in the cavity of the pleura. The pleura covers 
the lungs. Its outer layer is attached to the ribs and costal cartilages 
in front and ribs behind, goes around the root of the lungs under- 
neath, then turns around under the side of the lungs and comes in 
front, making a sac. The two layers in health touch each other, but 
are separated when there is fluid in the cavity. The inner layer 
covers the lungs and drops into the grooves of the lungs. You can 
thus readily understand how easy it is for the pleura to be attacked. 
Also when the lung is inflamed we have what we call pleura-pneu- 
monia. Pleurisy is a very painful disease. It hurts to move, breathe, 
or cough. The patient holds his -chest when he coughs. The fluid 
that forms is poured out from the inflamed membrane, sometimes it 
is so great in quantity it must be drawn off, — tapped ; we then call 
this hydrothorax, — water in the chest. 

Diet and Nursing — The patient should be kept quiet and in the 
easiest position. 

Milk diet is the best to use. There should not be much liquid 
diet, except milk. The milk may be diluted with lime water if neces- 
sary. Malted milk, Mellin's food, imperial granum, can be used when 
the milk cannot be taken. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Pleurisy.— 1. Home Remedy. 

— The patient must go to bed and remain there. It is a good thing 
to get the patient in a sweat. For this purpose you can use the corn 
sweat described under treatment of la grippe. This vyill ease the 
patient and may shorten the attack. 

I have great faith in this remedy in most inflammatory diseases. 
I had a patient sick with pleurisy; she did not get along fast enough 
to suit me, her color was a yellow-green. I advised the corn sweat 
and she improved fast from that time. Her night dress was green 
in color after the sweat. I have saved pneumonia cases in the same 
way. Of course, some cases may be too weak to stand it. 

2. Other Home Remedies. — Another way to produce sweating is 
by placing fruit cans filled with hot water about the patient. This 
will stop the chilly cold feeling and also will relieve the pain. If you 
have a rubber water bottle, put hot water in that and place it near 
the sorest spot. It may hurt the patient by its weight ; if so, use 
less vv^ater, at the same time you can give hot drinks freely. A^lmost 



RESPIRATORY DISEASES 

any kind will do. If the stomach feels bad, ginger or peppermint is 
best. Hoarhound tea is especially good for chest trouble. 

3. Fomentations. — Of hops or wormwood or smartweed, or 
catnip applied frequently and hot to the affected side uften bring 
relief. They must always be hot, and you must be careful not to 
get the night robes or covers wet. 

4. Camphorated Oil for. — Rub the side with camphorated oil and 
cover over with a cotton jacket. This is good unless it makes the 
patient too warm. 

5. Adhesive Plaster Zinc Oxide. — Use a roll two or two and 
one-half inches wide. Commence at the backbone and cross directly 
over the ribs to the further side of the breastbone. The first strip 
should be at the lower part of the chest. In putting on the succeed- 
ing strips make them lap one-half inch over the next lower. Bandage 
almost up to the arm-pit. It may take eight strips for an adult. 
After you have the strips on, place a piece at each end. part on the 
flesh and part on the plasters, to keep them from giving any. The 
patient should have his arms over his head when you are putting on 
the strips. This strapping will hold that side of the chest quieter. 
The breathing will be less full and consequently less motion and pain. 

6. Tincture of aconite in doses of one-tenth to one drop can be 
given every one to three hours at the beginning, if there is much 
fever, dry hot skin, and full bounding pulse. Dover's powder can 
be given at night. 

7. A hypodermic of morphine Is frequently given when the pain 
is intense. 

ABSCESS OF THE LUNGS. Causes.— Lobular pneumonia 
from abscesses in pyemia, from septic pleurisy, etc. 

Symptoms. — Fever, pain, difficult breathing, cough, and expector- 
ation containing or consisting of pus of offensive odor, etc. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT of Abscess of the Lungs.— Incis- 
ion and drainage. You must depend entirely upon your physician. 

EMPHYSEMA. — A condition in which there is air or gas in 
tissues that normally have none, or an excess of air in tissues that 
normally contain a certain quantity of it. A condition of the lungs 
characterized by a permanent dilation of the air cells of the lung with 
dwindling of the air cell walls and the blood vessels, resulting in a 
loss of the normal elasticity of the lung tissue. 

Causes. — Heredity: it occurs in glass blowers, in musicians using 
wind instruments. It occurs also after whooping-cough, asthma, etc. 

HYDROTHORAX.— This is an exudation Tliquid) in the pleural 
cavity. 

Causes. — Comes from disease causing dropsy, kidney disease, lung 
trouble, pleurisy, etc. 



44 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— Treat disease that causes it. 
An operation to remove the fluid may be necessary. A trusted 
physician must advise you. 

NIGHT SWEATS. — These are common in "consumption" and con- 
stitute one of the most distressing features of the disease. They 
usually occur v^hen the fever drops in the early morning hours, or at 
any time of the day when the patient is sleeping. They may come 
on early in the disease, but are more persistent and frequent after 
cavities have formed in the lungs; some of the patients escape it 
altogether. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Night Sweats, Salt Bath for. 

"Bathe the body in salt water every other day. Just before retiring 
take a cup of sage tea, and eat nourishing food." The salt acts as an 
astringent as it slightly closes up the pores, and the sage establishes a 
better circulation and at the same time helps the sweating. This is a 
very simple and effective remedy. 

2. Night Sweats, Cold Sage for. — "Drink cold sage tea, 
before retiring." This cold sage tea is only to be used when the 
patient has a fever and needs a cold drink. In case of this kind it 
would be effective. 

PHYSICIAN'S TREATMENT for Night Sweats.— 1. Atropine 
in doses of 1-120 to 1-60 grain is good to stop the sweating. It must 
be used carefully, three doses in twenty-four hours are enough. 

2. Tonics to keep up the appetite like gentian, nux vomica or 
quinine may be given. The patient should wear flannel night-dresses, 
as the cotton night-shirt, when soaked with perspiration, has a cold, 
clammy feeling. Bathe the patient in the morning with tepid water 
and afterwards rub gently with alcohol diluted one-half with water. 
Night sweating occurs in rickets but mainly around the head. They 
also occur when one is run down, but they are not so debilitating and 
constant. In such cases, building up treatment is needed. Proper 
diet, bathing, out-door life, bitter tonics, etc. 



ANIMAL PARASITES, DISEASES CAUSED BY. 

ROUND WORM. — (Ascariasis Lumbricoides). — The round worm 
resembles the angle worm in form ; is the most common human parasite 
and is found chiefly in children. The female is seven to twelve inches 
long, the male four to eight inches. It is pointed at both ends. The 
parasite occupies the upper part of the small bowel and there is usually 
only one or two present, but sometimes they occur in enormous num- 
bers. They migrate in a peculiar manner. They may pass into the 
stomach, whence they may be thrown out by vomiting, or they may 



ANIMAL rARASITES 45 

crawl up the gullet, and enter the pharynx and cause serious trouble. 
They may go up the eustachian tube and a})j)ear at the external meatus 
(opening of ear). The serious migration is into the bile-duct. There 
is a specimen in the Wister-Horner Museum of the University of 
Pennsylvania in which not only the common bile-duct, but also the 
main branches throughout the liver, are enormously distended, and 
packed with numerous round worms. The bowel may be blocked or 
in rare instances an ulcer may be perforated ; even the healthy bowel 
may be perforated. 

Symptoms. — Picking of the nose, grinding of the teeth, a whitish 
paleness around the mouth, restless sleep; sometimes convulsions, or 
presence of worms in the stool. Bad health, cross, peevish, irritable 
and dumpy, when the child is naturally the opposite. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Round or Pin Worms, Sage Tea 
for. — "Sage tea is a fine remedy for children troubled with worms, 
taken before breakfast or on going to bed." Sage tea may help ; I 
have known other mothers to have faith in it. Its virtue may consist 
in being a laxative and an antiseptic which in themselves would add to 
the general health of the child. 

2. Round and Pin Worms, Tansy remedy for. — "Tansy leaves 
may be crushed 'and put in whisky or dried and crushed with sugar. 
This is the best vermifuge I ever used." A tea made of tansy leaves 
must be used carefully as it is strong and never given to pregnant 
women. 

3. Round and Pin Worms, Peach Leaf Tea for. — "Half an ounce 
of dried peach leaves ma}- be infused in a pint of boiling water and a 
tablespoonful given for a dose three times a day." They are laxative 
and exert a sedative influence over the nervous system. They have 
been frequently used for worms with reported success. An infusion is 
highly recommended in irritability of the bladder, in sick stomach and 
in whooping cough. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— 1. Dr. Osier, of Oxford, Eng- 
land, recommends as follows: Santonin in doses of two or three 
grains for an adult ; one or two a day for three or four days, followed 
by salts or calomel; one-half to one grain for children in the same way. 
This seems to me to be unnecessarily large. 

2. Dr. Ritter's Santonin Remedy. — 

Give four a day for two days, then miss two days, then give again for 
two days and stop. Salts can be given after this. I then follow this 



46 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

treatment by giving one drop doses of tincture of cina (Homeopathic 
preparation) four times a day for one or two weeks. Before giving 
any of these remedies it is well to move the bowels freely and also 
after the medicine has been stopped. 

3. Dr. Douglass of Detroit, Michigan, recommends the following 
for a child five to ten years old: 

Santonin 12 grains 

Calomel 3 grains 

Divide into six powders, and give one night and morning 
while fasting. 

4, The following is from Professor Stille: 

Spigelia ^ ounce 

Senna 2 drams 

Fennel seed 2 drams 

Manna 1 ounce 

Boiling water 1 pint 

Mix and make into an infusion (tea). Dose for a child, 
one or two teaspoonfuls. For an adult, one or two wine- 
glassfuls. 

THREAD WORM OR PIN WORM.— (Oxyuris Vermicularis.)— • 

This common worm occupies the rectum and colon. They produce 
great irritation and itching, particularly at night, symptoms which 
become intensely aggravated by the nightly migration (traveling) of 
the parasite. They sometimes in their travels enter the vagina. Occa- 
sionally abscesses are formed around the bowel (rectum) containing 
numbers of worms. The patient becomes extremely restless and 
irritable, for the sleep is very often disturbed, and there may be loss 
of appetite and also anemia. These worms are most common in chil- 
dren, but they can occur in all ages. The worms can easily be seen in 
the feces. The infection takes place through the drinking of water 
and possibty through salads, such as lettuce and cresses, and various 
other means. A person who is the subject of worms passes ova (eggs) 
in large numbers in the feces, and the possibility of reinfection must 
be guarded against very scrupulously. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Pin worms, Aloes treatment for.— 

"Pin worms or seat worms are usually found in children and sometimes 
cause a great deal' of annoyance to the child. They are usually very 
restless at night and pull at the rectum both day and night. This 
condition may be relieved by an injection, of powdered aloes. — five 
grains; hot water one-half pint." This is sufficient for two injections 
and should be used at about blood heat. 

2. Pin worms, Pink Root for. — "Take one ounce pink root, and 
one pint of water. Make a decoction of this by boiling the above to 



ANIMAL PARASITES 47 

half a pint. Give a tcaspcK)nful ihrcc times a day f(^r two days, fol- 
lowing this up by a good dose of castor oil or cream of tartar to 
thoroughly cleanse the system." 

8. Pin worms, Quassia chips for. — "I knew of a child who had not 
slept three hours a night for several months, and several doctors had 
been called and none of them seemed to get down to the real trouble. 
Finally the mother tried an injection made by steeping quassia chips 
for two or three hours slowly, then straining it and injecting about 
one pint (luke warm) once a day. This gave the child immediate 
relief and improvement could be seen within a week." 

4. Pin virorms, Lime-water injection for. — "A very simple remedy 
is an injection of a teacupful of lime water once a day, preferably in 
the morning, as the worms are usually lodged in the rectum and this 
injection will bring them away, giving the child relief at once." 

5. Worms — Stomach, Salt Remedy for. — ''Encourage the child to 
eat as much salt as possible and give an injection of salt and water, 
about one teaspoonful of salt to two quarts of water, once a day." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— 1. Santonin in small doses and 
mild purgatives like rhubarb. Santonin in doses of one-tenth of a 
grain can be given for two days, three or four times a day, preceded 
by spiced syrup of rhubarb, one dram dose, and also followed by the 
rhubarb. In children the cold injections of strong salt and water is 
effective. They should be repeated for ten days. The hips should be 
well elevated so that the injection can be retained for some time. 

2. Quassia chips 1 ounce 

Common salt >4 ounce 

Water 1 pint 

Soak over night and inject slowly all the bowels will hold. 
Repeat once each week till all are removed. 

3. Dr. Tooker of Chicago, Illinois, recommends the following: — 
Give an injection of an infusion of fresh garlic for tw^o or three nights 
in succession, using, to make the infusion, a small bunch of garlic in 
a pint of water, steeped down to one-quarter pint. 

4. Dr. Tooker gives another method which is often successful. 
Anoint the anus for several nights in succession with sweet oil, using 
the little finger to insert the oil as far into the rectum as the fingers 
will reach. 

5. Another Remedy. Inject cod-liver oil (pure) into the bowel 
or make into an emulsion with the yolk of an egg and then inject. 

6. Spearmint Remedy. — Make an infusion of the common spear- 
mint and inject some in the bowel every night for one week. Some 
can be taken internally at the same time. 



48 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

7. Oil of Wormseed ^ ounce 

Oil of Turpentine 1^ dram 

Castor Oil , 2 ounces 

Fluid extract of Pink Root ,' 3 drams 

Hydrastin 10 grains 

Syrup of Peppermint 4 drams 

One teaspoonful three times a day one hour before meals 
to a child ten years old. If it physics too much give less 
often. Good for both kinds of worms. 

8. Tincture of Cina; to accompany any injection. — I give the 
Tincture of Cina (Homeopathic preparation) in from one-quarter to 
two or three drop doses, three or four times a day, always after I have 
given the other worm remedies. It can be given for weeks without 
producing bad effects. The dose can be made less for weakly children ; 
or greater in grown people. It is good to give in small doses in pin 
worms when injections are used. It seems to prevent their formation. 
It is also a good remedy for the worms puppies are troubled with. I 
have saved the lives of a good many little fellows with this remedy. 

TAPE WORM, PORK.— -(Taenia Solium). It is six to twelve 
feet long, but it is not a common form in this country. The head is 
small, round, not so large as the head of a pin and provided with four 
sucking ducts and a double row of booklets. By these booklets and 
disks, the parasite attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the 
small intestine in man. Below the head is a constricted neck, which 
is followed by a large number of segments, increasing in size from 
the neck onward. Each segment contains the generative organs of 
both sexes. The parasite (worm) becomes fully grown in three to 
three and one-half months. Segments then continually break off and 
are discharged at stool. Each ovum {tgg) contains a single embryo, 
armed with six booklets and contained in a thick shell. When swal- 
lowed by a pig or man these shells are digested and the embryos 
migrate (travel) to various parts of the body, where they change to 
Cysticerci or "Measles." Each contains a scolex or tape-worm. When 
meat, improperly cooked and containing ''measles," is eaten, the cyst is 
dissolved in the human stomach and the free scolex or head attaches 
itself to the intestinal mucous membrane and grows into a tapeworm. 

TAPE WORM, BEEF.—(Taenia Saginata). This is a larger and 
longer parasite than the Pork Tape Worm. It is the common form 
found in this country. It may grow fifteen to twenty feet or more 
and possesses a large head in comparison with the' Taenia Solium It 
is square shaped and has four large sucking disks, but no booklets. 
The ripe segments are larger and they are passed as in the Taemia 
Solium, and are eaten by cattle, in the flesh or organs of which the 
eggs develop into the Cysticerci. 

Symptoms. — These worms (parasites) are found at all ages. They 
are not uncommon in children, and may be found in nursing children. 
They may cause excessive appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or 



ANIMAL PARASITES 49 

abdominal pain or sometimes anemia. The knowlcdj^c of the i)rescnce 
of this worm may cause <;reat nervousness or depression. 'Ihe i>res- 
cnce of the seg^ment in tlic stools proves their presence in the bowels. 

Treatment, preventive. — This is most important. Careful atten- 
tion should be given to three points: lurst, all tapeworm segments 
should be burned. They should never be thrown into the water-closet 
or outside ; secondly, special inspection of all meat ; and, thirdly, cooking 
the meat suflficiently to kill the parasites. • 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Tape Worms, Pumpkin Seed Tea 
for. — "One pint pumpkin seeds skinned and steeped. Add water 
enough to make three tumblers. Take one tumbler every half hour, 
then a good dose of castor oil. The worm will come with oil. My 
mother helped prepare the seeds and saw the tapeworm which came 
from a woman as a result of this dose," 

2. Tape Worms, Another good Remedy for. — 

"Powdered Kamala 3 drams 

Syrup simple 3 ounces 

Two doses of this mixture hardly ever fails to bring the 
worm. Give oil and turpentine two hours after the last dose." 
Of the oil and turpentine an average dose would be a half 
ounce of castor oil and fifteen drops of turpentine. 

3. Tape Worm, Ontario Mother's Remedy for. — "Don't eat until 
very hungry (extremely so), then eat one-half pint of pumpkin seeds. 
This is good and will remove the worm every time." This remedy is 
different from the above in that you eat the seeds instead of making 
a tea. 

4. Tape Worm, Successful Remedy for Children or Adult. — 

"Turpentine 15 drops 

Castor Oil 1 teaspoonful 

Milk 1 teacupf ul 

Mix and for adult take at one dose. If not successful re- 
peat the next day. For child under ten years, one-half the 
quantity." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— Preparing the Patient ; Giving the 
Remedy, and Receiving the Worm. — Whenever a round or tape worm is 
to be attacked, the patient must be starved for at least twelve to twenty- 
four hours, in order that no food in the intestinal (bowel) tract may 
protect the worm from the action of the drug. During this time a 
little milk can be given, and after a night of fasting, before breakfast, 
the worm medicine (anthelmintic) must be swallowed. In addition, 
nearly all the drugs must be followed by purges in order to dislodge 
the intruder while he is paralyzed and has lost his hold ; and in 
many it is well to have a basin of salt and water ready so that when 
a passage occurs a rectal injection may be given to wash out the 
segments of the worm which remain in the rectum. I am giving 

many remedies and the different ways of administering them. Not 
4 



50 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

every one can be cured with the same remedy. One will act better 
in some people than in others. So I give a variety and they are all 
good. 

1. For two days prior to the administration of the remedies the 
patient should take a very light diet and have the bowels moved by 
a saline (salts) cathartic. As a rule the male fern acts promptly and 
well. The etheral extract of male fern in two dram doses may be 
given ; fast, and follow in the course of a couple of hours by a brisk 
purgative; that is, calomel followed by salts. 

Fasting means this : Light diet for a day or two and a cathartic 
at night, no supper except a glass of milk before the worm medicine 
is given. Then at bed-time take two to three grains of calomel with 
ten grains of bicarbonate of sodium ; rochelle salts, one-half to one 
ounce, upon awakening. As soon as the bowels have moved give 
oleorisin of aspidium, one dram in capsules. A saline cathartic should 
be given one-half to one hour later. Never give castor oil or any oil 
after this remedy. When calomel is given it should be given about 
one hour after taking the worm medicine and followed in one or one 
and one-half hours by a half to one ounce of salts. 

2. Pelletierine Remedy for. — This comes in bottles of the proper 
dose. It is dear, but effective. It must be taken lying down, and 
followed by some cathartic or a dose of epsom salts in two hours after 
taking. 

3. Infusion and Emulsion for. — An infusion of 

Pomegranate root ^ ounce 

Pumpkin seeds 1 ounce 

Powdered ergot 1 dram 

Boiling water 10 ounces 

To an emulsion of the male fern (a dram of the ethereal extract) 
made with acacia powders, two drops of croton oil are added. The 
patient should have had a low diet on the previous day and have 
taken a dose of salts in the evening. 

The emulsion and infusion are mixed and taken at nine in the 
morning. If the bowels do not move in two hours, salts should be 
taken. 

4. An Old Remedy. — Chew freely of slippery elm bark. This, 
it is stated, is very effective and as it is cheap and will not injure, it 
is worth a thorough trial. I am often surprised at the value of the 
seemingly simple remedies. 

TRICHINIASIS (Trichinosis).— The disease is caused by the 
trichina spiratis, a parasite introduced into the body by eating imper- 
fectly cooked flesh of infected hogs. The ''embryos" pass from the 
bowel and reach the voluntary muscles, where they finally become 
"encapsulated larvae," — muscle trichinae. It is in the migration of 
these embryos that the group of symptoms known as trichiniasis is 
produced. 



ANIMAL PARASITES 51 

When the flesh containing the tricliinae is eaten by man or by any 
animal in which the develoi)menl can take place, the capsules are 
digested and the trichinae are set free. They pass into the small 
intestine and about the third day attain their full growth and become 
sexually mature. The young produced by each female trichina have 
been estimated at several hundred. The time from the eating of the 
llesh containing the muscle trichinae to the development of the brood 
of embryos in the intestines (bowels) is from seven to nine days. The 
female worm penetrates the intestinal wall and the embryos are prob- 
ably discharged into the lymph spaces, thence into the venous system, 
and by the blood stream to the muscles, which constitutes their seat 
of election. After a preliminary migration in the inter-muscular con- 
nective tissue, they penetrate the primitive muscle-fibres and in about 
two weeks develop into the full grown muscle form. In this process 
interstitial inflammation of the muscle is excited, and gradually an 
ovoid capsule develops about the parasite. Tw'o, and occasionally 
three or four, worms may be seen within a single capsule. This pro- 
cess of encapsulation has been estimated to take about six weeks. 
Within the muscles the parasites do not undergo further development. 
Gradually the capsule becomes thicker and ultimately lime salts are 
deposited within it. This change may take place in man within four 
or five months. The trichinae may live within the muscles for an 
indefinite period. They have been found alive and capable of develop- 
ing as late as twenty or twenty-five years after their entrance into the 
system. These calcified capsules appear as w^hite specks in the mus- 
cles. In many instances however these worm.s are completely cal- 
cified. In the hog the trichinae cause few if any symptoms. An 
animal, the muscles of which are swarming with living trichinae, may- 
be well nourished and healthy looking. An important point also is 
the fact that in the hog the capsule does not readily become calcified, 
so that the parasites are not visible as in the human muscles. 

Modes of Infection. — The danger of infection depends entirely 
upon the mode of preparation of the flesh. Thorough cooking, so that 
all parts of the meat reach the boiling point, destroys the parasites ; 
but, in larger joints, the central portions are not often raised to this 
temperature. The frequency of the disease in different countries de- 
pends largely upon the habits of the people in the preparation of pork. 
In North Germany, where raw ham and wurst are freely eaten, the 
greatest number of instances have occurred. In South Germany, 
France, and England cases are rare. Salting and smoking the flesh 
are not always suf^cient, and the Havre experiments showed that ani- 
mals are readily infected when fed with portions of the pickled or the 
smoked meat as prepared in this country. 

Sjmiptoms. — The eating of trichinous flesh is not always followed 
by this disease. 

In the course of a few days after eating the infected meat there are 
signs of disturbance of the stomach and bowels, and pain in the abdo- 



52 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

men, loss of appetite, vomiting and sometimes diarrhea; and yet, these 
preliminary symptoms do not always occur, for in some of the large epi- 
demics cases have been observed in which they have been absent. 
Pain in different parts of the body, general debility and weakness have 
been noted in some of the epidemics. In some instances the stomach 
and bowel disturbances have been so marked from the outset that the 
attack resembled our cholera. The invasion symptoms develop be- 
tween the seventh and tenth day. Sometimes not until the end of 
the second week, and they are marked by fever, a chill in some cases 
and pain and swelling and tenderness along the muscles involved. 
The migration of the parasites into the muscles excites a more or less 
intense inflammation of these muscles, which is characterized by pain 
on pressure and movement, and by swelling and tension of the mus- 
cles, over which the skin may be swollen. The limbs are placed in 
seme position in which these muscles are more at rest. Difficulty in 
chewing and swallowing is caused by the involvement of the muscles 
controlling these acts. In severe cases the involvement of the dia- 
phragm and intercostal muscles may lead to difficult breathing (Dysp- 
noea) which sometimes proves fatal. Watery swelling, a feature of 
great importance, may be seen early in the face, particularly about the 
eyes. Later it develops in the extremities when the swelling and stiff- 
ness of the muscles are at their height. Profuse sweats, tingling and 
itching of the skin and in some instances hives (Urticaria) have been 
described. 

There are emaciation and anemia. In the severe cases the appear- 
ance may be like that in the third week of typhoid fever. In mild 
cases the fever and muscular symptoms subside in ten to fourteen 
days, in others only after two or three months. The mortality, from 
one to thirty per cent, seems to depend upon the virulence and number 
of parasites. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— If discovered within twenty-four 
to thirty-six hours, thoroughly empty the bowel with purgatives. Rhu- 
barb and senna, or an occasional dose of calomel may be given. Relieve 
the pains afterwards and support the strength. 



DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

The skin is divided into three layers. Beginning with the outer 
one and naming inward, they are named as follows : The outer layer 
is called the epidermis or cuticle (near or upon the skin). The second 
layer is called the corium, derma cutis vera, or true skin. The third 
layer is called the sub-cutaneous (under the skin) (fatty or connective) 
tissue. This last layer contains the sweat glands, the lower end of the 
deep-seated hair follicles, (little sacs containing the roots of the hair) 



SKIN DISEASES 53 

and larj;cr branches of the lympliatics. l)lood vessels and nerves, and 
serves in general as a bed for the trne skin to rest uj)on, and by which 
the true skin is connected with the deeper parts, muscles, etc. 'I'he 
ajipendages of the skin are the hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat-glands. 
The discharge from the sweat-glands form a little or larger tumor. 
The contents of a wen are from sebaceous glands — fat secretions — fat 
tumor. The following names are frequently mentioned in the skin 
diseases : 

Macule. (Spots, patches). Skin is altered in color, but the skin 
is not raised or depressed ; freckle, etc. 

Papule. (Pimple). Elevated piece of skin, varying in size from 
a pin-head to a coffee bean. 

Tubercle. (Node-lump). A solid elevation of the skin, varying 
in size from a pea to a cherry. 

Tumors. These are soft or firm elevations of the skin, like a wen 
or hard lump. They are always deep-seated. 

Wheel. A round flat, white or pink elevation of the skin ; such as 
hives, mosquito bites, etc. 

Vesicle. This is a pin-head or pea-sized elevation of the outer 
layer (epidermis) filled with a watery fluid. 

Bleb. (Bulla). A circumscribed elevation of the skin and con- 
tains a watery fluid, such as a burn, etc. 

Pustule. A rounded elevation of the outer layer (epidermis) of 
varying size, containing pus (matter). 

A vesicle, bleb, and pustule are hollow; macule, papule, and 
tubercle are solid. 

Scale. (Squama). This is a dry attached or unattached thin 
piece from the skin as a result of disease of the skin. 

Crust. This is a dried mass as a result of fluid oozing from a 
diseased skin. 

Excoriation. Like a scratch mark. 

Fissures. This is a crack, like that found on chapped hands. 

Ulcer. (Sore). Eating away of the parts. 

Scar. Ulcer healed leaving a mark, like from a healed cut. 

Pigmentation. Discoloration. 

ACNE. (Simple Acne). — This is an inflammation of the sebace- 
ous (fatty, cheesy) glands. It forms these pimples or pustules and 
these are intermingled with black-heads (comedones), flesh-worms. 
They vary from a pin-head to a split-pea in size, and are of a bright or 
dark red color. They occur for the most part on the face; also 01, the 
back, neck and chest. 

Condition. — An over secretion, or alteration and retention of the 
fatty (sebaceous) matter, and this is followed by inflammation involv- 
ing the glands, ducts of the glands, and hair follicles. Pus often 
form? and tissue may be destroyed. 



54 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Causes. — These skin glands are active at the time of puberty. 
The active cause may be the stomach troubles, constipation, womb 
disorders, and poor general nutrition. 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT for Acne.— All stomach troubles, 
constipation, and womb troubles should be looked into and remedied. 
The diet and hygiene must be regulated. Food that stimulates and is 
hard to digest should be prohibited. When there is dyspepsia and 
constipation, bitter tonics, like compound tincture of gentian, one 
dram before meals, or pepsin (five grains) and loosening medicines 
like salts should be given. 

Tincture of Nux Vomica is a good stomach and bowel tonic, given 
in doses of one to two drops before meals. 

Calomel, one-half grain at night for a few nights, followed in the 
morning by epsom salts or some mineral water like Abilena or Hunjadi 
ift useful. The following is a good combination by Dr. Schalek: 

Tincture of Nux Vomica 2 drams 

Dilute Nitro Muriatic Acid 4 drams 

Sherry Wine enough for 3 ounces 

Mix and take one teaspoonful three times a day. 

Diet. — See diet for dyspepsia and constipation. All fatty, greasy, 
rich foods are prohibited. 

Local Treatment. — If the skin is quite red and tender, mild sooth- 
ing applications should be used. Most cases require vigorous treat- 
ment. First wash the parts with warm water and the best soap, rinse 
with hot water and then dry carefully. Remove the black-heads by 
careful pressure of the fingers, or with black-head extractor; the pim- 
ples and pustules should be freely cut, to allow the matter to escape 
and all the matter taken out. 

External Medication, Ointment and Lotions. — Lotions are to be 
preferred in cases of oily discharge. If the skin becomes rough and 
chapped, soap should not be used in washing, and a soothing ointment 
should be applied. Drugs used are for stimulating the skin and heal- 
ing the lesions. 

1. Soothing Ointment. — 

Precipitated Sulphur 1 dram 

Benzoinated Lard ^ ounce 

Lanolin ^4 ounce 

For local use but not in oily cases. (Dr. Schalek.) 

% The following used as a soothing lotion: 

Washed Sulphur 2^ drams 

Spirits of Camphor 3 drams 

Biborate of Sodium 2 drams 

Glycerin. 6 drams 

Distilled water enough for 4 ounces 

Mix and shake well and apply freely so as to leave a film on 
the face. (Dr. Schalek.) 



SKJX DISEASES 55 

3. Dr. Duhring's Lotion, following: 

Precipitated Sulphur 2 drams 

Glycerin 2 drams 

Alcohol 1 ounce 

Lime water 1 ounce 

Rose water 2 ounces 

Mix and shake before using and apply. 

4. Kummerfield's Lotion. "Oriental Lotion." 

Precipitated Sulphur 4 drams 

Powdered Camphor 10 grains 

Powdered Tragacanth 20 grains 

Lime water 2 ounces 

Rose water 2 ounces 

Mix ; shake well and apply every few hours. 

5. Stimulating preparations. 

Corrosive sublimate ^ to 2 grains 

Emulsion bitter almonds 4 ounces 

Mix thoroughly and use to stimulate the skin. 

6. Ointment of white precipitate (five to fifteen per cent strength) 
can be used in place of one above. 

7. The Following Hebra Lotion (I give as written), 

Hydrarg. Bichlor 1 dram 

Aqua Distill 4 drams 

Ov. Albuminis 3 drams 

Succi Citri 3 drams 

Sacchari 1 ounce 

Mix and apply as directed. 

Caution. — Sulphur and mercury preparations should not be used 
at the same time, nor immediat-ely succeeding each other, as they will 
stain the skin. 

BALDNESS. (Alopecia). Causes. — Hereditary and diseases. 
Congenital and senile (old age) baldness is incurable. Congenital 
(born without hair) baldness is rare. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Baldness, Well Recommended for. 

— "A first class hair restorative is made of sage tea and whisky in 
equal parts with a dash of quinine in the bottle." 

2. Baldness, Vaselin and Quinine for. — 

"Vaselin 1 ounce 

Quinine H ounce" 

Mix together and apply to the scalp. 

3. Baldness, Good Canadian Remedy for. — "Strong sage tea. 
Rub the scalp frequently. I have used this with great success." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Baldness.— Persons who have 
an hereditary tendency to baldness should pay close attention to the 
hygiene of the scalp, as this is very important. The hair should be 
shampooed two or three times a week, to remove sebaceous accumu- 
lations and other foreign materials. After the scalp has been thor 



56 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

oughly rinsed with clean water and dried, some oil or (tube) vaselin 
should be rubbed in. Fine-toothed combs should never be used. The 
daily wetting of the hair is injurious. Rats should be light and well 
aired. When the hair begins to fall, stimulating applications should 
be used, in the form of ointments or lotions. The following are 
among the best with the author's name given, but in English instead 
of Latin. 

Dr. Schalek. 1. 

Bichloride of Mercury 3 grains 

Tinct. of Cantharides J/2 ounce 

Oil of Sweet Almonds 1 dram 

Spirits of Rosemary 1 ounce 

Rectified Spirits of Wine 2 ounces 

Distilled water enough to make 6 ounces 

I\Iix ; sHake bottle well ; rub thoroughly into the scalp every 
morning. 

». Carbolic acid 15 grains 

Gh cerin 2 drams 

Cologne water 1 ounce 

Mix, and apply to the scalp once daily. 

3. Precipitated Sulphur 1 dram 

Lanolin 2^ drams 

Glycerin 2^^ drams 

Rose water enough to make 1 ounce 

Mix well. Part the hair in different places and rub ointment 
into the scalp. 

1 Ihle's Mixture. — 

Resorcin 1^ drams 

Castor Oil 1^ ounces 

Spirits of Wine 5 ounces 

Balsam Peru 10 drops 

Mix. Rub into the scalp daily with a piece of flannel. 

5. Bulkley's Lotion. — 

Tincture Cantharides ^ ounce 

Tincture Capsicum ^ ounce 

Castor Oil 1 dram 

Cologne Water 1 ounce 

Mix and apply daily to the scalp. 

6. Lassar's Ointment. — 

Pilocarpine Muriate 30 grains 

Vaseline 5 drams 

Lanolin = 2 ounces 

Oil of Lavender 20 drops 

Mix and apply to the scalp. 

BALD PATCHES. (Alopecia Areata).— These appear rather 
suddenly. They are circular bald patches which may appear on any 
hairy part of the body, but more frequently on the scalp. It is con- 
sidered a chronic trouble, but tends to final recoverv. 



SKIX DISEASES 57 

Cause. — Occurs usually bet w con the ages of ten and forty. It may 
be from a parasite. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— Cod-liver oil, elixir quinine, iron 
and strychnine one dram three times daily. Arsenic, Fowler's solution, 
tour droj)s three times daily. 

Local Treatment. — Stimulating remedies, like sulphur, tar, tincture 
of cantharides, capsicum, in various strength in combination such as 
given for baldness. In old persons it may become permanent. 

ANIDROSIS. (Lessened Sweat Secretion). — This means a dim- 
inution of the sweat secretion. The patient does not sweat enough, 
especially in certain skin diseases like psoriasis, etc. 

Treatment. — Hot water, vapor baths, friction, massage, etc., 
should be used to increase the sweat secretion. Treat the accompany- 
ing skin disease. 

FOUL SWEATING. (Bromidrosis). Symptoms.— The odor may 
be very disagreeable, or resemble the odor of certain flavors or fruits. 
It is generally found in the arm-pit and genital organs. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Offensive Sweating, Alum Water 
for. — "A wash made with a teaspoonful of alum and a quart of w^ater 
will prevent offensive sweating. We all know how^ disagreeable it is 
to sit near a person in a street car or any crowded place, who has an 
odor of perspiration about them. How easy it would be to use this 
wash and rid yourself of this difficulty." 

2. Sweaty Feet, Borax and Alcohol for. — "Dissolve a tablespoon- 
ful of powdered borax in half a pint of diluted alcohol (half alcohol, 
half water) and rub the feet at night. You will find this a splendid 
remedy." 

3. Sweating, Simple Home Remedy to Produce. — "Place a rubber 
sheet or blanket under the patient. Have a simple blanket soaking in 
hot water and when all is ready, wring blanket as dry as possible and 
wrap about the patient up to the neck. After this a dry blanket is 
wrapped around the patient. Care should be taken not to have the 
blanket hot enough to burn the patient^ but not too cool. After a few 
minutes the patient is taken out, rubbed dry gently and left to rest 
and sleep." This treatment will be found very beneficial and inex- 
pensive. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Foul Sweating.— Frequent 
bathing, dressing powders of boric and salicylic acids, etc. 

1- Salicylic Acid ^ ounce 

Powdered Starch 1/2 ounce 

Mix and dust on the parts. 
2. Boric acid powdered may also be used. 

'• S.'^^Ac^d^."^ ^^'' } Equa, parts 

To be used as a dusting powder on the sweating parts. 



58 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

4. One per cent solution of potassium permanganate or perman- 
ganate of potash is good applied to the parts. 

CALLOSITY or Callositas. — This is circumscribed yellowish- 
white, thickened and horny patches of one of the layers of the cuticle 
(epidermis). 

Causes — They come as the result of the occupation or pressure, 
and sometimes without any seeming cause 

Symptoms. — They occur mostly on the hands and feet and are 
usually sensitive. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT, for Callosity or Callositas.— Re- 
move the cause of the horny masses. The latter is done by soaking 
them with prolonged hot water baths and scraping off the mass after- 
wards. This should be continued and done frequently. 

Salicylic Acid 30 grains 

Collodion i^ ounce 

Mix and apply with a camel's hair pencil. 
CORNS. (Calvus). — A small, flat, deep-seated, horny growth, 
mostly on or between the toes. 

Cause. — Usually the result of too tight or too loose shoes. Due 
to pressure and rubbing. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— Corns, one of the Surest Remedies.— 

"Take salicylic acid, make a thick paste with flour, put on absorbent 
cotton and apply, leaving same on several days ; soak well and corn will 
come out." This is a thoroughly tried remedy and a good one. This 
is about as good a cure as there is for corns. After this paste has 
been on the corn for three days, it should be removed and the feet 
soaked well, and the corn scraped off. 

2. Corns, Turpentine and Kerosene for. — "A very simple remedy 
is to apply turpentine or kerosene oil to the affected part on going to 
bed." It is always a good plan to soak the feet well before treating 
the corn, as the turpentine will penetrate more quickly. 

3. Corns, to Remove Without Pain. — 

"Alcohol Yz ounce 

Muriatic Acid 1 dram 

Nitric Acid 1 dram 

Oil of Rosemary 1 dram 

Chloroform 2 drams 

Tincture Iron 2 drams 

Mix the above, and apply freely to the corn with little brush or 
feather until it can be removed with thumb lance. It may require 
several applications." 

4. Corns, Onion a Cure for. — ''Soak a small onion in vinegar four 
hours, then cut in two and bind on the corn at night. In the morn- 
ing (if the onion has remained over the corn) the soreness will be 
gone and you can pick out the core. If not cured in first application 
repeat." 



SKIN DISEASES 59 

5. Corns, Castile Soap an Effective Remedy for. — 'Rub the corn 
night and morning" with castilc soap, as often as j)ossiblc sliavc it, 
heing careful not to cut deep enough to make it bleed." Be faithful 
in soaping it thoroughly night and morning for several days until it 
disappears. This is a very simple but elTcctive remedy. 

6. Hard Corns, Iodine a Successful Remedy for. — "Paint the 
ci^rns with iodine every night for three nights, stop throe nights, then 
apply three nights again, and so on for two weeks." Have tried this 
and know it to be very successful, especially good for hard corns. 

7. Corns, Castor Oil for. — ''Apply castor oil ; rub it thoroughly, 
then soak feet. It will soften and remove corns." 

8. Corns, Vinegar and Bread for. — "Take bread and soak in vin- 
egar for twenty-four hours, put a plaster on for three or four nights. 
If not cured on first application, repeat." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Corns.— Remove the cause; 
soften them by prolonged soaking in hot water, and then gently scrape 
off the softened particles, continue this for several days; then put a 
narrow strip of rubber or salicylated plaster (adhesive plaster) over to 
protect them from pressure. The following is good to soften them: 

1. Salicylic Acid VA dram 

Extract of Cannabis indica 10 grains 

Collodion 1 ounce 

Mix and paint on the corn for several days and after soak- 
ing corn scrape it off with a sharp knife. 

2. A Good but Weaker Remedy: — 

Salicylic Acid 30 grains 

Extract of Cannabis indica 5 to 10 grains 

Collodion ^ ounce 

Both of these prescriptions are good, the first being stronger with 
salicylic acid. 

3. When the corns are soft with inflammation, wash and dry the 
foot and apply a solution of nitrate of silver, sixty to one hundred and 
twenty grains to the ounce of water, to every part every four or five 
days. 

Ulcerating Corns. — ^Cauterize with nitrate of silver in stick form. 

CARBUNCLE. (Anthrax). — A carbuncle is an acute circum- 
scribed inflammation of the skin and tissues beneath, of the size of an 
tgg, orange, or larger. It is a hard mass and ends in local death of 
some of the tissue and formation of pus, which empties upon the sur- 
face through several sieve-like openings. 

Symptoms. — There is a feeling of general sickness, chilliness and 
some fever. The skin over the sore part is hot and painful. The sev- 
eral dead parts may run together until the entire mass separates in a 
slough. In favorable cases it proceeds to heal kindly, but in severe 
cases it may spread to the surrounding tissues and end fatally, some- 



60 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

times by the absorption of putrid materials, or by the resulting weak- 
ness. It runs usually from two to five weeks. 

Causes. — It comes in middle or advanced life, usually oftener in 
men than in women. It occurs frequently in patients suffering from 
diabetes, in whom it is usually fatal. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Carbuncles, Poppy Leaves to Draw 
and Ripen. — "A poultice of poppy leaves is very efficacious to draw or 
ripen a carbuncle." A poultice made from these leaves is very quiet- 
ing and soothing, and at the same time will cause the carbuncle to 
ripen. 

2. Carbuncle, Slippery Elm and Sassafras Root for. — "Sassafras 
root and slippery elm bark boiled together and the decoction thickened 
with cornmeal." This should be changed as often as it becomes cool. 

3. Carbuncle, Sheep Sorrel Poultice for. — ''Gather a bunch of 
sheep sorrel leaves, wrap them in a cabbage leaf and roast in the oven. 
Apply to the carbuncle, and it will soon ripen and break." 

4 Carbuncle, Bread and Milk Poultice for. — "Keep warm bread 
and milk poultice on until the core comes out, then put on salve or 
vaselin and keep covered until all healed." 

5. Carbuncle, the Common Scabious for. — "Take scabious, the 
green herb and bruise it. Apply this to the affected part. This has 
been found a very effectual remedy." The common field scabious have 
many hairy, soft, whitish green leaves, some of which are very small 
and rough on the edges, others have hairy green leaves deeply and 
finely divided and branched a little. Flowers size of small walnut and 
composed of many little ones. Sometimes called "Morning Bride," 
"DeviFs Bit," etc. 

6. Carbuncle, Snap Bean Poultice for. — "Apply snap bean leaves 
beat up fine." Bruise the leaves until they are real fine, then apply as 
a poultice." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Carbuncles.— Keep up the 
strength by a nourishing diet and in some cases, stimulants. 

Local. — Cut it open thoroughly by a cross (crucial) cut, like this 
(x). The cut must reach through the mass to sound tissue beneath 
and beyond it. Then scrape out all the dead tissue. Dress with iodo- 
form or sterile gauze. An antiseptic like listerine, glyco-thymoline, 
etc., can be used to wet the gauze, put on as a dressing afterwards and 
then more dry gauze above, strapped with adhesive plaster. Water 
and instruments must be boiled, hands must be absolutely clean. 
Everything around it must be clean. Sometimes it is necessary to go 
slowly and take out at each dressing only what can be easily removed. 
It is not always possible to get the whole mass away at once. Open- 
ing the carbuncle and giving free drainage afford great relief from 
the fever and often general symptoms. When the part feels as if it 



SKIX DISEASES 61 

needed redressing, it should he done, for it tlien gives much relief. 
The dressings frequently hecume hard and do not absorb all of the 
material ready to be discharged. It is usually proper and prudent to 
dress a carbuncle two or three times a day. There is no danger if the 
ine who dresses it is clean with the instruments, hands and gauze or 
cotton. 

LIVER SPOTS, Moth Patch, Chloasma, etc.— This is a discolora- 
tion of the skin of a yellowish to a blackish tint of varying size and 
>hape. 

Causes. — It may be due to external agencies, such as rubbing, 
scratching, heat (tanning and sunburn) blistering; or due to diseases 
such as tuberculosis, cancer, malaria, Addison's disease, disease of the 
womb, pregnancy. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Liver Spots.— Remove all 
causes if possible. 

Local. — This must be carefully used, find out first how sensitive 
the skin is. Dr. Bulkley recommends this lotion: 

Corrosive Sublimate 5 grains 

Dilute Acetic Acid 2 drams 

Borax 40 grains 

Rose water enough for 4 ounces 

Shake bottle, mix and apply to the part night and morning. 

If the skin becomes too scaly, a mild soothing ointment should be 
substituted for the above. White suggests the following: 

Hydrarg. Ammon. Chlor 2 drams 

Subnitrate Bismuth 2 drams 

Starch ^ ounce 

Glycerin 54 ounce 

Mix and apply twice daily. 

The application of peroxide of hydrogen has only a temporary 
effect. 

BLACK-HEADS. Flesh Worms, Comedones, Pimples, etc.— This 
is a disorder of the sebaceous glands in which the sebaceous (fatty, 
cheesy) secretions become thickened ; the excreting ducts, appearing 
on the surface, as yellowish or blackish points. They appear chiefly 
on the face, neck, chest, and back and are very unsightly. 

Symptoms. — They are easily pressed out, and appear then as 
thread-like, whitish masses which contain fatty material. The black 
point may be due to pigment or to dirt from without. Comedones 
may exist with acne and seborrhoea and excessive secretion of sebum. 

Causes. — Want of tone to the skin, w^hich performs its functions 
sluggishly. Stomach-bowel disorders, menstrual disturbances and 
anemia are other causes and assist in making them worse. Improper 
care of the skin and dusty air may be other assistant causes. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. For Pimples and Black-heads.— 1. 
Pimples on the face, effective yet harmless remedy for : 



62 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

"Camphor 10 grains 

Acacia (pulverized) 20 grains 

Sulphur (precipitated) 2 drams 

Lime water 2 ounces 

Rose water 2 ounces 

Apply on the face with a soft cloth at bedtime. Allow to 
dry and brush off the excess of the powder." 

Any one suffering from these eruptions is usually willing to try 
every known remedy. The above is excellent and very effective and 
is harmless. 

2. Pimples, Alum Water for. — "Take a teaspoonful of alum to a 
quart of water and use as a wash, say three times a day. This will 
cure ordinary pimples on the face." 

3. Skin Blotches, Cream of Tartar and Sulphur for. — "Two ounces 
cream tartar and one ounce of powdered sulphur (from the lump). 
Mix. Dose : — Teaspoonful in a little water three times a day will 
cure." 

4. Rough Skin, Healing Cream for. — "One-fourth cup tallow 
melted, one teaspoonful glycerin, small lump camphor, dissolved. Mix 
all together by warming sufficiently." Rub in thoroughly as you do 
any face cream. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Pimples.— Remove the cause 
if possible. The diet should be like that given under dyspepsia and 
constipation. Menstrual disorders should be remedied. 

Local. — Remove the plugs (of sebum) and stimulate the skin 
glands. For this purpose prolonged (ten minutes at a time) bathing 
of the face with hot water and soap; tincture of green soap in the more 
indolent, sluggish cases, should precede the pressing out of the black- 
heads. Lateral pressure with the fingers or with the comedone extrac- 
tor, especially contrived for this purpose, will express the black-heads. 
After they are out, the skin dried and cleaned, various stimulating 
remedies can be applied in ointments and lotions such as following: 

1. 'Trecipitated Sulphur 1 dram 

Ointment of Rose water 1 ounce 

Mix and rub on at night. 

2. Beta-Naphthol H dram 

Resorcin Yz dram 

Lanolin 1 ounce 

Mix and apply locally. 

INFLAMMATION of the Skin. (Dermatitis).— This is due to 
many causes. It can come from injuries, for instance the rubbing or 
pressure of ill-fitting clothes, bandages, bites of insects and from 
scratching. 

Varieties. — Dermatitis ambustionis, (burning). This is due to ex- 
cessive heat upon the skin. 



SKIN DISEASES 63 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Inflammation of the Skin.— 
kcliove the pain; protect the parts; cxchulc the air. I'aiiit tlie burned 
part with a one to tive per cent sokition of cocaine, according to the 
severity of inHanimation. Then apply soothing- lotions of equal parts 
of lime-water and olive or linseed oil ; cover the whole with absorbent 
cotton. Dusting powder of soda bicarbonate may also be used, or com- 
mon soda. In burns with vesicles, etc., open them and then cover with 
carbolized oil. gauze and adhesive . to hold the dressing. The parts 
can be washed with a solution of boric acid, one teaspoonful to a cup 
of water; then dust upon the parts sugar of lead once or twice a day. 
Some use it in solution ; I like the powder better. Infusion of lobelia, 
one ounce to pint of hot water', is good. Also lead and laudanum 
wash. 

ECZEMA. (Humid Tetter— Salt Rheum— Dry Tetter). Defini- 
tion. — Eczema is an inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized at 
its commencement by redness, pimples, vesicles, pustules and their 
combinations, with itching and burning. It terminates in a watery or 
pus-like discharge with the formation of crusts or scaling. 

Varieties. — There are many varieties, red, scaly, fissured, watery 
looking and hard skin. 

Symptoms. — Itching is almost always a symptom of this disease. 
There is more or less pouring out of liquid (serum). The dry, scaly 
type, and the weeping type, may alternate w^ith each other. There are 
six cardinal symptoms ; inflammation, itching, moisture, crusting, infil- 
tration (liquid filling of the tissues), Assuring or cracking. Dr. Fox 
says that nearly one-third of all skin diseases are eczema in some of 
its stages or varieties. In one kind there is red spot (macule). The 
skin is dry, of a bright or dull red color, with intense itching or burn- 
ing, mor-e or less watery swelling in the acute stage. In the chronic 
stage, the skin becomes thick and covered with fine dry scales, usually 
in the face (Eczema Erythematosum). 

Eczema Vesiculosum. (Vesicular Eczema). — This is preceded by 
a feeling of heat and irritation about the part. In a short time pin- 
l:ead sized vesicles appear. These frequently run together and form 
patches. They rupture rapidly ; the liquid is poured out, dries up and 
forms crusts. The discharge stiffens linen, a characteristic of this 
variety. 

Eczema Pustulosum. (Pustules). Pustular Kind. — This is nearly 
like the preceding. The vesicles have pus in them from the start or 
develop from the vesicles. When the pustules rupture, their contents 
dry up to the thick greenish-yellow crusts The scalp and face, in chil- 
dren especially, are the favored spots for this kind. It occurs in poorlv 
nourished children. 

Ex:zema PapulosurrL (Papular Variety). — This is characterized 
by flat or sharp pointed reddish pimples (papules), varying in size 



64 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

from a small to a large pin-head. They are usually numerous, run 
or crowd together and form large patch-es. The itching is usually 
very intense. This causes much scratching, rawness and crusts. The 
pimples may continue as such, or change into vesicles. In chronic 
cases they run together, and finally form thick scaly patches, and may 
run into a scaly eczema. 

Eczema Rubrum (red). — The skin looks red, raw, and "weeps." 
It is most commonly found about the face and scalp in children, and 
the lower parts of the legs in the old. 

Eczema Squamosis. (Scaling). — This may follow any of the other 
varieties, but usually follows the red and pimple (papule) variety. 
They are various sized and shaped r-eddish patches, which are dry and 
more or less scaly. Thickening is always present, also a tendency to 
cracking of the skin, especially if it affects the joints. There are other 
varieties but these are the most important. 

RECOVERY. — Eczema has a tendency to persist and rarely dis- 
ippears spontaneously. 

Causes. — Gout, diabetes, rheumatism, Bright's disease, dyspepsia, 
constipation, nervous trouble, heat, cold, strong soaps, acids, alkalies, 
rubbing, scratching, etc. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Eczema, Lemon or Vinegar far.— 

"Rub the spots with sliced lemon. This will sometimes relieve the 
itching. Bathing with vinegar water is better for some as it destroys 
the germs." The bowels should be kept open, and then constitutional 
faults removed as the eruption of the skin is but a local manifestation 
of a functional fault. 

2. Eczema, Olive Oil and Powder for. — ''Bathe with olive oil 
and sift over the skin a powder composed of equal parts of fine laundry 
starch and oxide of zinc powder." Do not bathe with water until 
healed. 

3. Eczema, Herb Tea for. — "A good wash for eczema is made of 
an ounce of bruised blood-root and yellow dock, steeped well in a pint 
of alcohol and half pint of vinegar." Apply gently to the affected 
parts. 

4. Eczema, Potato and Camphor for. — "Make a poultice of a cold 
potato with a small quantity of camphor. This is very good and re- 
lieves the trouble very soon." 

5. Eczema, Sulphur and Lard for. — "An excellent eczema cure is 
made by applying a paste made of sulphur and lard to the affected 
parts." This is very easily prepared, and has been known to cure 
many cases. 

6. Skin Diseases, Biurdock Tea a Standard Remedy for. — "Take 

a handful of the freshly bruised burdock root to two quarts of water 
and boil down one-half; drink from a half to one pint a day." This 



SKIN DISEASES 65 

is considered one of the l)cst home remedies for skin diseases that is 
known and is perfectly liarmless. 

7. Skin Disease, Blood Purifier for. — 

"Iodide Potasli 192 grains 

I'luid Extract Stillingia 1 ounce 

Fhiid Extract Prickly Ash Bark K- ounce 

Fluid I'.xtract Yellow Dock 1 ounce 

Compound Syrup Sarsapariila to make 8 ounces 

Mix.- 

8. Tetter, Reliable Remedy for. — "Turpentine 1 ounce, red pre- 
cipitate 3 drams, vaselin 4 ounces. Mix, rub on the affected parts 
several times a day." This is a splendid ointment for a severe case of 
tetter. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Eczema.— Water is likely to 
make acute cases worse. In order to cleanse the parts use water soft- 
ened by starch or bran. Use oily preparations to soften the crusts and 
then they can be removed with water and good soap. 

In Chronic Sluggish Cases. — Water and strong soaps may be used. 
Cloths wrung from hot water and applied, will frequently relieve the 
itching. Use lotions in moist and salves in dry eczema. For the acute 
kind the remedy should be soothing, and more or less stimulating for 
the chronic forms. 

Local Treatment for the acute and sub-acute (between acute and 
chronic) eczema. 

In acute cases, with much pouring out of liquid (serum), lotions 
have a cooling effect. They should be frequently renewed. 

1. Black Wash. 

Calomel 1 dram 

Mucilage Tragacanth 1 dram 

Lime water 10 ounces 

Mix. Can be used full strength or diluted. Bathe the 
affected parts several times daily for fifteen or twenty minutes 
with this lotion and apply oxide of zinc ointment afterwards. 

2. Lead and Laudanum wash. — When the parts discharge mois- 
ture with burning feeling, and are very sensitive the following is good: 

Laudanum J/2 ounce 

Solution of Sugar of lead T^/^ ounces 

Mix and apply externally with gauze saturated with it. 

3. A solution of boric acid is also a good remedy. 

4. Apply the following soothing application frequently, allowing 
the sediment to remain on the skin: 

Powdered Calamine 1 dram 

Oxide of Zinc 1 dram 

Glycerin 1 dram 

Lime water 6 ounces 

6 



56 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

5. Dusting pov/ders. — Corn, potato or rice starch powders, Alen- 
nen's baby powder is also good. Borated kind is the best for this. 

6. Oxide of Zinc ointment alone, applied night and morning, is 

valuable in many cases. 

The Black Wcish should be used twice a day just before the oxide 
of zinc ointment is applied. In other cases powdered oxide of zinc is 
dusted over the part if the discharge is watery or profuse. 

7. McCall Anderson's Ointment. — 

Oxide of Bismuth 1 ounce 

Pure Oleic Acid 8 ounces 

White Wax 3 ounces 

Vaselin 9 ounces 

Oil of Rose 5 drop's 

i\Iake an ointment and apply. The proportions of each in- 
gredient can be reduced one-half, for smaller amount. 

8. Pastes are often borne better than ointment. The following 
is a good one. Lassar's paste: 

Starch 2 drams 

Oxide of Zinc 2 drams 

Vaselin 4 drams 

Mix and make a paste, apply to the part and cover with soft 
gauze. 

9. For the Itching.— 

Powdered Oxide of Zinc H ounce 

Powdered Camphor 1^ dram 

Powdered Starch 1 ounce 

Mix and dust on as needed. 

When the disease is not so acute (sub-acute) applications of a 
mildly stimulatmg character are needed. For this purpose, resorcinal 
in the proportion of two to thirty grains to the ounce of lard, accord- 
ing to the severity and amount of hardness existing. Apply to the 
part. Stimulant and soothing. 

External Treatment of Chronic Eczema. — Applications for chronic 
and lasting sluggish eczema. 

1. Tincture of green soap used with hot water unti^ the skin is 
bared and then dress with oxide of zinc ointment. 

2. Tar in the form of the pure OfUcial tar ointment. 

3. Salicylic acid thirty to sixty grains to an ounce of lard and 
applied for stimulating purposes. 

4. Dr. Schalek uses the same remedies in part and the following 

for a fixed dressing, especially on the eyes. They do not need to b^ 

changed often. 



SKIN DISEASES 67 

Glycogelatin Dressing, — 

Gelatin 10 drops 

Oxide of Zinc 10 drop? 

Glycerin 40 drop- 
Water 40 drop'i 

Mix and apply to the part. 

The above may be made in any quantities, — using drops, spoon- 
fuls, etc. Dress the parts in a thin gauze bandage, over which the 
melted preparation is painted. I have given many diflferent prescrip- 
tions, but those who treat skin diseases know that a great many are 
needed, for they act differently upon different persons. 

Special Varieties of Eczema and what to do for them. — 

Eczema of Children. — This is generally acute of the vesicular 
(watery) or vesicular pustular (pus forming) variety. The parts com- 
monly affected are the scalp and the face. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Eczema.— Remove the causes, 
watch the feeding. Keep the folds of the skin dry and free from fric- 
tion. To prevent scratching, masks must be applied to th€ scalp and 
face, or the hands must be tied in bad cases. The local treatment is 
the same as above except the strength of the drugs used must be re- 
duced in proper proportion. 

Eczema of the Scalp, Milk Crust. — Remove the crusts by soaking 
the scalp with some bland oil for twelve hours, followed by a shampoo, 
(the hair should be cut in children) then the lotions and thin ointment 
(see above) should be applied. 

Eczema of the Face. — A mask of soft linen with holes cut out for 
the eyes, mouth and nostrils may be used. 

Eczema of the Scrotum. — A well fitting suspensory should be 
worn, sponge the parts w^ith very hot water and follow with the anti- 
itching lotion and dusting powders for the itching. 

Eczema of the Hands in Adults. — Keep the hands out of water 
as much as possible. Dry them thoroughly and then anoint. Greatly 
thickened patches may be softened by soap plasters or bathe the parts 
in ten or twenty per cent solutions of caustic potash and followed by 
a salve application. The internal treatment must be given for the 
cause. 

Diet in Eczema. — Avoid salty foods, such as salted fish or pork 
and corned beef; greasy foods such as bacon and fried dishes; pastry 
and cheese. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES for Salt Rheum. 1. Alum Wash and 
Cathartic for. — "Use an astringent wash as alum, tablespoonful in pint 
of water, and keep bowels opened by cooling medicines, as cream tar- 
tar, rochelle salts, etc." The alum solution will be found verv cool- 



68 ' MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ing and by keeping the bowels open you will carry off all the impur- 
tites thus cleansing the blood , which is one of the essential things to 
do in salt rheum. 

2. Salt Rheum, Ammonia and Camphor for. — "Apply ammonia 
and camphor to the cracks. Have used this successfully when every- 
thing else failed." Care should be taken not to have the ammonia too 
strong, as it may irritate the skin more. If used properly, it is a 
good remedy. 

3. Salt Rheum, Cactus Leaf Cure for. — "From one large cactus 

leaf take out the thorns, add one tablespoon of salt, three tablespoons 
lard, stew out slowly, and grease with this at night. Remarks: — This 
cured my hand that had been in an awful condition for years." 

4. Salt Rheum, Pine Tar for. — "Apply pine tar as^a paste." This 
is an excellent remedy but care should be taken in using it, as pine 
tar is very irritating to some people, and should be used very cau- 
tiously. 

BOIL. (Furunculus, Furuncle). Causes. — Boils may appear in 

a healthy person, but they are often the result of a low condition of 
the system ; they are frequently seen in persons suffering from sugar 
diabetes. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Boil, My Mother's Poultice for.— 

"Poppy leaves pounded up and bound on are good. My mother has 
used this recipe and found it to be good." This remedy not only 
makes a good poultice, but is very soothing, as poppies contain opium. 
The leaves may be purchased at any drug store. 

2. Boil, Soap and Sugar Poultice for. — "Poultice made of yellow 
or soft soap and brown sugar, equal parts. Spread on cloth and apply 
faithfully." This makes a good strong poultice, and has great drawing 
powers and would be apt to create a good deal of pain, but would 
draw the boil to a head. The above remedy was sent in by a number 
of mothers, all of whom said they had tried it with success when 
other remedies failed. 

3. Boil, Vinegar or Camphor for. — "May be cured by bathing in 

strong vinegar frequently when they first start. When it stops smart- 
ing from the vmegar cover with vaseline or oil." Bathing the boil in 
vinegar seems to check the growth and does not allow them to become 
as large as they would ordinarily. If you do not have vinegar in the 
house, camphor will answer the same purpose. 

4. Boil, Bean Leaf Poultice for. — "Apply snap bean leaves, beat 
up fine." Bruise the leaves so that they are real fine, and apply to 
the boil. This acts the same as a poultice. 

5. Boil, Another Vinegar Remedy for. — *Tf taken at first a boil 
can be cured by dipping the finger in strong vinegar and holding on 
the boil until it stops smarting. Repeat three or four times then apply 
a little oil to the head of boil." 



SKIX DISEASES 69 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Boils.— Tonics such as iron, 
quinine, and strychnine arc j^^uod. Elixir, iron, quinine and strychnine 
from a half to one teaspoonful three times a day is a good tonic for 
an adult. Sulphide of calcium one-tenth grain four times a day is 
good. Paint the inflamed spot when it first begins, with a solution 
of gixn cotton (collodion) and renew it every hour until a heavy con- 
tractile coating is formed. Poultices, if used, should contain sweet 
oil and laudanum. Alcohol and camphor applied over the skin in the 
early stages is recommended by Ringer. This I know is good. An- 
other, wipe the skin and use camphorated oil. When boils occur in 
the external ear, the canal should be washed out with hot water. If it 
is ripe it should be opened. The following is good for the pain of a 
boil: 

lodofc^rn 4 grains 

Menthol 2 grains 

Vaselin 1 dram 

Mix and smear a cotton plug and insert in the ear two or 
three times a day. 

ABSCESS. — An accumulation of pus (matter) in any part of the 
body. 

External Abscess. — Boil the knife, wash your hands in clean, hot, 
soapy water. Wash the abscess and surrounding parts in hot water 
and good soap, and rinse oiT with alcohol, a salt solution, or listerine, 
etc. Then make a good deep clean cut and scrape out if necessary. 
Dress with a clean linen gauze or absorbent cotton. Poultices may be 
used if you are careful. Such an abscess should be dressed twice a 
day. The inner dressing should be soft and thick enough to absorb 
all the secretion given out between dressings. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Abscess, Beech Bark Poultice for. 

— 'Toultice made of red beech bark and wheat bran." A poultice made 
of the bark will cause a drawing feeling, and the wheat bran will 
retain the heat. The proportions for making the poultice should be 
about half and half. 

2. Abscess, Milk and Salt Poultice for. — "Make a poultice of one 
cup of hot milk and common salt three teaspoonfuls ; salt added 
gradually so it will not curdle. Cook until smooth and creamy, then 
add enough flour so it will spread but not be dry. Divide this into 
four poultices and apply in succession every half hour. This will 
remove the soreness and it should be kept oiled until healed." 

3. Abscess, More Good Poultices for. — ''Take equal parts of rosin 
and sugar, mix well and apply for several days until the abscess is 
broken. If this does not cause the abscess to break, poultice hourly 
with flaxseed meal." 

FELON. (Whitlow). — An inflammation of the deeper structures 
and frequently it is under the covering of the bone, (periosteum). If 
under the latter it must be opened soon or the resulting pus will bur- 



70 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

row and destroy bone, joints, etc. The pain is intense, and after the 
patient has passed one sleepless night walking the floor and holding 
his finger it should be opened. 

How? Place the hand with the fingers extended with the palm 
up (it is usually under the finger or in the palm of the hand) upon 
the table ; stand by the side of the arm. Attract the patient to some- 
thing else ; have a curved two-edge knife ready and put the point, 
one-half inch, toward the palm, away from the felon part, press hard 
and the patient will jerk his hand and the cut will be made down to 
the bone, the membrane and tissues all opened freely, a vent given 
for the pus and in ten minutes very little pain. Dress as for an 
abscess. If opened this way, it need not be reopened. 

If in the Palm. — This needs a doctor, and must be opened with 
care. There are too many blood vessels to be careless there and one 
who understands it must do it. Open a true felon early before it has 
time to destroy the bone. 

SUPERFICIAL FELONS. Mothers' Remedies. 1. A Cure if 

Taken in Time. — 'Tf taken in time a felon may be cured without lanc- 
ing, but if poultice or liniment is used it is important that they should 
be bound on tightly as the mechanical compression is more essential 
than the application. A good remedy is finely pulverized salt, wet 
with spirits of turpentine bound tightly and left two or three days, 
wetting with the turpentine when dry without removing the cloth." 

2. Felon, Treament until time to Lance. — "If the felon has suc- 
ceeded in getting a good start and pains considerably, it is well to 
paint it with iodine ; in a few days it will become very painful, the 
pain being so intense that you cannot sleep. See a physician at once 
then, and have it lanced as the sac of pus on the bone must be 
opened. Then apply flaxseed poultices. Care should be taken not to 
have it lanced too early, as this is dangerous. 

3. Felon, Strong Remedy for. — "Turpentine, yellow of tgg and 

salt, equal parts, bind on." This is very strong and should only be 
allowed to remain on the finger a short time. 

4. Felon, Lemon to draw inflammation from. — "Take a lemon, 
make a little hole, put finger in it and hold there a number of hours." 
Lemons have a great many healing qualities in them, and seem to be 
very good for felons. The acid in the lemon seems to help draw out 
the inflammation and serves as a poultice. 

5. Felon, Hot Water Cure for. — "Wh-en you first feel it coming 
put the finger in a cup of hot water, just so it does not blister, keep 
adding more hot water as it cools for one hour. This has been tried 
several times and it has always stopped them." 

6. Felon, Soap and Commeal Poultice for. — "Poultice with soft 
soap and cornmeal. This nei^er fails if taken in time." 



SKIN DISEASES 71 

7. Felon. Smartweed Poultice for. — "Apply the bruised leaves of 
smartwei'd and bind on ti^ht as can be borne." This makes a very 
good poultice applied in this way. 

8. Felon, Hot Application for. — "When a felon first starts, soak 
the finger in equal parts of alcohol and hot water; keej) it as hot as 
the finger will bear it." 

9. Felon, an Old, Tried Remedy for. — "Put wood ashes, covered 
with warm water in a dish on the stove, hold the affected part in this, 
allowing it to get as hot as can be borne." 

10. Felon, Turpentine Cure for. — "Soak the finger for one hour in 
turpentine. This has been known to cure a great many cases of 
felon." 

11. Felon, Weak Lye Application for. — "Stick your finger in weak 
lye (can lye). Have water just as hot as you can stand your finger in. 
Hold it in as long as possible." 

12. Felon, Rock Salt and Turpentine for. — "Rock salt dry and 
pounded fine. Mix equal portions with turpentine. When dry change. 
This cured a felon on my father." As much of our Canadian salt is 
rock salt, it is the most common salt to use. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Superficial Felons.— Such may 
be averted perhaps. I have heard of that but have never seen it done. 
They are not the genuine, true blue, terrible felons, but even these can 
give much pain. They do not need such a deep opening, and they 
are not so dangerous to the structures. They are superficial and 
abscesses, perhaps, might be the better term. For these many applica- 
tions have been made. 

1. Some hold the finger in hot lye. That is a good poultice. 

2. Yolk of an egg and salt (equal parts) make a salve as a drawer. 

3. The membrane within the shell of an egg is another good 
drawing remedy. 

Dr. Chase gives this definition of a felon in his first edition : — 
"This is on one of the fingers, thumb or hand and is very painful. It 
is often situated at the root of the nail." The latter is the kind, and 
also that of the structures above the covering of the bone that are 
eased by local treatment. Especially the superficial, about the nail, 
etc. Steaming with herbs will do such good, or any hot poultice will 
do good. Dr. Chase says in another place, "Whitlow resembles a 
felon, but it is not so deeply seated. It is often found around the nail. 
Immerse the finger in strong lye as long and as hot as can be borne 
several times a day." Such felons are curable by local treatment. I 
prefer the salt and yolk of the egg to the lye. If you cannot stand 
this all the time, steam in the intervals with strong herbs or use hot 
poultices, and then open when it points. 



72 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ULCERS. An Eating Away of the Parts. Causes. — Diseases like 

syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy. Disturbances of nutrition, constitu- 
tional ulcers, local conditions. Ulcers are acute and chronic. An 
acute ulcer is a spreading ulcer, in and about which acute destructive 
inflammation exists. 

Treatment. — Keep them thoroughly clean (aseptic) and use sooth- 
ing applications, mild lotions and salve. 

Chronic Ulcer. — This is one which does not tend to heal, or heals 
very slowly. Sometimes such ulcers need to be stimulated like the 
application of nitrate of silver and then healing applications. Car- 
bolated oxide of zinc ointment is a good healing ointment. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Sores and Ulcers, the Potato Lo- 
tion for. — ''Take the water you boil potatoes in and in one quart of it 
boil one ounce of foxglove leaves for ten minutes, then add one ounce 
tincture of myrrh to the lotion, bathe the affected parts with the lotion 
warm, then keep a cloth wet with it on the sore, if possible, until 
cured." 

2. Sores and Ulcers, Chickweed Ointment for. — "Chop chickweed 
and boil in lard, strain and bottle for use." This makes a fine green 
cooling ointment. It is surprising to see the relief obtained by this 
simple ointment. 

3. Old Sores and Wounds, Healing Ointment for. — 

"Honey 4 ounces 

Spirits of Turpentine Yz ounce 

Beeswax 4 ounces 

Oil of Wintergreen ^ ounce 

Tincture of Opium 1 ounce 

Fluid Extract Lobelia %. ounce 

Lard ^ pound 

Mix by the aid of gentle heat, stirring well at the same 
time. This is a very useful ointment for healing wounds and 
old sores." 

4. Sores and Ulcers, Excellent Salve for. — ''One tablespoon of 
melted mutton or even beef tallow while warm; add some spirits of 
turpentine and one teaspoonful of laudanum, stir well." 

5. Ill-Conditioned Sores, an Old German Remedy for. — "Wash or 

syringe the sore with weak saleratus water, and while wet fill with 
common black pepper. Remarks: — This is a highly recommended 
German remedy, and has been tried by my mother with good results." 

6. Sores, Cuts, Antiseptic Wash for; Also Tooth Wash. — "Per- 
oxide of hydrogen. Should always be kept in the house." If you are 
cut by anything that might cause infection or if scratched by a cat, 
in fact wherever there is chance for infection and blood poison, per- 
oxide of hydrogen may be used by moistening well the wound with it 
as soon as you can. As a mouth wash put a little in a glass of water. 
Directions usually on the bottle. 



SKIN DISEASES 73 

7. Indolent Ulcers and Boils, Chickweed and Wood Sage Poul- 
tice for. — "Equal parts of chickweed and wood sa^c pounded together 
make a good poultice for all kinds of indolent ulcers and boils." 

S. Ulcers, Proud Flesh, Venereal Sores and all Fungus Swellings, 
Blood Root and Sweet Nitre for. — "Two ounces i)ulverized blood root ; 
one pint of sweet nitre; macerate for ten days, shake once or twice a 
day." 

9. Rosin 1 ounce 

Beeswax 1 ounce 

Mutton Tallow 4 ounces 

Verdigris 1 dram 

Melt the rosin, tallow and wax together, then add the ver- 
digris. Stir until cool and apply. 

Add a few drops of carbolic acid to the above and you will have 
the carbolated salve which is quite expensive w^hen bought prepared 
and under the manufacturer's label. 

10. Sores and Chapped Hands, Sour Cream Salve for. — "Tie thick 
sour cream in a cloth and bury in the ground over night. In the morn- 
ing it will be a nice salve. Excellent for chapped hands or anything 
that requires a soft salve." 

11. Old Sores, A Four-Ingredient Remedy for. — "Soften one-half 
pound of vaselin, stir into it one-half ounce each of wormwood, spear- 
mint and smartweed. This is good for old and new sores. My people 
n^ar Woodstock, Canada, used this and found it very good." 

12. Ulcers and Sores, Carrots will heal. — "Boil carrots until soft 
and mash them to a pulp, add lard or sweet oil sufficient to keep it 
from getting hard. Spread and apply; excellent for oiTensive sores. 
Onion poultice made the same way is good for slow boils and indolent 
sores." This makes a very soothing poultice and has great healing 
properties. 

13. Ulcers and Sores, a Remedy that Cures. — "To one-fourth 
pound of tallow add one-fourth pound each of turpentine and bayberry 
and two ounces of olive oil. Good application for scrofulous sores 
and ulcers." This makes a good ointment, but should not be con- 
tinued too long at a time as the turpentine might have a bad action 
on the kidneys. 

14. Ulcers and Old Sores, Bread and Indian meal for. — "Take 
bread and milk or Indian meal, make to consistency of poultice with 
water, stir in one-half cup of pulverized charcoal. Good to clean 
ulcers and foul sores." The bread and Indian meal make a good poul- 
tice while the charcoal is purifying and a good antiseptic. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Ulcers.— Keep them thor- 
oughly cleaned. A mild, weak, hot solution of salt water is good in 
chronic, slow healing, indolent ulcers. Carbolated salve apnlied 
afterwards is healing. Sometimes a stimulating poultice is neces^^ary. 



74 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

like salt pork followed by soothing salves. If an ulcer looks red and 
angry, it needs soothing. If there is any ''proud flesh" powdered 
burnt alum applied directly upon it and left on for an hour or two is 
good. Then soothing salves. 

Balsam of Peru is good for chronic ulcers. It stimulates them to 
a little activity. 

A salve made by boiling the inner bark of the common elder, the 
strained juice mixed with cream or vaselin is a good healing appli- 
cation for ulcers. 

Poultice an irritable, tender, painful ulcer with slippery elm bark. 
Repeat when necessary. 

Indolent Sluggish Ulcer. — This kind needs stimulating, salt solu- 
tion, or salt pork applied. 

Poultice made of sweet clover is well recommended for ulcers. 
As before stated, the active kind should have soothing treatment. The 
chronic indolent kind, should be stimulated occasionally and then sooth- 
ing applications applied. 

SHINGLES (Herpes Zoster). Definition. — This is an acute inflam- 
matory disease of the skin, characterized by groups of vesicles upon 
the inflamed base, distributed along the course of one or more cutane- 
ous (skin) nerves. 

Symptoms. — The eruption is preceded by a great deal of neuralgic 
pain and is almost always one-sided. They first appear as red patches 
and upon these patches vesicles soon develop (skin elevations with 
liquid in them) ; these are separate, size of a pin-head to a coffee bean, 
swollen with a clear fluid, and clustered in groups of two to a dozen. 
They may dry up in this stage, or they may fill with pus or run to- 
gether, forming larger patches ; new crops may appear, while the others 
fade. The vesicles rarely rupture of themselves, but dry into brown- 
ish crusts, which drop off leaving a temporary colored skin. It fol- 
lows the course of a nerve. The most common seat of this disease is 
over one or more intercostal (between the rib) nerves, extending from 
the backbone to the breastbone. It also occurs along the side of the 
face and temple. 

Causes. — It is a self-limited disease, runs its course in a few 
weeks, of nervous origin and may be produced by exposure to weather 
changes, blows and certain poisons. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Shingles, Herb Remedy for.— 1. 

"Make a solution of yerba rheuma, one ounce to a pint of boiling 
water, and apply freely to the part several times a day." The yerba 
rheuma has an astringent action and contracts the tissues, relieving 
the inflammation of the skin. It also relieves the itching. 

2. Shingles, Mercury Ointment for. — "Apply night and mornmg 
an ointment from the oleate of mercury." This preparation will be 



SKIN DISEASES. 75 

found effective, but care should he taken not to use too much of it, as 
•kate of mercury is very powerful. It relieves the burning and 
Itching. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Shingles.— Protect the vesicles 

from rupture or irritation and relieve the pain. Paint the surface with 
a solution of gun cotton (collodion). Tonics to keep up the strength. 

EXCESSIVE SWEATING. (Hyperidrosis).— This is a disorder 
oi the sweat glands in which sweat is thrown out in excessive quan- 
tities. 

Symptoms. — It may be great only in the armpit where it stains 
the clothing. When it comes on the hands and feet they may be wet, 
clammy and have an offensive odor. They may be soaked, inflamed 
and painful. 

Causes. — The local forms may be due to a nervous condition ; it 
is often the result of general debility. 

Treatment. — General tonics are needed and those given under 
anemia, which see. 

Applications for the local treatment. — Solution of alum applied to 
the part will act as an astringent. 

White oak bark tea is good as anything. It should not be used so 
strong as to stop sweating entirely. Then follow it with dusting pow- 
ders of starch or boric acid, containing salicylic acid (two to five per 
cent). When it occurs upon the feet use the Diachylon ointment. It 
must be made up fresh in a drug store. This is applied on strips of 
lint or muslin after the parts have been thoroughly washed and dried ; 
it should be renewed twice daily, the parts being dried with soft towels 
and then covered with dusting powder, followed by the ointment. 

FRECKLES. (Lentigo). — Freckles are an excessive deposit of 
pigment in the skin. 

Causes. — Exposure to the sun's rays aggravates this condition. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Freckles. 1. Freckles, Buttermilk 
for. — "Buttermilk on the face every night." This is a very simple 
remedy, and as buttermilk is very easily obtained, any one troubled 
with freckles can try this remedy without very much expense. This 
simple remedy has been known to cure many cases. 

2. Freckles, to Remove. — ''Nitrate of potash applied to the face 
night and morning is very good, and the freckles \\'\U soon disappear." 

3. Freckles, Alcohol and Lemon Juice for. — 'Use alcohol and 
lemon juice freely at night.'' Lemon juice \s very good for the skin 
if applied frequently. 



76 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

4. Freckles, Excellent Lotion for. — 

"Rose Water 4 ounces 

Alcohol Yi ounce 

Hydrochloric Acid ^ dram 

Mix and apply with sponge or cloth three times daily. 

5. Freckles, Borax Water for. — ''Rain water eight ounces, borax 

one-half ounce. Mix and dissolve; wash parts twice daily." 

6. Freckles, Canadian Remedy for. — ''Glycerin, lemon juice, rose- 
water, equal parts. Apply at night with a soft cloth." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Freckles.— They are apt to 
return on exposure to the sun. The following ointment may be of 
service. Care should be taken not to blister: 

Ammoniated Mercury 1 dram 

Subnitrate of Bismuth 1 dram 

Glycerin Ointment 1 ounce 

Mix and apply every other night. 

PRICKLY HEAT RASH. — An acute inflammatory disease of the 

sweat glands; minute pimples and vesicles develop. 

Symptoms. — It occurs upon the body and consists of many pin- 
head sized bright red pimples and vesicles which are very close to- 
gether. It appears suddenly, and is usually accompanied by much 
sweating and subsides in a short time with slight scaling following. 
There is itching, tingling and burning usually present. 

Cause. — Excessive heat in summer in children and weak people. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Prickly Heat, Soda Water for.— 

"Bathe with saleratus (baking soda) water, dry carefully and apply 
good talcum powder freely." 

2. Prickly Heat, Relief from pain of. — 

"Borax Powder 6 drams 

Muriate of Morphia 6 grains 

Rose Water 6 ounces 

Bathe the parts and between applications dust on lycopo- 
dium powder." 

The borax powder will be found good to cover the parts and 
muriate of morphia relieves the pain. The rose water is simply put 
in to dissolve the other ingredients. 

3. Prickly Heat, a Hamilton, Ontario, Mother Found Burnt Corn- 
starch good for. — ''Dust with browned cornstarch. This acts like 
talcum powder and is not so expensive." 

4. Rash, Soothing Ointment for. 1. — "Make an ointment of one 
dram of boric acid powder to one ounce of vaseline. First wash the 
affected parts with a strong solution of saleratus, then apply the oint- 



SKIN DISEASES 77 

incnt and dust lalcuin powder over iliis." Tlic washing with salcr- 
aius is very iniporlanl as this is a j;ood aiuisci)tic and lliorcjughly 
cleanses the i)arts. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Prickly Heat.— Il disappears 

usually in a lew days. Tonics for the weak, lig-lit clothing, a light 
nourishing diet and frequent cold bathing. Alcoholic drinks are jjro- 
iiibited. White oak bark tea as a wash for the sweating, followed by 
dusting powders of starch, oatmeal, and zinc oxide, etc. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Chafing, Fuller's Earth Eases.— 

"Wash parts well with boracic acid water, then dust with fuller's earth." 
The boracic water is cleansing and fuller's earth is very healing. This 
is a very simple but effective remedy. 

2. Chafing, Good Home Remedy for. — "Usually all that is re- 
quired is washing the parts well with castile soap and cold water, and 
anointing with plain vaselin." This remedy is always at hand, and is 
one to be relied upon. Vaselin, as we all know, is very healing. 

3. Chafing, Borax and Zinc Stops. — "Wash parts frequently with 

cold water and use the following solution : 

Pure Water 2 gills 

Powdered Borax 1 teaspoonful 

Sulphate of Zinc 3^ teaspoonful 

Apply by means of a soft rag several times daily. After 
drying the parts well, dust with wheat flour, corn starch or 
powdered magnesia." 

The above combination is excellent as the water cleanses the parts 
and the borax and zinc are very soothing and healing. 

4. Chafing, Common Flour good to stop. — "Burn common wheat 
flour until brown. Tie in rag and dust chafed parts." 

MOLE. (Naevus). — Mole is a congenital condition of the skin 
where there is too much pigment in a circumscribed place. It varies 
in size from a pin-head to a pea or larger. The face, neck and back 
are their usual abiding place. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Moles.— They should be re- 
moved by knife or by electricity. The last is the best, especially for 
the hairy variety. 

Causes. — If they are subject to too much irritation they develop 
into malignant growth. 

ENLARGED NAIL. (Onychauxis). — The nail may become too 
long, thick or wide. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause. Trim away the excessive nail 
tissue with a knife or scissors. In paronychia, inflammation around 
the nail, pieces of lint or cotton should be inserted betw^een the edge 
of the nail and the inflamed parts, and wet solution of antiseptics, like 
listerin^ or salt water, applied with cloths 



78 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

INFLAMMATION OF THE NAIL. (Onychia). Treatment- 
Cut into the back part if it needs it. That will relieve the tension and 
pain. Sometimes the nail must be removed. The inflammation is at 

the base rmatri>:^ of the nail. 

LOUSE, Disease of the Skin Produced by. — This is a disease of 

the skin produced by an animal parasite, the pediculus or louse. There 
are the head louse, pediculus capitis ; the body louse, pediculus cor- 
poris ; the pubis, i^about the genitals) pediculus pubis. The color of 
lice is white or gray. They multiply very fast, the young being hatched 
out in about six days and within eighteen days are capable of propa- 
gating their same species. The nits are glued to the hair with a sub- 
stance which is secreted by the female louse. 

HEAD LOUSE or Pediculus Capitis. Treatment— The symp- 
toms are very apparent. Apply pure kerosene, rub it into the hair 
thoroughly. It can be mixed with an equal part of balsam of peru. 
It should be left on the scalp for twelve to twenty-four hours and then 
removed by a shampoo. Other remedies that can be used are. tincture 
of staphisagria ( stavesacre). this can be made into an ointment; or 
ointment of ammoniated mercury. The dead nits are removed from 
the hair by dilute acetic acid or vinegar. Cutting the hair is not usu- 
ally required. An infusion of quassia is good as a wash. 

Body Louse or Clothes Louse (Pediculus Corporis). — This parasite 
lives in the clothes. It is apt to be found in the folds or seams, espe- 
cially where the clothes come in close contact with the skin, as about 
the neck, shoulders and waist. This creature visits the body for its 
meal. tThey may produce different kinds of skin troubles like eczema, 
boils, etc. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Lice.— Destroy the lice and 
their eggs (ova; by thoroughly baking or boiling the clothing. The 
irritated skin can be healed by soothing applications like vaselin, and 

oxide of zinc. 

(Pediculus Pubis). — Lice on the hair of the pubis or about the 

genitals. This is the smallest parasite of the three varieties, and it 
attaches itself firmly to the hair with its head buried in the follicular 
openings, and it is removed with great difficulty. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Lice.— 1. Ointment of mercury, 

blue ointment. This is to be used frequently. It is rather unclean 
and mav create a severe intiammation so be careful of it. 

2. Solution of corrosive sublimate, from one to four grains to one 
ounce of water. This is good and can be used once or twice a day; 
rub thoroughly into the parts. It will cause redness and inflammation 
may follow if too much is used. It is very eltective. Kerosene with 
an equal quantity of balsam of peru is a good remedy. 



SKL\ DISEASES 79 

BLISTER DISEASE, (Pemphigus).— lliis i.s an acute or clu.niic 
.skin disease in whicli there are blisters of various sizes and sliapes, and 
these usually occur in crops. 

Symptoms. — The disease may attack any part of the body. The 
blisters range from the size of a pea to a large iigg. They contain at 
first a clear fluid, which soon becomes cloudy and looks more or less 
like pus. They last several days and then dry up. They do not rup- 
ture of themselves very often. It is not catching. 

Causes. — These are obscure and not understood. A low state of 
the system is usually found. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Blister Disease.— General 
treatment should be given. Arsenic is the best remedy and can be 
given in the form of Fowler's solution, five drops after meals at the 
beginning for an adult. This should be increased until some poison- 
ous symptoms, such as bloating in the face is produced. 

Elixir Quinine, Iron and Strychnine is good as a tonic, one tea- 
Sf>oonful after meals. Regulate the diet, give nourishing and easily 
digested food. 

Local Treatment. — Puncture the blisters. Then put on a mild 
ointment like vaselin ; bran and starch baths can be given in some 
cases. The length of the time of the disease is uncertain. 

THE ITCH DISEASE. (Psoriasis) (not Common Itch). Defi- 
nition. — This is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, in which 
there appear upon the skin thick, adherent, overlapping, scales of a 
shiny, whitish color, and these are situated upon a reddish, slightly 
raised and sharply outlined (defined) base. 

Symptoms. — They begin as small reddish spots, sharply defined 
against the healthy skin. They may be elevated slightly and soon 
become covered with whitish pearl colored scales. If the scales are 
picked off, there is left a smooth red surface, and from this, small drops 
of blood ooze out. No watery or pus-like discharge escapes at any 
period of this disease. These spots extend at the circumference (per- 
iphery), reaching the size of the drops, or of the coins, or they may 
run together and form ring-shaped, or crooked wavy lines of patches, 
with a center that is healing up. A few scattered spots may be pres- 
ent, or large areas may be involved. In rare cases the whole skin is 
affected. These spots or patches may occur on any part of the body, 
but involve the extending part of the limbs, especially the elbows and 
knees. There may be slight itching present at times. 

Course of the Disease. — It is chronic ; patches may continue indef- 
initely or they may disappear in one place, while new crops appear 
elsewhere. This disease usually appears for the first time between the 
ages of ten and fifteen ; it may then return at various intervals during 
a lifetime. It is usually worse during the winter. 



8 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

Causes. — Are usually unknown, it may occur in all classes and 
kinds of people. 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT for Itch Disease.— Remedies for 
the general symptoms are demanded. The general health must be 
looked after. Stimulating foods and drinks and the use of tobacco 
are. forbidden. 

Arsenic in the form of Fowler's solution from three to ten 
drops three times a day ; or the arsenious acid in' pills of 1/50 of a 
grain three times a day. This medicine must not be used in the acute 
form, but only in chronic cases. 

Local Treatment. — 1. Remove the scales first and follow this by stim- 
ulating applications unless there is much inflammation. In such cases 
soothing lotions should be applied. Dr. Schalek of New York, rec- 
ommends the following: 

2. Remove the scales thoroughly with hot water and soap and 
then apply: 

Chrysarobln 1 dram 

Ether Equal parts of each and enough 

Alcohol to dissolve the first remedy 

Collodion 1 ounce 

Mix and apply with a brush to the parts affected. 

This solution may cause inflammation and great swelling, and on 
that account it should not be used on the face, it stains the skin. Dr. 
Hare recommends a bath only before the application. In that way 
some scales remain and there is not so much inflammation and swell- 
ing resulting. The stain can be removed with a weak solution of 
chlorinated lime. 

3. Tar Remedy. — Tar is also a good remedy in ointment forms. 
The skin should be closely watched to find out how sensitive it is to 
the tar's action, not only in this but in all skin diseases. Drugs 
should be changed occasionally, for they lose their efficiency. 

4. Tar and Sulphur Remedy for. — Never use tar on the face, it 
stains. 

Ointment of Tar 1 ounce 

Ointment of Sulphur 1 ounce 

Mix thoroughly and apply at night. 

SI Precipitated Sulphur 6 drams 

Tar 6 drams 

Green Soap 2 ounces 

Lard 2 ounces 

Powdered Chalk 4 drams 

Apply frequently. 

If necessary more lard can be used, especially if the skin is very 

tender. 



SKIN DISEASES 81 

6. Another good local application. It is composed of the follow- 
ing ingredients : 

Rcsorcinol 1 dram 

Zinc Oxide 1 dram 

Rose Water Ointment 10 drams 

Apply twice a day to the part affected. 

After mixing the ointment heat it imtil the resorcinol crystals 
melt to prevent any irritation of the skin from them. 

Ichthyol 214 drams 

Salicylic Acid 2^ drams 

Pyrogallic Acid 21/2 drams 

Olive Oil 1 ounce 

Lanoline 1 ounce 

Mix thoroughly and apply. 

The result of the disease is always favorable as to life and general 
health. It yields to treatment, but it has a tendency to recur. 

ITCH. Common Itch (Scabies). — Itch is a contagious disease, 
due to the presence of an animal parasite. There is intense itching in 
this disease. T-he parasite seeks the thin, tender regions of the skin, 
the spaces between the fingers, wrists and forearms, the folds in the 
arm-pit, the genitals in men and the breasts in women. 

Cause. — It is always transmitted by contagion. An intimate and 
long contact is usually needed. A person occupying the same bed 
with one who has it is liable to take it. The female parasite lives 
from six to eight weeks, during which time she lays fifty eggs, which, 
when hatched out, become impregnated in their turn. 

MOTHERS' TREATMENT for Common Itch. 1. Mustard Oint- 
ment for. — "Make an ointment of cup of fresh lard (without salt) 
and a tablespoonful of dry mustard, work to cream and apply." This 
is very soothing. 

2. Itch, Grandmother's Cure for. — "Sulphur and lard mixed; rub 
on at night, then take a good bath, using plenty of soap, every day." 
The above ingredients are always easily obtained and any one suffer- 
ing with this disease will find relief from the itching by using this 
remedy. It is very soothing. 

3. Itch, Herb Ointment for. — "Mix the juice of scabious with 
fresh lard and apply as an ointment. A decoction made from the 
same herb might be taken at the same time to purify the blood. It 
is always well to take some blood tonic together with any outward 
application you may use." Some who read the above may know 
scabious by other names as the "morning bride" or "sweet scabious" 
or "devil's bit," etc. _, 

4. Itch, Elecampane Root Ointment for. — "Boil elecampane root 
in vinegar, mix with fresh lard, beating thoroughly." This is an excel- 
lent remedy for itch, having a very soothing effect and relieving the 

*ching. 
•3 



82 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

5. Itch, Oatmeal for. — "A poultice of oatmeal and oil of bays; 
cures the itch and hard swellings." Oatmeal poultices are more stim- 
ulating and draw more rapidly than those made of linseed meal. 

6. Itch, a Mother at Parma, Michigan, Sends the Following. — 

"Make a salve of sulphur and lard and each night apply it to the 
whole body; also one tablespoonful internally for three mornings, 
then skip three and so on. This is the only thing I know of that 
will cure itch. I have tried it with success." 

7. Itch, Kerosene for. — "Apply kerosene oil, undiluted, to the 
parts several times a day. Apply nitrate of mercury ointment to the 
body." 

8. Itch, Splendid Ointment for Common Itch. — 

"Lac-Sulphur 160 grains 

Napthaline 10 grains 

Oil Bergamot 4 drops 

Cosmoline 1 ounce 

Rub lac-sulphur into fine powder. Sift it into the melted 
cosmoline and stir until nearly cool, then add napthaline and 
oil bergamot. Stir until cool." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Itch.— If the skin is much 
inflamed or irritable, soothing baths and ointments should be used 
at first. There are three indications to be met in the treatment; first, 
to destroy the cause, the parasite; second, to cure the result of their 
work; third, to prevent a return or transmission to others, 

First Thing to Do. — Soak the body thoroughly with soap (green 
soap if you have it) and water, this softens the outer layer (epidermis). 
This layer covers the female parasite which burrows under it. The 
male does not burrow and it is therefore easier to kill. Rub the skin 
thoroughly with a rough towel after the soaking. This rubbing will 
remove the out^r skin scales and with it some of the parasites. The 
towel should be boiled at once to prevent it from conveying the para- 
site to others. Then apply the ointment, which, if thoroughly applied, 
relieves the patient at once. The skin should be well softened and 
rubbed in order to open every track (burrow) of the parasite. Allow 
the ointment to remain on all night and use it for three or four nights 
successively. 

Ointments. — 1. Simple sulphur ointment alone. 

*. Oil of Cale (from Juniper) 1 dram 

Sulphur Ointment 2 drams 

Lanolin 5 drams 

3. Flowers of Sulphur 6 ounces 

Oil of Fagi 6 ounces 

White Chalk 4 ounces 

Green Soap 16 ounces 

Lard 16 ounces 

Apply at night. This is not so strong. 



SKIN DISEASES 83 

i. For children the following can be used: 

Sulphur 1 dram 

Balsam Peru 1 dram 

Lard 1 ounce 

Apply as usual. 

6. The following for adults: 

Precipitated Sulphur 2 drams 

Carbonate of Potasli 1 dram 

Lard Ointment V/2 ounces 

Rub well into the skin. 

Second: — Heal the resultant sores with soothing applications like 
vaselin and a little camphor in it. 

Third: — Boil and disinfect all underwear and bedding or any 
article liable to give an abiding place to the parasite. It is easily 
cured with proper treatment. 

DANDRUFF (Seborrhoea) . — The scurfs or scales (dandruff) upon 
the scalp are formed from seborrhoea. 

Definition. — The word seborrhoea means to flow suet or fatty 
fluids. Seborrhoea is a functional disorder of the sebaceous gland 
(fatty, suet matter) and this secretion is somewhat altered in character. 

Varieties. — There are three varieties. These depend upon the 
character of the material excreted. 

1. Oily seborrhoea (seborrhoea oleosa). 

2. Dry seborrhoea (seborrhoea sicca). 

3. Mixed type of both. 

Oily seborrhoea. — Symptoms. — This appears most frequently upon 
the nose and forehead and sometimes upon the scalp. The skin looks 
oily, glistening, with the appearance of dust adhereing to it. Small 
drops of oil are seen to ooze out of the follicles and when wiped off 
it reforms at once. The ducts of the follicles appear gaping or they 
are plugged with black-heads (comedones). The hair is rendered 
unusually oily, when it appears on the scalp, and it is especially 
noticeable on bald heads. It is very common in the negro, almost 
natural or physiological. 

Dry Seborrhoea. — This is a more common form and occurs upon 
the hairy or non-hairy parts, but chiefly upon the scalp (dandruff). 
The affected parts are covered with grayish, greasy scales, which are 
easily dislodged, the skin undern-eath is oily and slate gray in color. 
This type of the disease forms one type of dandruff. When it is of 
long standing the hair becomes dry and falls out. 

Mixed type. — This type is common upon the scalp. The surface 
is covered, more or less, with scales and crusts. If the disease con- 



84 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

tinues long the hair becomes dry, lust^rless and falls out. Permanent 
baldness may result. 

Causes. — These may be constitutional and local. "Green sick- 
ness" (chlorosis), disorders of the stomach and bowels are often 
the cause. , 

Local. — Uncleanness, lack of care of the scalp, heavy and air- 
tight hats may cause it. Some writers claim parasites are the cause. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Dandruff, Home Preparation from 
New York State Mother. — "Into one pint of water drop a lump of 
fresh quick-lime, the size of a walnut; let it stand all night, pour off 
the clear liquid, strain, and add one gill of the best vinegar, wash' 
the roots of the hair with the preparation. It is a good remedy and 
harmless." 

2. Dandruff, a Barber's Shampoo for. — "Shampoo with the fol- 
lowing : 

Sassafras 5 cents worth 

Salts of Tartar 10 cents worth 

Ether 10 cents worth 

Castile Soap 5 cents worth 

Dissolve the above in one gallon of soft water. Rinse the hair 
thoroughly and repeat as often as necessary. This recipe was given 
me by a barber and I find it very good." 

3. Dandruff, Lemon Juice for. — "Cut a lemon in two, loosen the 
hair and rub the lemon into the scalp. Do this in the evening before 
retiring^ for about a week, then stop for a few nights, then use for 
another week, and so on until cured." 

4. Falling Hair, a Brook, Ontario, Lady Prevents. — "Garden 
sage, make a quart sage tea, add equal parts (a teaspoonful) of salt, 
borax and rosewater, and one-half pint of bay rum. Wet the head with 
this every night." 

5. Hair Restoratives, Simple and Harmless. — "A simple and 
harmless "invigorator" is as follows : 

Cologne Water 2 ounces 

Tincture of Cantharides 3 drams 

Oil of Lavender 10 drops 

Oil of Rosemary 10 drops 

Use twice daily. If it makes the scalp a little sore, discon- 
tinue for a short time." 

6. Dandruff, Talcum Powder an Excellent Remedy for. — "Take 
talcum powder and sprinkle in the hair thoroughly, then brush." This 
is a very good remedy. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Dandruff.— If there are gen- 
eral diseases, they should be treated. 



SKIN DISEASES 8S 

Local. — In mild cases, shampooint; with hot water and a good 
soap may be sufficient when the scales and crusts arc thick and 
abundant ; first soften them with olive oil and then remove them with 
hot water and green soap. 

After the scalp has been cleaned, the remedies should be applied. 
The remedies should be thoroughly rubbed in and applied in the form 
of ointments or lotions and used once daily. Cutting the hair may 
be necessary. The odor of sulphur may be overcome by the use of 
perfume. If the scalp becomes too dry after shampooing some oil 
should first be applied, whatever application is used afterwards. 

Remedies. — Resorcin, sulphur, salicylic acid, in combination with 
other ingredients. Some favorite prescriptions are now given: 

1. Resorcin 1 to 2 drams 

Pure Castor Oil 1 dram 

Alcohol 2 ounces 

Mix and rub well into the scalp. 

9. Precipitated Sulphur 1 dram 

Salicylic Acid 15 grains 

Ointment Petrolatum 1 ounce 

3. Washed Sulphur 4 drams 

Castor Oil 1% drams 

Oil of Cocoa 3 ounces 

Balsam of Peru ^ ounce 

Apply twice daily. 

4. Carbolic Acid 20 drops to 1 dram 

Oil of Almonds 4 drams 

Oil of Lemon 1 dram 

Distilled Water, enough to make 2 ounces 

Apply after washing. 

The oily type is best treated with lotions and powders. The 
disease is very obstinate, but generally gets well. 

WEN (Sebaceous Cyst. Steatoma). — A wen varies in size from 
a millet seed to an egg, and it is due to the distention of a sebaceous 
gland by its retained secretions. They occur most commonly on the 
scalp, face and back. They cause no pain, grow slowly, and after 
they have grown to a certain size remain stationary for an indefinite 
time. Sometimes they become inflamed and ulcerate. 

Treatment. — Make a free cut and take the mass out. Its cover- 
ing (capsule) or sac must be removed at the same time, for if any of 
this membrane (capsule) is left it will fill up again. Equal parts of 
fine salt and the yolk of an egg beaten together and applied continu- 
ously will eat the skin open and the mass can then be taken out. 
This is quite painful and takes several days, while with the knife 
there is little pain if cocaine is injected and it will all be over in a 
few minutes. 



86 MOTHERS' REMEDIES,. 

RINGWORM (Tinea Trichophytina).— Ringworm is a con- 
tagious disease of the skin, produced by the presence of a vegetable 
parasite. The disease affects the hair follicles of the scalp and the 
beard, and also of the portions of the body that, seemingly at least, 
have no hair. 

Varieties. — Ringworm aflFecting the body called Tinea Circinata. 
Ringworm affecting the scalp called Tinea Tonsurans. Ringworm 
affecting the beard, etc.. Tinea Barbae (barbers' itch). 

Ringworm of the Body. — This type of ringworm usually begins as 
one or several round, somewhat raised and very small, defined con- 
gested spots and these are covered with a few branny scales. The 
disease extends from the circumference and, while healing in the 
center, assumes a shape like a ring and these rings may become as 
large as a silver dollar and remain the same size for months or years, 
or they may go together (coalesce) to form circle (gyrate) patches. 
Vesicle and pimples frequently crop out at the circumference. 

Mothers' Remedies for Ringworm. — 1. Gunpowder and Vinegar 
for. — ''Make a paste of gunpowder and vinegar and apply. Some- 
times one application will be sufficient ; if not, repeat." 

2. Ringworm, Cigar Ashes for. — "Wet the sore and cover with 
cigar ashes. Repeat frequently. This will cure if taken in time." 
This is a very simple and effective remedy. Cigar ashes are always 
easy to obtain and if applied to the ringworm at the very beginning, 
the nicotine in the tobacco will draw out the soreness and relieve the 
inflammation. 

3. Ringworm, Kerosene for. — "Apply kerosene with the finger or 
a cloth several times a day." 

4. Ringworm, Ontario Mother Cured Boy of. — "Wash head with 
vinegar and paint with iodine to kill germ. Cured a neighbor's boy." 

5. Ringworm, Another from a Mother at Valdosta, Georgia. — 

"Burdock root and vinegar." Take the dock root and steep it the 
same as any ordinary herb tea, then add your vinegar, making the 
proportions about half and half. Apply this to the affected part. 

6. Ringworm, Egg Skin Remedy for. — "Take the inner skin of 
an tgg and wrap around it, and cover with a piece of cloth." 

7. Ringworm, from a Mother at Owosso, Michigan. — "Take 

gunpowder and wet it and put it on the sores." This remedy has 
been tried a great many times and always gives relief when taken 
right at the beginning. So many people will wait, thinking the ring- 
worm will disappear of its own accord, instead of giving some simple 
home remedy like the above a trial. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Ringworm.— 1. For infants and 
children simpler remedies should be used at first. Scrub each patch 
with tincture of green soap, or merely good soap and water may be 
employed. Then apply tincture of iodine to the patches, once or twice 



SKIN DISEASES 87 

a day, enough to irritate the patclics. Dilute acetic acid, or dilute 
carbolic acid will do tiic same work. A ten per cent .solution of 
sodium hyposulphite is a good remedy also. 

2. Corrosive sublimate, one to four grains to the ounce of water, 
is very good to put on the patches. For children the strength should 
be about one-half grain to the ounce. 

3. Ammoniated mercury is also very good to put on. Some- 
times a combination of remedies will do better, as follows: 

Milk of Sulphur 21/2 drams 

Spirits of Green Soap 6 drams 

Tincture of Lavender 6 drams 

Glycerin J/4 dram 

4. Pure Iodine 2 ounces 

Oil of Tar 1 ounce 

Mix with care gradually. 

6. Creasote 20 drops 

Oil of Cadini 3 drams 

Precipitated Sulphur 3 drams 

Bicarbonate Potash 1 dram 

Lard 1 ounce 

Mix, to be used in obstinate cases in adults. 

Ringworm of the Scalp. — Cautions and Treatment. — Be careful 
that others do not catch it from you. Separate the child affected. 
Cleanse the diseased parts from time to time by shampooing with a 
strong soap. The hair over the whole scalp should be clipped short 
and the aiTected parts shaved, or if allowed, the hairs in the affected 
parts pulled out. The remedies are then applied if possible in the 
shape of ointments, which are thoroughly rubbed in. Vaselin and 
lanolin are better as a base for the medicine, as they penetrate deeper. 
Following remedies are the most valuable: 

1. Carbolic acid, one to two drams to glycerin one ounce. 

2. Oleate of mercury, strength ten to twenty per cent. 

3. Sulphur Ointment, ten to twenty per cent strength. 

4. Tincture of Iodine. 

This variety lasts longer than the ringworms on the body, months 
sometimes are required to cure it. 

BARBER'S ITCH (Ringworm of the Beard).— Mother's Reme- 
dies. 1. Standard Remedy for. — ''Plain vaselin two ounces, venice tur- 
pentine one-half ounce, red precipitate one-half ounce. Apply locally. 
Great care should be taken not to expose affected parts to cold and 
draughts while ointment is in use, especially if affected surface is 
large.'' The above is a standard remedy and will be found very effec- 
tive in all cases of barber's itch. The vaselin will assist in healing 
the sores and softening up the scabs. 



88 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

2. Barber's Itch, Healing Ointment for. — 'Tlain vaselin four 
ounces, sulphur two ounces, sal-ammoniac powder two drams. Mix 
and apply daily after cleansing the parts thoroughly with castile soap 
and soda water. This is also an almost infallible cure for common 
itch." The vaselin is very good and healing, while the sulphur has 
a soothing effect and is a good antiseptic. 

3. Barber's Itch, Reliable Remedy for. — ''Citrine ointment one 
dram, vaselin or cosmolin one ounce. Mix thoroughly. Wash the 
affected parts clean and apply this ointment on a soft rag three times 
a day." This is a standard remedy and one to be relied upon. It is 
very soothing and has great healing properties. 

4. Barber's Itch, Sulphur and Lard for. — ''Sulphur and lard mixed 
together and applied three or four times a day. Have found this to 
be the best of anything evei used for barber's itch." This remedy 
will be found very good if the case is not very severe. If the face is 
covered with sores, filled with pus and of long standing a stronger 
treatment should be used. See other Mothers' Remedies, also Doc- 
tors' Treatment. 

5. Barber's Itch, Cuticura Ointment for. — "Apply cuticura oint- 
ment to the sores, and as it draws out the water press a clean cloth 
against the sore to absorb the water. This will generally draw the 
water out in three or four days." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Barber's Itch.— Pulling out 
the hairs or close shaving every day. Keep the affected parts soaking 
with olive oil for two successive days. The evening of the third day 
the shampoo is employed, the skin is washed free from crusts and 
scales, shave cleanly. After shaving bathe the parts for ten minutes 
with borated water, as hot as can be borne; while this is being done, 
all pustules or points where there is a mucous fluid coming out to the 
surface are opened with a clean needle. Sponge freely over the 
affected surface with a strong solution of hyposulphite of sodium for 
several minutes and not allow it to dry; this solution may contain one 
dram and perhaps more to the ounce. After a thorough and final 
washing with hot water, the tender skin is carefully dried and gently 
smeared with a sulphur ointment containing one to two drams of 
sulphur to the ounce of vaselin, often with the additioiv of from one- 
quarter to one-half grain of mercuric sulphide. In the morning wash 
the ointment off with soap and water, the sodium solution is reapplied, 
and a borated or salicylated powder is thoroughly dusted and kept 
over the parts during the day and apply ointment at night. The 
shaving must be repeated at least the next day. As soon as there are 
no pustules (lumps), or they have diminished in size, the ointment 
at night is superseded by the use of the dusting powder. The wash- 
ing with very hot water and with the solution hyposulphite is con- 
tinued nightly, when the inflammation excited by the parasite is lim- 
ited to the follicles that are invaded. Continue the dusting powder 
after the ointment is discontinued. 



SKIN DISISASES 89 

WART (Verucca). Mothers' Remedies. — 1. An Application for, 
also Good for Cuts and Lacerations. — "Make a lotiejii uf ten drops 
lincture oi niarigDld to two ounces of water and apply." This is also 
good for severe cuts and lacerations. It may be apj^lied by cloths or 
bandages if the case requires. 

2. Warts, Match and Turpentine Wash. — "Dissolve matches in 
turpentine and api)ly to wart three or four times." This preparation 
helps to eat them away and if kept on too long is apt to produce a 
sore; care should therefore be taken in using this remedy. 

3. Warts, Muriate of Ammonia for. — "Take a piece of muriate 
of ammonia, moisten and rub on the wart night and morning; after 
a week's treatment the wart, if not extra large, will disappear." 

4. Warts, Turpentine for. — "Rub frequently with turpentine for 
a few days and they will disappear. This is a very simple remedy, 
but a good one, and worth trying if you are afflicted with warts." 

5. Warts, to Remove. — "The juice of the marigold frequently 
applied is efifectual in removing them. Or wash them with tincture of 
myrrh." 

6. Warts, Milkweed Removes. — "Let a drop of tie common 
milkweed soak into the wart occasionally, the wart will loosen and 
fall out. This can be applied as often as convenient; here in Canada 
we do not have to go far to get a plant." 

7. The following is a good application: 

Salicylic Acid : % dram 

Cannabis Indicia 5 grains 

Collodion 1 ounce 

Mix and apply to the wart. 

Tincture of thuja is very good in some cases when applied daily. 
HIVES, Nettle Rash (Urticaria). Causes.— Foods such as shell 
fish, strawberries, cheese, pickles, pork and sausages. 

Medicines that may cause it. — Quinine, copaiba, salicylic acid, etc. 
Disorders of the stomach and bowels. Insects, like mosquito, bed- 
bug, etc. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Hives or Nettle Rash, Slippery 
Elm. — "Slippery elm used as a wash and taken as a drink." Slippery 
elm is especially good for any skin disease, as it is very soothing to 
the parts and relieves the itching. If taken as a drink it acts on the 
kidneys and bowels, throwing off all the impurities. 

2. Hives or Nettle Rash, External and Internal Home Medicine 
for. — "Bathe with weak solution of vinegar. Internal remedy; sweet 
syrup of rhubarb with small lump of saleratus (size of a pea) dissolved 
in it. This dose was given to a two-year-old child." The rhubarb 
helps to rid the stomach and bowels of its impurities, relieving the 
disease, as hives are usually due to some disorder of the kidneys and 
bowels. 



90 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

3. Hives or Nettle Rash, Tea and Powder for.— *' Rub with buck- 
wheat flour; this will relieve the itching almost immediately. Sassa- 
fras tea is a good internal remedy."' 

4. Hives or Nettle Rash, Catnip Tea for. — "Boil catnip leaves to 

make a tea, slightly sweeten and give about six or eight teaspoonfuls 
at bed time and keep patient out of draughts." The tea can be taken 
throughout the day also. If taken hot on going to bed it causes 
sweating and care should be taken not to catch cold while the pores 
are opened. 

5. Hives or Nettle Rash, Mother from Buckhom, Florida, says 
following is a sure Cure for. — ''Grease with poplar bud stewed down 
until strong; take out buds, add one teaspoonful lard, stew all the 
water out. Grease and wrap up in wool blanket." 

6. Hives or Nettle Rash, from a Mother at New Milford, Penn- 
sylvania. — ''One tablespoonful castor oil first. Then put one table- 
spoonful salts and cream tartar in glass of water; take one spoonful 
before eating. Have used this and found it excellent." The castor 
oil acts on the bowels and the cream of tartar on the blood. 

7. Hives or Nettle Rash, Buttermilk for. — "Buttermilk applied 
two or three times a day. Found this to be good for nettle rash." 
Buttermilk is very soothing and will relieve the itching. This is an 
old tried remedy. 

8. Hives or Nettle Rash, Baking Soda Wash for. — "]^Iake a strong 
solution of common baking soda, about three teaspoonfuls to pint of 
water. Sponge or bathe body thoroughly." Any mother who has a 
child in the house knows how valuable baking soda is in case of burns, 
on account of its cooling properties. For this same reason it will be 
found excellent for above disease, as it will relieve the itching and is 
very soothing. Good for children if used not quite as strong. 

9. Hives or Nettle Rash, Canada Blue Clay for. — "Mix up blue 
clay and water to make a paste. Leave until dry and then wash off." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hives or Nettle Rash.— Re- 
move causes. Bowels and kidneys should act freely. Abstain from 
eating for a day or two if necessary. 

For the Itching. — Diluted vinegar, applied is effective. Also cam- 
phor. 

Cream of Tartar 2 ounces 

Epsom Salts 2 ounces 

Take three or four teaspoonfuls to move the bowels, or one tea- 
spoonful every three hours if the bowels are regular enough. For a 
child one year old, give one teaspoonful in water every three hours 
until the bowels move freely. 

SUNBURN. — When severe, sunburn may present the symptoms 
of inflammation of the skin. Then there will be redness, swelling and 
pain followed by deep discoloration of the skin. 



SKL\' DISEASES 91 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Sunburn.— 1. Lemon Juice and Vin- 
egar for. — "An application of the juice of a lemon or vinegar." 

2. Sunburn, Ammonia Water for. — "Ammonia will remove sun- 
burn in one night." Care should be taken in using this remedy. The 
ammonia should be diluted half with water and not used too often. 

3. Sunburn, Relief from Peiin and Smarting of. — "Benzoated zinc 
ointment or vaselin applied to the affected parts is sure to give relief 
and avoid much pain and smarting." 

4. Sunburn, Preparation for. — "I have found nothing better than 
mentholatum." Mentholatum is simply a mixture of vaselin or cos- 
molin and menthol. They are both very healing, and will be found 
beneficial. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sunburn.— Soothing ointments 
and dusting powders are generally sufficient for sunburn. Talcum 
powder (Mennen's borated), rice powder, oatmeal powders are good 
and healing. The following are good : 

1. Oxide of Zinc Powder J/2 ounce 

Powdered Camphor V/z dram 

Powdered Starch 1 ounce 

Mix. Dust on the parts. 

2. Powdered Starch 1 ounce 

Powdered Camphor 1 dram 

Well mixed and applied is soothing to the parts. 

3. The following is a good combination : 

Carbonate of Lead 1 dram 

Powdered Starch 1 dram 

Ointment of Rose Water 1 ounce 

Olive Oil 2 drams 

Mix and apply to the inflamed skin. 

GANGRENE. — This is the death of a part of the body in mass. 
There are two forms, moist and dry. 

Dry Gangrene. — This is a combination produced by a loss of water 
from the tissues. The skin becomes dark and wrinkled and is often 
hard, like leather. Senile or old age gangrene, and really due to the 
arterial sclerosis, usually occurs in the lower extremities, involving the 
toes. A slight injury may first start up the trouble. The pain in this 
variety is not usually great. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Gangrene, Remedy from New^ York 
that Cured a Gangrenous Case. — "A man aged 71 years had a sore 
below the knee for fifteen years : at last gangrene appeared in his foot 
and three physicians pronounced his case hopeless on account of his 
agje. I was called as a neighbor and found the foot swollen to twice 
its natural size, and the man in pain from head to foot. I ordered 
cabbage leaves steamed until wilted, then put them over the limb from 
knee to foot and covered with a cloth. In about fifteen minutes they 



92 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

were black, so we removed them and put on fresh ones, repeating the 
change until the leaves did not turn black. Then the sore was thor- 
oughly cleansed with a weak solution of saleratus and while wet was 
thickly covered with common black pepper and wrapped up. The sal- 
eratus water and pepper was changed night and morning until the 
sore was entirely healed. After the third day this man had no pain, 
and in four weeks was entirely healed. A year later he said he had 
never had any trouble with it or with rheumatism which he had had 
for years before. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Gangrene.— The skin should 
be treated. Poultices sometimes may be good, or bottles of hot water 
around the parts. A general tonic should be given. 

Moist Gangrene. Causes. — Wounds, fractures, injuries, pressure 
from lying in bed and frost bite. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Moist Gangrene.— Remove the 
cause if possible. This kind is more dangerous, and a physician should 
be called as the best treatment that can be given is none too good. 

BLISTER. — This is a watery elevation of the outer skin. It is 
caused by rubbing, for instance of a shoe, friction from anything, or 
from burns. It frequently appears on the hands after working for 
some time at manual labor, when the hands are not accustomed to 
work. It is the common blister which hardly needs much describing. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Blister.— 1. Linseed Oil for.— "Lin- 
seed oil used freely." This is a very good remedy because it is sooth- 
ing. Any good soothing lotion or salve that will draw out the sore- 
ness and pain is helpful. 

2. Blister. A Method of Raising a Blister. — 'Tf a blister is needed 
take an ordinary thick tumbler, rub alcohol inside and around the rim, 
then invert over a piece of cotton, saturated with alcohol and ignited; 
after a few minutes the glass may be removed and clapped on the sur- 
face of the body. As the glass contains rarified air the flesh will be 
drawn up into it and a blister formed." 

IVY POISONING.— The parts usually affected are the hands, 
face, the genitals, the arms, the thighs and neck. 

Symptoms. — These usually appear soon. Red patches, with 
scanty or profuse watery pimples, with a watery discharge after burst- 
ing. There is swelling, intense burning and itching. The parts some- 
times swell very much and look watery. The person can hardly keep 
from scratching. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Ivy Poisoning, Buttermilk and Cop- 
peras for. — ''Wash in copperas and buttermilk three or four times a 
day. Have seen this used and it helped." The copperas and butter- 
milk is very good when applied to the parts immediately after the 
poison is discovered. The copperas acts very much like sugar of lead 
and in some cases is very much more effective. 



SKI\ DISEASES, 93 

2. Ivy Poisoning, Cure for. — 

"Bromine 10 to 20 drops 

Olive Oil 1 ounce 

Mix. Rub the mixture gently into the affected parts three 
or four times a day. The bromine being volatile the solu- 
tion should be freshly made." 

This remedy is frequently used by physicians, and is very effective. 

CHAPPED HANDS AND FACE. Mothers' Remedies.— 1. 

Chapped Hands, Quince Seed Cream for. — "Soak one teaspoonful of 
quince seeds in one cup warm water over night. Strain through a 
cloth and add one ounce glycerin, five cents' worth bay rum, and per- 
fume if you choose." 

2. Chapped Hands, Soothing Lotion for. — "Bathe them in soft 
water using ivory soap and Indian meal ; when dry bathe in vinegar. 
Have tried this treatment and my hands feel soft and easy after treat- 
ment." It would be best to dilute the vinegar with water one-half. 

3. Chapped Hands, Glycerin for. — "Use glycerin freely." Glyc- 
erin is very irritating to some people, then again it works like a charm. 
You can tell only by trying it. 

4. Chapped Hands, Carbolic Salve for. — "We always use a good 
carbolic salve for these, as we have found nothing better for sores of 
any kind." A few drops of carbolic acid added to any good salve will 
give you the above. 

5. Chapped Hands, Glycerin and Lemon Juice for. — "Two-thirds 
glycerin, one-third lemon juice, mix well together; apply nights." 

6. Chapped Hands, Camphor Ice for. — ''Camphor ice." Apply 
frequently after thoroughly washing and drying the hands. 

7. Chapped Hands, Remedy from a New York Lady. — 

Glycerin 4 ounces 

Cologne 2 ounces 

Benzoin J^ ounce 

Rain water 1 pint 

Mix thoroughly and apply to the hands after washing. 

This remedy has also been used for years by a friend, and we have 
proved it good. If applied frequently during the winter the hands 
will not chap." 

8. Chapped Hands, Rose Cream for. — "Get ten cents' worth of 
rose water, five cents' worth of glycerin and the juice of one lemon. 
Mix and rub on the affected parts." 

9. Chapped Hands, Preventive for. — "A little diluted honey or 
almond oil will restore softness and prevent chapping." 

10. Chapped Hands or Face, from a Twin Falls Idaho, Mother. — 

"One-fourth ounce gum tragacanth dissolved in one and half pints oi 
-i>ft water; then add ounce each of alcohol, glycerin and witch-hazel, 



94 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

also a little perfume. I find this one of the best remedies I ever used 

for sore or chapped hands." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Chapped Hands.— 

1. Subnitrate of Bismuth 3 drams 

Oleate of Zinc 3 drams 

Lycopodium 2 drams 

Mix. Apply to the parts three times daily. 

2. Powdered camphor mixed with vaselin is healing. 

3. Ointment of water of roses (cold cream) is a soothing applica- 
tion. It can be improved by adding a little glycerin and benzoic acid 
— tl\is keeps it sweet in warm weather. 

4. Powdered zinc oxide, or starch as a dusting powder. 

FACE CREAMS, Mothers' Preparations.— 1. Cream of Pond Lil- 
ies. — "This agrees especially well with oily skins ; will keep indefinitely. 

Orange Flower Water, triple 6 ounces 

Deodorized Alcohol 1^ ounces 

Bitter Almonds, blanched and beaten in a mortar. . . 1 ounce 

White Wax ' 1 dram 

Spermaceti 1 dram 

Oil of Benne 1 dram 

Shaving Cream 1 dram 

Oil of Bergamot 12 drops 

Oil of Cloves 6 drops 

Oil of Neroli Bigrade 6 drops 

Borax Vs ounce 

Dissolve the borax in the orange flower water, slightly warmed. 
Mix the wax, spermaceti, oil of benne and shaving cream in a bain- 
maire, at gentle heat. Then stir in the perfumed water and almonds. 
Strain through a clean muslin strainer, place in a mortar and while 
stirring gradually work in the alcohol in which the oils have been 
previously dissolved." 

2. Face Cream, When Facing our North Winds, in Canada, I 
Use this. — "Honey, almond meal, and olive oil to form paste. Use 
after getting skin cleaned. I used it myself and find it good when 
going out driving." 

3. Face Cream, Lanolin Cream. — 

Lanolin 1 ounce 

Sweet Almond Oil % ounce 

Boric Acid 40 drops 

Tincture of Benzoin 10 drops 

This is a good skin food to be rubbed into the skin with the tips 
of the fingers." 

4. Face Cream, Cucumber Lotion. — 

"Expressed Juice of cucumbers H pint 

Deodorized Alcohol 1^ ounces 

Oil of Benne 354 ounces 

Shaving Cream 1 dram 

Blanched Almonds 1^ drams 



SKIN DISEASES 95 

The preparation oi this is the same as for almond lotion. It is 
an excellent cosmetic to use in massacring the face and throat, as it 
not only tones any relaxed tissues, hut also may he used to cleanse 
the skin duriui^'^ the day. A complexion brush is an excellent invest- 
ment; one should be chosen that has fine camel's hair bristles. It 
should be used in connection with good soap." 

5. Face Cream, Almond Lotion to Whiten and Soften the Skin. — 

Bitter Almonds, blanched and beaten 4 ounces 

Orange Flower Water 12 ounces 

Curd Soap (or any rtne toilet soap) 1/2 ounce 

Oil ot Bergamot 50 drops 

Oil of Cannelle 10 drops 

Oil of Almonds 20 drops 

Alcohol (65% solution) 4 ounces 

Powder or break up the soap ; dissolve in the orange flower water 
by heating in a bain-maire. gradually work almonds into the soap and 
water. Strain and finish as directed above. This is a bland lotion, 
very cleansing, whitening and softening.'' 

6. Face Cream, the Cold Ontario Wind Harmless When Using 
this. — "Wash in warm water, rub face dry with corn-meal. This takes 
place of bottle cream." 

FROST BITES.— Keep the patient in a cold atmosphere, or put 
into a cold bath and the frozen part rubbed with snow or ice until 
sensation is felt and color returns ; then discontinue the rubbing and 
apply ice water compresses. Stimulants such as brandy, coitee and 
hot drinks are given, but external heat is only gradually permitted, 
for the circulation returns very slowly to the frost-bitten parts, and in 
trying to hasten it, w^e run the risk of producing or. at least, increas- 
ing the tendency to gangrene of the frozen parts. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Frost Bites, Remedy from Northern 
New York. — "Soak the parts affected in kerosene oil ; this will soon 
draw out the frost." 

2. Frost Bites, Roasted Turnips for. — "Roasted turnips bound to 
the parts frosted." This is a very soothing application, but should 
not be put on warm. Cold applications are what are needed in frost 
bites. 

BUNIONS. — This is a lump over a joint usually of the big toe. 
usually due to pressure and a wrong position of the surfaces of the 
joint. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Bunions, Remedy from Your Flower 
Garden. — "Peel the outside skin from the leaf of 'Live Forever' and 
apply as a poultice. Repeat until cured. This is a very good remedy 
and one that should be tried if you are troubled with bunions or corns." 

2. Bunions. A Cure for. — 

'Tincture of Iodine 2 drams 

Tincture of Belladonna 2 drams 

Apply twice a day with camel's hair brush." 



96 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

This mixture when applied will have a drawing effect, and care 
should be taken not to leave it on too long, as it will irritate the parts 
and make it very sore. 

3. Bunions, Iodine for. — ''Apply tincture of iodine to the bunion 
night and morning. This will reduce size ; if used at first will entirely 
remove." 

4. Bunions, Tested Remedy for. — "Take about one teaspoonful 

salicylic acid in two tablespoons of lard, and apply night and morning. 
Before doing this apply adhesive plasters to the affected parts." This 
is a standard remedy. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Bunions.— Rest of the part, 
cold applications and liniments. 

CHILBLAINS. (Erythema Pernio). — This occurs usually in peo- 
ple with a feeble circulation or scrofulous constitution, usually seen in 
the young or very old. The redness shows most, as a rule, on the 
hands and feet. The redness may be either a light or dusky shade. 
It itches and burns especially when near artificial heat. The redness 
disappears on pressure, and the parts are cool rather than hot. It is 
an inflammation that follows freezing or a frost-bite. It may return 
■^or years at the return of cold weather. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Chilblains, a Cure for.--''Equal 

parts of extract of rosemary and turpentine. Apply night and morn- 
ing until cured." The rosemary is very soothing, and the turpentine 
creates a drawing sensation. It has cured many cases of chilblains. 

2. Chilblains, Witch-hazel for. — "Bathe feet in lukewarm water 
and soda and apply carbolized witch-hazel." This remedy is very 
soothing, and always give relief. 

3. Broken Chilblains, Ointment for. — 

"Sweet Oil ^ pint 

Venice Turpentine . 1^ ounce 

Fresh Lard 54 pound 

Beeswax 15^ ounce 

Simmer gently together in a pan water bath until the 
beeswax is melted, stirring until cool. When it is ready for 
use apply on going to bed on a soft rag." 

4. Chilblains, Vinegar Cure. — "Soak the feet in a weak solution 
of vinegar, then rub good with vaselin or oil." 

5. Chilblains, Home-made Salve for. — 

Fresh Lard 2 ounces 

Venice Turpentine ^ ounce 

Gum Camphor H ounce 

Melt together, stirring briskly. When cold it is ready for 
use. 

6. Chilblains, Common Glue for. — 'Tut a little common (dis- 
solved) glue in hot water and soak the feet in it. Repeat if neces- 
sary." This is very good and gives relief." 




■/ 



Heart, Stomach and Appendix. 



SKIN DISEASES 97 

7. Chilblains, the Onion Cure for. — "Raw union nibbed un chil- 
blains every night and morning." The onion scem.s U) have a very 
fcoothing effect upon the chilblains, and this remedy has been known to 
cure many stubborn cases. It is always well to soak the feet well 
before applying this treatment, as tht- juice from the onion will pen- 
etrate more quickly. 

8. Chilblains, the Hemlock Remedy for. — "Hemlock twigs mixed 
with lard and pounded until it is green, then bound on." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Chilblains.— Thick woolen 
stockings, mittens and ear protections should be worn. Daily cold 
baths, especially of such parts, should be taken. Alcohol applied to 
the parts, full strength, will harden the tissues. Camphor also is good. 

Internal. — Iron should be given to establish a better circulation 
and give strength. Tincture of iron, five drops three times a day, is 
good. 

External. — 1. Alum as a wash applied to the parts. 

2. Ointment of ichthyol, one-half strength, is very good in some 
cases. 

3. Rosin made in an ointment is also good to relieve some cases. 

4. Lard and iodine ointment is excellent for some. 

5. The following is also good : 

Prepared Chalk 1 ounce 

Powdered Camphor 10 grains 

Linseed Oil 2 ounces 

Balsam of Peru 20 drops 

Mix and apply. 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS, DISEASES OF. 

CANKER SORE MOUTH. (Aphthous Stomatitis.)— This is a 
variety of mflammation cf the mouth where there are one or more 
vesicles ( cankers j upon the edges of the tongue, the cheek or the 
lips. 

Causes. — They are most common in children between two and 
six years of age ; but are not rare in adults. Predisposmg causes are 
spring and autumn, tuberculosis, teething, poor nutrition, stomach and 
bowel disorders. 

Symptoms. — The vesicles soon rupture ?.nd leave the ulcer (can- 
ker). There may be a few or many, pin-head or split pea in size, along 
the edges of the tongue, inside the cheeks. They are very tender. 



98 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Canker Sore Mouth, Raspberry 
Leaf for. — "Infuse a handful of raspberry leaves in a half pint of boil- 
ing water for fifteen minutes ; when cold strain and add two ounces 
tine, of myrrh, rinse the mouth with a little of it two or three times a 
day, swallow a little each time until relieved. This is also good for 
spongy gums, loose teeth, bad breath and for gently correcting and 
cleansing the stomach." 

2. Canker Sore Mouth, Oak Bark Tea for.— ''Red Oak bark, a 
little salt and pepper." The bark should be boiled down to make a 
good strong tea, according to age of person. The salt has an astrin- 
gent effect upon the mouth and is also a good antiseptic. The pepper 
should not be used when the parts are very red and inflamed. It 
should be used only when they are rather sluggish. 

3. Canker Sore Mouth, Boracic acid for. — ''Rinse the mouth with 
a solution of boracic acid and put some of the dry powder on the 
canker." This is a very good remedy as the boracic acid is a good 
antiseptic and is especially good for children and mild cases of canker 
sore mouth. 

4. Canker Sore Mouth, Canker Weed Tea for. — "Apply canker 
weed found in the woods. A small plant with dark green leaves spot- 
ted with white." Make a tea of the canker weed by steeping it, then 
strain and apply to the affected parts. This is a very good remedy. 

5. Canker Sore Mouth, Honey and Borax for. — "Honey and borax 
used as a mouth wash or swabbing is excellent." The honey is very 
soothing and the borax is a good antiseptic. 

6. Canker Sore Mouth, Wild Turnip for. — "Dried wild turnip 
grated fine and put in mouth. I know this is excellent." 

7. Canker Sore Mouth, Alum for. — "Take a piece of alum, rub 
on the canker often." 

8. Canker Sore Mouth, Borax Water for. — ''Rinse the mouth well 
with a weak solution of borax water, then put a little dry borax on 
the canker. They will generally heal after one or two applications." 

9. Sore Mouth, Common and Effective Remedy for. — "Make an 

infusion of sumach bobs (not the poison ones, of course). Good for 
sore throat when used as a gargle and a little swallowed frequently." 
This is a very eft'ective remedy and is also good for sore mouth. 

10. Sore Mouth, Shoemaker Root and Borax good for. — "Take 

the inside bark of shoemaker root and steep it; strain, add a little 
borax; have known it to take off canker where doctors failed." If the 
above cannot be secured make a tea from common strawberry leaves. 
You can use this for a baby by swabbing the mouth, and I have known 
some mothers to thrown in a small piece of alum making it stronger 
for an older person. 



DIGESTIlli ORGANS 99 

1. PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Canker Sore Mouth.— If 
from the diseases mentioned treat them. In the meantime to relieve 
the local conditions keep the mouth clean and use as a mouth wash 
boric acid, one teaspKDonful to a cup of warm water. 

2. Burnt alum applied directly to the part is good. 

3. Nitrate of silver pencil applied directly to the canker until it 
turns whitish, cures in a few applications. Use twice a day. 

4. A wash of sage tea is good also, but it must be strong. 

5. The juice of a ripe tomato is good applied locally. 

Sore mouth should be kept absolutely clean. Thrush frequently 
comes from uncleanness. 

GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS.— This is a rapidly spreading 
gangrenous atlection of the cheeks and forms a rare occurrence and 
ending fatally in most cases. The trouble may extend to the jaws and 
lips. 

Causes. — It is more common in girls and boys and usually appears 
between the ages of two and five years. It is worse in the low coun- 
tries like Holland, but it is not contagious. It is more likely to 
attack the sickly children suffering from the effects of overcrowding. 
It may follow diseases like scarlet fever, typhoid fever, smallpox, etc. 

Symptoms. — It usually affects first the mucous membrane of one 
cheek, near the corner of the mouth, as a dark, ragged, sloughing ulcer 
and spreads for two or three days before the substance of the cheek is 
infected. If you grasp the cheek between the thumb and finger you 
can then feel a hard and sensitive lump. The cheek may be eaten 
through by the third day, though a week generally passes before this 
happens. There is a burning watery discharge from the unhealthy 
wound. The breath smells terribly and it is almost unbearable. The 
gangrene may spread over one half of the face of the side affected. 

TREATMENT.— The death rate is eighty to ninety per cent. 
This is a very dangerous disease and a doctor must be in attendance. 
Cut away all the dead tissue by using burning caustics, such as fum- 
ing nitric acid, solid zinc chloride, nitrate of silver, carbolic acid on the 
actual canker. Sometimes mild applications like subnitrate of bismuth, 
chloride of potash or the following do well : — 

Sulphate of copper 2 drams 

Powdered cinchona V2 ounce 

Water enough to make 4 ounces 

Mix and apply. Peroxide of hydrogen is good as a disin- 
fectant or boric acid solution, etc., may be used. Keep up 
the patient's strength. Fortunately this disease is rare. I 
have never seen a case in practice. 

Salivation. — Stop the mercury, keep the bowels open and use the 
same antiseptic washes as directed for sore mouth. 



100 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Chlorate of Potash Solution, Soda Solutions, Boracic Acid Solu- 
tions. — Brush the ulcers with nitrate of silver sticks. Keep the mouth 
clean with hot water washes and some of the antiseptics put in the 
water as boric acid, soda, glycothymoline, Hsterine, etc. 

ACUTE DYSPEPSIA.— (Acute Indigestion, Acute Gastritis). 

"Gaster" is the Greek for stomach ; "itis" means inflammation, — thus 
acute inflammation of the stomach. It may be acute or chronic. 
When acute it may be called acute gastritis, acute gastric catarrh, 
acute dyspepsia or acute indigestion. When chronic it may be called 
chronic gastritis, chronic catarrh of the stomach, chronic dyspepsia or 
chronic indigestion. 

Causes. — This is a very common complaint and is usually caused 
by eating foods that are hard to digest, which either themselves irri- 
tate the stomach, or remain undigested, decompose, and so excite an 
acute dyspepsia, or indigestion, or it may be caused by eating or tak- 
ing in more than the stomach can digest. A frequent cause is eating 
decomposing food, particularly in hot weather. Alcohol is another 
great cause. 

Symptoms. — In mild cases. Distress in the stomach, headache, 
weary feeling, thirst, nausea, belching of wind, sour food, and vomit- 
ing; the tongue is heavily coated and the saliva increased. In chil- 
dren there are loose bowels and colicky pains. It lasts rarely more 
than twenty-four hours. Vomiting usually relieves the patient. 

Severe cases. — These may set in with a chill; fever 102 or 103. 
The tongue is much coated, breath foul and frequent vomiting, loss of 
appetite, great thirst, tenderness in region of the stomach; repeated 
vomiting of food at first, then of bile stained fluid with mucus; con- 
stipation or diarrhea. Attacks last one to five days. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Mustard 
and Molasses for. — "Mustard is an excellent household remedy kept 
in every home. A tablespoonful of white mustard mingled with two 
ounces of molasses and then taken once a day will act gently on the 
bowels and is a beneficial remedy in dyspepsia." By acting upon the 
bowels it relieves the stomach of any food that may have caused a 
disturbance and relieves the dyspepsia." 

2. Flatulent Dyspepsia, Wormwood tea for.— "Wormwood, one 
to two teaspoonfuls, water one pint. Make a tea and take from one to 
four teaspoonfuls daily." This is an old tried remedy and one that 
should be given a trial if affected with dyspepsia. 

3. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Dry salt for. — "One-half teaspoon 

dry salt taken before each meal. Knew a gentleman who was nearly 
worn out with this trouble and entirely cured himself with this sim- 
ple remedy." It is always well to give these simple remedies a fair 
trial, before resorting to strong drugs. Salt is a good stimulant. 



DIGESTin-: O KUANS 101 

4. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Chicken Gizzard Skin for. — 'T'lih 
ounces gotul hraiuiy, onc-fourlli pound of loaf sugar, one tahlcspoonful 
pulverized chicken gizzard skin, one tcaspoonfiil Turkish rhubarb 
dried on paper stirring constantly; this i)revents grii)ing; the chicken 
gizzard skin is the lining of the gizzard which should be thoroughly 
cleaned and dried then pulverized. To prepare put brandy and sugar 
together (crush the sugar), light a paper and set fire to the brandy; 
let burn until sugar is dissolved, then add the gizzard skin and rhu- 
barb, stir together and if too thick add a little water and boil up. 
Dose: — Infant, one-half teaspoonful every four hours; child, one tea- 
spoonful every four hours ; adult, one tablespoonful every four hours. 
Have used this remedy for a great many years and given it to a great 
many people who have worn out all other remedies." 

5. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, an Excellent Tonic for. — 

Tincture Gentian Compound 2 ounces 

Tincture Rhubarb o . . 2 ounces 

Tincture Ginger 14 ounce 

Essence Peppermint 2 ounces 

Bicarbonate Soda ^/i ounce 

Water to make 8 ounces 

Mix. 

For acute cas^s of indigestion where the stomach and bowels are full 
and distended, or sour stomach, spitting up of food. This will often 
relieve at once and with continued use relieves entirely." 

6. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Fruit Diet Cure for. — "Persons 
afflicted with this disease would find great relief if they would confine 
themselves to a diet of fruit only for several days." This gives the 
stomach an opportunity to rest up and get back to its natural state. 

7. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Hickory Ashes for. — "Take a swal- 
low of hickory limb ashes and water three times a day." 

8. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Salt and water for. — "Drink sab 
and water before eating breakfast." 

9. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Slippery Elm for. — "Chew slippery 
elm; it aids digestion." 

10. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Cold Water for. — "A glass of cold 
water half hour before eating." 

11. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Hot Water fcr. — "Sip a cup of 
boiling hot water before eating anything." 

12. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Yolk of Egg and Salt for. — "A 
very simple but good remedy is the yolk of one egg, with a small 
quantity of common salt before breakfast. This treatment has been 
tried and known to cure in many cases.** 

13. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Lemon Remedy for. — "Drink a 
half glass of water into which has been put the juice of a lemon (no 
sugar") morning and evening. This is a fine remedy." 



102 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

14. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Hops Excellent for. — "Pour one 
quart of boiling water over one-half ounce of hops, cover this over 
and allow the infusion to stand for fifteen minutes ; the tea must then 
be strained off into another jug. A small cupful may be drank in the 
morning, which will create an appetite and also strengthen the diges- 
tive powers. It is an excellent medicinal drink." Hops does its work 
by the soothing and quieting action on the whole system, and should 
be taken regularly for some time. 

15. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Tested Remedy for. — "A good di- 
gestive is made as follows: 

Tincture of Leptandrin 1 ounce 

Tincture of Hydrastis 1 ounce 

Tincture of Colombo 1 ounce 

Wine of Pepsin 1 ounce 

Mix. Dose, two teaspoonfuls after each meal." 

The leptandrin acts on the liver, the Colombo is a bitter tonic and 
hydrastis is a good tonic for the stomach. 

16. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Chamomile Tonic for Aged Persons 
also for Children. — ''Put about one-half ounce chamomile flowers into 
a jug, pour a pint of boiling water upon them, cover up the tea, and 
when it has stood about ten minutes pour it off from the flowers into 
another jug; sweeten with sugar or honey. A cupful in the morning 
will strengthen the digestive organs, a teacupful in which is stirred a 
large dessert spoonful of moist sugar and a little grated ginger is an 
excellent thing to give to aged persons a couple of hours before din- 
ner." It is remarkable to see how this treatment aids the digestion, 
especially in chronic cases. It may also be given to fretful children in 
small doses. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT in mild cases of acute Dyspepsia. 

— These recover by themselves by giving the stomach rest, and taking 
a dose of castor oil. Hot water is good to help to clean out the 
stomach. 

Treatment in severe forms. — Promote vomiting by drinking large 
amount of warm water. This cleans the stomach of the sour, foul, 
decomposing food. If warm water does not cause vomiting, give any 
simple emetic you may have at your hand, such as mustard, etc., one 
teaspoonful. If the stomach tastes very sour, take some baking soda ; 
subnitrate of bismuth (ten grains) is good, if you have it. If the 
bowels are constipated you should take an enema (injection) or salts. 
Soda water can be drank freely. Rest the stomach for a day from 
food. For the thirst cracked ice is relished. As the patient is usually 
very thirsty the mouth should be rinsed frequently with cool water 
and some can be swallowed. As stated before for nausea and sour 
belching, baking soda or bismuth subnitrate can be used when there 
is much gas, sour belchings ; crust coffee is very good. Burn the 
toast and make a hot coffee of it. 



DIGESTIl L ORC.IXS 



103 



DIET. — Given us by the Lady Superior of one of the largest Cath- 
olic Hospitals in Ohio. 

May take — 

Soups — Clear thin soups of beef, mutton or oysters. 

Fish — Oysters raw, shad, cod, perch, bass, fresh mackerel. 

Meats — Beef, mutton, chicken, lamb, tripe, tongue, calf's head, 
broiled chopped meat, sweetbread, game, tender steak. 

Eggs — Boiled, poached, raw. 

Farinaceous — ^Cracked wheat, hominy, rolled oats, rice, sago, tap- 
ioca, crackers, dry toast, stale bread, corn bread, whole wheat bread, 
graham bread, rice cakes. 

Vegetables — Spinach, string beans, green peas, lettuce, cresses, 
celery, chicory, asparagus. 

Desserts — Rice, tapioca or farina pudding, junket, custards, baked 
apples, apple snow, apple tapioca, ripe fruits — raw or stewed. 

Drinks — One cup of milk and hot water equal parts, or one glass of 
pure cool water, sipped after eating, Panopepton or cracked ice. 

Must Not Take — Rich soups or chowders, veal, pork, hashes, 
stews, turkey, potatoes, gravies, fried foods, liver, kidney ; pickled, 
potted, corned or cured meats ; salted, smoked or preserved fish ; goose, 
duck, sausage, crabs, lobster, salmon, pies, pastry, candies, ice cream, 
cheese, nuts, ice water, malt or spirituous liquors. 

CHRONIC DYSPEPSIA (Chronic Indigestion— Chronic Gas- 
tritis — Stomach Trouble). — A chronic digestive disorder characterized 
by increased secretion of mucus, changes in the gastric juice, weaken- 
ing of the stomach muscles and diseased changes in the mucous mem- 
brane. 

Causes. — The use of unsuitable and improperly prepared food. 
too much fat, starchy foods, New England pie, and hot meals, bis- 
cuits, cakes, etc., greasy gravies, too strong tea or coffee, and too 
much alcohol. Eating too much food, eating too fast, and eating 
between meals. Drinking of ice and cold water during or after meals. 
Chewing, especially, and smoking tobacco. 

Symptoms. — Almost every bad feeling can be put under this head, 
both physical and mental. It has been coming on gradually for some 
time and the warnings have not been heeded. The appetite is variable, 
sometimes good and often poor. Among the early symptoms are 
feelings of distress or oppression after eating, and they may amount 
to actual pain; great or small. Sometimes feels sick at the stomach, 
belching of gas and bitter liquids and vomiting of food immediately 
after eating or some hours later. 

Stomach tender and painful to the touch. Stomach and abdomen 
are distended, especially after meals, with costive bowels or diarrhea. 



104 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Feels weary, blue, tired, discouraged, poor sleep, bad dreams, bitter 
taste in the mouth, tongue coated especially on the back part, craves 
different things, much wind on the stomach, acid stomach, heavy 
feeling in the stomach, sometimes as if a stone lay there. Stomach 
feels weak, it is hard to sit up. Frequently must lie down after meals. 
Urine may have sand in it. Stomach feels full after eating only a 
little, must open up the clothes across the stom.ach. Persons are 
cross, irritable, discouraged, gloomy, nervous, generally look thin, 
haggard and sallow. The dreams are of horrid things, nightmare. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES, Stomach Trouble, Spice Poultice for.— - 

1. ''Take all kinds of ground spices and make a poultice. Heat whisky 
and wet the poultice with it, then apply to the stomach and bowels.^' 
This will always give relief. Wetting the poultice with whisky will 
be found very beneficial as it will retain the heat longer. 

2. Stomach Trouble, Oil of Hemlock for.— ''The Oil of Hemlock 
is a superior remedy in gastric irritation of the stomach. Dose : — One 
to two drops in sweetened water every ten or twenty minutes until 
relief is afforded, for an adult." 

3. Cramps in Stomach, Ginger and Soda for. — "One teaspoonful 
of ginger stirred in half glass of hot water in which a half teaspoonful 
of baking soda has been dissolved." The ginger is very beneficial, as 
it warms up the stomach and thereby relieves the cramps, and the 
baking soda relieves any gas in the stomach that may be causing the 
trouble. 

4. Cramps in Stomach, Oil of Peppermint for. — Put a few drops 

of peppermint in a glass of warm water. Take a teaspoonful every few 
minutes until relieved." This is an old time-tried remedy our grand- 
mothers used to use and can be relied upon. 

5. Cramps in Stomach, Mustard Poultice and Eggs for. — "Make a 
mustard poultice with whites of eggs instead of water, and apply 
same to bowels. Give a teaspoonful of blackberry tea every fifteen or 
twenty minutes until relieved." The poultice acts as a counter irritant 
and will almost always relieve the cramps without further medicines. 

6. Pains in Stomach, Hot Plate for. — "Hot plate laid on stomach. 
Use the heavy English made plates, common to us in Canada, as they 
will hold heat longer." 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT for Chronic Gastritis.— Most cases 
can be cured if the patient is willing to do the proper thing in eating 
and drinking and regulating the habits. It takes time to cure such 
cases, and plenty of grit and courage and "stick" on the patient's 
part. Remember it has been a long time coming, longer than it will 
be going if the patient does right. Diet and habits must be corrected. 
You cannot help the trouble if you put into the stomach what has 
caused it. We eat too much fat and too much improper and improp- 
erly cooked foods, our bread, etc., is half baked. Gravies are rich 



DIGESTll'E U KG ASS 105 

and i^rca.^y, everything' is highly seasoned, very mucli hke tlie Hfe 
we lead. 

Diet. — A regular time for eating and no eating between meals. 
Do not eai uh) nuicli or too fast, or anything that you know disagrees 
with you. Fried foods are generally harmful, pies, cakes, hot breads, 
strong tea and coffee and alcohol, gravy and highly si)iced foods; 
vinegar pickles, preserves, etc., are generally bad. If there is acid 
belching gas on stomachy the starch foods should be restricted, particu- 
larly potatoes and the coarser vegetables. Potatoes fried in lard or 
butter are always bad unless you are a hard physical worker. Dr. 
Osier, England, says breads, pancakes, pies, and tarts, with heavy 
pastry and fried articles of all sorts, should be strictly prohibited. As 
a rule, white bread toasted is more readily digested than bread made 
from the whole meal. Sometimes graham bread is better. Sugar and 
very sweet articles of food should be used in great moderation or 
avoided altogether. Ice cream frequently aggravates it. Soda water 
is a great dyspepsia producer. Fats, except a little good butter, very 
fat meats, and thick greasy soups and gravies should be avoided. 

Ripe fruits are good in some cases. Bananas generally are not 
digested. Berries are frequently harmful. Milk is splendid diet for 
soiiie people. 

Cautions. — The bowels must be kept "moving" every day, try to 
do it by dieting, rubbing the abdomen and exercise. Bathing the 
abdomen in cool water is good. Go to the closet at a regular time 
every day and try to have a passage, as this helps. Never put off 
going to stool when nature calls. Dyspepsia is frequently made worse 
by constipation. Seek good cheerful company. Do not worry over 
your condition. By care and diet you will soon be all right. 

Home Treatment. — 1. Drink a glass of cold water an hour be- 
fore breakfast, or hot water if it agrees better with you. 

2. Do not eat much meat. 

3. If the stomach wants tone, bitter tonics, like quassia, gentian, 
cardanum are good, even if drank as teas. When the tongue is coated 
with a white thick fur, golden seal is good. Medicines are not as 
essential as care and diet. 

4. Charcoal in smaill doses is good for a "gassy" stomach. 

5. If a bitter tonic is needed the following is good : 

Bicarbonate of Soda 1 dram 

Tincture of Nnx Vomica 1 to 2 drams 

Compound tincture of Gentian, enough for 3 ounces 

Mix and take one teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful before 
meals. 

NERVOUS DYSPEPSIA.— This is acquired from over work, 
worry, excitement, hurried or irregular meals, or inherited. It shows 



106 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

itself in all sorts of symptoms and they must be met as they come. 
Diet the same as for general dyspepsia, never eat when you are tired, 
rest after eating. 

ULCER OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM (Upper part 

of bowel). — Round or perforating ulcer. The stomach ulcer is most 
common in women of twenty or thirty; servant girls, shoemakers, 
and tailors are frequently attacked. Ulcer of the duodenum is usually 
in males and may follow large superficial burns. The ulcer in the 
stomach is usually situated near the pylorusf small end") and in the first 
portion of the duodenum 

Symptoms. — Pain, local tenderness, vomiting and bleeding. These 
may not show until perforation or bleeding occurs. Distress after eat- 
ing, often nausea and vomiting of very acid fluid, loss of weight and 
lack of blood. 

Pain in the region of the stomach and the back is the most con- 
stant symptom. It is usually sharp, increased at once by food, relieved 
by vomiting. The tender spot can be located. Bleeding occurs in 
about one-half the cases and is usually profuse, bright red and fluid; 
if retained in the stomach the blood becomes clotted and brown. 
Tar-like stools when there is blood in the bowels. They usually re- 
cover under treatment, but may recur. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR ULCER OF THE STOM- 
ACH. — 1. Rest in bed most of the time for several months. 

2. Feed by the rectum at first m severe cases, then peptonized or 
plain milk or buttermilk (three to four ounces) every two hours, some 
adding eggs, chicken, scraped beef and farinaceous food, made of rice, 
flour, corn, potatoes, etc. 

CANCER OF THE STOMACH— Usually occurs after the age 
of forty. 

Symptoms. — Indigestion for a few months ; lack of blood and loss 
of weight. Well marked case shows the following symptoms: — Dis- 
taste for food, nausea, irregular vomiting, especially in cases where 
it is located near the pylorus — the opening between the stomach and 
the small intestine — usually one hour or more after mating; bleeding 
rarely profuse, usually of "coffee-ground type," dragging, gnawing or 
burning pain in the region of the stomach, back, loins or shoulders, 
usually increased by food; progressive loss of weight and strength; 
peculiar sallow look, skin pale or yellowish. 

Course. — The person usually dies in twelve to eighteen months, 
sometimes in three to four months. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT of Cancer of the Stomach and 
Bowels. — There is no cure for this trouble except by an operation. 
This must be done early; even this may not cure but it, at least, pro- 
longs life and makes the patient more comfortable while life does last. 



DIGEST! I'li ORG.tXS 107 

In the line of medicine the only thing to do is to j^nve only such 
remedies as will ease the symptoms. 

Diet. — Attend to this also and you will save pain and distress. 
Every case should be treated as it needs and no special directions 
can be given here. 

BLEEDING FROM THE STOMACH. — (Haematemesis). 

Causes. — Cancer and ulcer of the stomach are main causes of exces- 
sive bleeding; poisons also cause it; injuries also. 

Symptoms. — The vomited blood may be fluid or clotted ; it is 

usually of dark color. The longer it remains in the stomach the 

darker it becomes. There may be great weakness and faint feeling 

on attempting to rise before a vomiting of blood. The contents of 
the bowels when passed look ''tarry." 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT for Bleeding of the Stomach.— 

Absolute rest in bed is necessary. The bowels should be moved by 
an enema and it can be repeated carefully as often as necessary. 
Cracked ice in bag over the stomach. If the patient vomits much medi- 
cine is useless. They generally recover with rest. The extremities 
can be bandaged if there is great weakness and also external heat can 
be applied if there is a tendency to faintness. 

Caution. — A person so afiflicted, if he has ulcer, must be careful of 
his diet for months after an attack. He should be careful not to 
lift, over work, over eat or worry. 

NEURALGIA OF THE STOMACH (Cardialgia, Gastralgia, 
Gastrodynia) . — This is a severe pain in paroxysms in the region of 
the stomach. 

Causes. — The patients are of a nervous type. They may have 
anemia, exhaustion from sickness and bleedings, the menstruation 
be at fault. Grief, worry and anxiety. 

Symptoms. — The attack comes suddenly as a rule. The pains are 
agonizing in the stomach region, they may dart to the back or pass 
around the lower ribs. The attack lasts from a few minutes to an 
hour or two. It does not depend upon the food taken. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Neuralgia of the Stomach.— 

The causes should be understood and especial treatment given for 
them. The patients are usually run down and a tonic treatment is 
needed. Constipation and menstrual troubles should be cured, worry, 
trouble and anxiety, if possible, be removed. The following is good 
for nervous patients: — 

Valerianate of zinc 18 grains 

Valerianate of quinine IS grains 

Iron Arsenate 2 grains 

Mix and make into eighteen pills and take one after meals. 



108 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Bitter tonics can be taken such as gentian, columbo, quassia. 
Change of air and scene may be needed. Sometimes morphine must 
be given for the attack. A physician should do this. If there is much 
gas, soda and peppermint are good. 

DIARRHEA: — Causes, (a) Improper or excessive food, includ- 
ing green or over-ripe fruit. 

(b) Poison substances ; such as decomposed milk or meat either 
fresh or canned ; or caused by arsenic, mercury or colchicum, 

(d) Exposure to cold, wet or draughts. 

(c) Stomach disorder, preventing thorough digestion. 

(e) Extension of inflammation from other organs. 

Symptoms. — Sudden colicky pain in the bowels, moving about 
with rumbling noises. The pain is not constant and is followed at 
intervals with a sudden extreme desire to empty the bowels. The 
stools may be four to twenty a day, watery or gruel-like in appear- 
ance and they sometimes contain mucus or undigested food. The 
stools usually relieve the pain for the time. It usually lasts two or 
three days or longer. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. — Diarrhea. — 1. "Wild Sage Tea." 

Wild sage tea is a very good remedy for bowel trouble because of its 
astringent virtues. Before the sage is used, however, the bowels 
should be thoroughly cleansed with castor oil or salts. 

2. Diarrhea, Egg and Nutmeg for. — "Beat up an tgg, grate in 
half a nutmeg and sweeten to taste. Repeat two or three times dur- 
ing the day. Remarks : Has been known to help in chronic cases 
when doctors' medicine failed." 

3. Diarrhea, Scorched Flour and Sugar for. — ''Scorched flour in 
boiled milk or scorched flour and sugar eaten dry is very good. This 
is a simple but a never failing remedy if taken right at the beginning 
of the trouble." 

4. Diarrhea, Excellent Compound for. — 

"Tincture of Opium ^ ounce 

Tincture of Camphor ^ ounce 

Tincture of Ginger y^ ounce 

Tincture of Red Pepper 1/2 ounce 

Essence of Peppermint ^ ounce 

Ether J/2 ounce 

Mix. — Dose for adult, one teaspoonful to four of water 
every two hours if necessary. This is an excellent remedy." 

5. Diarrhea, Spice Poultice for. — "Make a poultice of all kinds 
of ground spices, heat whisky and wet the poultice, apply to the 
stomach and bowels." 

6. Diarrhea, Blackberry Root Tea for. — ''One-half ounce black- 
berry root boiled in one pint water fifteen minutes, strain. Dose. — • 
One teaspoonful every hour or two until relieved." 



DIGEST! ri: ORGANS K/j 

7. Diarrhea, Hot Milk for. — "A glass of sweet milk that has hicii 
boiled well. Drink hot ; use several times daily until checked." 

8. Diarrhea. Castor Oil for. — "Castor oil. Dose. — One to four tea- 
spoonfuls according to age. Wrap warm flannel around abdomen." 

9. Summer Complaint, Former Canadian's Remedy for. — "Eat 
one blossom of the May weed every hour or two until relieved. This 
remedy came from Port Huron and has been used by my father with 
success." 

10. Summer Complaint, a Goderich Lady Found this Good for. — 

"Powdered rhubarb, cinnamon, baking soda (one tablespoonful of each), 
dissolve in one pint of boiling water, add one tablespoonful of pepper- 
mint; take every hour one teaspoonful in water." 

11. Summer Complaint, Inexpensive Remedy for. — 

"Laudanum 1 ounce 

Brandy 1 ounce 

Jamaica Ginger 1 ounce 

Have used this and found it excellent." Dose: ^ dram every 3 huu.:,. 

12. Summer Complaint, Fern Root Good to Relieve. — *'A decoc- 
tion is made with two ounces of the sweet fern root boiled in one and 
one-half pints water to one pint. Dose. — A tablespoonful several times 
a day as the case requires. Most useful in diarrhea." This may be 
purchased at any drug store and will be found a very good treatment 
for diarrhea. 

13. Summer Complaint, Milk and Pepper a Common Remedy for. 
— "Sweet milk and black pepper once or twice a day. Dose. — Three 
or four swallows. Mother used to use this for us children." The 
milk should be warmed, for in this way it relieves the diarrhea while 
the pepper is stimulating. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Diarrhea.— 1. Rest in bed is 
the best. Abstain from food, especially at first, and then only give a 
little milk and boiled water or milk and lime water every two hours 
for two days. Cracked ice is good for the thirst. 

2. A dose of one-half to an ounce of castor oil to an adult is of 
great benefit, as it removes all the irritating matter from the bowels. 
This often cures a light diarrhea. Follow by a blackberry wine or 
blackberry cordial if it is more severe. 

3. For children. — An infusion of path weed is an excellent remedy 
for this trouble in children ; after castor oil in one to two teaspoonful 
doses has been given. If castor oil is too bad to take, you can use what 
is called "spiced syrup of rhubarb," one to two teaspoonfuls to a child 
one to two years old, and then follow with blackberry wine. 

4. For infants. — An infusion of chamomile is good for the green 
diarrhea of teething babies. 



110 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

5. Another for infants. — For infantile diarrhea the root of geran- 
ium maculation or cranesbill, boiled in milk in the proportion of one 
or two roots to the pint, will be found of great service and is tasteless. 

6. Ginger tea is frequently of good service, especially when the 
stomach needs ''toning/' 

7. Infants of six months. — Chalk and bismuth mixture by Dr. 
Douglass, of Detroit. 

"Subnitrate of Bismuth 2 drams 

Paregoric 2 fluid drams 

Chalk mixture 2 fluid drams 

Mix and shake bottle. Give one-half to one teaspoonful 
for loose bowels in a child six months old, every two to four 
hours as needed." 

DIET IN DIARRHEA.--From the Head Nurse of a Large Hospital. 

May Take — 

Soups. — Milk soup well boiled, clam juice, beef tea. 

Meats. — ^^Scraped fresh beef or mutton well broiled, sweetbread, 
beef juice from freshly broiled steak (all sparingly). 

Eggs. — Lightly boiled or poached on dry toast. 

Farinaceous. — Rice, sago, macaroni, tapioca, arrowroot, dry toast, 
milk toast, toasted crackers. 

Desserts. — Milk puddings, plain, with sago, rice, tapioca or arrow- 
root (no sugar). 

Drinks. — Tea, toast water, boiled peptonized milk, Panopepton. 

Must Not Take- 
Oatmeal, wheaten grits, fresh breads, rich soups, vegetables, fried 

foods, fish, salt meats, lamb, veal, pork, brown or graham bread, fruits, 

nuts, pies, pastry, ice cream, ice water, sugars, sweets, custards, malt 

liquors, sweet wines. 

Infants. — Bottle-fed infants should stop milk and use ^gg albu- 
men, etc. This is prepared by gently stirring (not to a froth) the 
white of one tgg in a cup of cold water and one-fourth teaspoonful 
of brandy and a little salt mixed with it. Feed this cold. 

If it causes foul or green stools it must be stopped. Dr. Koplik, 
of New York, recommends stopping the feeding of breast and bottle- 
fed infants in severe diarrhea or cholera infantum and to use the 
following: — Albumin water, acorn cocoa, or beef juice expressed and 
diluted with barley water. The white of one tgg is equal in nourish- 
ing value to three ounces of milk and is well borne by infants. The 
albumin water can be used alternately with the solution of acorn cocoa 
or beef juice or barley water. Liebig's soup mixture is better liked 



DIGESTiri: ORG.INS iix 

by older children. Meat juice is made from lean beef, slightly broiled, 
then cuttinijf it in squares and S([ueezini2^ these in a lemon press. 
Rice or barley water can be added to tliis if the meat juice causes 
vomiting-. Add only one or two teaspoonfuls of barley or rice water 
and increase, if it agrees well, in a day or two. 

CHOLERA MORBUS (Acute Inflammation of Stomach and 
Upper Bowel). — This is most common in young people in late summer, 
after indiscretion in eating. 

Symptoms. — Sometimes the patient feels tired, then nausea, etc. 
The attack though is usually sudden, with nausea, vomoting, and 
cramp-like pains in the abdomen. The contents of the stomach are 
vomited. The bowel discharge at first is diarrhea and later like rice 
water. Repeated vomiting and purging, with severe cramps. It 
looks like true cholera. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES, Cholera Morbus.— Castor Oil for.— 

''Castor oil one tablespoonful for an adult, one-half tablespoonful for 
children." This is an old, tried remedy and very good. 

2. Cholera Morbus, Blackberry Root and Boiled Milk for. — "Steep 
the root of the long blackberry, give in one-half teaspoonful doses ; 
alternate with teaspoonfuls of well boiled sweet milk, one-half hour 
apart." 

3. Cholera Morbus, Blackberry Cordial for. — "Take a quantity of 
blackberries, strain out all of the juice. To each pint of juice add a 
pint of sugar. Then put in a little bag or cloth one-half ounce of 
cinnamon, one-fourth ounce of mace, two teaspoonfuls of cloves. Place 
this little bag with spices in the berry juice and boil for about two 
minutes, after which remove bag of spices and add one large cup of 
brandy or whisky to each pint of juice." 

4. Cholera Morbus, Tincture Cayenne Pepper for. — "Tincture 

cayenne pepper, five to ten drop doses in a little hot water. Before 
giving this medicine it is well to drink a quantity of tepid water and 
produce vomiting. This can be made more effective by adding five 
or ten drops of camphor." 

5. Cholera Morbus, Nutmeg and Jamaica Ginger for. — "Grate one 
teaspoonful nutmeg, put few drops Jamaica ginger in three or four 
tablespoonfuls of brandy, add little water." The writer says this is 
one of the finest remedies she has ever known for summer complaint. 

6. Cholera Morbus, Home Remedy for. — "To a pint of water, 
sweetened with sugar, add chalk one-half dram, anise, two drams, 
cayenne pepper, ten grains ; boil this down to one-half pint. Give a 
teaspoonful every hour or two until relieved. Kerosene may be 
applied to the abdomen with cloths. This is a very good remedy and 
easily prepared." 



112 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

7. Cholera Morbus, Old Reliable Remedy for. — 

"Spirits of Rhubarb 4 ounces 

Camphor 2 ounces 

Tincture of Opium 2 ounces 

Aqua Ammonia J^ dram 

Oil of Peppermint ^ dram 

Take a half teaspoonful every two hours. This is a tested 
recipe; have known of its being used the last fifty years." 

The camphor and opium will relieve the pain, while the rhubarb 
and pepper are stimulating and laxative. 

8. Cholera Morbus, Common Remedy for. — **To check vomiting 
and purging, the following mixture is excellent: 

Essence of Peppermint 1 ounce 

Water , 1 ounce 

Carbonate of Potash 20 grains 

Paregoric 1 teaspoonful 

White Sugar or Honey 2 teaspoonfuls 

Mix and shake well. Dose. — One teaspoonful every ten or 
twenty minutes until the patient becomes quiet. If necessary 
keep up bodily heat by means of hot flannels or bricks to ex- 
tremities. Keep the patient quiet." 

This is an excellent remedy for this trouble and may be used 
by any one. The above mixture is for an adult. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Cholera Morbus.— 1. Heat 
to the bowels and to the extremities. Give plenty of hot water to aid 
vomiting and to wash the stomach. It is always well to keep on 
drinking hot water and frequently the vomiting stops. If not, the 
camphor, laudanum and water can be given. 

2. Morphine by hypodermic method. A doctor must give this. 

3. Tincture of Camphor 15 drops 

Laudanum , . 15 drops 

Mix in one-third of a cup of hot water. This is a good 
remedy. Mustard poultice to the stomach and bowels benefits. 

CHOLERA INFANTUM, Symptoms.— Usually begins with a 
diarrhea, which is often so mild as to attract but little attention, but 
should be a warning. If a weakly baby has a diarrhea which persists, or 
is foul smelling and especially if there is a marked loss of flesh and 
dullness of mind, there is ground for worry. If a bright child loses inter- 
est in things and has diarrhea something is wrong. The two essential 
features are vomiting and diarrhea, and the vomiting is persistent. 
First it vomits food, then the mucus and bile. The thirst is great, but 
anything taken to relieve it is instantly thrown up. The stools are 
frequent, large and watery. They may be painless and involuntary. 
They may look like dirty water, but later they loose all color. They 
are sometimes so thin and copious as to soak through the napkin and 
saturate the bed. They may be without odor, and again the odor is 
almost over-powering. The prostration is great and rapid. The fon- 
tannelles, openings in the head, are depressed, the face becomes pale 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS 113 

and pinched, and the eves are sunken. Il occnrs usually (hirinLC the 
summer months, oftener in l)al)ies under eighteen moiUhs and still 
more under a year old. 

Cautions. — This book will jirobably find its way into homes many 
miles from a drug store and ])ossibly a long distance from a i)hysician. 
Should a child in that home show symptoms of cholera infantum it 
^N'ould be imperative for that mother to begin at once home treat- 
ments. We, therefore, give below a number of remedies which a 
mother can either prepare in her home or can take the precaution to 
have filled at some convenient time and keep constantly at hand, 
properly labeled so she can turn to them at any moment. On the 
other hand, should you have to wait even three or four hours for a 
physician begin one of the treatments below until he comes ; you 
may save the child's life by doing so. Cholera infantum and pneu- 
monia claim so many of our little ones each year, and in many cases 
snatch them away within a few hours of the first noticeable symptoms 
that we must advise you to call a physician as soon as you suspect it 
is serious. Cases vary and only a trained eye can detect the little 
symptoms and changes that may weigh in the balance the life of 
baby. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Cholera Infantum.— 1. Castor oil 
and warm applications for. — ''Give the child one teaspoonful of castor 
oil, then wring woolen cloths out of warm whisky and apply to the 
abdomen. This will most always give relief, especially after the castor 
oil has acted upon the bowels." 

2. Cholera Infantum, First Thing to Do.— 'The first thing to 
do is to give a teaspoonful of castor oil, so as to thoroughly clean out 
the bowels. Then add one tablespoonful of turpentine to one quart 
of hot water and wring cloths out of this and apply to the bowels to 
relieve the pain that is always present in this disease. The turpentine 
is especially good for the bowels when they are bloated and have much 
gas in them." 

3. Cholera Infantum, White of Egg and Cathartic for. — "One 
teaspoonful castor oil every two hours, until the movements are 
natural. Give no food except albumen water, which is composed of 
the white of one tgg (slightly beaten) and a small pinch of salt 
in a glass of cold water which has been previously boiled. Feed 
this by spoonfuls." 

4. Cholera Infantum, Olive or Sweet Oil for. — "One teaspoonful 
sweet or olive oil three times a day and an injection of one table- 
spoonful of the oil at night, to be retained in the bowels. If continued 
this will completely cure." 

5. Cholera Infantum, Spice and Whisky Poultice for. — "Take 
all kinds of ground spices, make a poultice. Heat whisky and wet 
the poultice. Apply to the stomach and bowels." 

o 



X14 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

6. Cholera Infantum, Cabbage Leaf Poultice for. — "Take a cab- 
bage leaf, hold it over the stove until warm as can be stood on back 
of hand; lay it across the child's abdomen. Repeat if necessary." 

7. Cholera Infantum, Herb Remedy for. — "Strawberry root, 
blackberry root and raspberry root, equal parts, steeped together. I 
have used this remedy and found it good, but it should be used in 
time." Make a tea of these roots and take one teaspoonful every hour 
until relieved. This is a mild astringent. 

8. Cholera Infantum, Tomatoes Will Relieve. — "3.1ake a syrup 
of peeled tomatoes well sweetened with white sugar. Give one tea- 
spoonful every half hour." This syrup is very soothing and the 
tomatoes are especially good if there is some ulcerated condition of 
the bowels. This preparation should always be strained before using. 

9. Cholera Infantum, Injection for. — "For infant one year old 
inject into the bowels one pint of thin starch, in w^hich is mixed from 
three to five drops of laudanum ; cool, repeat night and morning. 
Plenty of w^ater or cold barley water may be given and the food for 
a time may consist of egg albumen with a few drops of brandy. 
When the symptoms first appear apply a spice plaster or hot applica- 
tion over the abdomen ; and keep child as quiet as possible." This 
is a remedy recommended and used by a number of physicians and 
has cured many severe cases. 

Diets and Drinks. — Stop ordinary feeding at once. A little cream 
and water, or barley water and cream may do. If the breast milk 
excites the stomach and the bowels, stop it for a few hours. You can 
give a few drops of raw beef juice or a little brandy and water. To 
satisfy the thirst, wrap up a small bit of ice in a linen cloth and let 
the baby mouth it. Dilute the milk or stop entirely and give only 
water, or lime water and milk, barley water. Give all the water the 
child can drink boiled and cooled. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Cholera Infantum.— 1. Wash- 
ing out of the bowel frequently by injection controls the diarrhea. 
Use water of a temperature of 107. Elevate the tube about two feet 
above the bed, use one-half pint at one time. As the half pint flows 
in disconnect the funnel attached to the tube and the contents of the 
bowel are allowed to escape. Then allow another one-half pint to 
flow in. Some may escape and this is not an unfavorable sign. Keep 
on until a quart is given. This treatment is to wash and clean out 
the gut and stimulate the heart. The salt solution should be used, 
if necessar}-. Give only two daily. 

2. For Vomiting. — Wash out the stomach through a tube or by 
giving a great deal of water. 

3. Subcarbonate of bismuth for the vomiting and straining; two 
or three grains in powder every two or three hours. If there is much 
colicky pain, add one-half grain of salol to the bismuth powder. 



DIGESril'E ORGANS 115 

4. Castor oil; owe teaspoonful iiia\- l)o needed if ilie Ix^wcls ha\c 
any fecal matter in them. 

5. Mustard poultice or spice poultice on tin- belly is useful. 

Vomiting. — This is simply a symptom ; many diseases cause it, as 
scarlet fever, tuberculosis, meningitis, acute dyspepsia, biliousness, 
chronic dyspepsia, indigestion, neuralgia of the bowels, appendicitis, 
ulcer and cancer of the stomach, pregnancy, etc. Many persons with 
dyspepsia vomit their food. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Vomiting.— 1. Spice Poultice to 
Stop. — "Make a poultice of one-half cup of flour and one teaspoonful 
of each kind of ground spice, wet with alcohol or whisky. Apply 
over the stomach." This acts as a counter irritant and has the same 
action on the system as a mustard plaster, only not so severe and can 
be left on for hours, as there need be no fear of blistering. This kind 
/^f a poultice should always be used when it is necessary to leave one 
on any length of time. 

2. Vomiting, Mustard Plaster to Stop. — "Plaster of mustard on 
pit of stomach." Be very careful not to allow the plaster to remain 
on too long, as it will blister, and this would be worse to contend 
with than the vomiting. 

3. Vomiting, Parched Com Drink to Stop. — "Take field corn and 
parch it as brown as you can get it without burning. When parched 
throw in boiling water and drink the water as often as necessary until 
vomiting is stopped." 

4. Vomiting, Peppermint Leaves Application for. — "Bruise pep- 
permint leaves and apply to the stomach." This can be found in any 
drug store in a powder form, and is easily prepared by crushing the 
leaves and applying to the stomach. If you have the essence of 
peppermint in the house, that will answer about the same purpose 
taken internally and rubbed over abdomen. 

5. Vomiting, to Produce, Mustard and Water for. — "To produce 
vomiting take two tablespoonfuls dry mustard, throw luke warm water 
over it and let stand a minute, then drink." This is an old, tried remedy 
that we all know about. 

6. Vomiting, to Produce, Warm Water for. — "Drink a quart of 
warm water and you will easily find relief at once." The warm water 
remedy is very good as the water helps the patient by removing all 
decomposed food. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Vomiting.— The only way to 
treat it is to treat the disease that causes it. Here I may mention a 
very simple remedy; a tea made from wood soot is frequently helpful. 
It is the creosote in the wood soot that gives it its medical virtue. 

2. For nervous vomiting; two to five drops of garlic juice is good. 
Dose of syrup for a child one teaspoonful. Dose of syrup for an adult 
is four teaspoonfuls. 



13 5 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

3. A little brandy on cracked ice is often good. 

4. Oil of cloves, one-half to one drop, helps in some cases. 

5. Lime water added to milk is good in babies. 

6. Vinegar fumes, saturate a cloth and inhale the fumes. 

7. Seidlitz powder often settles the stomach, soda also. 

8. Mustard plaster over the stomach is good in all cases. 

9. One-tenth of a drop of ipecac is good for nausea and vomiting. 

10. One-half of a drop of Fowler's solution every two hours is 
useful in nausea following a spree. So also one drop dose of nux 
vomica every half hour. 

APPENDICITIS. — Inflammation of the vermiform appendix is 
the most important of acute bowel troubles. Sometimes the appendix 
may contain a mould of feces, which can be squeezed out readily. 
Sometimes foreign bodies like pins are found there ; in about seven 
per cent of cases foreign bodies are found. 

It is a disease of young persons. Fifty per cent occur before the 
twentieth year. It is most common in males. Persons who do heavy 
lifting are quite subject to the disease. Some cases follow falls or 
blows. Indiscretions of diet are very apt to bring on an attack, 
particularly in those who have had it before. Pain in the appendix 
in such persons, frequently follows the eating of food hard to digest. 
Gorging with peanuts is also a cause. 

Symptoms. — In a large proportion of cases the following symp- 
toms are present : — Sudden pain in the abdomen, usually referred to 
the right groin region. Fever often of moderate form or grade. Dis- 
turbances of the stomach and bowels, such as nausea, vomiting and 
frequently constipation. Tenderness or pain in the appendix region. 
The pain in fully one-half of the cases is localized in right lower part 
of the abdomen, but it may be in the central portion, scattered, or in 
any part of the abdomen. Even when the pain is not in the region 
of the appendix at first, it is usually felt there within thirty-six or 
forty-eight hours. It is sometimes very sharp and colic-like ; some- 
times it is dull. The fever follows rapidly upon the pain. It may 
range from 100 to 102 and higher. The tongue is coated and moist 
usually, — seldom dry. Nausea and vomiting are commonly present. 
It rarely persists longer than the second day in favorable cases. Con- 
stipation is the rule, but the attack may start with diarrhea. 

Local Signs. — Tenderness of the rectus muscle (to the right of 
the centre of the abdomen) and tenderness or pain on deep pressure. 
The muscle may be so rigid that a satisfactory examination cannot be 
made. Sometimes there is a hardness or swelling in the appendix 
region. Tenderness, rigidity and actual pain on deep pressure ; with 
the majority of cases, a lump or swelling in the region of the appendix. 




VERMIFORM APPENDIX. 

When Affected by Inflammation and Gangrene 

Necessitating an Operation. 




VERMIFORM APPENDIX. 
Showing Different Types. 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS 117 

Recovery. — Recovery is the rule. It frequently returns. General 
peritonitis may be caused by direct perforation of the appendix and 
death in appendicitis is usually due to peritonitis. 

Surgeons have declared that sudden pain in the region of the 
appendix, with fever and localized tenderness, with or without a 
lump, almost without exception means appendix disease. Rest in bed, 
take measures to allay the pain ; ice bag applied to the part is very 
effective. 

Operation. — Dr. Osier, of Oxford, England, says. — "Operation is 
indicated in all cases of acute inflammatory trouble in this region, 
whether the lump is present or not, when the general symptoms are 
severe, and when by the third day the features of the case points to a 
progressive (condition) lesion. An operation after an acute attack 
has disappeared is not fraught with much danger." 

Diet. — All food should be withheld for a few days if possible. 
Liquids, such as ^gg albumen, weak tea, thin broth, barley or rice water, 
or milk diluted with lime water may be given in small quantities if 
necessary. When the acute symptoms have subsided, milk may be 
taken undiluted, and eggs may be added to the broth. When the pain 
and fever have disappeared entirely, gruels made of rice or barley, soft- 
boiled tgg, scraped beef, stewed chicken, toast, and crackers may be 
added to the list; still later, mashed potatoes and vegetables, finely 
divided and strained, may be allowed and, finally, when well, usual diet 
resumed. 

APPENDICITIS, Mothers* Remedies.— Home Treatment Found 
Good for. — "To allay the pain and stop the formation of pus in appen- 
dicitis it is recommended that a flannel cloth be saturated with hot 
water, wrung out, drop ten to fifteen drops of turpentine on it and 
apply to the aflfected parts as hot as the patient can bear. Repeat 
until relief is obtained. Then cover the bowels with a thin cotton 
cloth, upon which place another cloth wrung out of kerosene oil. 
This sustains the relief and conduces to rest and eventual cure. It is 
an essential part of the absorbent cure for appendicitis, and since its 
adoption doctors do not resort to a surgical operation half so often." 
The above is a standard remedy and will most always give relief. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Appendicitis.— The bowels 
should at first be moved by an enema. The patient should be per- 
fectly quiet in bed. The ice-bag should be applied to the part, but 
wrapped in flannel and flannel also on the skin. It must not be 
allowed to make the flesh too cool. This coolness relieves the inflam- 
mation of the part. Small doses, from one-tenth to one drop, of 
aconite can be given for the fever and inflammation the first twenty- 
four hours. Dose every one to three hours. But little medicine is 
now given in appendicitis. 

Caution. — Keep the bowels regular, especially if you have ever 
had appendicitis before, also be careful of your eating. This disease 



118 MOTHERS- REMEDIES 

will attack high livers, hearty eaters and those with constipated 
bowels more quickly than others. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Mothers' Remedies.— 
1. Inflammation of the Bowels, Excellent Remedy for. — "First bathe 
the abdomen with warm salt water^ then lay over the navel a piece 
of lard the size of black walnut. Hold the hand over this until it 
softens ; then rub well into the bowels. This often relieves when 
pills and powders fail." The massaging brings about action of the 
bowels without a cathartic usually. Sweet oil or olive oil instead of 
lard, will do as well. 

2. Inflammation of the Bowels, Red Beet Poultice for. — "Take 
red beets; chop up, put in bag, warm a little and put across the stomach. 
This will draw out the inflammation quickly and makes a very good 
poultice." 

3. Inflammation of the Bowels, Hop Poultice for, — "Take hops, 
strain them and put in a sack. Lay across the stomach and bowels." 

4. Inflammation of the Bowels, Griddle Cake Poultice for. — 

"Apply hot griddle cakes on bowels. This acts as a poultice, and 
should be replaced as soon as cold." This remedy saved my life 
when I was seventeen years of' age. Am now fifty. This remedy 
wnll be found very good, but care should be taken not to burn the 
patient. 

5. Cold or Pain in the Bowels, Spice Poultice for Child or 
Adult. — "Take a cloth sack large enough to cover abdomen ; take all 
kinds of ground spices, put in the bag and tie up, sprinkle bag lightly 
with alcohol, just enough to dampen spices; lay this on abdomen." 
This serves as a poultice and is an excellent remedy for this trouble. 
This may be used for a child as well as an adu.lt. 

6. Inflammation of the Bowels, Simple Remedy Always at Hand 
for. — "Apply hot woolen cloths to abdomen as hot as can be wrung 
out, change every few minutes. My life was saved twice when I was 
several hundred miles from a doctor by this treatment." This simple 
but never failing remedy is easily prepared and, as we all know% heat 
is the most essential thing for this trouble, especially moist heat. 

7. Inflammation of the Bowels, a Rather Unique Remedy for. — 
"Cut the head ofit" of a hen, cut open down the breast, take out the 
inwards, pound flat and roll with rolling pin and appl}' to the bowels. 
This will draw out all inflammation, but must be done in as little 
time as possible." The above remedy can do no harm. Many people 
use it. Perhaps other poultices would be easier to prepare, just as 
effective and save the hen. 

8. Inflammation of the Bowels, Marshmallow Leaves, a Canadian 
Remedy for. — "Green marshmallow leaves (dry will do). Wet flannel 
and apply hot." Make a strong tea of the marshmallow leaves and 
while hot dip flannels and apply to abdomen 



9. Inflammation of the Bowels, Syrup of Rhubarb for. — "Add to 
three pints of simple syrup one and tliree-fourtlis ounces of crushed 
rhubarb, one-fourth ounce each of crushed cloves and cinnamon, one 
dram of bruised nutmeg, one pint of diluted alcohol, evai)orate liquid 
by a gentle heat to one-half pint. Excellent in bowel complaint in 
one-half dram (one-half teaspoonful) doses every hour until it oper- 
ates." The rhubarb moves the bowels and casts out all irritating 
matter. The oil of cloves stimulates the membranes of the bowels 
and the cinnamon and nutmeg are astringents. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Toothache, Dry Salt and Alum 
for. — 1. ''Equal parts. Take common salt and alum. Mix and pulver- 
ize these together, wet a small piece of cotton and cause the mixture to 
adhere to it and place in the hollow tooth. At first a sensation of 
coldness will be produced, which will gradually disappear, as will the 
toothache. This is an excellent remedy and should be given a trial 
by any person suffering with this trouble." 

2. Toothache, Oil of Cloves Quick Relief for.— *Tf the tooth has 
a cavity take a small piece of cotton and saturate with oil of cloves 
and place in tooth, or you may rub the gum with oil of sassafras." 
These are both good remedies, and will often give relief almost 
instantly. 

3. Toothache, Home-Made Poultice for. — "Make a poultice of a 
slice of toast, saturate in alcohol and sprinkle with pepper and apply 
externally. This will give almost instant relief." 

4. Toothache, Clove Oil and Chloroform for. — "Clove oil and 
chloroform, each one teaspoonful. Saturate cotton and apply locally." 

5. Toothache, Sure Cure for. — 

"Peppermint water 5^ ounce 

Nitre ^ ounce 

Chloroform 1 dram 

Ether 1 dram 

Oil of mustard 10 drops 

Remark: This remedy will give relief where all others fail. 
Not only for toothache, but for neuralgia pains in any part of 
the body, apply with cloth moistened and lay on the parts af- 
fected. Continue until relieved." 

6. Toothache, Salt and Alum Water for. — "Fill a bottle of any 
size half full of equal parts of pulverized alum and salt, then fill up 
the bottle with sweet spirits of nitre. Shake and apply it to the tooth 
and gums. Apply it freely, as there is nothing to hurt or injure you." 

7. Toothache, Oil of Cinnamon for. — "A drop of oil of cinnamon 
will frequently relieve very serious cases of toothache. Apply to the 
tooth with a little cotton. This will at least give temporary relief 
until you can see your dentist and have the tooth treated." 

8. Toothache, Reliable Remedy for. — "Chloroform, clove oil, 
laudanum fifteen cents worth of each. Mix together and saturate a 

piece of cotton and place it in the tooth. This is sure to give relief." 



120 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

9. Toothache, From Decayed Teeth. — "If the tooth is decayed 
take a small piece of raw cotton, saturate with chloroform and place 
in cavity. ' 

MOTHERS' TOOTH POWDERS.^1. "The ashes of burnt 
branches of the common grape vine make a very superior tooth pow- 
der. It will clean the blackest of teeth, if continued for a few morn- 
ings, to that of pure white." 

2. Tooth Powder. — ''Precipitated chalk four ounces, powdered 
orris root eight ounces, powdered camphor one ounce ; reduce camphor 
to fine powder moistening with very little alcohol, add other ingredi- 
ents. Mix thoroughly and sift through fine bolting cloth." Have used 
this with great success. 

3. Tooth Powder. — "All tooth powders, or anything that has a 
grit will, with the friction of the brush, scour loose from the enamel 
of the teeth ; and this is far superior to any of them in every respect. 

Soap tree bark 1 pound 

Turpentine 2 ounces 

Powdered orris root 2 ounces 

Alkanet root H ounce 

Diluted alcohol, half water, sufficient to mrke the whole into 
one gallon. Let it stand in an earthen jar to macerate for 
fourteen days ; stir occasionally, then strain and filter through 
filtering paper. The alcohol will have no injurious effect. 
This is an excellent tooth remedy." 

4. — Tooth Wash. — "One teaspoonful of boracic acid in a pint of 
boiling water. 

Tincture Myrrh H teaspoonful 

Spirits of Camphor ^ teaspoonful 

Essence of Peppermint ^ teaspoonful 

Use in the water in which you brush your teeth. Let 
boracic acid water cool, then add last three ingredients." 

5. Tooth Powder. — "Precipitated chalk four ounces, pulverized 
sugar two ounces, powdered myrrh one ounce, pulverized orris root 
one ounce. Mix and sift through fine bolting cloth. This is fine." 

6. Tooth Powder, Commonly Used. — 

"Precipitated Chalk 12 drams 

Rose Pink 2 drams 

Carbonate of Magnesia 1 dram 

Oil of Rose 5 drops 

Mix all well together and after using it you will find the 
following mouth-wash fine for rinsing out the mouth." 

Antiseptic Mouth Wash. — 

"Boric Acid 10 grains 

Resorcin 4 grains 

Salol 2 grains 

Thymol 54 dram 

Glycerin ^ dram 

Pure water 1 ounce 

This sweetens and cleanses the mouth." 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS 12 1 

7. Tooth Powder, Simple and Unsurpassed. — 

Cream of Tartar, powdered 3 ounces 

Cochineal 1 dram 

Alum, powdered 4 drams 

Myrrh 1 dram 

Cinnamon 1 ounce 

Sugar 1 ounce 

Mix and pass through a sieve. This is a preparation that 
has no superior for cleaning, preserving and whitening the 
teeth. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Toothache.— 1. Chloretone 
dissolved in oil of cloves and applied on a cotton wad is very good fur 
toothache. 

2. Creosote. — Put on a piece of cotton and put this in the hollow 

toulli. 

3. Toothache in an ulcerated or hollow tooth, caused from wet 

feet. etc. Take a hot foot bath and drink a hot lemonade, hot ginger, 
or hot pennyroyal tea, and go to bed and take a good sweat. Aching 
tooth needs the care of a dentist. It pays to retain your natural teeth 
in good shape. 

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.— Causes.— This may be caused 

by strangulation, telescope (intussusception) of the bowels, twists and 
knots, strictures and tumors, abnormal contents. 

1. Strangulation is the most frequent cause ; this is caused by 
adhesions and bands from former peritonitis, or following operations. 
The strangulation may be recent and due to adhesion of the bowels to 
the abdominal cut or wound, or a coil of the bowel may be caught 
between the pedicle of a tumor and the wall of the pelvis. These 
cases are rather common after some operations. 

2. Intussusception. — This means that one portion of the bowel 
slips into an adjacent portion. These two portions make a cylindrical 
lump varying in length from one-half inch to a foot or more. Irreg- 
ular worm-like motion of the bowel is a cause of intussusception. 

3. Twists and knots. — Most frequent between thirty and forty. 
(There is an unusually long mesentery.) 

4. Strictures and tumors. — These are not very important causes. 

5. Abnormal contents. — Fruit stones, coins, pins, needles, false 
teetli, round worms rolled in a mass. Coins rarely cause inconveni- 
ence. 

Symptoms of Acute Obstruction. — Constipation, pain in the bow- 
els, and vomiting are the three most important symptoms, l^ain sets 
in early, and may come on abruptly when walking or more commonly 
when working. It is at first colicky, but soon becomes continuous 
and very intense, vomiting soon follows and is constant and very dis- 
tressing. First the stomach contents are vomited, and the greenish 



1.22 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

bile-stained material, and soon the material vomited is a brownish- 
black liquid, with a bowel odpr. This peculiar vomiting is a very 
characteristic symptom. Constipation may be absolute, without the 
discharge of either feces or gas. Very often the contents of the 
bowel below the obstruction are discharged. The abdomen is usually 
distended and when the large bowel is involved this is extrem.e. If it 
is high up in the small intestine, it may be very slight. At first, the 
abdomen is not tender, but later it becomes very sensitive and tender. 
The face is pale and anxious and finally collapse symptoms intervene. 
The eyes are sunken, the features look pinched and a cold, clammy 
sweat covers the skin. The pulse becomes rapid and weak. There 
may be no fever, and it may go below normal. The tongue is dry, 
parched, and the thirst is incessant. 

Recovery. — The case terminates as a rule in death in three to six 
days, if aid is not given. 

Treatment. — Purgatives should not be given. For the pain, hypo- 
dermics of morphine are needed. Wash out the stomach for distress- 
ing vomiting. This can be done three to four times a day. Thorough 
washing out of the large bowel with injections should be practised, the 
warm water being allowed to flow in from a fountain syringe and the 
amount carefully estimated. Hutchinson recommends that the patient 
be placed under an anesthetic, the abdomen kneaded, and a copious 
enema given with the hips placed high or patient in inverted position. 
Then the patient should be thoroughly shaken, first with the abdomen 
held downward and subsequently in the inverted position. If this 
and similar measures do not succeed by the third day surgical meas- 
ures must be resorted to. 

For bloating, turpentine cloths should be used, and other hot, 
moist applications. 

Diet. — Should be very light, if any, for a day or so. 

RUPTURE (Hernia). — Hernia means a protrusion of an organ 
from its natural cavity, through normal or artificial openings in the 
surrounding structures. But by the term hernia, used alone, we mean 
the protrusion of a portion of the abdominal contents through the 
walls, and that is known by the popular term of ''rupture." 

The most common forms of rupture protrude through one of the 
natural openings or w^eak spots in the abdominal walls, as for instance, 
the inguinal (groin) and femoral canals. The femoral canal is located 
at the upper and inner part of the thigh, and this place is a seat of 
rupture, especially in women. Rupture may also occur at the navel, 
when it is called umbilical hernia or rupture. The contents of a hernia 
are bowel and omentum (a covering of the bowel) separately or to- 
gether. The bowel involved in a rupture is usually the lower portion 
of the small bowel, but the large bow^el is sometimes affected. A sac 
covers the bowel or omentum in a rupture. This sac consists of the 
protruded portion of peritoneum, which has been gradually pu?hcd 



DIGESTIIE ORGANS 123 

through one oi the canals (in<;uinal or femoral) or of the ))roccss of 
peritoneum, which has been carried down by the testicle in its descent, 
and the connection of which with the perit(3neum of the abdomen still 
continues, not having been obliterated, as it usually is before birth. 
The former is called an acquired rupture sac; the latter is a congen- 
ital rupture sac, and it is found only in groin (inguinal rupture J. 

Causes. — Rupture is more common in men than in women. It 
may occur at any time of life. The majority of cases occur before 
middle age, and the largest number during the first ten years of life, 
owing to the want of closure of the peritoneum which is carried down 
by the testicles before birth. Rupture is most frequently strangulated 
between the ages of forty and fifty. 

Location. — The great majority of cases of rupture are groin or 
inguinal rupture. 

Symptoms. — A fullness or a swelling is first noticed in the groin, 
which is made worse in standing, coughing and lifting. This disap- 
pears on lying down and reappears on rising in many cases, even at 
first ; coughing makes the lump or swelling harder. It may come on 
both sides, when it is called double rupture or hernia. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— Rupture, Poultice for.— "Take equal 

parts of lobelia and stramonium leaves ; make a poultice and apply to 
the parts. Renew as often as necessary. This combination makes a 
very effective poultice and is sure to give relief." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— A person should wear a truss 
(support) that fits perfectly, and this should not cause any pain or dis- 
comfort. The truss should be worn all day, taken ofif at night after 
going to bed and put on before rising, when still lying down. If it 
is put on after rising a little of the gut may be in the canal and pressed 
down by the support. There are many kinds of supports. 

Operations now performed for rupture are very successful if the 
patient takes good care for months afterwards until the parts are 
thoroughly healed. The operation simply closes a too large opening. 
The testicles descending through the groin canal from the abdominal 
cavity before birth and in congenital rupture, left too big an opening. 
In acquired rupture, these natural openings were enlarged by lifting, 
falls, etc. The round ligament of the w^omb goes down through this 
canal and sometimes there is too large an opening left or acquired by 
accident. 

Irreducible Rupture. — This is v^hen the rupture cannot be returned 
into the abdominal cavity, and it is without any symptoms of stran- 
gulation. They are of long standing and of a large size. This con- 
dition is often due to carelessness of a patient in not keeping in a 
reducible rupture with a proper support. Adhesions form, holding the 
rupture. Even if it is small, it gives rise to much discomfort and the 
patient is always in danger of strangulation of the rupture. 



124 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Operation for radical cure is generally a success. 

Strangulation Hernia or Rupture. — This means the rupture is so 
tightly constricted that it cannot be returned into the abdominal cav- 
ity, and its circulation is interfered with ; then there is not only 
obstruction to the passage of the feces, but also an arrest of circula- 
tion in the protruded portion of bowel which, if not relieved, results 
in gangrene and death. This occurs more often in old than in recent 
ruptures and more often in congenital than in acquired rupture. 

S5miptoms. — Sudden and complete constipation with persistent 
vomiting. The lump may be tense, hard and irreducible. Then there 
is faintness, collapse ; severe abdominal pain, complete constipation, 
with no gas passing, then vomiting, at first of food, then of the bile- 
stained fluid and finally of fluid wath a bowel odor. All these symp- 
toms increase and the patient gradually sinks from exhaustion in 
eight or nine days, though in very acute cases the patient may die 
within forty-eight hours. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— Strangulated Hernia, Hop Poultice 
for. — "A large warm poultice of hops over the abdomen will be found 
one of the best known means of relieving strangulated hernia." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— It must be reduced or an oper- 
ation must be performed and soon. 

To reduce. — The patient is put under an anesthetic and placed on 
his back with the hips (pelvis) raised and the thigh of the attected 
side flexed, bent up, and rotated inward if the rupture be inguinal or 
femoral. This motion relaxes the parts. The neck of the sac is then 
seized with the thumb and fingers of one hand, and thus fixed, while 
with the other hand, the operator endeavors to return the strangulated 
gut by gentle pressure in the proper direction. In femoral rupture, 
this is at first downward, to bring the gut opposite the opening then 
backward and then upward. In groin (inguinal) rupture it is usually 
slightly upward and outward. It must be coaxed, kneaded and 
squeezed carefully. Care must be taken. If it cannot be returned in 
from five to ten minutes no further time should be wasted, but an 
operation should be performed immediately. This consists in cutting 
down to the constriction and through it, thus allowing the rupture to 
be reduced. 

The patient should be kept in bed and treated the same way as 
for other abdominal operations. 

Caution. — Persons with rupture must be very careful not to lift 
or fall. If a support is worn it must fit perfectly and be worn wath 
comfort. 

INTESTINAL COLIC. (Enteralgia) .—Causes.— Predisposing ; 
poor general condition, worry, over-work, nervous disposition. Excit- 
ing causes; exposure, gas in the bowels, mass of feces, undigested or 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS 125 

irritating food, cold drinks, green fruit, ice cream when a person is 
ver}- warm. 

Symptoms. — Intermittent pain usually in the umbilical (navel) 
region, moving from place to place, dull or sharp pain, relieved by 
pressure or bending forward. Abdomen is distended or drawn back. 
It lasts a few minutes or many hours, ending gradually or suddenly, 
after a passage of gas or movement of the bowels. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— 1. Remove cause first if pos- 
sible. Mild cases; put heat to the abdomen by hot water bag, wring 
cloths out of hot water and put in them ten drops of turpentine and 
place over the bowels hot. Give dose of peppermint water or ginger 
tea. 

2. Severe case. — Morphine hypodermically, if necessary, in a 
severe case; mustard poultice is good, also a spice poultice. 

3. Tincture of Colocynth (bitter cucumber) is an excellent rem- 
edy for this trouble. I have often used it with great success. Put 
five drops of it in a glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls 
every fifteen minutes until relieved. A few doses generally relieve 
the patient. 

THE LIVER.— The liver is the largest gland in the body, and is sit- 
uated in the upper and right part of the abdominal cavity. The lower 
border of the liver corresponds to the lower border of the ribs in front 
and to the right side. It weighs fifty to sixty ounces in the male; in 
the female, forty to fifty ounces. It is about eight to nine inches in 
its transverse measurement ; vertically near its right surface it is six 
to seven inches, while it is four to five inches thick at its thickest part. 
Opposite the backbone from behind forward it measures about three 
inches. The left lobe, the smallest and thinnest, extends to the left, 
over what is called the pit of the stomach. 

BILIOUSNESS. — This condition presents different symptoms in 
different cases, but it always includes languor, headache or dizziness, 
perhaps some yellow color of the skin and conjunctiva, and a general 
sense of want of tone, depression of spirits and discomfort. 

Causes. — The liver does not perform its function well, or there is 
retention of bile in the bile ducts. Most of the symptoms do not 
depend directly upon the changes in the bile, but upon failure of proper 
digestion in the stomach and intestines. Certain poorly prepared foods 
or improper food for stomach digestion, quickly cause the develop- 
ment of active fermentation and its results irritate the stomach mucous 
membrane bringing about a faulty stomach secretion of mucus, which 
causes further trouble. It may end in a sick headache. 

TREATMENT. Prevention. — Normal, easily digested food, open 
bowels. Active exercise, horseback riding, massage of the liver re- 
gion. Stooping over and bending from side to side and bending back 
with feet close together are good aids. 



126 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Diet. — Do not over-eat. Avoid alcohol in any form. Stimulating 
foods such as spices, mustard salads, concentrated meat extracts and 
meat broths, pepper, horseradish are not to be used. Do not use too 
much salt; strong coffee and tea are harmful. In severe cases milk 
either diluted with water or lime water or peptonized should alone be 
used. 

Gruels, albumen water, kumiss, buttermilk and oyster broth may 
be allowed. Orange juice as well as lemonade may generally be given. 
Fasting is good in biliousness. No one will starve in a few days of 
fasting. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Biliousness, Lemons for.— "One 
lemon squeezed in a glass of water with a very little sugar, repeat for 
several days." Lemon is a very good medicine, and it is surprising to 
know how few people realize what medical properties the lemon con- 
tains. This is a good, simple, but very effective remedy. 

2. Biliousness, Salt and Water for. — "Take a teaspoonful of salt 
to a cup of water and drink before breakfast for a few mornings." It 
is a well-known fact that a little salt in warm water before breakfast 
is laxative and also cleanses the system and bowels on account of its 
purifying action. 

3. Biliousness, (chronic) Dandelion Tea for. — "Dandelion root is 
highly recommended for this." The root should be collected in July, 
August or September. Dose : — A strong tea may be taken freely two 
or three times a day, or the fluid extract may be purchased at any 
drug store. 

4. Biliousness, a cheap and very safe plan. — "Drink plenty of 
cold water and exercise freely in the open air." Following the above 
advice is often better than medicines and spring tonics, also unless 
doing hard physical labor, cut down on the meat eating. In fact, eat 
less generally for a time. 

5. Biliousness, Salt Lemonade for. — "Hot salt lemonade night 
and morning. Juice of one lemon and teaspoonful salt to as much hot 
water as you can drink." 

6. Biliousness, Boneset Tea for. — "Pour hot water on boneset and 
let stand until it is cold. Take a swallow occasionally." This is very 
good. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. Medicines. — 1, Nitro-hydro- 
chloric acid three drops three times a day in half a tumblerful of water 
is valuable. 

2. Twenty drops of fluid extract of Queen's root three times a 
day. 

3. The following combination forms a good pill to be taken every 
night : 



Diui-srirt: drcjns 127 

Extract of Chirata 40 grains 

Podophyllin 4 grains 

Wahoo 8 grains 

Culver's root 8 grains 

Creosote 10 grains 

Mix and make into twenty pills. Take one every night. 

4. For the Attack. — Take calomel one-sixth grain tablets; one 
every fifteen minutes until six are taken, and then follow with two to 
four teaspoonfuls of epsom salts. 

JAUNDICE (Icterus). — A symptom consisting in discoloration 
by bile pigment of the skin, whites of the eyes, other mucous mem- 
branes and secretions. 

Causes. — Obstruction of the gall ducts, from gall stones, inflam- 
mation, tumor, strictures, from pressure by tumors, and other en- 
larged abdominal organs. 

Symptoms. — The skin and the conjunctiva (red membrane of the 
eyes) are colored from a pale lemon yellow to a dark olive or greenish 
black. The itching may be intense, especially in a chronic case. The 
sweat may be yellow. The stools are a pale slate color, from the 
lack of bile, and are often pasty and offensive. The pulse is slow. 
Recovery depends upon the cause. Plain, simple jaundice cases recover 
in a few days or weeks. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Jaundice, Sweet Cider Sure Cure 
for. — "New cider before it ferments at all. Drink all you can." This 
is a very simple remedy, but a sure one if taken in the early stages of 
jaundice. It causes the bowels to move freely and carries off any 
impurities in the system. 

2. Jaundice, Lemon Juice for. — "Take a tablespoonful of lemon 
juice several times a day." This disease is produced by congestion of 
the liver, and as lemon is excellent as a liver tonic it is known to be an 
excellent remedy for jaundice. 

3. Jaundice, Peach Tree Bark for. — "Take the inner bark of a 
peach tree, and make a strong tea, and give a teaspoonful before each 
meal for five days, then stop five days, and if the patient's indications 
do not warrant a reasonable expectation that a cure is effected repeat 
the medicine as above. I never knew of a case in which the above 
medicine failed to cure. Keep the bowels open with sweet oil." 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Liver Complaint. Mandrake Root 
for. — 1. "Dry and powder the mandrake root (often called may-apple) 
and take about one teaspoonful." This dose may be repeated two or 
three times a day, according to the requirements of the case. This is 
a stimulant, a tonic and a laxative, and is especially good when the 
liver is in a torpid and inactive condition. 

2. Liver Trouble, Dandelion Root Tea for.— "Steep dandelion 
rook, make a good strong tea of it; take a half glass three times a 



128 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

day." This is a very good remedy as it not only acts on the liver, 
but the bowels as well. This will always cure slight attacks of liver 
trouble. 

3. Torpid Liver, Boneset Tea for. — "Drink boneset tea at any 
time during the day and at night. It is also good for cleansing the 
blood." This is a very good remedy, especially for people who live 
in a low damp region. 

4. Liver Trouble, Mandrake Leaves for. — "A very good remedy 
to use regularly for several weeks, is to use from one to three grains 
of may-apple (mandrake) seed, night and morning, followed occas- 
ionally by a light purgative, as seidlitz powder or rochelle salts." 
This is sure to give relief if kept up thoroughly. 

5. Liver Trouble, Mullein Leaf Tea for. — "Mullein leaves steeped, 
and sweetened. Drink freely." This acts very nicely upon the liver. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Liver Trouble.— L For the itch- 
ing, hot alkaline baths with baking soda in water, or dust on the 
*ollowing : — 

Starch 1 ounce 

Camphor, powdered 1^ drams 

Oxide of Zinc Yz ounce 

Mix and use as a powder, or use carbolic vaselin locally. 
Move the bowels with salts and do not give much food for a 
few days. Use nothing but milk. 

2. The following is good to move the bowels when the stool is 
yellow and costive in a child one year old : 

Sulphate of Magnesia 2 ounces 

Cream of tartar 2 ounces 

Mix and give one-half teaspoonful in water every three 
hours until the bowels move freely. Phosphate of soda in 
one dram doses every three hours is good. 

3. Severe Type and Epidemic Form. — Give one to two drops of 
tincture myrica cerifera (barberry) every two hours for an adult. 
This I know to be very good. 

4. The common simple kind of jaundice will get well readily by 
moving the bowels freely and keeping the patient on light food. 

CATARRHAL JAUNDICE. (Acute catarrhal angiocholitis).— 
Jaundice caused by obstruction of the terminal portion of the common 
duct, by swelling of the mucous membrane. 

Causes. — This occurs mostly in young people. It follows inflam- 
mation of the stomach or bowels, also from emotion, exposure, chronic 
heart disease. It may be epidemic. 

Symptoms. — Slight jaundice preceded by stomach and bowel trou- 
ble. Epidemic cases may begin with chill, headache and vomiting. 
There may be slight pain in the abdomen, the skin is light or bright 
yellow, whites of the eyes are yellowish, pain in the back and legs. 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS 129 

tired feelinpf. nausea, clay colored stools. Pulse is rather slow, liver 
may be a little enlarged. It may last from one week to one to three 
months. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Catarrhal Jaundice.— 1. Re- 
strict the diet if the stomach and bowels are diseased. Sodium phos- 
phate may be given one teaspoonful every three hours to keep the 
bowels open. Drink large quantities of water and with it some baking 
soda one-half to one teaspoonful in the water. 

2. If you have calomel you may take one-tenth of a grain every 
hour for four hours, and then follow with the sodium phosphate in 
one-half teaspoonful doses every two to three hours, until the bowels 
have fully moved, or epsom salts, two to four teaspoonfuls. Keep in 
bed if there is a fever or a very slow pulse say of forty to fifty. 

GALL STONES. (Biliary Calculi, Cholelithiasis).— Cases of gall 
stones are rare under the age of twenty-five years. They are very 
common after forty-five, and three-fourths of the cases occur in women. 
Many people never know they have them. Sedentary habits of life, 
excessive eating and constipation tend to cause them. They may num- 
ber a few, several, or a thousand, or only one. 

Symptoms. — There are usually none while the stones are in the 
gall bladder, but when they pass from the gall bladder down through 
the (channel) duct into the bowel they often cause terrific pain, espe- 
cially when the stone is large. Chill, fever, profuse sweating and vom- 
iting, which comes in paroxysms or is continuous. The pain may be 
constant or only come on at intervals. The region of the liver may 
be tender, the gall bladder may be enlarged, especially in chronic cases 
and very tender. In some cases the pain comes every few weeks and 
then may be scattered, sometimes seeming to be in the stomach, and 
then in the bowels, or in the region of the liver. When a person has 
such pains and locates them in the stomach or bowels, and they come 
periodically, every v^eek or two or more, he ought to be suspicious 
about it being gall stones, especially if the symptoms do not show any 
stomach trouble. If the stone is large and closes the common duct, 
jaundice occurs; the stools are light colored; the urine contains bile. 
The attacks of pain may cease suddenly after a few hours, or they 
may last several days or recur at intervals until the stone is passed. 
The stones may be found in the bowel discharges after an attack. 
Death may occur from collapse during an attack. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Gall Stones, Sweet Oil for.— 

"Massaging the part over the region of the liver lightly night and 

morning is very good, following by drinking a wnneglassful of sweet 

oil at bedtime." The patient should take some good cathartic the next 

morning, such as a seidlitz powder or cream of tartar. Teaspoonful in 

g^ass of water each morning. This treatment should be continued for 

several greeks, and is verv effective. 
9 



130 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

2. Gall Stones, Tried and Approved Remedy for. — "Drink about 
a wineglass of olive oil at bedtime, followed in the morning by a 
cathartic, as seidlitz powder, or cream of tartar and phosphate of soda; 
teaspoonful each morning in wineglass of water. This treatment to 
be pursued several weeks. Massage the part over the liver lightly 
night and morning. If the suffering is intense use an injection of 
thirty drops of laudanum to two quarts of water." In many cases the 
cathartic may not be needed, as the olive oil will move the bowels 
freely. Massaging the parts over the liver will cause it to work bet- 
ter and has proven successful in many cases. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Gall Stones.— 1. For the_ pain. 
Morphine must be used and by the hypodermic method ; one-fourth 
grain dose and repeated, if necessary, and chloroform given before if 
the pain is intense, until the morphine can act. Fomentations can be 
used over the liver. 

2. Soda. — The bowels must be kept open by laxatives, Sodium 
Phosphate or Sodium Sulphate, (Glauber's) salt. 

3. Olive Oil — Olive oil is used very extensively. I do not know 
whether it does any good ; some people think it does. From two to 
ten ounces daily, if possible. The phosphate or sulphate of sodium 
should be taken daily in one to two teaspoonfuls doses each day. 
Some claim these salts prevent formation of gall stones. 

4. Powder for the Itching. — For the intolerable itching you may 
use the following powder, dust some of it over the skin : 

Starch 1 ounce 

Zinc Oxide Yz ounce 

Camphor 1^4 drains 

Mix into a powder. 

Diet. — This must be thoroughly regulated. The patient should 
avoid the starchy and sugar foods as much as possible. He or she 
should also take regular exercise. If a person afflicted with gall stones 
keeps the stomach and bowels in good condition, they will be better. 
Pure air, sunshine, exercise, and diet are big factors in the treatment 
of chronic diseases. A woman so afflicted should not wear anything 
tight around the stomach and liver, corsets are an abomination in this 
disease; olive oil if taken must be continued for months. 

Surgery. — The operation is indicated when the patient is suffering 
most of the time from pain in the liver region or when the person is 
failing in health, or during an acute attack. When there are symp- 
toms of obstruction or when there is fever, sweating shows that there 
is pus in the gall bladder. Also an operation is then necessary, and 
in most cases it results satisfactorily. 

CANCER OF THE GALL BLADDER. AND BILE DUCTS. 
Causes. — It usually occurs between forty and seventy year? of age. 
The cases that originate here show no percentage in either sex; but 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS 131 

those that appear here as secondary cancers are three times as fre- 
quent in women as in men. Chronic irritation by gall stones is an 
important cause. They are hard to diagnose and, of course, fatal in 
the secondary kind. For the primary kind early complete removal 
may cure if you can get at them. 

CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF THE LIVER. (Acute 
Hyperemia or Congestion). — This occurs normally after meals, and in 
acute infections, diseases, etc. 

CHRONIC CONGESTION OR NUTMEG LIVER.— This is due 

to an obstruction of the blood circulation in the liver by chronic val- 
vular heart disease with failure of heart action. Lung obstruction in 
the trouble called Emphysema, Chronic Pneumonia, etc., may cause 
it. The cut section of a liver shows an appearance like a nutmeg, due 
to a deeply congested central vein and capillaries. In a later stage 
the liver is contracted, central liver cells are shrunk and the connec- 
tive tissue is increased. 

ACUTE YELLOW ATROPHY. (Malignant Jaundice) .—This 

is fortunately a rare disease. There is rapid progress, and it is fatal 
in nearly all cases. The liver is very small and flabby. The symp- 
toms are many and are hard to differentiate. You must depend upon 
your physician. The only thing for him to do is to meet the symp- 
toms and relieve them if possible. 

CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. (Sclerosis of the Liver, Hobnail 
Liver, Gin Drinkers Liver, Hard Liver). — This occurs most often in 
men from forty to sixty years old. It is not uncommon in children. 

Cause. — It is usually due to drinking of alcohol to excess, espe- 
cially whisky, brandy, rum or gin. The liver is small and thin ; hard, 
granular, white bands run through it and press on the liver cells and 
destroy them. 

Symptoms. — These are few as long as proper circulation in the 
heart is maintained. Fatty cirrhosis is often found in post-mortems. 
The first symptoms are the same as those accompanying chronic gas- 
tritis, dyspepsia. They are: — Appetite is poor, nausea, retching and 
vomiting, especially in the morning; distress in the region of the 
stomach, constipation or diarrhea. These increase and vomiting of 
blood from the stomach may occur early and late. Bleeding from the 
stomach and bowels, etc., cause the stools to look like tar. Nosebleed 
and piles are common and profuse ; bleeding may cause severe lack of 
blood. The epigastric and mammary veins are enlarged. Ascites 
(dropsy in the abdomen) usually occurs sooner or later and may be 
very marked, and it recurs soon after each tapping. The feet and 
genital organs may be oedematous (watery swelling), jaundice is 
slight and does not occur until late. During the late stage the patient 
is much shrunken, face is hollow, the blood vessels of the nose and 
cheeks are dilated, abdomen is greatly distended. Delirium, stupor, 
coma or convulsions may occur at any time. 



132 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Cirrhosis of the Liver.— It is 
usually fatal ; sometimes even after temporary improvements. No 
coifee or alcohol; simple diet, bitter tonics, keep bowels open. A phy- 
sician must handle such a case. 

ABSCESS OF THE LIVER. Hepatic Abscess: Suppurative 
Hepatitis). — This is a circumscribed collection of pus in the liver tis- 
sue. If there is only one abscess it is in the larger lobe in seventy 
per cent of the cases. The amount of fluid contained in such an 
abscess may be two or three quarts and its color varies from a grayish 
white to a creamy reddish-brown ; when the abscess is caused by a 
type (amebic) of dysentery, there is generally only one abscess, occur- 
ring more often in the right lobe, whereas other forms due to septic 
infection give rise to many abscesses. 

Causes. — This disease is rare even in tropical climates. When it 
is excited by gall stones, it is invariably septic in character and the 
infecting material reaches the interior through the liver vessels or 
bile passages. Stomach ulcers, typhoid fever, appendicitis, may bring 
on such an abscess. Pus wounds of the head are sometimes followed 
by a liver abscess. The most common method of infection is through 
the portal vein. Other causes that may be mentioned are foreign bod- 
ies traveling up the ducts, as round-worms and parasites. 

Symptoms. — Hectic temperature, pain, tenderness, and an en- 
larged liver, and often slight jaundice. In acute cases the fever rises 
rapidly, reaching 103 or 104 in twenty-four hours. It is irregular and 
intermittent, and it may be hectic, that is, like the fever of consump- 
tion. Shakings or decided chills frequently are present with the rise 
of fever and when the fever declines there may be profuse sweating. 
The skin is pale and shows a slight jaundice, the conjunctiva being 
yellowish. Progressive loss of strength with disturbance of the stom- 
ach and bowels is present. The bowels are variable and constipated 
and loose. Dropsy of the abdomen (Ascites) may develop, on account 
of pressure on the big vein, inferior vena-cava. Lung symptoms, severe 
cough, reddish-brown expectoration are often present. 

THE ABSCESS.— May break into the pleural cavity, bronchial 
tubes, lungs and stomach, bowels, peritoneum or through the abdom- 
inal wall. 

Recovery. — The result is unfavorable as it generally goes on to a 
rapid termination. The abscess should be opened and evacuated when 
its location can be detected. The death rates ranges from fifty to 
sixty per cent. 

Treatment. — Open it if you can. Sponge liver region with cool 
water. For the pain, mustard poultices, turpentine stupe or hot 
fomentations prove beneficial. Keep up strength by stimulation and 
quinine. 

Diet in Liver Troubles sent us from Providence Hospital (Cath- 
olic), Sandusky, Ohio: 



DIGESTiri: ORGANS I33 

May Take — 

Soups — Vegetable soups with a little bread or cracker, Iij:,'ht 
broths. 

Fish — Boiled fresh cod, bass, sole or whiting, raw oysters. 

Meats — Tender lean mutton, lamb, chicken, game, (all sparingly). 

Farinaceous — Oatmeal, hominy, tapioca, sago, arrowroot (well 
cooked), whole wheat bread, graham bread, dry toast, crackers. 

Vegetables — Mashed potato, almost all fresh vegetables (well 
boiled), plain salad of lettuce, water-cress, dandelions. 

Desserts — Plain milk pudding of tapioca, sago, arrowroot or stewed 
fresh fruit (all without sugar or cream), raw ripe fruits. 

Drinks — Weak tea or coffee (without sugar or cream), hot water, 
pure, plain or aerated water. 

Must Not Take— 

Strong soups, rich made dishes of any kind, hot bread or biscuits, 
preserved fish or meats, curries, red meats, eggs, fats, butter, sugar, 
herrings, eels, salmon, mackerel, sweets, creams, cheese, dried fruits, 
nuts, pies, pastry, cakes, malt liquors, sweet wines, champagne. 

ACUTE GENERAL PERITONITIS. (Inflammation of the Per- 
itoneum, Lining of the Abdominal Cavity). — Causes. Primary; 
Occurs without any known preceding disease, and is rare. Secondar}' ; 
Occurs from injuries, extension from inflamed nearby organs, such as 
appendicitis or infection from bacteria, without any apparent lesion 
(disease of the bowel). Perforation causes most of the attacks of 
peritonitis. Peritonitis may accompany acute infections or accompany 
chronic nephritis, rheumatism, pleurisy, tuberculosis and septicemia. 
Peritonitis occurs from perforation of the bowel in typhoid fever also, 
and it frequently occurs after appendicitis and sometimes after con- 
finement. 

Symptoms. — This is often the history of one of the causes men- 
tioned above^ followed in cases with perforation or septic disease by a 
chill or chilly feeling and pain, varying at first, with the place where 
the inflammation begins. The patient lies on his back, with the knees 
drawn up, and the body bent so as to relax the muscles of the abdo- 
men, which are often rigidly contracted, — stiff at first on the side 
where the pain starts. The pain ma}' be absent. The abdomen be- 
comes distended, tympanitic (caused by gas). An early symptom is 
vomiting and it is often repeated. There is constipation ; occasionally 
diarrhea occurs. The temperature may rise rapidly to lO-l or 105 
and then become lower; it is sometimes normal. The pulse is fre- 
quent, small, wiry and beats 100 to 150 per minute ; the breathing is 
frequent and shallow. The tongue becomes red and dry and cracked. 
Passing the urine frequently causes pain ; sometimes there is retention 
of urine. The face looks pinched, the eyes are sunken, the expression 



134 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

is anxious, and the skin of the face is lead colored or livid. Hic- 
coughs, muttering, delirium or stupor may be present. 

Recovery, Prognosis, etc. — The action of the heart becomes weak 
and irregular, respiration is shallow, the temperature taken in the 
rectum is high, the skin is cold, pale and livid, death occurs some- 
times suddenly, usually in three to five days ; less often thirty-six to 
forty-eight hours ; or even after ten days. The results depend mainly 
upon the cause of the inflammation, and the nature of the infection, 
infectious disease that produces it, being usually very bad after puer- 
peral sepsis f after confinement), induced abortion, perforation of the 
bowel or stomach, or rupture of an abscess. 

LOCAL PERITONITIS.— This may come from local injury, but 
it is usually secondary to empyema, tuberculosis, or cancer, abscess, 
perforation of the stomach or bowel, ulcer, etc. 

Symptoms. — Onset is usually sudden. There is sudden local pain, 
increased by any movements: tenderness, and vomiting; then chills, 
irregular fever, sweating, difficult breathing, emaciation. 

TREATMENT OF THE ACUTE PERITONITIS.— There must 
be absolute rest, morphine by hypodermic method, one-fourth to one- 
half grain to relieve the pain. Ice cold and hot fomentations with 
bome herb remedy like hops, smartweed, etc. ; or cloths wrung out of 
hot water with five to ten drops of turpentine sprinkled on them. This 
is very good when there is much bloating from gas. 

The turpentine should be stopped when the skin shows red from 
it. The cloths should not be heavy or they will cause pain by their 
weight. Ice water can be used when cold cloths are needed. 

For vomiting. — Stop all food and drink for the time and give 
cracked ice. 

Diet. — Should be hot or cold milk with lime water or peptonized 
milk if necessary. If the feeding causes vomiting, you must give 
food by the rectum. For the severe bloating enemas containing tur- 
pentine should be given, one to two to six ounces of water used with 
ten to thirty drops of turpentine in it; sometimes it is necessary to 
resort to surgery. 

TUBERCULAR PERITONITIS.— This may occur as a primary 
trouble or secondary to tuberculosis of the bowels, lungs, and Fal- 
lopian tube. It is most frequent in males between twenty and forty. 

Symptoms. — These are variable. It may occur like acute peri- 
lonitis with sudden onset of high fever, pain, tenderness, bloating, 
vomiting and constipation ; these symptoms passing into those of 
chronic peritonitis. Often there are gradual loss of strength and 
fiesh, low and irregular fever ; frequently the temperature goes below 
rormal with a little ascites tympanites, constipation, diarrhea and 
masses in the abdomen which consist of the omentum (apron cover- 
ing the bow^els) rolled up and matted into a sausage-shaped tumor in 



DIGEST 1 1 II ORC.WS J 35 

the upper part of the abdomen, or of thickened (M adherent c(»i!s of 
the bowel, enlarged mesentric lymph nodes, etc. Spontaneous recovery 
may occur, or the course of the disease may resemble that of a malig- 
nant tumor. 

Treatment. — If there is effusion and few adhesions, cutting in 
and removing the fluid may help. In other cases good nourishing diet 
with cod liver oil is best. 

ASCITES. (Hydroperitoneum. Abdominal Dropsy). — This is an 
accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is but a symp- 
tom of disease. 

Local Causes. — Chronic peritonitis, obstruction of the portal 
(vein) circulation as in cirrhosis of the liver, cancer or other liver 
disease, from heart disease, tumors, as of the ovaries or enlarged 
spleen. All these mentioned may produce this dropsy. 

General Cause. — Heart disease, chronic nephritis, chronic malaria, 
cancer, syphilis, etc. 

Symptoms. — Gradual increasing distention of the abdomen, caus- 
ing sometimes a sense of weight, then difficulty of breathing from 
pressure. The abdomen is distended, flattened at the sides unless 
it is very full. The skin may be stretched tense, superficial veins are 
distended. The navel may be flat or even protrude and around it the 
vessels may be greatly enlarged. There is fluctuation when you tap 
sharply at one side, while holding your hand on the other side you 
feel a wavy feeling. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Ascites.— First treat the dis- 
ease causing it. Sometimes it is necessary in order to prolong life to 
repeatedly tap the patient as in cirrhosis of the liver. When it is 
caused by the heart or kidneys, give cathartics that carry away much 
liquid, hydragogue cathartics. One dram of jalap at night followed 
by a big dose of salts before breakfast. Cream of tartar and salts 
are good, equal parts. Or cream of tartar alone, one to two drams, 
with lemon juice in water in repeated doses. Digitalis and squill, of 
each one grain to cause great flow of urine. Infusion of digitalis is 
also good to increase flow of urine, when the heart is the real cause 
of the ascites. These treatments take the liquids away through the 
proper channels, the bowels and kidneys. 

Ascites caused by an Ovarian Tumor. — The tumor must be 
removed. I am not in favor of indiscriminate operating, but opera- 
tions often save lives. I remember one case in which I very strongly 
urged the lady to have an operation performed. It was a case of 
ascites, caused, as I was sure, by a tumor of the ovary. The lady, as 
almost all people do, — and I do not blame them for it, — dreaded even 
the thought of an operation, but she was finally compelled to have an 
operation or die. She filled so full that it was almost impossible for 
her to breathe. She went away from home in terrible shape, almost 



136 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

out oi breath, and returned home a well woman and has remained so. 
Such cases formerly died. But not all cases of ascites can be cured 
by an operation, it depends upon the cause. In many cases all one 
can do is to doctor the cause, if that cannot be removed, make the 
patient's remaining days as com.fortable as possible. 

DISEASES OF THE RECTUM AND ANUS.— The lovrer part 
of the alimentary canal is called the rectum, originally meaning 
straight. It is not straight in the human animal. It is six to eight 
inches long. The anus is the lower opening of the rectum. In health 
it is closed by the external Sphincter (closing muscle). Disease 
may wear this muscle out and then the anus remains open, causing 
the contents of the bowel to move involuntary. 

CONSTIPATION. Causes.— 1. Mechanical obstruction. 

2. Defective motion of the bowels. 

3. Deficient bowel secretions. 

4. Other causes. Mechanical obstruction. — Anything that will 
hinder the free and easy passage oi the feces i bowel contents). Too 
tight external sphincter i rectum) muscle, stricture, tumors, etc. 
Bending of the womb on the bowel. 

Defective Worm-like Bowel Movement. — Irregular habits of living 
head the list causing this defective action. Every one should promptly 
attend to Nature's call. Some people wait until the desire for stool 
has all o^one. and in that wav the "habit" of the bowels is graduallv 
lost. Every one should go to stool at a certain regular time each 
day, and at any other time when Nature calls. If a person heeds this 
call of Nature, the call will come regularly at the proper time, say 
every morning after breakfast. If these sensations (Nature's calls) 
are ignored day after day, the mucous membrane soon loses its sen- 
sitiveness and the muscular coat its tonicity, and as a result, large 
quantities of fecal matter may accumulate in the sigmoid (part of the 
bowel't or in the rectum without exciting the least desire to emptv 
the bowels. Again, irregular time for eating and improper diet are 
liable to diminish this action also. Foods that contain very little 
liquid and those that do not leave much residue are liable to accumu- 
late in the bowel and at the same time press upon the rectum hard 
enough to produce a partial paralysis. 

Deficiency of the Secretions. — Many ci the causes that hinder 
worm-like motion are also likely to lessen the normal secretions of 
the bowel. Some kinds of liver diseases tend to lessen the secretions 
of the bowel, because the amount of bile emptied into the bowel is 
lessened. Sometimes the glands of the intestine are rendered less 
active by disease and other causes. 

Sundry Causes. — Diabetes, melancholy, insanity, old asre. parahsis, 
lead poisoning and some troubles of local origin,' like fissure of' the 
rectum, ulceration, stricture and polypus. 



DIGEST HE ORu.lXS 137 

Symptoms. — Headache, inattention to business, loss of menujry, 
melancholy, sallow complexion, indigestion, loss of appetite, nervous 
symptoms. Spasmodic muscular contraction of the external sphincter. 
The bowel contents press upon it; spasm of this sphincter muscle 
is frequently brought on by the presence of a crack in the mucous 
membrane, caused by injury inflicted during expulsion of hard- 
ened feces. Instead of aiding a bowel movement, the muscles 
now present an obstruction beyond control of the will and aggravate 
the condition. The most frequent cause of disease of the rectum is 
constipation and anyone of the following local diseases of the rectum 
and anus may be a symptom of constipation. (1) Fissure or cracl; 
of the anus. (2) Ulceration. (3) Hemorrhoids (piles). (4) Pro- 
lapse (falling). (5) Neuralgia. (G) Proctitis and periproctitis. 

Fissure of the anus Is a common local symptom of constipation. 
The feces accumulate when the bowels do not move for a few days, 
the watery portion is absorbed ; they become dry, hard, lumpy, and 
very difficult to expel, frequently making a rent (tear) in the mucous 
membrane and resulting eventually in an irritable fissure. Ulceration 
of the rectum and the sigmoid (part of the bowel) is a symptom of 
persistent constipation, because the pressure exerted upon the nour- 
ishing blood vessels by the fecal mass causes local death of the tissues. 

Hemorrhoids (Piles) may be produced by constipation in sev- 
eral ways; first by obstruction to the return of the venous (dark) 
blood. Second, by venous engorgement (filling up) of the hemor- 
rhoidal veins during violent and prolonged straining at stool. Third, 
as a result of the general looseness of the tissues in those suffering 
from constipation. 

Prolapse (Falling of the Bowel). — This falling of the rectum 
may be partial or complete, and may be caused by straining or by the 
downward pressure exerted by the fecal mass during the emptying 
movement of the bowel. It may also be the result of a partial paralysis 
of the bowel caused by pressure of the feces upon the nerves. 

Proctitis and Peri-Proctitis. — Inflammation of the rectum and sur- 
rounding tissue that may or may not terminate in an abscess and fis- 
tula, sometimes follows injury to the very sensitive mucous membrane 
by the hardened feces. 

Neuralgia of the Rectum. — This may sometimes result from the 
pressure of the fecal mass upon the nearby nerves causing jiain in the 
sacrum coccyx (bones). 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Constipation, a Good Substitute 
for Pills and Drugs. — *'Two ounces each of figs, dates, raisins, and 
prunes (without pits) one-half ounce senna leaves. Grind through 
meat chopper, and mix thoroughly by kneading. Break off pieces 
(about a level teaspoonful) and form into tablets. Wrap each in a 
wax paper and keep in covered glass jars, in a cool place. Dose. — 
One at night to keep the bowels regular. Very pleasant to take." 



138 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

2. Constipation, Substitute for Castor Oil. — 'Take good clean 
figs, and stew them very slowly in olive oil until plump and tender, 
then add a little honey and a little lemon juice, and allow the syrup 
to boil thick. Remarks. — Keep this in a covered glass jar and when a 
dose of castor oil seems necessary, a single fig will answer every pur- 
pose. Not unpleasant to take." 

3. Constipation, Hot Water for. — ''A cup of hot water, as hot as 
one can drink it, a half an hour before breakfast." The hot water 
thoroughly rinses the stomach and helps the bowels to carry off all 
the impurities. 

4. Constipation. Excellent Nourishment for Old People. — *'A 

tablespoonful of olive oil three times a day internally for weak or 
very old people: it can be injected, — used as an enema." Olive oil will 
be found very beneficial for young people as well as old. It acts as 
a food for the whole system and is very nourishing. 

5. Constipation, Salt and Water for. — "A pinch of salt in a glass 
of water taken before breakfast every morning. I have found it a 
very good remedy." This is a remedy easily obtained in any home 
and will be found very helpful. Few people seem to realize how valu- 
able salt is as a medicine. It acts as a stimulant and loosens the 
bowels. 

6. Constipation, Water Cure for. — ''Drink a quantity of water 
on retiring and during the day." This simple home remedy has been 
known to cure stubborn cases of constipation if kept up faithfully. 

7. Constipation, Tonic and Standard Remedy for. — "Calomel one 
ounce, wild cherry bark one ounce, Peruvian bark one ounce, Turkish 
rhubarb ground one ounce, make this into one quart with water, then 
put in sufficient alcohol to keep it." Dose : — Take a small teaspoonful 
each morning when the bowels need regulating, or you need a stim- 
ulating tonic. 

8. Constipation, Glycerin and V/itch-Hazel Remedy Where 
Castor Oil Failed. — "Equal parts of glycerin and w4tch-hazel." 
Dose : — One teaspoonful every night at bedtime. In severe cases 
w^here you have been unable to get a movement of the bowels by the 
use of other cathartics, take a teaspoonful ever}' two hours until the 
bowels move freely. This remedy has been known to cure when cas- 
tor oil and other remedies have failed. 

9. Constipation, Well-known Remedy for. — 

*Tluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 1 ounce 

Syrup Rhubarb 1 ounce 

Simple Syrup 2 ounces 

Mix." 

One teaspoonful at night or fifteen drops four times a day for an adult. 



DIGESTIlli ORGANS I39 

10. Constipation, Effective Remedy, in the most Stubborn Cases 
of— 

"Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 1 ounce 

Fluid ICxtract Wahoo 1 ounce 

Neutralizing Cordial 2 ounces 

Mix." 

Adults may take a teaspoonful of this mixture before retiring, this will 
be found very elfective in the most stubborn cases of constipation. 

11. Constipation, Remedy from a Mother at Lee, Massachusetts. — 

"Senna Leaves 3^ pound 

English Currants K pound 

Figs % pound 

Brown Sugar 1 large cup 

Chop all together fine. Dose: — One-fourth to one-half tea- 
spoonful every night. Do not cook. The best remedy 1 know." 

12. Constipation, Fruit and Hot Water Cure for. — "Drink a pint 
of hot water in the morning before eating. Eat fruit, plenty of apples, 
eat apples in the evening, and they will loosen the bowels. Chew 
them fine, mix with saliva." 

13. Constipation, Herb Tea for. — "One ounce senna leaves 
steeped in one-half pint of hot water, with a teaspoonful of ginger 
powdered ; strain. This is a most certain and effective purge, and mild 
in its action upon the bowels. Dose : — A cupful at bedtime. This is 
far superior to salts." 

14. Constipation, Purshiana Bark Tea Without an Equal for. — 

"An infusion of one ounce of purshiana bark to one pint of boiling 
water ; infuse for one hour and strain. It stands without an equal in 
the treatment of constipation in all its varied forms. Dose : — One tea- 
spoonful, morning and evening according to symptoms or until the 
bowels are thoroughly regulated." This is fine for constipation, espe- 
cially if of long standing. It may be used in connection with cascara. 
This will give relief when other remedies fail. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Constipation.— Too much re- 
liance has been placed upon medicine in the treatment of this disease 
and too little attention given to diet, and the establishment of regular 
habits in eating, exercising, sleeping and attending to the calls of 
Nature. Also, local disease of the rectum has been overlooked until of 
late years. Remedies of a laxative and cathartic nature soon lose their 
power and the dose must be repeated or a new remedy must be given. 
This method of treatment is wxll recommended and is very good. 

1 — Stretching of the sphincter. 

2 — Frequent rectal and abdominal massage. 

3 — Copious injection of warm water (in the beginning only). 

4 — Application of electricity over the abdomen and In the rectum. 
In addition to this treatment which must be carried out by a physician 



140 MOTHERS- REMEDIES 

the patient must observe the following rules : Go to stool daily, and 
as near the same time as is convenient, correct errors of diet. Drink 
an abundance of water and eat sufficient fruit. Take plenty of out- 
door exercise ; take a cold bath every morning followed by a thorough 
rubbing. Dress warmly in winter and cool in summer. Change of 
temperature or climate if the case demands it. Be temperate in all 
things affecting the general health. Stretching the sphincter must be 
done carefully, but in a thorough manner. It can only be done prop- 
erly by an experienced person. Stretching of the sphincter closes the 
opening so that the feces are not passed at all times. It is circular in 
shape. Sometimes this grows larger, stiffer, or it acts spasmodically. 
The opening is often so tight in some people that it is difficult to 
introduce even a finger, and it frequently produces a spasm of pain in 
the bowels, stomach and head to do so. This kind will produce con- 
stipation or make it worse. In such cases it should be stretched thor- 
oughly but carefully so that the muscle will be able to close the open- 
ing and the bowel contents will not pass at any time unhindered. 
There are two methods of stretching the muscle — forcible or gradual. 
The forcible method is generally done by inserting the two thumbs 
into the anus and stretching the muscle thoroughly in every direction 
until there is no resistance. (Dilators are made for this purpose, but 
unless they are very carefully used they will tear the muscle). The 
forcible method should be done under an anesthetic. Gradual stretch- 
ing is done when an anesthetic cannot be used. It is better to do too 
little than to do too much at the first sitting. The muscle is very 
stubborn sometimes, and it requires careful handling or the irritability 
will be increased. An instrument in the hands of a careful man is all 
right. They can be stretched by the fingers or the AVales' bougie, 
thus : Patients should come to the office two or three times a week, 
the instrument (bougies) are introduced and allowed to remain within 
the bowel until the muscle resistance is overcome, and many times 
their withdrawal will soon be followed by a copious stool. Forcible 
stretching is seldom required more than once, if a large sized instru- 
ment is used from time to time afterward, just as in gradual stretch- 
ing; when thorough dilatation has been accomplished the muscle in- 
stead of acting as an impassable barrier to the discharge of the feces, 
now offers only passive resistance, but sufficiently strong, however, to 
prevent any unpleasant accidents, yet not strong enough to resist the 
power of the expulsory muscles when the latter are brought into full 
play during stool. Large quantities of feces do not now accumiilate ; 
consequently the pressMre upon the mucous membrane and neighboring 
nerves is eliminated, and the bowel regains its normal sensibility and 
strength. There are now sold dilators in sets for self use in almost 
every drug store. These when used continuously do good and suc- 
cessful work. 

Abdominal Massage. (Kneading, Rubbing, etc.).— This is an 
essential feature in the treatment. It was practiced by Hippocrates 
hundreds of years ago. Place the patient in the recumbent position 



DIGESTIVE ORGANS 141 

upon a tabic which can be so manipulated that the head may be raised 
or lowered, the body rolled from side to side. Gentle but firm pres- 
sure is then made with the palm of the hand and the ball of the thumb 
over the large intestine beginning in the lower right groin region. 
Then go up to the ribs on the right side, then over the body to the 
same place on the left side and down to the left lower side and center, 
accompanying the pressure by kneading the parts thoroughly with the 
fingers. Repeat this several times for about ten to twelve minutes. 
At first this should be practised every day ; later twice a week. Spe- 
cial treatment should be given the small intestines and liver when the 
bile and intestinal secretion are lessened. In children gentle rubbing 
of the abdomen with circular movements from right to left with a 
little oil for ten minutes daily will help to increase the action of the 
bowels and often bring on a normal movement. 

Copious Warm Water Injections. — This is good at the beginning 
of the treatment when the feces become packed. They soften the 
mass and aid its discharge. The water must go above the rectum into 
the colon. To do this a colon tube from eighteen to twenty-four 
inches long, a good syringe (the Davidson bulb) hard rubber piston or 
a fountain syringe, the nozzle of which can be inserted into the tube, 
are required. The patient is placed in the lying down position on the 
left side with knees drawn up, with the hips elevated. Oil the tube 
and pass it gently and slowly up the bowel for a few inches until it 
meets with a slight obstruction. A few ounces of water are then 
forced through the tube and at the same time pressure is made upward 
with the tube ; by these means the obstruction will be lifted out of the 
way each time the tube meets with resistance ; the procedure must be 
repeated until the tube is well within the colon. Attach the syringe 
to the tube and allow the water to run until the colon is distended. 
A quart to a gallon of warm water can be used depending upon the 
age and amount of feces present. The water should be retained as 
long as possible. 

The injections should be continued daily until all the feces has 
been removed. They should not be used for weeks as has been rec- 
ommended. If soap suds are used in the enema, green or soft soar* 
should be used, not the hard soap. 

Electricity. — One pole may be placed over the spinal column and 
the other moved about over the course of the colon, or one over the 
spine and the other over the rectum. 

Again constipation is caused by the womb lying upon the rectum. 
Change this condition. (See diseases of women). 

Rules. — Patients should go to stool daily at the same hour, usually 
after the morning meal. You can educate the bowel to act daily at 
the same hour or after breakfast ; or on the other hand not more than 
once in two or three days in those who are careless in their habits. 
Some patients need to have two or three movements daily in order to 



142 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

feel well. It may take time to educate the bowels to do this, but it 
can be done in many cases and many persons become constipated 
because they put off attending to the educated bowel's call, and often 
produce constipation by carelessness. It is surprising how many edu- 
cated people put off this duty ; Nature neglected, soon ceases to call. 
If constipated persons will persevere in going to the closet at or near 
the same time every day and devote their entire time while there to 
the expulsion of the fecal contents, and not make it a reading room, 
they will bring about the desired result. Patients are apt to become 
discouraged at first; they should be informed that the final result of 
the treatment is not influenced by the failure of the bowel to act reg- 
ularly during the first few days. Do not strain to expel the stool. 

Corrections of Errors in Diet. — This is one of the necessary feat- 
ures in the treatment. All kinds of foods known to disagree should 
be discarded. The foods should be easily digested. In children the 
diet should be rich in fats, albuminoids and sugar, but poor in starches. 
A reasonable amount of fruits such as apples, oranges, and figs should 
be allowed. Meals should be at regular hours. Foods that can be 
used: 

May Take- 
Soups. — Meat broths, oyster soup. 

Fish. — Boiled fish of all kinds, raw oysters. 

Meats. — Almost any fresh tender meat, poultry, game, not fried. 

Farinaceous. — Oatmeal, wheaten grits, mush, hominy, whole 
wheat bread, corn bread, graham bread, rye bread. 

Vegetables. — Boiled onions, brussels sprouts, spinach, cauliflower, 
potatoes, asparagus, green corn, green peas, string beans, salads with 
oil. 

Desserts. — Stewed prunes, figs, baked apples with cream, ripe 
peaches, pears, oranges, apples, melons, grapes, cherries, raisins, honey, 
plain puddings, fig puddings, apple charlotte. 

Drinks. — Plenty of pure water, cold or hot, new cider, buttermilk, 
orange juice, unfermented grape juice. 

Must Not Take- 
Salt, smoked, potted or preserved fish or meats, pork, liver, eggs, 
new^ bread, puddings of rice or sago, pastry, milk, sweets, tea, nuts, 
cheese, pineapple, spirituous liquors. 

Foods classed as laxatives are honey, cider, molasses, and acid 
fruits, such as apples, pears, peaches, cherries, and oranges. Berries 
are effective laxatives on account of the acids and seeds they contain, 
(Huckleberries are constipating). Prunes, dates and figs are good 
and effective, also fruit juices. 

Drinks. — There are few laxatives better than a glass of cold water 
or preferably hot water, taken upon an empty stomach before break- 



DIGESTIl'E ORG.IXS I43 

fast; water prevents the feces from becoming dry and massed, and 
stimulates the intestinal movements. A pinch of salt added to the 
water increases its effectiveness. 

Out-door Exercise. — This should be taken regularly and freely. 

Bathing. — The best time is before breakfast, and in as cold water 
as possible. The bath should be followed by a thorough rubbing of 
the skin with a Turkish towel. 

Clothing. — Warm clothing in winter; cool clothing in summer. 
Cold weather induces constipation, and warm weather diarrhea. Mod- 
erate manner of living is everything. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Constipation. 1. One year to 
three years. — For infants one teaspoonful or less of black molasses or 
store syrup, or of olive oil ; and Mellin's food eaten dry, is good for 
babies a year and older. 

2. Small Children. — Increase cream in the milk, give oatmeal or 
barley water. Castile soap suppository, enema, massage, castor oil, or 
citrate of magnesia if drugs are needed. 

3. Older Children. — In older children, fruit, oatmeal, etc. Black 
molasses is good for children, one to two teaspoonfuls. 

4. Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada. — Dose: ten to sixty drops 
at night. This is good for a great many cases and sometimes it cures 
the trouble, but on the other hand it seems to injure some people. 

5. The Aromatic Cascara is also good ; doses are larger and pleas- 
ant to take. This is more agreeable for children. 

6. The Compound Licorice Powder is a mild, simple laxative and 
effertive. It is composed of senna eighteen parts, licorice root powder 
sixteen parts, fennel eight parts, washed sulphur eight parts, sugar 
fifty parts. Dose : — One to two teaspoonfuls. 

7. For one dose, or one capsule, the proportions would be: 

ONE AMOUNT FOR 

CAPSULE ONE DOZEN 

Aloin H grain 3 grains 

Extract of Belladonna yg grain IJ^ grains 

Extract Nux Vomica % grain 3 grains 

Powdered Gentian 3 grains 36 grains 

Mix and put up in twelve capsules and take one at night. 

There are many tablets and pills made that can be bought at any 
drug store. No doubt some of them are first class, though perhaps not 
attaining to that high degree of virtue claimed in their advertising 
columns. 

ITCHING OF THE ANUS. (Itching Piles) (Pruritus ani).— 
Causes. — An inherited or an acquired nervous constitution. Disease of 
the colon, rectum or anus. Improper diet. Skin affections in that 
region. Operations about the rectum and anus with resulting dis- 



144 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

charge sometimes. Diseases in the neighboring organs. Disease of 
the general system. Diarrhea, discharge of mucus and pus, fissure, 
etc. Irregular habits and dissipation. Over-seasoned foods such as 
lobster, salmon, shell-fish and foods containing much grease or starch 
are especially conducive to it; the same is true of tea, coffee, cocoa, 
strong alcoholic drinks. Skin diseases, lice, pin worms often cause it. 

After Operations. — Some part has not healed, and there is left an 
irritating discharge. 

Symptoms. — There is intense itching at the anus, increased by 
warmth, and contact of the buttocks. The itching grows worse after 
the patient becomes warm in bed. It may spread and extend to the 
scrotum, down the limbs and sometimes over the lower back. 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT FOR ITCHING OF ANUS. 
Preventive and Palliative. 

DIET. — ^May Take. — Strong drink must be prohibited; tea, coffee, 
cocoa, if used at all should be sparingly used. A light diet such as 
bread, milk, eggs, nourishing soups, kumiss and a little fresh fish, broiled 
steak, etc., may be used. 

May Not Take — Hot cakes, pastry, parsnips, cheese, pickles, beans, 
cucumbers, cabbage, oatmeal, pork, shell-fish, salmon, lobster, salt 
fish, confectionery and starchy or highly seasoned foods are to be 
prohibited. Regular meals, no lunches between meals, and the patient 
must not over-eat at any time. Long course dinners and over-indul- 
gence in highly seasoned foods and wines aggravate it. 

Remedies for Bath. — The bowels should move daily and the parts 
should be kept clean. The parts should be bathed with hot water or 
weak solutions of carbolic acid, alcohol or listerine, the heat being 
especially soothing. Bathing the parts with bran, oatmeal, flaxseed, 
salt, rice, slippery elm teas, or tar water adds much comfort to these 
parts. Do not wash much with soapy water. 

1. Separate the Buttocks with Gauze, a thin layer of cotton or a 
piece of soft cloth. This eases the soreness, pain and itching by ab- 
sorbing the secretions and preventing irritations while walking. " The 
patient should not scratch the parts. Direct pressure over the itching 
parts with a soft cloth, or by drawing a well oiled cloth across the 
sore parts several times gives relief. 

2. Dr. Allingham Recommends the introduction of a bony or 
ivory nipple-shaped plug into the anus before going to bed. It is 
self retaining, about two inches in length, and as thick as the end of 
the index finger. He claims it prevents the night itching by pressing 
upon the many veins and terminal nerve fibres of the parts. When 
the rawness is extensive and the parts are highly inflamed, the patient 
should be kept to bed and kept on his back with the limbs separated 
until the irritation is allayed. 



DIGESTIVE ORuAKS 145 

3. Local Applications. — Soothing remedies: These can be used 
when the parts are inflamed and raw. Lead and opium wash, or boric 
acid, or linseed oil, or starch, or cocaine, and zinc stcarate with boric 
acid. This form of zinc adheres to the parts when rubbed on, and is 
thus more valuable. 

4. The following is good to dust in the parts: — 

Boric Acid 2 drams 

Stearate of Zinc 2 drams 

Talcum 1 dram 

Apply as a dusting powder. 

5. The following is good for the raw parts : — 

Carbolic Acid 1 scruple 

Menthol 10 grains 

Camphor 10 grains 

Suet enough to make 1 ounce 

Mix. Apply freely two or three times daily after cleansing 
the parts. Melt the suet and when partially cold, add the 
other ingredients. 

6. The following is good for the itching and to heal the raw sur- 
faces : — 

Carbolic acid 1 dram 

Zinc oxide 1 dram 

Glycerin 3 drams 

Lime water 8 ounces 

Mix and apply once or twice daily to relieve the itching. 

7. Carbolic acid 1 dram 

Calamin prep 2 drams 

Zinc oxide 4 drams 

Glycerin 6 drams 

Lime water 1 ounce 

Rose water enough to make 8 ounces 

Mix. Keep in contact with the itching area by means of 
gauze or cotton while the itching is intense. 

8. For injections into the rectum for rawness of the mucous mem- 
brane, the following is well recommended. Use three drams of this 
at one time. 

Fluid extract Witch Hazel 2 ounces 

Fluid extract Ergot 2 drams 

Fluid extract Golden Seal 2 drams 

Compound tincture Benzoin 2 drams 

Carbolized Olive or Linseed Oil 1 ounce 

Carbolic acid 5 per cent 

Mix and shake well before using. 

9. For the same purpose: — 

Ichthyol 1 dram 

Olive oil 1 ounce 

Mix and apply in the rectum on a piece of cotton. 

PILES. (Hemorrhoids). — Haemorrhoid is derived from two Greek 
words, meaing blood and flowing with blood. "Pile" is from 



146 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

a Greek word meaning a ball or globe. Hemorrhoids, or piles, are 
varicose tumors involving the veins, capillaries of the mucous m.em- 
branes and tissue directly underneath the mucous membrane of the 
lower rectum, characterized by a tendency to bleed and protrude. 
They were known in the time of Moses. 

Varieties. — There are the external (covered by the skin) and the 
internal (covered by mucous membrane). 

Causes. — Heredity. More frequent in males. Women sometimes 
suffer from them during pregnancy. Usually occurs between the ages 
of twenty-five and fifty. Sedentary life, irregular habits, high-grade 
wines and liquors, hot and highly seasoned and stimulating foods. 
Heavy lifting. Those who must remain on their feet long or sit on 
hard unventilated seats for several hours at a time. Railway em- 
ployes, because they take their meals any time and cannot go to stool 
when Nature calls, causing constipation. Purgatives and enemata 
used often and for a long time. Constipation is perhaps the most fre- 
quent cause : when a movement of the bowels is put off for a consid- 
erable time the feces accumulate and become hard and lump}' and 
difficult to expel. If this hard mass is retained in the rectum, it 
presses upon the blood vessels interfering with their circulation and 
by bruising the vessels may induce an inflammation of the veins when 
the hardened feces are expelled ; straining is intense, the mass closes 
the vessels above by pressure and forces the blood downward into the 
veins, producing dilatation when the force is sufficient. One or more 
of the small veins near the anus may rupture and cause a bloody (vas- 
cular) tumor beneath the mucous membrane or skin. 

External Piles. — Two kinds, venous piles and skin or simple en- 
larged tags of skin. Venous piles usually occur in robust persons. 
They come on suddenly and are caused by the rupture of one or more 
small veins during the expulsion of hardened feces. There may be one 
or more, and may be located just at the union of the mucous membrane 
and the skin. Their size is from a millet-seed to a cherry, livid or 
dark blue in color, and appear like bullets or small shots under the 
skin. At first they cause a feeling of swelling at the margin of the 
anus ; but as the clot becomes larger and harder, there is a feeling of 
the presence of a foreign body in the lower part of the anal canal (or 
canal of the anus). The sphincter muscle resents this and occasion- 
ally contracts, spasmodically at first, producing a drawing feeling: later 
these contractions become longer and more frequent, and there is 
intense suffering caused by the pile being squeezed, and this suffering 
may be so great that sleep is impossible without an opiate. Because 
of the straining, irritation of the rectum and pain in the sphincter, the 
piles soon become highly inflamed and very sensitive. The clot may 
be absorbed without any treatment. Occasionally it becomes ulcer- 
ated from the irritation, infection takes place and an abscess forms 
around the margin of the anus terminatinof in a fistrla. 



DICESTirE OR6ASS 147 

Skin Piles, (Cutaneous). — These are enlarged lags of the skin. 
They frequently follow the absorption of the clot in the venous piles 
where the skm is bruised and stretched. There may be one or many 
and osoally have the skin color. These cause less suffering than the 
▼enous varier>-, and sometimes they exist for years, without any trou- 
ble, providing care is taken ; but when bruised from any cause, such as 
a kick or fall, sitting on a hard seat, stretching of the parts during 
stool, or when they become irritated by discharges from the rectum 
or vagina, they become inflamed and cause much annoyance and pain. 
When they are acutely inflamed they swell greatly, are highly colored, 
swollen, painful, and extremely sensitive to the touch and cause fre- 
quent spasmodic contractions of the sphincter muscle and cay Anally 
result in an abscess. The pain is usually confined to the region of the 
anus, but msy ^? ::r t!"- '-~-::-: d:"-r. the !:mbs or to the privates. 

MOTHERS RE::ZI IS FOR PILES. Sulphur and Glycerin 
for. — ^*'Eqi: - r'ycerin. Grease pans.*' 

This prepi:-: - :. n^-. ir_ :ften give relief even in 

severe cases. 

iL Piles. Strc-r!-, Recc-ntenced Re-edv for.— 



15 grains 

:cah?« 5 grains 



In : : - :::ng. itching and blind piles, this ointment will give you 
^'.~ts: ir.f ir.: relief. If kept up several days it will promote a cure." 

2 r'l-s. Gz-z-d Sahre for- — ^^ed precipitate two and one-half 

r : : z . r. : : r. e dram, best cosmoline three ounces, white 

., ^-. ...- r-^. one dram." It is much better to have 

this sa!ve : : as it is di£Bcult to mix at home. This 

■* 1 ■ : " ^ : ^ for inflammation. 

^ ~ t ^ ted Salve for. — ^"Boil together two ounces of 

' : 1 : : ' ounce smartwreed root. Apply this to the piles 
u.:^. _. - -_- : r t~ :-. lay" This is very healing, and has been known 
to cure in Tr.ir. :irrr ^^ en taken in the early stages. 

5. Pile^ t C li V'='er Cure for. — ^"Take about a half pint of 
cold watt' ::^r. every morning before trying to have 
a move' > simple treatment has cured many 
cases V....:. .... .- :.^. :^ cl(^ rrz he'n. 

6. Piles. Si~ple Azz'.-.zir.z-. ir.i ?e e: : :~. — "Mix together one 

zahi dower of sulphur. Apply 

7. Piles. Stearr - vith Ch= Tea for. — *\\ tea made of 
chamcr: : - - is excellent ; after using 
the ikL ess rectum back gently." 



148 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Piles.— What to do first— 

The palliative treatment of both varieties of external piles is the same. 
In all cases the patient should lie flat on his back in bed and remain 
there for a few days. Highly seasoned foods and stimulants, tea, cof- 
fee, whisky, wine, etc., must be discarded. Secure a dail}' half liquid 
stool by the use of small doses of salts, Hunyadi or Abilena water. 
Cleansing the parts with weak castile soap water is essential to allay 
the pain, reduce the inflammation and soothe the sphincter muscle; 
cold, or if it is more agreeable, hot applications may be kept con- 
stantly on the parts. Hot fomentations of hops, smartweed, worm- 
wood, or poultice of flaxseed, or slippery elm^ or bread and milk give 
almost instant relief in many cases ; while in others soothing lotions, 
and ointments or suppositories are needed. 

The lead and laudanum wash is always reliable. 

Lead and Laudanum Wash. — 

Solution of Subacetate of Lead 4 drams 

Laudanum 2^ drams 

Distilled water enough to make 4 ounces 

Mix thoroughly and apply constantly ice cold on cotton to 
the sore parts. 

The following ointments, lotions, and suppositories to be used 
freely within the bowels and to the piles, are effective in relieving the 
pain, reducing inflammation and diminishing pain and spasm in the 
sphincter 

1. Ointment of Stramomium 1^ drams 

Ointment of Belladonna 2J/2 drams 

Ointment of Tannic Acid 5^ ounce 

Mix thoroughly and apply inside and outside the anus. 

2. Morphine Sulphate 3 grains 

Calomel 12 grains 

Vaselin 1 ounce 

This must be thoroughly mixed. Apply freely within the 
anus and to the piles. Good for the pain. 

3. For External Piles cleanse them well with a sponge dipped in 
cold water, and then bathe them with distilled extract of witch hazel. 

4. If there is much itching with the piles use the following 
salve : — 

^fenthol 20 grains 

Calomel 30 grains 

Vaselin 1 ounce 

Mix and apply to the piles. 

5. I use quite frequently the following for sore external piles: 

Chloroform 

Sweet oil Equal parts 

Apply freely with cotton or on to the piles. Ten cents will 
buy enough to u3c 



DIGESTIl'E ORGANS 149 

Operation for Piles. — When these measures do not relieve the 
pains or the piles become inflamed from slight causes and often, it is 
best to operate. This can be done in a few minutes with a local 
anesthetic and the patient frequently goes to sleep afterward, almost 
free from pain. Inject a three per cent, solution of eucaine, or six 
per cent, solution of cocaine. Thoroughly cleanse the part and hold 
the buttocks apart, pierce the pile at its base with a thin sharp-pointed 
curved knife, laying it open from side to side. Remove the clot with 
a curette, cauterize the vessel and pack the cavity with gauze to pre- 
vent bleeding and to secure drainage. 

Cutaneous (skin) piles are operated upon as follows. — Each one 
is grasped in turn w^ith a pair of strong forceps and snipped oti with 
the scissors, or removed with a knife. Close the wound with sutures, 
if necessary, and dress it with gauze. Small ones need no sutures. 
Be careful not to remove too much tissue. Much after-pain can be 
prevented by placing in the rectum a suppository containing one-half 
grain of opium or cocaine before either of the above operations are 
performed. The after treatment is quite simple. Keep the patient 
quiet, cleanse the parts frequently, and secure a soft daily stool. 
Cleanse with tepid boiled water with clean sterilized gauze and give 
salts in small doses, one to two drams to produce a stool. 

INTERNAL PILES. Symptoms.— The two prominent sympr- 
toms are bleeding and pain. The bleeding is usually dark. It may be 
slight and appear as streaks upon the feces or toilet paper; it may be 
moderate and ooze from the anus for some time after a stool, or it 
may be so profuse as to cause the patient to faint from loss of blood 
while the "bowels are moving." Death may follow in such a case 
unless the bleeding is stopped. The blood may look fresh and fluid 
or if retained for some time, it looks like coffee grounds, sometimes 
mixed with mucus and pus. Patients who bleed profusely become pale 
and bloodless, and are very nervous and gloomy and they believe they 
are suffering from cancer or some other incurable trouble. The first 
the patient notices he has internal piles is when a small lump appears 
at the end of the bowel during a stool and returns spontaneously ; 
afterwards the lump again protrudes after the stool and others may- 
appear. They become larger and larger, come down oftener and no 
longer return spontaneously, but must be replaced after each stool 
As a result of this handling, they grow sensitive, swollen, inflamed 
and ulcerated, and the sphincter muscle becomes irritable. Later on 
one or more of the piles are caught in the grasp of the sphincter muscle 
and rapidly increases in size. It is then hard to relieve them, and 
when returned they act as foreign bodies, excite irritation and they 
are almost constantly expelled and the same procedure goes on at 
each stool. The sphincter muscle contracts so tightly around them 
as to cause strangulation and unless properly treated they become gan- 
grenous and slough off. 



150 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Recovery, Pain, etc. — The pain is not great in the early stages, 
but when the muscle grasps and contracts the pile or piles it becomes 
terrible and constant. Piles rarely end fatally. Palliative treatment 
does not afford a permanent cure. They frequently return, but by 
care and diet many can be kept from returning so frequently. They 
should be treated upon their first appearance when the chances of a 
permanent cure without an operation are much better. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Internal Piles.— What to do 
first. The cause should be removed. Restore a displaced womb. 
Regulate the bowels, liver, diet, and habits. Much can be accom- 
plished by these measures if properly used, in allaying inflammation 
diminishing pain and reducing the size of the piles. These measures 
will not cure them if they are large, overgrown and protruding. When 
the piles are inflamed, strangulated or ulcerated, the patient should 
remain in bed in a recumbent position and hot fomentations of hops, 
etc., and hot poultices, of flaxseed, slipper}* elm. bread and milk, the 
ice bag. or soothing applications and astringent remedies, should be 
applied to the parts. In some cases cold applications are the best. 
The cold or astringent applications give the best results where the 
piles are simply inflamed and the sphincter muscle does not act spas- 
modically, jerkily. But when the piles are strangulated, "choked 
tight" by the sphincter muscle, hot fomentations, poultices and sooth- 
ing remedies give the most relief, because they reduce spasmodic con- 
tractions of the muscle and allay the pain. Instead of the poultices 
and fomentations, the "sitz" bath can be used. Put in the steaming 
water, hops, catnip, tansy, pennyroyal, etc.. and the steam arising will 
frequently give great relief. This can be given frequently ; ten to 
twenty drops of laudanum can be added to the poultices when the 
piles are very painful. 

1. For inflamed piles, the following combinations may be used : — 

Sulphate of Morphine S grains 

Calomel 12 grains 

Vaselin 1 ounce 

^^ix thoroughly and apply freely around the anus and in the 
rectum on the piles. 

The external parts should always be bathed with hot water, thor- 
oughly, before using. 

2. Extract Opium 14 dram 

Cocaire Hydrochlorate 10 grains 

Menthol 20 grains 

Ointment of Zinc Oxide 1 ounce 

Mix and apply directly .o the piles. (Dr. Gant). 

3. When there is a slight bleeding, water of witch-hazel extract, 
one to two ounces to be injected into the rectum. This witch-hazel 
water freely used is good for external piles also. This is good and 
well recommended. 

4. If the protruded pile is inflamed and hard to push back, the 
following is good and recommended highly : — 



DIGEST HE ORGANS 151 

Chlorctoiic . . 1 'Irani 

Iodoform 1 dram 

Extract Opium 30 grains 

Petrolatum 1 ounce 

Mix and use as a salve. 

6. An ointment composed of equal parts of fine-cut tobacco and 
raisins, seedless, chopped fine and mixed with enoiip^h lard, makes a 
good ointment to apply on both external and internal piles. 

6. Tea of white oak bark, boiled down so as to be stronp^, and 
mixed with lard and applied frequently, is good as an astringent, but 
not for the very painful kind. It will take down the swelling. 

7. Take a rectal injection of cold water before the regular daily 
stool. This will soften the feces and decrease the congestion. 

Preventive Treatment. — This is very important and includes habits 
and diet and other diseases. If the patient is thin and pale give tonics. 
Correct any disease of any neighboring organ. Attend to any disease 
that may be present. 

For Constipation. — Take a small dose of salts or hunyadi water 
so as to have one semi-solid stool daily. If necessary remove any 
feces that may even then be retained, by injections of soap suds or 
warm water containing oil. Discontinue injections as soon as a daily 
full stool can be had without it. 

Habits. — Full-blooded people should not use upholstered chairs 
as the heat of the body relaxes the tissues of the rectum. A cane 
seated chair is best or an air cushion with a hollow center. It is best 
to rest in bed, if possible, after stool for the rest relieves the conges- 
tion and soreness. An abundance of out-door exercise, when the piles 
are not present, or bad, consisting of walking or simple gymnastics 
may usually be indulged in; violent gymnastics and horseback riding 
must be avoided. A daily stool must be secured. 

Diet. — Such patients should avoid alcoholic beverages, spiced 
foods, strong coffee, and tea, cheese, cabbage, and old beans. 

Foods Allowed. — Potatoes, carrots, spinach, asparagus, and wen 
salads, since they stimulate intestinal action and thus aid in keeping 
the stool soft. Stewed fruits, including grapes, oranges, pears, and 
apples. Water is the best to drink. Meats: tender broiled, boiled or 
baked beef — do not eat the inside part to any great amount. Other 
meats, but no pork or ham, fresh fish, chicken. The foods should not 
be too highly seasoned ; vinegar is not to be used to any extent and this 
excludes pickles, etc. 

PERIPROCTITIS. Abscess Around the Anus and Rectum. 
(Ano-rectal) (Ischio-rectal Abscess). — This is an iiitlammation of llic 
tissues around the rectum which usually terminates in the above named 
abscess. It occurs mostly in middle-aged people. Men are affected 
more often than women. 



152 . MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Causes. — Sitting in cold, damp hard seats; horseback riding, for- 
eign bodies in the rectum such as pins, fish-hooks, etc., blows on the 
part, kicks, tubercular constitution, etc. 

Symptoms. — Inflammation of the skin, like that of a big boil, 
some fever, throbbing pain, swelling of the part, heat and fullness in 
the rectum, these symptoms Increase until the pus finds an outlet into 
the rectum. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Periproctitis.— Little can be 
done in a palliative way. It generally terminates in an abscess. Make 
the patient as comfortable as possible, by applying cold or hot things 
to the part, rest in bed. mild laxatives to keep the bowels open. Cut 
it open as soon as possible, and it should be laid wide open, so that 
every part is broken up. Then it should be thoroughly washed and 
scraped out. Sometimes it is necessary to use pure carbolic acid to 
burn out the interior. The dressing should be as usual for such 
wounds and removed when soiled and the wound washed out with 
boiled water and then gauze loosely placed in the bottom and in every 
corner of the wound. The dressing should be continued until all has 
been healed from inside out. Be sure to leave no cotton in to heal 
over it. Such patients should be built up with nourishing foods, and 
should remain quietly in bed. Cod liver oil is good for some patients. 
Iron, etc., for others. Keep the bowels regular. Outdoor life and 
exercise. If treated right it should not return. 

FISTULA IN ANUS.— This usually follows the abscess. It has two 
openings, one upon the surface of the body near the anus, and the 
other in the rectum. There are a great many varieties of fistula, but 
it is unnecessary to name them. What can be done for them? 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— If the general health is good an 
operation is the best thing to do, but patients in the last stage of con- 
sumption, nephritis, diabetes, or organic heart disease, are not apt to 
receive much benefit from an operation. The patient in poor condi- 
tion should be given the treatment suitable to his condition, according 
to the advice of a trusted physician. 



DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER. 

KIDNEYS. — The kidneys are deeply placed and cannot be felt 
or distinctly identified when normal. They are most accessible to 
pressure just below the last rib, behind. The right kidney usually lies 
lower than does the left, but even then, the lower part of this kidnev 
is an inch above the upper part of the hip bone, or an inch above a 
line drawn around the body parallel with the navel. The kidney is 
about four inches long. The long axis of the kidneys corresponds to 
that of the twelfth rib : on an average the left kidney lies one-half inch 
higher than the right. 



KIDNEY AND BLADDI-iK. 



153 



As stated before, each kidney is four inches lon^. two lo two and 
one-half in breadth, and more than one inch thick. The left is some- 
what longer, thouiih narrower, than the rii,Hit. The kidney is covered 
with what is called a capsule. This can be easily stripped off. The 




Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder. 

structure of the kidney is quite intricate. At the inner border of each 
kidney there is an opening called the pelvis of the kidney, and leading 
from this, small tubes penetrate the structure of the kidney in all 
directions. These tubes are lined with special cells. Through these 



154 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

tubes go the excretions (urine) from the body of the kidneys, to the 
pelvis, and from the pelvis through the ureters, sixteen inches long, to 
the bladder. 

KIDNEY TROUBLE. MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Kidney 
Trouble and Inflammation of the Bladder, Cornsilk for. — ''Get cornsilk 
and make a good strong tea of it by steeping slov^ly, and take one 
ounce three or four times a day. This acts v^ell on the kidneys, and 
is a harmless remedy to use." 

2. Kidney Trouble, Flaxseed and Lemons for. — "Make a tea by 
placing the flaxseed in a muslin or linen bag, and suspend it in a dish 
of water, in the proportion of about four teaspoonfuls for each quart 
of water. After allowing the seeds to soak for several hours remove 
the same and tea will be ready for use. The addition of a little lemon 
juice will improve the flavor. Give in quantities as may be found 
necessary." 

3. Kidney Trouble, Temporary Relief for. — "Rub witchhazel on 
stomach and back ; use freely." This is an old-time remedy, and can 
be relied upon to at least give temporary relief. The witchhazel has 
a very soothing effect upon the parts affected. 

4. Kidney and Bladder Trouble, Buchu Leaves for. — "Get five 
::ents' worth of buchu leaves at any drug store, and make a good strong 
tea of it by steeping. This acts nicely on the kidneys. This remedy 
is easily prepared, and is not expensive." 

5. Kidney Trouble, Common Rush Root for. — "Take a handful of 
the root of common rush in one and one-half pints of water, boil down 
to one pint. Dose : — One tablespoonful every two or three hours. For 
a child ten years, give one teaspoonful four times a day. For a child 
of four to six years, one-half teaspoonful four times a day." 

6. Kidney Trouble, Effective and Easy Cure for. — 

"Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada 1 ounce 

Fluid Extract of Buchu 2 ounces 

Fluid Extract of Uva Ursi 2 ounces 

Tincture Gentian Comp 1 ounce 

Simple Syrup 1 pint 

Mix the above ingredients and give a teaspoonful four times a 
day. This is a very good remedy, as the cascara sagrada acts on the 
bowels and the buchu and uva ursi acts on the kidneys, carrying off 
all the impurities that would otherwise be retained in the system and 
cause trouble." 

7. Kidney Trouble, Sheep-Sorrel Excellent for. — "Make a decoc- 
tion of sheep sorrel, one ounce to pint of water ; boil, strain and cool. 
Give wineglassful. three or four times a day. If necessary apply the 
spinal ice bag to kidneys." The sheep sorrel is a good kidney remedy, 
and the ice bag by continuous application will relieve the congestion. 

MOVABLE KIDNEY. (Floating Kidney. Nephroptosis) .—Causes. 

— This condition is usually acquired. It is more common in vvomen 



KIDNEY AND BLADDER. 



155 



than in men, possibly due lo lacing and the relaxations of the muscles 
of the abdomen from prei^nancy. It may come from wounds, liftinp^ 
too heavy articles, emaciation. 

Symptoms. — They are i^ften absent. There may be pain or drag- 
ging sensation in the loins, or intercostal neuralgia ; hysteria, nervous- 
ness, nervous dyspepsia and constipation are common. The kidney 
can be felt. A dull pain is caused by firm pressure. Sometimes there 
are attacks of severe abdominal pain, with chill, fever, nausea, vomit- 
ing and collapse. The kidney becomes large and tender. The urine 
shows a reddish deposit and sometimes there is blood and pus in the 
urine. 

Treatment. — If the symptoms are not present, it is best for the 
patient not to know the true condition, as nervous troubles frequently 
follow a knowledge of its presence. If the symptoms are present, re- 
place the kidney while the patient is lying down and retain it by a 
suitable belt. Also treat the nervous condition. If the symptoms 
are of the severe kind an operation may be needed to fasten the kidney 
in its proper condition. This is quite generally successful, and does 
away with much suffering and pain. The pain may be so severe at 
times as to require morphine. Sometimes the pain is due to uric acid 
or oxalates in the urine. For this regulate the diet. 

Diet for Movable Kidney. — The diet should be such as to produce 
fat. Milk is excellent where it is well borne ; if not well borne give 
easily digested meats, such as chicken, roast beef, broiled steak and 
lamb chop ; fish of various kinds and vegetables, such as spinach, car- 
rots, asparagus and cauliflower ; of fats, butter, cream, and chocolate ; 
for constipation, cider, buttermilk, grape-juice, fruits and honey. 

ACUTE CONGESTION OR HYPEREMIA OF THE KID- 
NEYS. — This occurs at the beginning of acute nephritis ; in acute 
infectious diseases, after taking turpentine, chlorate of potash, can- 
tharides, carbolic acid, alcohol, etc. ; after one kidney has been re- 
moved. 

Kidney. — The kidney is enlarged, dark red. while the covering is 
very tight (tense). The urine is scanty, and there is increased spe- 
cific gravity (normal is 1015 to 1020) and contains albumin and a few 
casts. 

Treatment. — The cause should always be removed if possible. Rest 
in bed, and as a diet use only milk; if the congestion is bad, use dry 
cupping over the kidneys and inject large quantities of hot normal salt 
solution in the bowels. Hot fomentations of wormwood or smartweed 
are of benefit. If you can get the patient into a sweat the congestion 
will be somewhat relieved by it. 

CHRONIC CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS. Causes.— Dis- 
eases of other organs and obstruction to the return of the circulation 



156 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

in the veins. Cirrhosis of the liver causes it. The kidney is enlarged, 
dark red, the urine is diminished, with albumin and casts and some- 
times blood. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause if possible. Fluid diet, like milk, 
broths, etc. Dry cupping or sweating materials can be used. Rest in 
bed if possible. The bowels should be kept open, and the kidneys 
should rest. 

BLOOD IN THE URINE. (Haematuria) . Causes.— The con- 
gestion of the kidneys, pernicious malaria, etc., nephritis, tuberc- 
ulosis, kidney stones. The urine looks smoky and dark, or bright red. 

Treatment. — This depends upon the cause. The patient must rest 
in bed and the kidneys should not be stimulated. Cold applications to 
the loins. Hot applications would injure. 

URAEMIC TOXAEMIA. —This means poison in the blood occur- 
ing in acute and chronic nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys). The 
cause is unknown. The disease is acute and chronic. 

ACUTE URAEMIA. Symptoms.— The onset may be sudden or 
gradual. The headache is severe, usually on the back top of head 
(occipital) and extending to the neck; there is persistent vomiting with 
nausea and diarrhea attending it. This may be due to inflammation 
of the colon. Difficulty in breathing, which may be constant or comes 
in spells. This is worse at night, when it may resemble asthma ; 
fever if persistent, is usually slight until just before death. General 
convulsions may occur. There may be some twitching of the muscles 
of the face and of other muscles. The convulsions may occur fre- 
quently. The patient becomes abnormally sleepy, before the attack, 
and remains so. One-sided paralysis may occur. Sudden temporary 
blindness occurs sometimes. There may be noisy delirium or suicidal 
mania. Coma (deep sleep) may develop either with or without con- 
vulsions or delirium, and is usually soon followed by them ; sometimes 
by chronic uraemia or recovery. 

CHRONIC URAEMIA.— This develops most often in cases of 
Arterio-sclerosis or chronic interstitial nephritis, (one kind of Bright's 
disease). The symptoms are less severe than those of acute uraemia, 
but similar, and of gradual onset, sometimes with symptoms of the 
acute attack. There is often constant headache and difficult breathing; 
the tongue is brown and dry, sometimes there is nausea, vomiting, 
diarrhea, sleeplessness, cramps of the legs and much itching may be 
present. It may last for years. Death may occur when the patient is 
in coma (deep sleep). There may have been mania, muscular twitch- 
ings or convulsions before death. 

Treatment. — Found under "Chronic Interstitial Nephritis." 

ACUTE BRIGHT'S DISEASE. (Acute Inflammation of the Kid- 
neys. Acute Nephritis). — This occurs chiefly in young people and 
among grown men. Exciting causes are exposure to cold, wet, burns, 



KIDNEY AM) lil..\ni)l-R. i^-j 

extensive skin tears (lesions), scarlet fevei. diphtlieria, typhoid fcvci, 
mea.sles and acute tuberculosis. i)()isons; and picj^nancy is one can^c 
when it occurs in women. 

Symptoms. — After exposure or scarlet fever the onset may be sud- 
den, sometimes with chills or chilliness, variable fever, pain in the loins, 
watery swellings of the face and extremities, then of other portions of 
the body like the abdomen, then general dropsy. Sometimes there is 
nausea, vomiting, headache, delirium, or very deep siec]). The urine is 
scanty, dark colored, of increased ''specific gravity" and contains albu- 
min, cells and casts. Anemia is marked. After some fever disease, 
the onset is gradual with anemia, swelling of the eyelids, face and ex- 
tremities ; scanty thickish urine containing casts, then headache, 
nausea, vomiting, little or no fever, dry skin. In these cases there 
may be gradual recovery, attack of ur?emia, or they may end in 
chronic nephritis. 

Diagnosis. — Examine the urine often in pregnancy, scarlet fever, 
etc., and especially when watery swelling is noticed. 

Recovery. — The result in your children when it comes with scarlet 
fever is not so good. It may run into chronic nephritis. In adults 
when it is due to exposure the rule is recovery. 

Treatment. — The patient must be kept in bed until there is com- 
plete recovery. He should be clothed in flannel. 

Diet and Nursing. — This must be of milk, water or mineral water 
in large quantities ; milk or buttermilk should be the main article of 
food. You can give gruels made of arrowroot or oatmeal, barley water, 
beef tea and chicken broth. But it is better to stick strictly to milk. 
As the patient gets better, bread and butter, lettuce, watercress, grapes, 
oranges, and other fruits may be given. The return to a meat diet 
should be gradual. The patient should drink freely of mineral waters, 
ordinary water or lemonade, these keep the kidneys flushed and wash 
out the ''debris" from the tubes. One dram of cream of tartar in a 
pint of boiling water, add the juice of half a lemon and a little sugar; 
this when taken cold is a pleasant satisfactory diluting drink. Cream 
of tartar one dram, juice of lemon, sugar sufficient, water one pint, 
may be given w^henever desired. There should be hot water baths 
daily or oftener ; or you can produce sweating by placing hot water 
jars around the patient, and watch to see whether it is too weakening. 
It can also be done by introducing steam underneath the beddin.q. 
that is then lifted a little, so that the steam vapor can circulate about 
the patient. Be careful not to burn the patient with the hot steam. 
This, of course, is done through a hose attached to a steaming kettle. 
Also see treatment of dropsy under "scarlet fever." 

Bowels. Attention to. — They should be moved every morning by 
a saline (salt) cathartic, if necessary, especially if the dropsy continues. 
^his produces watery stool. Cream of tartar and epsom salts, equal 
parts, is good remedy; one-half teaspoonful every three hours for a 



158 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

child one year old until the bowels move freely ; one-half to one ounce 
can be given to an adult. 

CHRONIC BRIGHT'S DISEASE. (Chronic Parenchymatous 
Nephritis. Chronic Diffuse Desquamative or Tubal Nephritis. Chronic 
Diffuse Nephritis with Exudation). Causes. — Young- adult life and 
most common in males. It may come from acute inflammation of the 
kidneys that was due to exposure, pregnancy, or scarlet fever, or fol- 
low excessive use of alcohol, etc. In children it usually follows acute 
inflammation of the kidneys or scarlet fever. 

Condition. — The kidneys may be enlarged, with thin capsule, white 
surface, cortex thickened and yellowish, or whitish (large white kid- 
ney). The epithelium of the tubules is granular, or fatty or the tubules 
are distended and contain casts. Cells of the "Glomeruli" and their 
capsules are swollen. There is moderate increase of interstitial tissue. 
In other cases, the "small white kidney/' the kidney is small and pale 
either at first or as a later stage of the large white kidney. The sur- 
face is pale, rough and granular; the capsule is thickened and partially 
adherent ; the surface is thin with white and yellowish areas of fatty 
degenerations. The interstitial tissue is much increased ; epithelial 
degeneration in the tubules extensive. There is also the large red 
kidney, and with any of these types the left heart may be enlarged and 
the arteries thTckened". 

Symptoms. — If it occurs after acute nephritis the symptoms of 
acute nephritis subside, but anemia and the changes in the urine per- 
sist . Usually there is a gradual onset with paleness and puffiness of 
the eyelids, ankles or hands in the morning. Later there is difficult 
breathing, increased watery swelling of the face, extremities and de- 
pendent portions of the body ; worse in the morning. There is a pasty 
yellowish pallor, afterwards dropsy of the abdominal and chest cav- 
ities. The urine is diminished, high colored, specific gravity usually 
1020 to 1025 with much albumin. Many casts which are named hyaline, 
granular, epithelial and fatty. The action of the heart is bad. There 
may be trouble with the stomach and bowels, constipated, etc. The 
digestion is poor and the patient frequently suffers with much gas. 
Recovery is rare after it has lasted one year. 

Treatment. Diet. — Milk or buttermilk should be the main article 
of food. You can give gruels made of arrowroot or oatmeal, barley 
water, beef tea, and chicken broth, but it is better to keep strictly to 
milk. As the patient gets better, bread and butter, lettuce, water- 
cress, grapes, oranges and other fruits may be given. The return to 
the meat diet should be gradual. The patient should drink freely of 
mineral water, ordinary water, or lemonade. These keep the kidneys 
flushed and wash out the "debris" from the tubes. One dram (tea- 
spoonful) of cream of tartar in a pint of boiling water, add the juice 
of a half a lemon and a little sugar. This when taken cold is a pleas- 
ant, satisfactory drink. Medical treatment is not satisfactory. The 
only thing to do is to give medicines to meet the indications ; fifteen to 



KWXLy .IXD BLADDER. ^59 

twenty grain doses of lactate of stn^uiuin. Diurctin also is used. 
Basham's mixture for anemia is of hcli) in some cases. It can be 
bought at any drug store. 

CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS. (Sclerosis or Cir- 
rhosis of the Kidneys. Granular, Contracted or Gouty Kidney). — This 
is met with, (^a)as a secjuencc of the large wliile kidneys forming the 
so-called pale granular or secondary contracted kidney ; (b) as an in- 
dependent primary afi'ection ; as a sequence of arterio-sclerosis. 

Causes. — The primary form is chronic from the onset, and is a 
slow creeping degeneration of the kidney substance, and in many re- 
spects an anticipation of the gradual changes which take place in the 
organ in extreme old age. Families in which the arteries tend to de- 
generate early are more prone to this disease. Doctor Osier says: 
"Among the better classes in this country Bright's disease is very 
common, and is caused more frequently by over-eating than by ex- 
cesses in alcohol." 

Arterio-Sclerotic Form. — This is the most common form in this 
country, and is secondary to arterio-sclerosis. The kidneys are not 
much, if at all, contracted ; very hard, red and show patches of surface 
atrophy. It is seen in men over forty who have worked hard, eaten 
freely, and taken alcohol to excess. They are conspicuous victims of 
the "strenuous life," the incessant tension of which is felt first in the 
arteries. After forty, in men of this class, nothing is more salutary 
than to experience the shock brought on by the knowledge of albumin 
and cast tubes in the urine. 

Symptoms. — Perhaps a majority of the cases are latent (hidden) 
and are not recognized until the occurrence of one of the serious and 
fatal complications. There may have been no symptoms to suggest to 
the patient the existence of a dangerous malady. In other cases the 
general health is disturbed. The patient is tired, sleepless ; he must 
get up two or three times at night to pass urine ; the digestion is dis- 
ordered, the tongue is coated ; the patient complains of a headache, 
failing sight, and gets out of breath by exercising. There may be 
vomiting, headache, neuralgia, and increase of the quantity of urine is 
common. This is light in color, of low specific gravity, 1005 to 1012 ; 
frequently there is a trace of albumin and a few casts of the hyaline 
and granular kind. In the late stages the albumin may be increased 
with high specific gravity and a less quantity of urine. The disease 
often lasts for a year. 

In the arterio-sclerotic variety the urine may be normal or 
diminished in quantity, specific gravity normal or increased, the 
casts are more numerous, and the albumin is usually more abun- 
dant. There is an enlargement of the heart; the pulse is increased in 
tension; the wall of the artery is thickened. The skin is usually dry, 
with eczema common, but dropsy is rare, except wh.en it is due to 
heart failure. There may be bronchial and lung troubles; attacks of 



160 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

uraemia, or hard breathing caused by the heart, frequently occurs. 
There may be hemorrhage of the brain or hemorrhage of the mem- 
branes, and these are often fatal. 

Recovery. — Chances are unfavorable, but life may be prolonged 
for years, especially with care and especially if it is discovered early. 

Treatment. — A quiet life without mental worry, with gentle but 
not excessive exercise, and residence in a climate that is not change- 
able should be recommended. A business man must give up his 
worry; his rush; his hurried eating, and rest. The bowels should be 
kept regular; there should be a tepid water bath daily, and the kidneys 
should be kept acting freely by drinking daily a definite amount of 
either distilled water or some pleasant mineral water. Alcohol, to- 
bacco, excessive eating and improper food must not be allowed. Weak 
tea and coffee may be allowed. The diet should be light and nourish- 
ing. Meat should not be taken more than once a day. If it is pos- 
sible, the patient should be urged to move to a warm equable climate 
during the winter months, from November to April, like that of south- 
ern California. Medicines must be given to meet the indications. No 
special directions can be given. The heart, stomach, and bowels must 
be watched. 

DIET as Allowed by a Prominent Hospital. — 

May Take:— 

Soups. — Broths with rice or barley, vegetable or fish soup. 

Fish. — Boiled or broiled fresh fish, raw oysters, raw clams. 

Meats.— ^Chicken, game, fat bacon, fat ham (sparingly). 

Farinaceous. — Hominy, oatmeal, wheaten grits, rice, stale bread, 
whole wheat bread, toast, milk toast, biscuits, maccaroni. 

Vegetables. — Cabbage, spinach, celery, water-cresses, lettuce, 
mushrooms, mashed potatoes, cauliflower, onions. 

Desserts. — Rice and milk puddings, stewed fruits, raw ripe fruits. 

Must Not Take:— 

Fried fish, pork, corned beef, veal, heavy bread, hashes, stews, 
battercakes, lamb, beef, mutton, gravies, peas, beans, pastry, ice cream, 
cakes, coffee, tobacco, malt or spirituous liquors. 

PYELITIS. — This is an inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney 
and may be caused by bacteria from the blood, or by ascending pus, 
infection or tuberculous infection from the lower tracts like the ureter, 
bladder and urethra. 

Symptoms. — There is pain in the back, with tenderness and pres- 
sure, cloudy-looking urine, either acid or alkaline, containing pus, 
mucus, and sometimes red blood cells; chills, high fever, and sweating 
occur. This may become chronic and then it becomes quite serious. 



KIDNEY A.\L) BLADDER. 15^ 

Anemia and emaciation arc then marked. Mild cases usually recover; 
pus cases may end in other diseases or death from exhaustion. 

Treatment. Diet. — In mild cases fluids should he taken freely, 
particularly the alkaline mineral water to which citrate of potash can 
be added. Tonics should be given when called for, and milk diet and 
buttermilk may be taken freely. When a tumor has formed, and even 
before it is perceptible, if the symptoms are serious and severe, an 
operation may be necessary. 

KIDNEY STONE. (Renal Calculus. Nephro - Leithiasis).— 

Forming of a stone or gravel in the kidney or its pelvis may occur in 
intra uterine, (before the child is born), in the womb, or at any age. 
A family tendency, sedentary life, excesses in eating and drinking and 
very acid urine predispose. They vary in size from that of fine sand 
to that of a bean. 

Symptoms. — Patients may pass gravel for years without having an 
attack of renal (kidney) colic, and a stone may never lodge in the 
ureter. A person may pass an enormous number of calculi. Dr. 
Osier speaks of having had a patient who had passed several hundred 
kidney stones (calculi) with repeated attacks of kidney colic. His 
collection filled an ounce bottle. A patient may pass a single stone 
and may never be troubled again. A stone remaining in the kidney 
may cause dull aching pain in the affected kidney, or the pain may 
be referred to the other side and sometimes there may be blood or pus 
in the urine, with chill and fever due to pyelitis. Kidney (renal) colic 
comes on when a stone enters the ureter, if it is at all large. At attack 
may set in abruptly, without any apparent reason, or it may follow a 
strain in lifting. The pain may be agonizing in character, which 
starts in the flank of the affected side, passes down along the course 
of the ureter and is felt in the testicle and along the inner side of the 
thighs. The testicle is drawn back. The pain may also go through 
the abdomen and chest, and be very severe in the back. In severe 
attacks nausea and vomiting are present and the patient is collapsed ; 
sweating breaks out in his face and the pulse is feeble and weak. The 
pain lasts from an hour to several days, until the stone reaches the 
bladder, partial suppression of the urine during the attack occurs, but 
a large quantity of urine is usually passed after it and a feeling of 
soreness may be present for several days. The stone may again cause 
pain in passing through the urethra, or it may remain in the bladder 
as a nucleus for a bladder calculus (stone). Dr. Osier gives Mon- 
taigne's description as follows; "Thou art seen to sweat with pain, 
to look pale and red, to tremble, to vomit well nigh to blood, to suffer 
strange contortions and convulsions, by starts to let tears drop from 
thine eyes, to urine thick, black and frightful water, or to have it sup- 
pressed by some sharp and craggy stone that cruelly pricks and tears 
thee." 

Treatment. — Great relief is experienced in the attacks by the hot 
baths or fomentations which sometimes are able to cause the spasm to 
11 



162 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

relax. If the pain is very severe morphine should be given by the 
hypodermic method and inhalations of chloroform given until mor- 
phine has had time to act. Local applications are sometimes grateful, — 
hot poultices or cloths wrung out of hot water may be helpful. 
Cloths wrung out of steaming hop, wormwood, or smartweed teas, are 
of benefit sometimes. Change of position often gives relief; when the 
stone is large an operation may be needed. The patient should drink 
freely of hot lemonade, soda water, barley water. When the patient 
is free from the attack, he should live a quiet life and avoid sudden 
exertion of all kinds. There should be a free passage of urine always. 
The patient should drink daily a large but definite quantit}^ of mineral, 
or distilled water which is just as satisfactory. You may take the cit- 
rate or bicarbonate of potash. Mineral springs are good to visit, such 
as Saratoga, Hot Springs, Arkansas, etc. Abstain from alcohol and 
eat moderately. Live an open-air life with plenty of exercise and reg- 
ular hours. The skin should be kept active ; a cold friction bath in the 
morning is good, if one is strong; but if he is weak and debilitated 
the evening warm bath should be substituted. The patient should 
dress warmly, avoid rapid alterations in temperature, and be careful 
not to allow the skin to become suddenly chilled. 

Diet. — Most persons over forty eat too much. One should take 
plenty of time to eat, and not too much meat should be eaten. 

"Queen of the Meadow." — The Indians used this medicine quite 
frequently in the treatment of kidney and bladder troubles. A lady. 
whom I know well, told me that she had a cousin who was affected 
with the kidney stone colic. At one time, when he was suffering from 
an attack, an Indian happened in their home and saw him suffering. 
He went into the meadow and dug some of this remedy and made a 
tea of it. It seemed to do the work^ for while he gave it, the pain 
was eased and he never had any more attacks. I give this for what 
it is worth. The remed}^ will certainly do no harm for it is a good 
diuretic. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. (Cystitis). Causes. 
— It may occur from injury from passing a catheter, etc., from the use 
of drugs like cantharides, from the presence of a stone, from stricture 
of the urethra and from gonorrhea or cold. 

Symptoms. — The urine is passed more frequently, sometimes the 
desire to pass the urine is almost constant. The distress is relieved 
for only a few minutes by passing the urine ; sometimes only a few 
drops are passed, and it gives no relief from the desire for passing 
urine. The straining is extremely severe. Soraetinies the patient will 
lean over the vessel quivering with the muscular effort to pass urine. 
The bowels often move at the same time from the straining. The 
urine becomes thick with much mucus, then scanty, and then tinged 
with blood. 

BLADDER TROUBLE. Mothers' Remedies. 1. English Oil 
of Sandal Wood for. — "Get one ounce of the pure English oil of sandal 



KIDNEY .1ND BLADDER. 



163 



wood, lake four drops three times a day in a little water. As you 
urinate more freely reduce the dose. This is a splendid remedy." 

2. Bladder Trouble, Effective Herb Teas for.— "Make a tea .)f 
half ounce of buclui leaves, half ounce of uva ursi leaves (barberry 
leaves), one pint of boiling water. Dose: Two or three tablespoon- 
fuls three times a day, or may drink quite freely." A tea made of 
cornsilk is a common and standard remedy. 

Treatment. — Remove cause if possible. Fomentations of ho[)s, 
smartweed, wormv\^ood are good, even hot water over the bladder. 
Hot hip bath is good, and also the warm foot bath. The bowels 
should be kept open with saline laxatives. Buchu tea is very good. 
Use about one-half ounce of the leaves to a pint of warm water and 
let it steep, not boil. Drink freely of this. Pumpkin seed tea or water- 
melon seed tea is good, also flaxseed tea. Dr. Hare recommends the 
following at the beginning if there is fever: 

Tincture of Aconite 3 drams 

Sweet Spirits of Nitre 1 ounce 

Solution of Citrate of Potash enough to make 6 ounces 

Mix. 

Give a dessertspoonful every four hours until all fever ceases and 
the pulse is quiet. The patient should be kept quiet. 

Diet. — Should be milk only. 

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.— Causes. 

— It follows repeated attacks; partial retention of urine in the bladder, 
decomposing there ; Bright's disease, inflammation of the urethra, in- 
jury, etc. 

Treatment. — Wash out the bladder with pure warm water or water 
containing about one to two teaspoonfuls of boric acid to the pint of 
warm water. This should be given once or twice a day; or enough 
permanganate of potash can be put into the water to give the water 
a tinge of the color. An injection of golden seal, one teaspoonful to 
the pint of warm water, is good if there is much mucus. The best 
way to give the irrigation is to attach a small funnel to a soft rubber 
catheter and fill the bladder by raising the funnel when full of water 
above the patient's belly ; or you can attach the rubber tube of a 
fountain svrino^e to a catheter at one end and to a funnel at the 
other and raise the funnel to the desired height ; or you can attach a 
catheter to the rubber tube of a fountain syringe (clean one) and 
raise syringe high enough to allow the water to run into the bladder 
gently. The patient will stand just about so much water. The rub- 
ber can then be detached from the catheter and the water allowed to 
run out. 

DISEASE OF THE PROSTATE GLAND. 

The prostate, which both in structure and in function is rather 
a muscle than a gland, is situated at the neck of the bladder and 
around the first inch of the urethra. It is divided into two lateral 



164 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

(side) lobes (parts) by a deep notch behind and a furrow at the 
upper and lower surfaces. The so-called middle or third lobe is the 
portion which is between the two side lobes at the under and posterior 
part of the gland, just beneath the neck of the bladder. The urethra 
(the channel for the urine to pass through from the bladder out 
through the penis) usually passes through the gland at about the 
junction of its upper and middle third. 

HYPERTROPHY OF THE PROSTATE.— This is a general en- 
largement of the gland in all directions. All the three lobes may 
enlarge and in about one-third of the men who have passed middle life 
some enlargement takes place, and in about one-tenth of all men over 
fifty-five this enlargement becomes of importance in regard to the size. 
The middle lobe may enlarge so much that it may extend up into the 
bladder and block the opening into the urethra; the side lobes may 
compress the urethra into a mere slit, or may lengthen it so that the 
prostatic portion measures three or four inches, or may twist and dis- 
tort it so that the most flexible instrument can only be made to pass 
through it with difficulty. 

Symptoms. — The earliest symptom may be increased frequency 
in passing urine, especially at night. Soon some urine is retained in 
the bladder, and this may increase so much that only an ounce or two 
can be passed spontaneously, although the bladder contains one pint 
or more. The stream of urine is feeble, and will drop perpendicularly 
towards the feet of the patient. In some cases an inflammation of the 
prostate and bladder is set up, and then the symptoms felt are very 
distressing. There is an almost constant desire to pass urine ; there 
is much pain and straining with it ; a slight bleeding may follow and 
night rest is broken ; the general strength fails from the continual suf- 
fering; the urine becomes foul, smells like ammonia, and is reduced in 
quantity; inflammation of the kidneys develops also; general poisoning 
occurs ; and the patient dies of uraemia and in a ''coma" condition. 

Treatment. Preventive. — The patient should avoid taking cold in 
this disease. Light and easily digested diet is necessary. The bowejs 
must be kept regular. Alcohol of any kind should not be used. The 
bladder should be emptied at regular intervals. Some patients keep a 
catheter and "draw" their own urine. Unless the patient takes great 
care, the bladder and urethra will be irritated, and perhaps infected 
through neglect of cleanliness. Medicines are not very useful in severe 
cases. Operation is the only reliable cure especially when some urine 
is always retained. 

URINARY PASSAGE. Mother's Remedy.— 1. Dandelion Root 
Will Clean. — "A decoction made of the sliced root of dandelion in white 
wine is very effectual for cleansing and healing inward ulcers in the 
urinary passage. If the fresh root cannot be obtained, buy extract of . 
dandelion and give two teaspoonfuls in water once in two or three 
hours as the case requires. It also acts on the liver, gall and spleen." 



KIDMiV AM) BLADDER. I55 

DROPSY. — Dropsy should he regarded as a symptom, which may 
arise from many causes, such as heart disease, hin^^ disease or kidney 
disease, or it may depend upon obstruction to the normal flow of blood 
and lymph through the vessels and tissues. 

From Heart Disease. — In heart disease dropsy is due to a weak 
heart. The heart is unable to supply the arteries with enough blood 
to maintain the normal pressure, or to damming up of blood in the 
venous system as the result of imperfect emptying of the heart cavities. 
In kidney trouble the dropsy depends more on the lack of proper nour- 
ishing processes in the capillary walls and upon changes in the blood 
and blood pressure. If the kidneys are diseased, they may not be able 
to eliminate the proper amount of liquids which accumulate and finally 
escape into the tissues. Liver troubles cause dropsy by producing 
pressure upon the large blood-vessels going to the liver, and conse- 
quently the fluid is generally confined to the lower limbs and abdomen. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Dropsy, 1. Juniper Berries Fresh or Dry 
for. — "The berries of the juniper tree are regarded as excellent home 
remedies in dropsy. They may be eaten fresh or dry, or make a 
decoction and drink. Two teaspoonfuls of the berries two or three 
times a day is considered a dose. It is well to bruise them thoroughly 
by breaking the seeds with a hammer before taking." The decoction 
is more effective. This helps the dropsy by acting on the kidneys. 

2. Dropsy, Wild Milkv^reed for. — "Steep the root of the wild milk- 
week and drink the tea in doses of a wineglass three times a day. This 
is a sure cure if taken in early stages." 

3. Dropsy, White Bay Buds for. — "White bay buds steeped in 
water." The white bay buds can be secured at any drug store, and 
are easily prepared. Make a tea of these the same as you would make 
green tea for the table, only stronger. Take several times a day. 
This is an excellent remedy. 

4. Dropsy, Canada Thistle for. — "Steep dwarf eld^r root, or Can- 
ada thistle root, and drink the tea." This is an old tried remedy that 
our grandmothers used to use, and can be depended upon. We all 
know that in olden times mothers had to use these herb remedies, as 
doctors could not be secured as easily as they can in these days. 

5. Dropsy, Very Effective Remedy for. — "Make a decoction of 
fresh dandelion root slices, one ounce to one pint of water boiled down 
to one-half pint, strain, adding two drams of cream of tartar. Dose: 
A wineglassful two or three times a day." 

6. Dropsy, Common Herb Remedy for. — "One gallon white beech 
bark, after the rough bark is removed, good big handful of blackberry 
root, cut fine, and also of sassafras root. Cover with cold water and 
steep to get the strength ; then strain. When cool, not cold, add one 
pint bakers' yeast and one cup of sugar. Let it stand twenty-four 
hours in a warm place. Then strain and set in a cool place. Take a 



166 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

wineglassful three times a day before meals. This has been highly 
recommended to me by a friend in Kalkaska, Michigan.'' 

7. Dropsy, "Queen of the Meadow" for. — "Is a symptom of mor- 
bid conditions existing in the system, therefore nutritious diet, alka- 
line baths and a general hygienic regulation of the daily habits are of 
the greatest importance. Take one teaspoonful of powder of "Queen 
of the ^leadow" in a cupful of water three or four times a day as the 
case may require. Either use tea or powder.'' 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Dropsy.— Treat the disease 
that causes it. Remedies should be given that will cause an outpour- 
ing of the liquids. Salines, such as epsom salts in large doses. Cream 
of tartar and epsom salts (equal parts) taken freely is effective. If the 
kidneys are inactive owing to heart trouble, the following may be 
used : An infusion of digitalis in one to four teaspoonful doses every 
three to four hours. This pill is good. 

Powdered Digitalis 20 grains 

Powdered Squills 20 grains 

Mix into twent}^ pills and take one even' five hours. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 

INFECTION AND CONTAGION.— These words are often used 
in such a way that a wrong impression is made. A disease may be 
infectious but not contagious. Malaria is an instance. Infection means 
an ability to enter the body from any source, wind, water, food or other 
persons and produce a characteristic disease. The agency doing this 
is known as a germ. Contagion is properly a poisoning of one indi- 
vidual from contact with a diseased individual in some way known or 
unknown. It may be conveyed indirectly through clothes, etc., or other 
pisrson; but always comes from some person sick with the same dis- 
ease. Diseases may be both infectious and contagious. Nearly all 
the epidemic diseases of infancy are both infectious and contagious and 
accompanied by fever. In nursing children suffering from infectious 
diseases the mother or nurse should avoid their breath and handle 
them as little as possible. All secretion from bowels and kidneys 
should fall in a vessel containing a disinfecting solution of copperas, 
bichloride of mercury, etc., and should be emptied into the sewer or 
buried. Following are the solutions as made. Copperas: — Put a lump 
as big as a walnut in the chamber with one-half pint of water, to 
receive feces, urine, sputum and vomited matter from infectious and 
contagious patients. 

2. Solution of chlorinated soda, four fluid ounces ; water ten 
ounces, useful for hands and dishes, not silverware. Dissolve eight 
corrosive sublimate tablets, also called bichloride, in a gallon of water. 



This is used to disinfect floors, woodwork, rubber, and leather, but not 
metal parts. Great care must be taken to liave the hands waslR-d 
after handling such a patient, so as not to infect the food, eyes, mouth, 
or any small skin sores. 

Diet in Infectious Diseases. — Foods that can be used: Milk, 
milk-water, milk and lime-water. Mellin's food, malted milk, imperial 
granum, albumin water, rice water, oatmeal water, barley water, egg 
(white part), and barley water, arrowroot water, whey, whey and 
cream mixture, cream and rice mixture, beef tea, beef extract, mutton 
broth, beef juice. Chewing broiled steak and only swallowing the 
juice, dry toast and soft boiled eggs, milk toast, dried beef broth, 
soups, rice, cornstarch, tapioca, etc. The diet must not consist of 
solid food in any severe case of fever. Small quantities of cold drinks 
can be given, frequently repeated if there is no vomiting. Frequent 
washing with tepid water or cool water lessens the fever and produces 
sleep. Th€ bowels should be kept open at least once a day, and castor 
oil or salts usually can be given. (See Nursing and Dietetics depart- 
ment.) 

Table of Infectious Diseases. 

Date of 
characteristic Whole 

Incubation lasts symptom. duration. 

Mumps 7 to 20 days 1st day 7 days or less 

Whooping Cough . 2 to 7 days 7 to 14 days 2 months 

Diphtheria 1 to 12 days 1 to 2 days 1 week to 1 month 

Erysipelas 2 to 8 days 1 to 2 days 1 week to 3 weeks 

Varioloid 10 to 13 days 1 day 1 week to 3 weeks 

Chicken Pox 12 to 17 days 1 day 4 to 7 days 

German Measles.. 1 to 3 weeks 1 day 3 to 4 days 

Measles 12 to 14 days 4 days 7 to 9 days 

Scarlet Fever 1 to 7 days 1 to 2 days 7 to 12 days 

Typhoid Fever .... 1 to 14 days 7 to 8 days 3 to 5 weeks 

Smallpox 10 to 14 days 3 to 4 days 2 to 4 weeks 

SCARLET FEVER. Definition.— Scarlet fever is an acute infec- 
tious disease, with a characteristic eruption. 

Modes of Conveying. — The nearer a person is to a patient the 
more likely one is to take or convey the disease. Clothing, bedding, 
etc., may retain the poison for months. Scales from the skin of a 
patient, dried secr-etions, the urine if inflammation of the kidneys 
(nephritis) exists, the discharges (feces) from the bowels, are all 
means of infection. The longer a person remains near the patient the 
more likely he is to convey the disease. Foods handled by those sick 
of the disease, or by those who may have been near patients may 
convey the disease. This is especially true of milk. Epidemics of 
scarlet fever have been started by dairy-men who had scarlet fever in 
their family. I once attended a family where the only known cause 
for it in that family was a long-haired dog of a neighbor who had 
scarlet fever in the family. The do.s: was in the room with the sick 
ones, and visited the neighbor's family and played with the children 



168 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

who afterwards came down with the fever. Discharges from the ear, 
caused by scarlet fever, are said to be capable of giving it. 

Remains in the Room, how long? — It may remain for months in a 
room, and extend over two years as recorded by Murchison. We do 
not yet know how the poison obtains entrance to the body. Hence, 
the need for thorough disinfection. 

Age, Occurrence. Susceptibility. — All children exposed to the dis- 
ease do not contract the disease. It is less contagious than measles. 
A person who is exposed once, and does not take it. may take it at a 
future exposure. It occurs at any age and in all countries. It occurs 
cftener in autumn (September) and winter (Februarv). Isolated 
cases occur, and then it is called sporadic. This disease attacks nurs- 
ing children less frequently than older children. It is not often seen 
during the tirst year ci life. 

How Often? — As a rule, it attacks a person only once; yet there 
ar-e recorded cases of well obser\-ed second and third attacks, but for- 
tunately these are very rare. I once attended a family where they 
had it and claimed to have had it before, but very lightly. 

Incubation. — The vast majority of cases develop within three to 
five days after exposure. If eleven days elapse without the appearance 
of symptoms we may reasonably expect that the danger is past, at 
least in the great majority of cases exposed. 

Contagiousness. — There is danger of catching the disease during 
:hc stages of incubation, eruption and scaling. It is most contagious 
in the last two stages. 

Onset. — Sometimes the onset is sudden ; there may be a convul- 
sion, preceded by a sharp rise in the temperature. An examination in 
such cases may reveal a marked sore throat or a membranous deposit 
on the tonsils preceding the eruption, and nothing more. A chill fol- 
lowed by fever and vomiting ushers in a large number of cases. These 
may be mild or severe. The severity of these symptoms usually indi- 
cates the gravity of the attack. 

Rash. — The rash or eruption appears from twelve to thirtv-six 
hours after the onset, usually on the second day, and looks like a very 
severe heat rash, but is finer and thicker. It consists of a very finely 
pointed rose-colored rash. In mild cases it is hardly noticeable. Usu- 
ally it first appears on the upper part of the chest around the collar 
bones, spreads over the chest and around upon the back. Also it is 
now seen on the neck, beneath the jaw. behind the ears and on the 
temples, thence spreads over the body. There is a paleness about the 
mouth and wings of the nose, while the cheeks are flushed with a flame- 
like redness. There is much itching if the rash is severe. It attains 
the full development at the end of two or three days, and then gradu- 
ally declines. In some cases the rash is seen only twenty-four hours. 

Fever. — The fever rises rapidly in the first few hours to 104° or 
105 8/10°. It remains high except in the morning, until the emotion 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 169 

reaches its full development and fails with the fading eruption, and in 
uncomplicated and typical cases, within six days becomes normal. 

Sore Throat. — This we find on the pillars of the fauces, uvula, 
tonsils, and pharynx, reddened and inflamed. Sometimes it is very 
severe, and a membrane comes on one or both tonsils and pillars of 
the fauces. There is, generally a severe sore throat, and this makes 
swallowing difficult. 

Tongue. — The tongue is covered with a coating at the onset, and 
may present a slightly reddened appearance at the borders and tip. 
The papillae are prominent and covered and look like a strawberry 
sometimes, or like the tongue of a cat. In fatal poisonous cases it 
becomes dry and cracked. 

Scaling. — As the disease subsides the outer layer of the skin dries 
and peels oti. The extent of this depends upon the severity of the 
attack. In some cases the scaling is hardly perceptible, and sometimes 
it appears only on certain parts, such as on the toes and inner parts 
of the thighs. There is always some scaling. This is called "des- 
quamation." Generally speaking, scaling begins where the eruption 
first appeared on the upper part of the chest and neck. The scales 
may be fine and branny or as is most common, the skin peels in large 
particles. Some scaling is alw^ays present. The length of the scaling 
time is variable. It usually lasts, from three to four weeks, but often 
longer. This stage is considered by many as the most contagious, as 
the fine scales fly in the air. 

Complications. Nose. — The nose is aflected at the same time if 
the "sore throat" is very severe. A membrane may also form in the 
nose. 

Ear. — This may be ailfected in as high as one-fifth of the cases 
and needs careful watching and attention. Both ears may be diseased 
and deafness frequently results from it. Ten per cent of those who 
suffer from ''deaf-mutism" can trace their affliction to scarlet fever. 
The ears usually become affiicted in the third week. The fever rises 
and there is pain in the ears or ear. The onset may not appear alarm- 
ing and not be suspected until the discharge makes its appearance 
This is unfortunate ; these complications are serious, as meningitis and 
abscess of the brain may result. The ear trouble (otitis ) usually occurs 
during the scaling. The patient may be up and around. There is a 
rise of the temperature to 103° or i04°, the patient begins to vomit 
food and has a headache. At night the child starts from its crib and 
cries as if in pain. They do not always locate the pain in the ear. 
The face and hands may tw^itch. The fever may fall to normal and rise 
sharply again. Such symptoms should call for a thorough examin- 
ation. 

Eye. — Inflammation of the (conjunctiva) red membrane of the 
eyes, ofter occur;^. 



170 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Kidneys. — There may be a mild form of inflammation in the 
earlier stages. The severe form comes, if at all, usually in the thirc 
vveek. It occurs in five to seven per cent of the cases. It may occur 
in the mildest case, as such cases are not so closely watched. The first 
symptom is a slight bloating of the eyes and face and spreads over 
the whole body. Sometimes the swelling is very slight ; at other 
times it is extreme. The urine diminishes early and sometimes is 
wholly suppressed. It may be light colored, smoky or straw colorec!-. 
This trouble usually runs for weeks. The patient may get uremia 
and result fatally. 

Heart.— This also may be affected as the valves may become diseased. 

Joints. — Rheumatism also may occur, and other complications. 

Chorea. — Follows scarlet fever also, especially in girls from twelve 
to fifteen years. 

Diagnosis. — In most cases it is easy to distinguish from other 

diseases. Dermatitis, inflammation of the skin ('Ttis" always means 

inflammation). In dermatitis the throat symptoms and strawberry 
tongue are absent. 

From Measles. — By the rapid onset, absence of cold symptoms of 
the nose, eyes, and bronchial tubes, blotchy eruptions that occur in 
measles. There is no strawberry tongue in measles and no coughing 
at beginning. 

Recovery. — The prognosis is favorable in uncomplicated cases. It 
also depends upon the character of the epidemic type of the disease. 
In England it varies from thirteen to fourteen per cent. In this coun- 
try it is sometimes as low as two to four per cent. The kidney trouble 
is always feared for it may result in uremia and death, or the acute 
may be followed by chronic nephritis or Bright's disease, which will 
ultimately prove fatal. 

Sanitary Care of Room and Patient. — If you are exposed to this 
disease what can you do? If a child, it must be put in a room by 
itself. If several children have been exposed they should be put in 
separate rooms. These rooms should have no carpet, curtains, rugs, 
etc., or any unnecessary furniture, for everything must be disinfected 
afterward, and sometimes destroyed. The clothes worn just before 
the sickness should be sterilized in steam or boiled and then aired in 
the sun. Anyone suffering from sore throat who has been about the 
patient should not be allowed to be near the healthy. All the children 
must be kept from school. It is well for them to spray their throats 
with a simple cleansing solution morning and night, with a full tea- 
spoonful of boric acid to a glass full of warm water; or you can use 
common salt, but not strong enough to irritate the throat, about one 
teaspoonful to a glass of water. If you have listerine or glyco-thymo- 
iine or any such disinfectant use them, one teaspoonful to sixteen 
spoonfuls of water. Hot water itself is a very good gargle, very heal- 
ing and cleansing. Anyone who enters the sick room and comes out 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 171 

again should wear a sheet all over him. On coming out, he or she 
should leave this sheet outside the window of another room. If the 
person has a board he should wash his face with a 1 to 2000 solution 
of corrosive sublimate, and the hands also, before leaving the sick 
room. The one who waits upon the sick one should remain there, but 
everyone can not do so. They must stay away from the healthy if 
possible. 

City and State Supervision. — If you live in the city your j)hysician 
should notify the health board who will probably send someone to 
instruct you regarding cautions and some cities have private rules, 
laws, etc., for them to follow while under quarantine. A copy is usu- 
ally furnished also to your close neighbors. Also some of the state 
departments of health have made up pamphlets which are circulated 
free on request dealing with the sanitary science of infectious and con- 
tagious diseases. Some colleges use these same pamphlets in their 
study of sanitary science. Much valuable information is contained in 
them. Comparatively few people learn of these pamphlets. For the 
benefit of those who have not read or seen them we quote from their 
scarlet fever subjects as- follows : 

HOW TO AVOID AND PREVENT SCARLET FEVER. 

Do not let a child go near a case of scarlet fever. This is espec- 
ially important to be observed. 

Children are in much greater danger of death from scarlet fever 
than are adults ; but adult persons often get and spread the disease, 
and sometimes die from it. Mild cases in adults may cause fatal 
cases among children. Unless your services are needed keep away 
from the disease yourself. If you do visit a case, bathe yourself and 
change and disinfect your clothing and hair, beard, if any, and hands 
before you go where there is a child. Do not permit any person or 
thing or a dog or cat, or other animal to come from a case of scarlet 
fever to a child. No cat or dog should be permitted to enter the 
sick room. 

Do not permit a child to wear or handle clothing worn by a person 
during sickness or convalescence from scarlet fever. 

Beware of any person who has sore throat. Do not kiss or come 
near to such a person. Do not drink from the same cup, blow the 
same whistle, or put his pen or pencil in your mouth. Whenever a 
child has sore throat and fever, and especially when this is accom- 
panied by a rash on the body, the child and attendant should immed- 
iately be isolated until the physician has seen it and determined 
whether it has scarlet fever. Strict quarantine should be established 
and maintained throughout the course of the disease. Exposed per- 
sons should be isolated until such time has elapsed as may prove that 
they are not infected. The period of incubation, that is, the interval 
of time between exposure to the contagion of scarlet fever and the 
first sig^ of the disease in the person so exposed, varies. In many 



172 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

cases it appears in seven days, in some cases in fourteen days, and in 
some cases twenty-one days ; the average period is about nine da3^s. 
Quarantine of persons exposed should not be raised under four weeks. 

Children believed to be uninfected may be sent away from the 
house in which there is scarlet fever to families in which there are no 
persons liable to the disease, or to previously disinfected convalescent 
wards in hospitals ; but in either case they should be isolated from 
the public until the expiration of the period of incubation. This time 
may vary, but for full protection to the public isolation should be 
observed for four weeks. 

Persons who are attending upon children or other persons suffer- 
ing from scarlet fever, and also the members of the patient's family, 
should not mingle with other people nor permit the entrance of children 
into their house. 

SANITARY CARE OF INFECTED AND SICK PERSONS AND 

ROOMS. 

All persons known to be sick with this disease (even those but 
mildly sick) should be promptly and thoroughly isolated from the 
public and family. In ordering the isolation of infected persons, the 
health officer means that their communication with well persons and 
the movement of any article from the infected room or premises shall 
be absolutely cut off. 

Except it be disinfected, no letter or paper should be sent through 
the mail from an infected place. That this is of more importance 
than in the case of smallpox is indicated by the fact of the much 
greater number of cases of sickness and of deaths from scarlet fever, — 
a disease for which no such preventive as vaccination is yet known. 

The room in which one sick with this disease is to be placed 

should previously be cleared of all needless clothing, drapery and other 
materials likely to harbor the germs of the disease ; and except after 
thorough disinfection nothing already exposed to the contagion of 
the disease should be moved from the room. The sick room should 
have only such articles as are indispensable to the well-being of the 
patient, and should have no carpet, or only pieces which can after- 
wards be destroyed. Provision should be made for the introduction 
of a liberal supply of fresh air and the continual change of the air in 
the room without sensible currents or drafts. 

Soiled clothing, towels, bed linen, etc., on removal from the patient 
should not be carried about while dry; but should be placed in a pail 
or tub covered with a five per cent solution of carbolic acid, six and 
three-fourths ounces of carbolic acid to one gallon water. Soiled 
clothing should in all cases be disinfected before sending away to the 
laundry, either by boiling for at least half an hour or by soaking in 
the five per cent solution of carbolic acid. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 173 

The discharges from tlic throat, nose, mouth, and from the kidneys 
and bowels of the patient should be received into vessels containinp^ an 
equal volume of a five per cent solution of carbolic acid, and in cities 
where sewers are used, thrown into the water closet; elsewhere the 
same should be buried at least one hundred feet distant from any 
well, and should not by any means be thrown into a running stream, 
nor into a cesspool or privy, except after having been thoroughly 
disinfected. Discharges from the bladder and bowels may be received 
on old cloths, which should be immediately burned. All vessels should 
be kept scrupulously clean and disinfected. Discharges from the 
nose, ears, etc., may be received on soft rags or pieces of cloth and 
which should be immediately burned. 

All cups, glasses, spoons, etc., used in the sick room, should at 
once on removal from the room, be washed in the five per cent solu- 
tion of carbolic acid and afterwards in hot water, before being used 
by any other person. 

Food and drink that have been in the sick room should be disin- 
fected and buried. It should not be put in the swill barrel. 

Perfect cleanliness of nurses and attendants should be enjoined 
and secured. As the hands of the nurses of necessity become fre- 
quently contaminated by the contagion of the disease, a good supply 
of towels and basins, one containing a two per cent solution of carbolic 
acid (two and three-fifths ounces of carbolic acid to a gallon of water) 
and another for plain soap and water should always be at hand and 
freely used. 

Persons recovering from scarlet fever, so long as any scaling or 
peeling of the skin, soreness of the eyes or air passages or symptoms 
of dropsy remain, should be considered dangerous, and, therefore, 
should not attend school, church or any public assembly or use any 
public conveyance. In a house infected with scarlet fever, a tem- 
porary disinfection after apparent recovery may be made, so as to 
release from isolation the members of the household who have not had 
the disease. 

Diet and Nursing. — Food should be given every two to four hours. 
Only water can be given as long as there is nausea and vomiting, 
and sometimes not even that. After they have stopped you can give 
milk and water and then milk. You should give it to a child every 
two to three hours, about one-fourth of a glass full and warm if 
possible. A child can take at least one quart in twenty-four hours. 
Watch the stomach and bowels for bad symptoms ; if necessary you 
can put in one teaspoonful of lime water after the milk has been 
heated. If the child will not take milk, use one of the prepared 
foods. Mellins' malted milk, Borden's malted milk, peptonized milk, 
Imperial Granum, and follow the directions on the bottle. The differ- 
ent food waters mentioned above are to use when milk and other 



174 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

food preparations cannot be given. Albumen (white of an egg and 
water, not whipped) can be given and always cold. Cold milk also 
tastes better. 

During the Sickness, etc. — The linen, bedding, etc., of the patient 
should be put into a one to five-thousand solution of corrosive subli- 
mate (you can buy that strength tablet) before being boiled, dried 
and aired in the sun. The sick room must be kept well ventilated, 
but no drafts should be allowed to go over the patient. The tempera- 
ture is better at 68 degrees F. The patient should be kept in bed 
during all the feverish stage and during the scaling stage also. 

Care must be taken lest the patient take cold. During this time 
there is a great danger of ear and kidney trouble. It would be safer 
to keep the patient in bed until the peeling is done. Children are 
naturally lively, risky, and a little careless. To keep the scales from 
flying you can grease the patient with cold cream, vaselin, lard, etc. 
This will also help to ease the itching. The peeling is aided by 
bathing the patient every day with warm, soapy water. 

Special Treatment. — In ordinary cases little treatment is needed 
except to keep the throat and nose free from excessive secretions. 
The urine should be examined daily, and the bowels should move 
once or twice a day. Cold water should be given frequently after the 
nausea has passed away. Milk is the usual food, but must not be 
given during the vomiting stage. Equal parts of milk and water can 
be given after the vomiting stage, if the patient will not take pure 
milk. 

During the vomiting stage very little water even can be given. 
The greatest danger in scarlet fever comes from the throat compli- 
cations and the high fever. 

When the fever is high the patient suffers from delirium. A 
temperature of 105 is dangerous and such patients must be bathed 
well in water, commencing at 90 degrees and rubbed well all over 
while in the water, allowing the temperature of the bath to fall to 85 
or 80 degrees while so doing: bath to last five to fifteen minutes. 
Bathe the head with water, at the temperature of 50 degrees, all the 
time the temperature is at 103 degrees or higher. Always use the 
thermometer to determine the temperature of the water. Weakly 
children often do not stand the bath well, so you must exercise discre- 
tion in giving it often. The temperature must be kept down to 102 
to 103^, and baths must be used often to do so. Where baths cannot 
be used, frequent v.-ashin-s: with water at 60 to TO degrees must be 
adopted without drvine the child afterwards. A mother should always 
lemember that a feverish, restless child needs a bath or a good wash- 
ing- with cool soao and water. If the bowels and kidneys do not act 
freely enough give the following: 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 175 

Epsom Salts 3 ounces 

Cream of Tartar 2 ounces 

Mix and give one-half teaspoon ful in water every three 
hours until the bowels move freely. 

This is the dose for a child one }'car old. 

Dropsy in Scarlet Fever. — In this case you must have a doctor. 
A simple way to make a dropsy patient sweat is to place the patient 
upon a cane seated chair, pin a blanket around the neck, covering the 
whole body. Under the chair place a wooden pail half full of cool 
water and into this put a brick baked as hot as possible; or you can 
introduce steam under the blanket while the patient is sitting on a 
chair, or lying in bed, taking care not to scald the patient. This will 
cause sweating, and relieve the dropsy and also congested kidneys. 

How Soon May a Scarlet Fever Patient Associate with the 
Healthy? — It is best to wait a few weeks after scaling ends. Give the 
patient a bath in a one to 10,000 corrosive sublimate solution first. 

Caution. — ^An ordinary case of scarlet fever does not need much 
medicine. Xursing and care are essential. Even the slightest case 
should be watched. There is always danger of the eyes, ears and 
kidneys becoming affected. If the child complains of pain in the 
head the ear must be examined. If the urine passed is small in 
quantity, or if there are any signs of dropsy, treatment must be given 
at once. You have heard very much lately about the sting of the 
honey bee for rheumatism. I often use a preparation of this for the 
kidney troubles in scarlet fever. The name is Apis Mel. I use the 
second or third homeopathic attenuation in tablet form and give one 
to two about €very two hours. I have found this effective in such 
cases where the urine is small in quantity, and there is some dropsy. 
The lightest cases can have dropsy, especially if special care is not 
taken when scaling goes on. 

I was once attending three children for scarlet fever. The one 
that had it in a mild form became aft'ected wath dropsy. For this I 
steamed her. In her case I placed her in a cane-seated chair, pinned 
a blanket tightly around her so as to thoroughly cover her, put a pail 
of cool water under her chair and dropped into the pail a hot baked 
brick. The hot brick caused steam to rise from the water and envel- 
oped the child, producing sweating. This was done frequently, and 
the child considered it a joke, but it relieved her of the bloat. It was 
in the country and these crude means produced the desired result. 
By attaching a rubber tube to a steaming kettle and introducing the 
steam under the covering the same result can be produced. Some- 
times you may not have all things you wish, then you must make use 
of what is handy. You would be surprised perhaps to know how 
much can be done to relieve sickness by what can be found in every 
house. (For disinfectants see chapter on nursing.) 

MEASLES. — Measles is an acute infectious disease, distinguished 
by a characteristic eruption on the mucous membranes and skin. It is 



[76 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

very contagious and spreads through the atmosphere. Almost every- 
one is susceptible to measles and suffers at least one attack. The 
disease is not frequent during the first year of life. It prevails in all 
countries. 

Incubation. — This varies from thirteen to fifteen days. In calcu- 
lating this period we include the time from exposure to the appearance 
of the eruption. One attack generally protects the person from 
another attack. The period of the greatest danger of taking it extends 
through the period of the eruption. It diminishes as the eruption 
fades. From this we learn that the infection in measles takes place 
generally in the incubation stage. 

Symptoms and Description of Ordinary Type.- — The first symptoms 
may be only a headache or a slight disturbance of the stomach. There 
may be some fever in the evening. There is now a redness and watery 
condition of the eyes, and general feeling of weariness. The cold 
symptoms (coryza) are not yet marked, but if we look in the mouth 
we may see a few spots on the mucous membrane of the cheek. Then 
follow the sneezing, running at the nose, sore and red eyes, running 
wat^r, sensitiveness to the light, cough and fever. The eruption now 
appears, and is first noticed on the side of the head and the wings 
of the nose, as a red spotted eruption, which soon looks like a pimple, 
and then "blotchy." Older people feel quite sick. The aching all 
over, and headache are sometimes almost unbearable, especially when 
there is much coughing. The face, eyes and scalp are soon covered 
by the red rose irregularly shaped pimples, which next appear rapidly 
on the back of the hands, fore-arms, front of the trunk, on the back 
and lower extremities. This order is not always maintained. Some- 
times it first appears on the back. 

The eruptive stage generally lasts three or four days, during 
which time the symptoms are all aggravated, especially by any strong 
light, on account of the sore eyes for the measles are also in them. 
We have active cold symptoms like sneezing, running at the nose, 
snorting, snufifling, hawking. The cough is terribly severe, annoying, 
making the lungs and stomach very sore. The head feels as if it 
would split. The patient holds his chest and "stomach" while cough- 
ing. Symptoms of acute bronchitis develop. Sometimes there is much 
diarrhea. Pneumonia often develops through carelessness. The fever 
reaches its height when the eruption is fully developed. The eruption 
fades after it has been out for three or four days, and then all the 
symptoms decrease, the fever lessens and becomes normal by gradual 
morning remissions. Scaling begins when the pinkish hue of the 
rash has disappeared and continues until the last vestige of reddish 
soots has disappeared. As a rule it is completed in two to four weeks 
after the first eruption has appeared. Sometimes the scaling is difficult 
to see, but it is never absent in measles. It is best seen on the front 
part of the chest, shoulders, and the inner surface of the thighs. The 
temperature may reach 104 to 105 8/10 without complications. This 



INPECTIOCS DJSLASES I77 

description gives a i)ictiirc of a typical case. Tlic eruption that 
appears in the nuicons membrane of the mouth ai)pears three to four 
days before the skin rash. It is accompanied l)y redness of the 
j)harynx and of the front and back pillars of the fauces. The soft 
palate is studded with irregular shaped, rose colored spots or streaks 
and the hard palate presents small whitish vesicles. They are also 
found on the colored mucous membrane of the cheeks and on that 
opposite the gums of the upper and lower teeth. The rash of measles 
is a characteristic eruption of rose colored or purple colored papules 
(pimples). As a rule the whole face is covered with the eruj)tion and 
is swollen. Diphtheria may complicate measles. Bronchitis and 
broncho-pneumonia also may occur, especially if the patient is careless 
and takes cold. Diarrhea is frequently present. 

Eyes. — Following severe cases fear of light , spasm of the ' 
orbicularis muscle, inflammation of the lachrymal duct, conjunctivitis, 
ulceration of the cornea and amaurosis (general blindness) may result. 
Hence the necessity of careful attention to the eyes. Never read any- 
thing during the attack of the mea94es. The ear may also become 
afflicted. There are other complications, but these mentioned are the 
important ones. 

Mortality in Measles. — The mortality in childhood and infancy is 
about eight per cent. Mortality is greatest for number of cases during 
the first year. Six per cent between fifth and eighth years. 

Diagnosis. — Presents few difficulties in a typical case. The mode 
of onset is cold symptoms of the nose and eye, cough ; appearance of 
the mouth, throat and the blotchy eruptions are very characteristic. 

Treatment. Prevention. — As soon as you know it to be the 
measles, separate the case and put the patient in a well-aired room 
where you can have air without a draft and where the room can be 
made and kept dark. Those persons who must go in the room 
should put over them a linen robe, and hang it outside of the sick 
room, it should thoroughly cover them. When not in use hang it 
in the open air. An attendant who wears a beard should disinfect 
his beard, face, head and hands before mingling with the well. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Measles, Lemon Remedy from a 
Canadian Mother. — ''Give child all cold lemonade it can drink and keep 
in warm room. This acts just as well as if the drinks are hot. We 
tried both on our children and cured both ways." Don't give so 
much of the cold as to chill. The cold drink makes child sweat, just 
as hot does. Also helps to carry off impurities by flushing bowels, 
just as clear water would. 

2. Measles, Elder Blossom Tea to Drive Out. — "Elder blossom 

tea is good for a cold or fever. Gather the blossoms, and make a tea. 

Pleasant to take. Sweeten if desired. This is also good to drive out 

the measles." This remedy should be taken warm and is especially 

good to bring out the rash in children. Take a teaspoonful every 

hour, 
12 



178 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

General Treatment. — ^An ordinary case of measles does not need 
much treatment. If the patient has a high fever and is very hot and 
restless, bathe with tepid or cool water every two or three hours, till 
the patient becomes quite restful. Sometimes they have too much cov- 
ering and that makes them hot and restless. Remove a little at a time. 
Bathing will not hurt the rash, for it can be done under the clothes and 
without any danger to the patient. 

Cold Drinks. — These are refreshing and beneficial, if not given too 
freely. One-third of a glass of water is enough at one time, but it 
can be given often, if it does not chill the patient. After the feverish 
days have passed, diluted milk or plain milk can be given in greater 
amount. 

Cough in Measles. — It is likely to be severe, straining and barking 
and hard to relieve. If it is too severe you can give, for a child one 
year old: 

Acetanelid ^ dram 

Dover's Powder H dram 

Mix and make into thirty powders. 

Give one-half powder every two hours when awake or restless. 

2. For a child two years old: 

Paregoric 2 to 5 drops 

Syrup Ipecac 3 drops 

Mix. 

Give every three hours, according to age, one to three hours for 
a child two years old. 

3. For Irritation of the Skin. — Sponge once a day with water at 
100 degrees F. containing a little alcohol or a pinch of sodium bicar- 
bonate or soda. 

4. For Scaling. — Use ointment of benzoinated lard, combined 
with five per cent of boric acid. 

Diet. — -The food should be light; milk, broths, and when the fever 
is gone chicken and soft boiled eggs, jelly, toasted bread, crackers, 
cereals, with cocoa for drink. Orange juice or lemon juice may be 
given in moderation. Milk, one pint per day for every fifty pounds 
in weight of the patient, during a fever sickess, is a safe and liberal 
allowance. Smaller children in proportion. Mothers will be apt to 
give too much and it may then prevent rest and sleep. When the 
fever subsides you can give more milk and some of the above foods. 
Water, as before stated, can be given for the thirst quite frequently. 

Teas. — The laity gives lots of these to bring out the rash. It 
seems to me before the rash is out the patient is feverish and chilly 
and the skin is dry, and a small amount of tea given every hour or 
two might do good unless the patient is made warmer. There are 
many varieties given. Elder blossom seems to have the call. For 
some time after the patient is well he may be bothered with a cough; 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 179 

it better he hooked after if it continues, for tlierc might he hroncliitis 
ur sonic hinj^ trouble left and unknown. 

Caution. — A person who has had the measles or German measles, 
should be very careful about taking cold, for if they do they are liable 
to have serit)us trouble, esj^ecially in the chest. It is very easy to 
take bronchitis or pneumonia during and after an attack of measles. 
The mucous membrane of these parts is left somewhat swollen and 
it remains susceptible to disease for some time. "An ounce of preven- 
tion is worth a pound of cure." Remain in the house three or four 
days longer than may seem necessary and you will be paid for so 
doing by having good bronchial tubes and lungs, — as good as before 
if you were careful during the attack. 

GERMAN MEASLES.— This is an acute self-limited disease and 
contagious. It has a mild fever, watery eyes, cough, sore throat and 
enlargement of the glands of the neck, not seen in the common measles. 
It has an eruption that may come the first day to the fourth. 

Incubation Period Runs. — From fifteen to twenty days. 

Rash. — Just before the rash appears there is a headache, nausea 
and irritation of the bronchial tubes. The eruption is so similar to 
that of measles at the outset that it is hard to differentiate between 
them. The eruption in the mouth, however, is not so characteristic. 
Before the appearance of the eruption, the glands on the back of the 
neck and angles of the jaw may be enlarged. At the time of its 
appearance the glands in the armpits and groin become enlarged to 
the size of a bean and bigger, and they remain enlarged for weeks 
after the eruption has disappeared. 

Treatment. — Similar to the measles if any is needed. 

CHICKEN POX (Varicella). — This is an acute infectious disease, 
characterized by a peculiar eruption. Children are the ones usually 
attacked. It generally occurs before the tenth year. It is transmitted 
through the atmosphere. The period of coming on is usually four- 
teen days, but it may extend to nineteen days. It is perhaps the 
simplest and mildest disease of childhood. It occurs but once, is 
contagious, is very common, and resembles varioloid. It has a mild light 
fever and large vesicles almost the size of a split pea, scattered over 
the body. There may be few and there may be hundreds. They 
are reddish gray and appear first on the head and face, then on the 
body, one crop following another on the body. They are filled at first 
with a clear liquid, which soon turns yellowish, then breaks and dries 
up. They leave no scar unless they are scratched or are Very large. 
The patient is usually well in a week, but the scars last longer. 

MOTHER'S REMEDY.— 1. Chicken Pox, Catnip Tea and Soda 
Water for. — "Put the patient to bed and give catnip tea. A daily bath 
of saleratus water is good and the bowels should be kept open." One 
of the most essential things is to keep the patient warm. 



180 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR CHICKEN POX.— Exclude 

other children. The child should be lightly fed and on ordinary food. 
Large vesicles on the face, when yellow, should be pricked with a 
needle that has been boiled, then wash them with a disinfecting lotion 
twice daily. 

The following is a good lotion : 

Boric Acid 5^ ounce (4 teaspoonfuls) 

Boiled Water 1 pint 

Mix thoroughly and use twice a day on the eruption. 

The child should not pick the sores on his face, as this may cause 
delay in healing and leave a mark. 

MUMPS (Parotitis). — This is an acute infectious disease of one 
or both of the parotid glands, located at the angle of the jaw, and 
extending up to the ear, and, also, to other salivary glands. It 
appears only once. One attack gives immunity. It may come at any 
age ; but appears mostly before the age of fifteen. It comes on one 
side first and may pass over to the other side in a few days, as it 
usually does, and gives the face a broad appearance, under the ears, 
or ear, and makes chewing and swallowing almost impossible. There 
is no soreness of the throat in mumps. In well marked cases there 
is considerable fever and pain. It may last from a few days to a 
week. The usual length of time the disease lasts is one week. There 
is no tendency to form pus, even when the face is very hard and 
swollen and tender. It will occasionally leave the face and appear in 
the breasts and ovaries in the females or in the testicles of the males, 
and in both places it causes much pain. 

Treatment. — The patient should be kept in the house and isolated 
in bed as long as the symptoms last. When there is much pain, 
laudanum diluted one-third with water may be applied continually 
with a soft warm cloth. Oil of hyoscyamus applied twice daily to the 
sore parts is good if laudanum is not used. When the swelling goes 
down I know of nothing as good as a hot bean poultice, which must 
be changed often so as to keep hot. Bean poultice. — Simply boil the 
beans in water until they are soft and thick enough to use as a poultice. 
The bowels should be kept open with salts. The food must be liquid, 
such as milk, soups and gruels. If there is not much fever, soft boiled 
eggs and milk toast from the beginning. Do not use vinegar, acids 
or astringents. 

WHOOPING-COUGH (Pertussis).— Whooping cough is an acute 
specific infectious disease caused by a micro-organism. It is charac- 
terized in a majority of cases by a spasmodic cough, accompanied by 
a so-called whoop. It is not only infectious, but very contagious. It 
is propagated through the atmosphere in schools and public places; 
the air of which is contaminated with the specific agent of the disease. 
This agent is thought to reside in the sputum and the secretions of 
the nose and air passages of the patient. It is very contagious at the 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 131 

height of the attack. The spiuum oi ilic first or catairhal stage is 
thought to he highly contagious. The si)Utuni in tlic stage of decline 
is also thought to be capable of carrying the disease. It prevails in 
all countries and climates. During the winter and sj)ring months it 
is most frequent. At times it prevails as an epidemic. It occurs most 
frequently in infancy and childhood, but a person can take it at any 
dgc. Second attacks are rare. It is most frequent between the first 
and second year; next most frequent between the sixth and twelfth 
month. After the fifth year the frequency diminishes up to the tenth 
year, after which the disease is very infrequent. Not everyone who 
is exposed contracts the disease. It seems that whooping-cough, 
measles, and influenza frequently follow one another in epidemic form. 
This is one of the diseases much dreaded by parents. It is very tedi- 
ous and endangers the life of weak and young children by exhaustion. 
It is a terrible thing to watch one with this disease, day in and day 
out. It can be known by the impetuous, continuous and frequent 
coughing spells, following each other rapidly until the patient is out 
of breath, with a tendency to end in vomiting. When it comes in the 
fall or winter months there will likely be spasmodic coughing until 
summer through the usual colds contracted. Summer is the best time 
to have it. 

Symptoms. — There is an incubation stage, but it is hard to deter- 
mine its length. After the appearance of the symptoms there are three 
stages ; the catarrhal, the spasmodic, and the stage of decline. 

The First Stage. — This is characterized by a cough which is more 
troublesome at night. One can be suspicious, w^hen instead of get- 
ting better in a few days, it gets worse and more frequent, without 
any seeming cause. After four or five days the cough may be accom- 
panied by vomiting, especially if the cough occurs after eating. There 
may be some bronchitis, and if so there will be one or more degrees 
of fever. Fever is present as a rule, only during the first few days, 
unless there is bronchitis. As the case passes into the spasmodic or 
second stage, the paroxysms of coughing last longer, the child becomes 
red in the face and spits up a larger amount of mucus than in ordi- 
nary bronchitis. This period of the cough without a whoop, may 
last from five to twelve days. In some cases there is never a whoop. 
The child has a severe spasmodic cough, followed by vomiting. Usu- 
ally at the close of this stage the incessant cough causes slight puf- 
finess of the eyelids and slight bloating of the face. 

Spasmodic or Second Stage. — The peculiar whoop is now present. 
The cough is spasmodic. The child has distinct paroxysms of cough- 
ing which begin with an inspiration (in-breathing) followed by sev- 
eral expulsive, explosive coughs, after which there is a deep, long- 
drawn inspiration which is characterized by a loud crowing called the 
"whoop." This paroxysm may be followed by a number of similar 
ones. When the paroxysm is coming on the face assumes an anxious 
expression, and the child runs to the nearest person or to some article 



182 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

of furniture and grasps him or it with both hands. It is so severe 
sometimes that the child will fall or claw the air, convulsively. In the 
severest and most dangerous types, a convulsion may come on in a 
moderate degree, the face is red or livid, the eyes bulge and when the 
paroxysm ends a quantity of st;icky tenacious mucus is spit up. In 
other cases there is vomiting at the end of the paroxysm. There is 
frequently nose-bleed. In the intervals the face is pale or bluish, eye- 
lids are puffy and face swollen. There is little bronchitis at this 
period in the majority of cases. In some cases the number of par- 
oxysms may be few. There are generally quite a number during the 
twenty-four hours. 

Stage of the Decline. — In this stage the number and severity of 
the paroxysms lessen. They may subside suddenly or gradually after 
four to twelve weeks. The whoop may reappear at times. The cough 
may persist, more or less, for weeks after the whoop is entirely gone. 

Complications. — Bronchitis is common, it may be mild or severe. 
It may run into capillary bronchitis and this is dangerous. 

Diagnosis. — Continued cough, getting worse and spasmodic, worse 
at night, livid face when coughing, causes great suspicion as to its 
being whooping-cough. The whoop will confirm it. 

Mortality is quoted as twenty-five per cent during the first year. 
Between first and fifth year about five per cent, from fifth to tenth 
year about one per cent. Rickets, or wasting disease (marasmus) and 
poor hygienic surroundings makes the outlook less favorable. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Whooping-Cough, Chestnut Leaves 
for. — "'Steep chestnut leaves, strain, add sugar according to amoimt of 
juice and boil down to a syrup ; give plenty of this. A friend of mine 
gave this to her children. She said they recovered rapidly and the 
cough was not severe." They are not the horse-chestnut leaves. 

2. Whooping-Cough, Chestnut Leaves and Cream for. — "Make an 
infusion of dry chestnut leaves, not too strong, season with cream and 
sugar, if desired. The leaves can be purchased at a drug store in five 
cent packages." 

3. Whooping-Cough, Mrs. Warren's Remedy for. — 

•'"Powdered Alum i^ dram 

Mucilage Acacia 1 ounce 

Syrup Squills Yi ounce 

Syrup Simple, q. s 4 ounces 

Mix this. 

This is one of the best remedies known to use for whooping- 
cough. It has been used for many years, and some of our best doc- 
tors use it in their practice. I do not hesitate to recommend it as a 
splendid remedy." 

1 Whooping-Cough, Raspberry Tincture for.— 'Take one-half 
pound honey, one cup water: let these boil, take off scum; pour boil- 
ing hot upon one-half ounce lobelia herb and one-half ounce cloves : 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES lg3 

mix well, then strain and add one i^ill rasphcrry vinegar. Take from 
une teaspoonful to a dessertspoonfni fonr tinu's a day. Pleasant to 
take." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Whooping-Cough.— The 
patient should be isolated and sleep in a lar<^a\ well ventilated room. 
In spring and summer weather, the child is better in the open air all 
day. In the winter the child should be warmly clothed. Pine woods 
and a fairly high altitude are probably th*. best. The greatest care 
should be taken in all seasons to keep from taking cold, or bad bron- 
chitis or pneumonia may result. All complications are serious, espe- 
cially in nursing children. There should be no appreciable fever, and 
when the paroxysm of cough is over the child should sleep or play 
quite well, until the next one returns. So if there is much fever the 
case needs watching. 

Medical Treatment. — Medicines have little effect in controlling 
the disease. The severity can be lessened. If the child is much dis- 
turbed at night, the following is good: 

1. Acetanelid 14 dram 

Dover's Powder J/^ dram 

Mix thoroughly and make up into thirty powders; for 
one year old one-half a powder every two hours while awake 
or restless. 

2. Syrup of Dover's Powder 1 fluid dram 

Tincture of Aconite 10 drops 

Simple Syrup enough to make two ounces. 

Mix and give one-half teaspoonful every two hours for a 
child one year old. Shake bottle. 

3. But the best treatment I know is the following: Go to any 
good drug store and get a fifty-cent bottle of vapo-cresolene. Burn 
this, according to the directions given on the bottle in the evening. 
Use a small granite cup, put about one-third of an inch of the medi- 
cine in this, set cup on a wire frame above a lamp, (can buy a regular 
lamp with the medicine) close windows and let the child inhale the 
fumes. This will give the patient a good night's sleep. I have used 
this for years, and know it is good and effective. A tea made of 
chestnut leaves is said to be good, and is often used as a home remedy. 
The leaves of the chestnut that we eat, not the horse-chestnut. 

Diet. — This is an extremely important part of the treatment. As 
the child vomits frequently, especially after eating, the food is gen- 
erally vomited, so there should be frequent feeding in small quantities. 
The food should be digestible and nourishing. Milk is a good food for 
older children. In nursing infants they should be nursed oftener, 
especially if they vomit soon after nursing. In older children, you 
must not feed too heavy and hearty foods ; meat and potatoes should 
not be given to young children having the disease. When vomiting is 
severe the food should be fluid and given often. The child must be 
nourished. If this disease occurs in the winter the person attacked, 



184 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

after he is seemingly well, must be careful not to take cold. The con- 
dition of the mucous membrane of the air tube after an attack of this 
disease, makes it very easy for the person to contract inflammation 
of that part and have in consequence laryngitis, bronchitis, or pneu- 
monia. The cough in very many cases will last all winter without 
any additional cold being added. 

DIPHTHERIA. — Diphtheria is an acute disease and always 
infectious. There is a peculiar membrane which forms on the tonsils, 
uvula, soft palate and throat and sometimes in the larynx and nose. 
It may form in other places such as in the vagina, bowels, on wounds 
or sores of the skin. I once cut off the fingers for a child under the 
care of another doctor. The child came down with diphtheria, and 
the membrane formed on the fingers. Also it is often epidemic in the 
cold autumn months. Its severity varies with different epidemics. 
Children from two to fifteen years old are most frequently attacked 
with it. Catarrhal inflammations of the respiratory mucous mem- 
brane predisposes to it. 

Cause. — The exciting cause is a bacillus called after the discover- 
ers — Klebs-Loeffler — and this may be communicated directly to another 
person from the membrane or discharges from the nose and mouth, 
secretions of convalescents, or from the throat of normal persons. The 
local condition (lesion) may be a simple catarrhal inflammation, or a 
greenish or gray exudate, involving chiefly the tonsils, pharynx, soft 
palate, nose, larynx and trachea, less often the conjunctiva and alimen- 
tary tract. It is firmly adherent at first and leaves a bleeding surface 
when detached ; later it is soft and can be removed. 

Symptoms. — ^Incubation period usually lasts from two to seven 
days after exposure, usually two, generally there is chilliness, some- 
times convulsions in voung children, pain in the back and extremities 
and a fever of 102i^°'to 104°. 

PHARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA.— In typical cases this begins 
with slight difficulty in swallowing, and reddened throat (pharynx), 
then there is a general congestion of these parts, and membrane is 
seen on the tonsils. It is grayish white, then dull or yellowish; 
adh-erent and when removed it leaves a bleeding surface upon which a 
fresh membrane quickly forms. If the disease runs on, in a few days 
the membrane covers the tonsils and pillars of the fauces, often the 
uvula. The glands around the neck often enlarge. Temperature 102° 
to 103°. Pulse 100° to 120°. The constitutional symptoms are usu- 
ally in proportion to the local condition, but not always. The mem- 
brane frequently extends into the nostrils, and frequently there is a 
burning discharge. In malignant cases all the symptoms are severe 
and rapidly progressive ending in stupor and death in three to five 
days. Death may occur from sudden heart failure or complications. 

LARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA, Formerly Called Membranous 
Croup. — Diphtheria in the larynx may occur alone or with the oharvn- 




DIPHTHERIA. 



IXFECriOiS DISh.lSES 135 

geal kind, and was formerly called "Membranous Croup." After sev- 
eral days of hoarseness and coughing the breathing suddenly becomes 
hard, generally at night, and it is at first in paroxysms, but later it is 
constant. The space above the breast bone (sternum) is depressed 
and there is a drawing in of the spaces between the ribs during inspir- 
ation accompanied with a husky voice and blue look. The fever is 
slight. If the obstruction in the larynx is severe the cyanosis, — blue- 
ness. — and difficulty of breathing increase, and gradual suffocation 
leads to (coma) deep sleep and death. 

Diagnosis. — Diagnosis can only be made certain by proper chem- 
ical tests. The presence of membrane on a tonsil and a small paten 
streak, or speck of membrane, on the adjacent surface of the uvula or 
tip of the uvula; a patch of membrane on the tonsil and an accompany- 
ing patch on the posterior wall of the pharynx; the presence of a 
croupy cough and harsh breathing with small patches of membrane 
on the tonsil or epiglottis. These symptoms are very suspicious and 
warrant separation of the patient. If such conditions are seen in any 
one, it will be the part of prudence to send for your doctor immedi- 
ately. You give the patient a better chance by sending early, protect 
yourselves and also your neighbors. 

Recovery. — Chances in mild cases are good. Antitoxin has brought 
the death rate down from forty to twelve per cent. Death may occur 
from sudden heart failure, obstruction in the pharynx, severe infec- 
tion, complications or paralysis. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— Diphtheria Is such a dangerous disease 
and so rapidly fatal that the family physician should be promptly called. 
Until he arrives the following may be used to give some relief : 

2. Diphtheria, Kerosene Good for. — "Kerosene oil applied to the 

throat of child or adult is very good.'" 

3. Diphtheria, Hops and Hot Water Relieves. — ''Make two flan- 
nel bags and fill with hops which have been moistened with hot 
water; place bags in a steamer and heat. Keep one bag hot and the 
other around the throat. Change often, relief in short time." Mrs. 
Shaw has tried this in a case of diphtheria and other throat trouble 
and recommends it as an excellent remedy. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Diphtheria. Prevention.— The 

];atient should be isolated as soon as the spots or membrane are seen. 
Other children, who have been with the sick one, should at once be 
given "immunizing" doses of antitoxin, and the furniture of the sick 
room such as hangings, carpets, rugs, etc., should be removed and dis- 
infected, only the necessary articles being kept in the room. The 
room should be kept well ventilated, but no draught should get to the 
patient. The one nursing the patient should not come near the other 
members of the family. All articles of clothing worn by the patient 
sh( V.!'' Hp dipped in a 1 to 2000 solution of corrosive sublimate before 



186 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

they are removed from the sick room. (Other solutions may be ttsed; 
see Nursing Department). Dishes, etc., should be treated in the same 
way and foods left over should be put in a vessel containing an anti- 
septic solution, and then burned. Every one going into the sick room 
should cover their head with a cap and wear a robe-covering over their 
clothes, and on leaving the room should gargle or rinse their mouth 
vvith a solution of boric acid, about one or two teaspoonfuls to a glass of 
water. The infant should not be nursed at the breast lest the breast 
become infected ; the milk should be pumped out and fed to the infant 
with a bottle. If the infant has diarrhea milk must be stopped, the 
bowels irrigated, and no milk given until all danger from this source 
is past. The nurse must be careful of the discharges from the nose, 
mouth and bowels. Discharges from the bowels and the urine must 
be received in a vessel with an antiseptic solution in it like copperas, 
lime, etc. Cloths used to receive the discharge from the nose and 
mouth should be thrown in a vessel containing a solution of 1 to 2000 
of corrosive sublimate and then burned. The nurse should wear a 
gauze protection over her nose and mouth when she is near the patient, 
and glasses, so that no sputum or discharge from the patient can enter 
these organs. When the nurse leaves the sick room for a rest or 
walk, she should change her clothes in an unused room and put them 
where they can air, w^ash her hands, face and hair in an antiseptic 
solution. Great care must be taken by the nurse, or she will carry 
the disease. The doctor also must take the same care. 

PHYSICIANS' MEDICAL TREATMENT.— Antitoxin is the 

best. 1/100 grain of corrosive sublimate or more according to age is 
frequently given in the severe cases aind is beneficial. 

Local Treatment. — In older persons, inhaling steam may benefit. 
Gargling the throat or spraying the nose and throat is cleansing and 
helpful ; but in children it is sometimes hard to do this, for they may 
struggle and thus injure and weaken themselves more than they can 
be benefited by the spraying or gargling. Swab the throat if you can 
with solution of corrosive sublimate, 1 to 1000. Peroxide of hydrogen, 
one-sixth to one-half to full strength, is good in many cases, used as 
a gargle and a swab. Wash out the nose with a normal salt solution. 
One dram to a pint of water. The persons doing this must take great 
care or the patient will cough and the discharge will go over them. 

When in the Lar5mx. — Steam inhalations without or with medi- 
cine in them and the application of cold or hot to the neck are good. 
Compound tincture of benzoin is good to use in the water for steam- 
ing; one-half to one tablespoonful to a quart of water. A tent can be 
made by putting a sheet over the four posts of the bed and steam 
vapor introduced under this covering. 

Diet. — The main food is milk, albumin water, broths, eggs, giveia 
every two hours. Some doctors give stimulants with the food. 

Cautions. — Members of the family have no idea how much they 
can aid the physician in this terrible disease. Pay particular attention 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 187 

to the directions the doctor gives you, if you arc doing the nursing, 
watch so that you may detect any bad synii)tom, and immediately 
inform the pliysician. A harsh cough with increased difficulty in 
breathing may mean that the disease has extended to the larynx. If 
such symptoms are first noticed in the physician's absence, he should 
be sent for at once so he can treat it properly at the start. If the- kid- 
neys do not act properly he should be informed. One may take 
nephritis in diphtheria also. I was called one morning at 3 a. m.. to 
see a case I was attending; she seemed to the parents to be worse; 
she was, but today she is living, and 1 believe her life was really saved 
by her parents. I would rather a loving mother and father nurse a 
case any time than a selfish, lazy professional nurse. Good nurses 
are a blessing; selfish ones are a curse; I have met both kinds. After 
an attack of this disease the patient is left "weak" in many organs. 
He should be careful, not only of taking cold, but of over-doing. The 
heart and nervous system in some cases have been terribly wrecked. 
Take life easy for some time, for you may be thankful that you are 
alive. 

ACUTE TONSILITIS. (Follicular Inflammation of the Tonsils). 
Causes. — /Vuthors regard this as an infectious disease. It is met with 
more frequently in the young; infants may take it. Some authors 
state it can be communicated either through the secretions or by direct 
contact, as in the act of kissing (Koplik). It is frequent in children 
from the second to the fourth year, but it is more common after than 
before the fourth year. Sex has no influence. In this country it is 
more common in the spring. The predisposing causes are exposure to 
wet and cold and bad hygienic surroundings. One attack renders a 
person more susceptible. It spreads through a family in such a way 
that it must be regarded as contagious. The small openings (Lacunae) 
of the tonsils become filled with products which form cheesy-looking 
masses, projecting from the openings of the (Crypts) hidden sacs. 
These frequently join together, the intervening tissue is usually swol- 
len, deep red in color and sometimes a membrane forms on it in which 
case it may look like diphtheria. 

Symptoms. — Chilly feelings or even a chill and aching pains in 
the back and limbs may precede the onset. The fever rises rapidly 
and in the young child may reach 105° in the evening of the first day. 
The infant is restless, peevish and wakeful at night ; it breathes rapidly, 
and there is high fever and great weakness. Nursing is difficult, not 
only on account of the pain in swallowing, but because in the majority 
of cases there is more or less inflammation of the nose. The bowels 
are disturbed as a result of swallowing infectious secretions from the 
mouth with the food. The tonsils are enlarged and studded with 
whitish or yellowish white points. The glands at the angle of the 
jaws may be enlarged. In older children the tonsils are enlarged and 
the crypts plugged with a creamy deposit. The surface is covered with 
a deposit and the pillars of the fauces, uvula and pharynx may all be 
inflamed. The tongue is coated, the breath is bad, the urine high 



188 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

colored, swallowing is painful ; the pain frequently runs to the ear and 
the voice sounds nasal, as if one had mush in his mouth when talking. 
In severe cases the symptoms all increase, and the parts become very 
much swollen. Then the inflammation gradually subsides^ and in a 
week, as a rule, the fever is gone and the local conditions have greatlv 
improved. The tonsils, though, remain somewhat swollen. The weak- 
ness and general symptoms are often greater than one would suppose. 
The trouble may also extend to the middle ear through the eustachian 
tubes. 

Diagnosis Between Acute Tonsilitis and Diphtheria. — Follicular 
form. *Tn this form the individual, yellowish, gray masses, separated 
by the reddish tonsilar tissue are very characteristic, whereas in diph- 
theria the membrane is of ashy gray and uniform, not patch." — Osier. 
A point of the greatest importance in diphtheria is that the membrane 
is not limited to the tonsils, but creeps up the pillars of the fauces or 
appears on the uvula. The diphtheric membrane when removed 
leaves a raw, bleeding, eroded surface; whereas, the membrane of 
follicular tonsilitis is easily separated as there is no raw surface 
beneath it. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Tonsilitis, Raw Onion and Pork 
for. — "Take a raw onion and some salt pork, chop together, make a 
poultice on which put a little turpentine and wrap around the throat." 
This is a very good remedy and should be used for some time. Change 
as-often as necessary. 

2. Tonsilitis, Peppermint Oil Good for. — "Apply peppermint oil 

thoroughly on the outside of the throat from well up behind the ear 
nearly to the chin, also just in front of the ear. This will soon pen- 
etrate through to the tonsils; apply freely if the case is severe and 
later apply hot cloths if relief does not follow without." 

3. Tonsilitis, Borax Water for. — "One-fourth teaspoonful borax 
in one cup of hot water, gargle frequently." This may be used for 
ordinary sore throat not quite so strong. 

4. Tonsilitis, Salt and Pepper Will Relieve. — "Apply salt pork well 
covered with pepper to the swollen parts ; will often give relief. 

5. Tonsilitis, Peroxide of Hydrogen Will Cure. — ^"Tonsilitis and 
contagious sore throats are just now extremely popular. Persons hav- 
ing a tendency to them will seldom be sick if they gargle daily with a 
solution of peroxide of hydrogen and water in equal parts for adults. 
Peroxide diluted with five parts of water and used as a head spray will 
prevent catarrhal colds." Children are often sent to school immediately 
after an attack of tonsilitis, when they should be at home taking a 
tonic and building up by a week of out-door play. 

6. Tonsilitis, a Remedy Effective for. — "Rub the outside of the 
throat well with oil of anise and turpentine, and keep the bowels open." 
Care should be taken not to take cold. The anise is very soothing 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES lg9 

and the turpentine will help to draw out the soreness. This would he 
a good remedy for children. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Tonsilitis. 1. First Home 
Treatment. — Put the patient to bed alone in a pleasant room, com- 
fortably warm, for this disease is recorded as contagious in this form. 
Cold applied externally around the sore spot is good. Use an ice bag 
if you have it; or wring cloths out of cold water and put just under 
the jaw and a flannel over that, bound around the neck. It must be 
changed often to keep cold. 

2. Smartweed. — Cloths wrung out of smartweed tea are very 
good when applied under the jaw. 

3. Salt r ork. — Salt pork, well salted and peppered, sewn to a 
cloth and applied on both sides, if both are diseased, directly to the 
lumps is very good. These can be kept on indefinitely. I have used 
them. 

4. Liniment — A strong blistering liniment applied externally 
where the lumps are is also good. These applications tend to with- 
draw some of the blood from the sore tonsils, and of course, that re- 
lieves them. There are many such that can be used. Poultices should 
not be applied for this form as they tend to hasten formation of pus. 

5. Internally. — Dip your clean moistened finger tip into dry 
bicarbonate of soda (baking soda), rub this gently on the sore tonsil 
and repeat it every hour. You can also put one teaspoonful of it in 
one-half glass of very hot water and gargle if you do not use it locally. 

6. Hot Water. — Gargling frequently with very hot water is splen- 
did. If you wish you can use one teaspoonful of some antiseptic, like 
listerine, in it. 

7. Thyme. — You can make a tea of the common garden thyme 
and gargle or rinse your mouth and throat with it every half to one 
hour. This is not only healing and soothing, but it is also antiseptic. 
This is a constituent of many of the antiseptic preparations. 

8. Steaming With Compound Tincture of Benzoin. — Tincture of 
benzoin is splendid. Put one tablespoonful in a quart of hot water 
and inhale the steam. Put a sheet over your head and pitcher; or put 
it in a kettle, and roll white writing paper into a funnel, tie one part 
over the spout and put the other end in your mouth if possible ; or 
you can inhale simple steam in the same way. I know this is excellent 
and often recommended; every one has it, and it costs literally nothing 
except to heat the water. 

9. For the Pain. — Dissolve two drams of chloral hydrate in an 
ounce of water, use a camel's hair pencil if you have it, or a soft piece 
of cloth tied on a smooth stick, and apply directly to the diseased 
parts. This is for older persons, relieves the pain very much. There 
are many other simple remedies that can be used in this way. 



190 , MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

10. MEDICINES. Parke, Davis & Co., Anti-Tonsilitis Tablet 
No. 645 is very good. This can be bought at any drug store. For a 
child give one-half a tablet every two hours for four doses, then every 
three hours. An adult can take one to two every one to three hours 
according to the severity of the case. 

11. Aspirin. — Aspirin is another good remedy; five grains every 
four hours for an adult; but used only under doctor's directions. 

12. Dr. Hare of Philadelphia, uses 1/200 grain mercurius biniodide 
(pink powder) every four to six hours to abort tonsilitis. I would 
recommend the following: — ^Give one-tenth drop dose of a good tinc- 
ture of aconite and 1/200 grain of the mercury biniodide (one to two 
tablets a dose) every hour, alternately, one of them one hour and the 
next, etc. If there is much deposit I would put ten tablets of mercury 
protoiodide (one-tenth of a grain in a tablet) in one-half glass of w^ater 
and give two teaspoonfuls every hour until the bowels move freely, 
then every three to four hours. The aconite can be used if there is 
much fever, with hot, dry skin, alternately every one-half hour. I pre- 
fer the pink powder when there is no deposit or membrane. These I 
have used for years, and know them to be excellent. For children the 
dose is about one-half. After twelve hours the remedies should be 
given only every three to four hours. 

QUINSY. (Suppurative Tonsilitis). — In from two to four days 
the enlarged gland becomes softer and finally may break, sometimes in 
the pharynx; the breaking gives the patient great relief. Suffocation 
has sometimes followed the rupture of a large abscess and the en- 
trance of the pus into the larynx. This form of tonsilitis was formerly 
called quinsy. By this term now is meant an abscess around the ton- 
sils, (Peri-tonsilar abscess). The structures are very much swollen. 

Causes are somewhat similar to what has produced the regular 
tonsilitis. It may follow exposure to cold and wet, and is very liable 
to recur. It is most common between fourteen and twenty-five years. 
The inflammation here is more deeply seated. It involves the main tis- 
sue of the tonsil and tends to go on to suppuration. 

Symptoms. — The general disturbance is very great. The fever 
goes to 104^ or 105° ; the pulse 110 to 120. Delirium at night is not 
uncommon. The weakness may be extreme. The throat is dry and 
sore, hurts terribly to swallow, this being the first thing of which the 
patient complains. Both tonsils may be involved. They become large, 
firm to the touch, dusky red and swollen, and the surrounding parts 
are also much swollen. The swelling may be so great that the tonsils 
may touch each other or one tonsil may push the uvula aside and 
almost touch the other tonsil. There is much saliva. The glands of 
the neck enlarge, the lower jaw is almost immovable and sometimes it 
is almost impossible to open the mouth at all. 

QUINSY. Mothers' Remedies. 1. Willow Gargle for.— ''Steep 
pussy willow and gargle throat with it. This remedy if taken in time, 
will cure quinsy and it will not return." 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 191 

2. Quinsy. Liveforever Root Good Poultice for. — "Got tlif* root of 
liveforever, pouiul it u]) and hind on lliroat as you would a poultice." 
We have tried this, and it has always given relief, if done in time. 

8. Quinsy, Plaster of Lard and Salt for. — "Take one tablespoon- 
ful lard and stir inio as much tahlc salt as possihle making it about 
like mortar. Spread on a doth and apj)ly." Splendid for sore throat 
and quinsy. 

4. Quinsy, Oil of Anise Effective for. — "Rub inside of throat with 
oil of anise." 

5. Quinsy, Quick Remedy for. — "In severe cases of quinsy where 
the tonsils arc intlamed and almost meet, a third of a grain of mercury 
and chalk, or "gray powder." acts very quickly. Cold compresses used 
nightly to harden the throat is very good. At night use a gargle 
made of a teaspoonful tincture of cayenne pepper to half pint of water." 
This remedy is very good and is sure to give relief. 

6. Quinsy, Pleasant Peppermint Application for. — "There is noth- 
ing better for this disease than oil of peppermint applied externally to 
the neck and throat." This is an excellent remedy. 

7. Quinsy, Kerosene Good for. — "A cloth wet with kerosene oil 
applied to the throat is very good ; also gargling with kerosene oil." 
Repeat the application of the wet cloths every two or three hours. 

8. Quinsy, Raw Beef Has Cured. — "Bind raw beefsteak over the 
tonsils on one or both sides of the throat as required." The beefsteak 
acts as a poultice and counter-irritant, drawing the inflammation out 
in a short time. This is very good, and is easily prepared. 

9. Quinsy, Easy and Simple Remedy for. — "Strong sulphur water. 
Broke up two cases I know." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Quinsy.— The external appli- 
cations used should now be hot. Hot water; hot poultices, cloths 
wrung out of smartweed hot, and thyme tea or golden seal teas. The 
same steaming process and hot water gargles can be used as given 
under follicular tonsilitis. But if it continues the tonsils or tonsil 
must be opened to save pain and life. Just as soon as there is sup- 
puration they should be opened. It will feel softer to the. finger touch 
when ready for opening. 

Prevention of Attacks. — By taking care a good many attacks of 
tonsilitis can be avoided. A person subject to this trouble must be 
careful about taking cold. He should not sit down with wet clothes, 
or feet, or shoes that are wet. Girls should wear rubbers and keep 
dry feet and skirts. Sleeping in damp unused beds is bad. Putting 
on underwear that has not been dried thoroughly and aired, and the 
use of bedding, pillows, etc., in the same condition should not be tol- 
erated. Sleeping on the first floor is generally unhealthy for such 
persons, for it is generally damp. 



192 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Do not get chilled; wear sufficient clothing. Drying clothes in a 
kitchen is an abomination and terrible to one subject to this disease 
or rheumatism. You can keep from having it so often by proper care. 
It is likely to return, and repeated attacks will cause permanently 
enlarged tonsils and they will become so diseased that they will not 
only be annoying, but dangerous to health and life. You will go 
around with your mouth open, "talk through your nose." The tonsil 
must then be removed, also the adenoids in the throat, to enjoy proper 
mental and physical health. Enlarged tonsils with pus in them are a 
menace to anyone. A person who has had these troubles should be 
careful not to expose himself to the danger of taking cold after an 
attack. 

The parts are still tender and in danger of a return upon the least 
error in your daily life. I once had a friend who had a return of 
tonsilitis brought on through going out too soon, and the second attack 
was worse than the first, a genuine ''hummer." 

What to do with enlarged tonsils. — Moderate enlargement of the 
tonsils giving rise to no symptoms or inconvenience need not be inter- 
fered with. When, however, the enlargement is great, or when with 
moderate sized tonsils there are resulting troubles, such as liability 
to inflammatory rheumatism attacks, active local treatment will be 
called for ; especially is this true when the tonsils contain pus and 
interfere with the breathing. They should be removed. An anaes- 
thetic is not usually necessary, as the pain is not severe. 

INFLUENZA (La Grippe). — La Grippe is an acute infectious 
disease caused by a germ. It may be epidemic, attacking a large 
number of persons at one time, or it may continue in the same region 
for some time and is then called endemic. It is caused by a germ, 
discovered by a man named Pfeiffer. 

The Onset. — The onset may be from one to four days and is 
usually sudden with a chill and all the symptoms of an active fever 
due to a general infection, varying according to the location. If in 
the organs of respiration it begins like a severe cold; active fever, 
severe pains in the eyes, back, arms, legs, and in the bones; "aches 
all over" and great prostration. After the fever subsides there is 
usually a general sore feeling. Symptoms of bronchitis, pleurisy or 
pneumonia may develop. Then there is the nervous type, generally 
with a bad headache, neuralgia, pains in the head, backache, legs and 
arms ache and prostration. May also have inflammation of nerves. 
Then again the stomach and bowels may be the main seat, for La 
Grippe has no respect for any organ. We have then symptoms of 
acute indigestion with fever, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains or acute 
bowel trouble with fever, colicky pain in the abdomen ; diarrhea ; or 
we may have the febrile (fever) type. This may be the only symp- 
tom. The fever may be continuous or remittent, and last several 
da3^s or several weeks and often with pains accompanying it. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES I93 

In nil forms convalescence is often p^radual on account of the 
bodily and mental prostration with <i^eneral soreness for several days. 
Many persons never fully ri\c;:ain their health, especially if they are 
careless durini;- the attack, and almost any disease like bronchitis, 
kidney disease, pleurisy, pneumonia, etc., may follow. 

LA GRIPPE, Mothers' Remedies. — 1. Pepper, Red or Cayenne 
for. — "Make a tea of red pepper or cayenne, and take a tablespoon lul 
in a cup of hot water, drink slowly, before each meal and on retiring. 
Larger doses in proportion to the intensity of the disease." Sponging 
the face, temples and neck with water as hot as can be borne relieves 
the headache of la grippe, which is often very painful and annoying. 

2. La Grippe, Easy Remedy for. — "Plenty of good physic with 
hot teas of any kind has helped my own family." 

3. La Grippe, Pleasant and Effective Remedy for. — "Use the oil 
of peppermint freely ; rubbing it on the forehead, in front and back 
of the ears and each side of the nose. Inhale through each nostril 
separately. If the throat is affected pour two or three drops in small 
dish of hot water. Invert a funnel over the dish with the small end 
in the mouth and draw long breaths. Soak the feet in hot water at 
bedtime and take a good sweat, if possible." 

4. La Grippe, To Allay Fever in. — "To produce sweating and to 
act on the kidneys and to allay restlessness in fever use the following: 
Lemon juice and water equal parts, enough to make four ounces; 
bicarbonate of potassium, one dram ; water, three ounces. Make and 
keep in separate solutions to be used in tablespoonful doses several 
times daily and taken while effervescing, that is, foaming and 
bubbling up." 

5. La Grippe, Poor Man's Herb Vapor Bath for. — "Give a Turk- 
ish or vapor bath every other day. A pail of hot water, with a hot 
brick thrown into it and placed under a cane-seated chair is the poor 
man's vapor bath. Th€ patient should be covered. Then take the 
following herb tea : 

Yarrow 2 ounces 

Vervain 2 ounces 

Mullein 2 ounces 

Boneset 1 ounce 

Red Sage 2 ounces 

Add two quarts of water and boil down to three pints ; strain, 
and then add one ounce fluid extract of ginger; sweeten with honey 
or syrup ; take a wineglassful three times a day, hot. Keep the 
bowels open and let the diet be light." 

6. La Grippe, Red Pepper Treatment From Canada for. — ^*Take 
a bottle of alcohol and put enough red peppers in it so that when four 
drops of this liquid are put in a half cup of water it tastes strong. 
This is what I always break up my grippe with." Peppers thus pre- 
pared stimulates and warms up the stomach and bowels, and increases 

th-e circulation. 
13 



194 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for La Grippe.— All discharges 
from the nose, throat and lungs should be disinfected, for the disease 
is contagious. Go to bed and stay there. You have no business to 
be around if you value your health. I am not writing of common 
cold. A great many people say they have had this disease when they 
have not had it. One who has had this disease is sick enough to go 
to bed, and there is where he should be. For the chill a sweat should 
be produced by putting hot water in fruit jars, wrapping them and 
placing them around the patient's feet, legs and body. Hot tea drinks 
can be given : hot lemonade, teas made from hoarhound, ginger, hops 
and catnip are good. 

Corn Sweat. — The corn sweat can be used. Put from ten to 
twenty-five ears of corn in a boiler, boil thoroughly until the boiled 
corn smell appears, then put the corn ears into five packs, putting 
from two to five ears in a pack, according to the age of the patient. 
Use cloths or towels, but do not put the ears in contact, wrap the 
cloth between them. Put one pack to the feet and one at each side 
of the hips, and in each armpit. This will soon cause sweating and 
restore the external (capillary) circulation. It will generally produce 
a grateful sweat. Keep the clothes on the patient. After the patient 
has perspired enough you can remove one pack at a time. Have 
fresh aired sheets and night dress ready, and after bathing the patient 
slowly and carefully under the clothes with tepid water and drying 
all of the body put on the new night-dress and sheets. This remedy 
is also good for colds and inflammatory diseases of all kinds and when 
used carefully and thoroughly is always good. Of course, if there is 
great weakness it cannot be used, for it weakens a patient somewhat. 
I have saved lives with this sweat, and I know I have cut short many 
colds and inflammatory diseases. After the sweat the patient should 
have enough covering to keep comfortably warm and care must be 
taken to keep from the cold. 

Fever. — If the disease goes on and there is high fever, so that 
the patient suft'ers from it, it is better to reduce it by cool sponging 
than by the coal tar products like antipyrin, acetanilid, etc. They 
are w^eakening and this is a weakening, prostrating disease. Good, 
careful cool sponging generally relieves the excessive fever and rest- 
lessness. The fever does not continue so long in this disease and it 
is not, therefore, so harmful. Delirium is present in some cases w^hen 
the fever is not high. 

Irritating Cough. — This can frequently be controlled by steam 
inhalations as directed under tonsilitis. You can also put in the steam- 
ing water one teaspoonful to one tablespoonful of compound tincture 
of benzoin for this disease. Hoarhound tea can be put in the water 
and the steam inhaled. If such measures do not stop the cough, medi- 
cine will be needed. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES I95 

Sore Throat. — Snra^in*^ the throat with a solution of l)r)ric arid, 
cue dram to one pint oi hot water, is good. Listerine is good in tlie 
same way and dose. 

Bowels. — Thc>- slionld be kept open from the first. Salts are 
nsually hand) and good. 

Medicines. — Ten grains Dover's powder at night is good ; unless 
tliere is much weakness. Some give quinine, some salol. Quinine, one 
to two grains, is given one to three hours. Salol, five grains, every 
three hours, especially for the backache. 

Aspirin in five-grain doses for an adult every four hours is given 
very much now. The bowels should be kept open with salts. 

Diet. — Children should take milk if there is no vomiting or diarr- 
hea. If there is vomiting and diarrhea, give only water or diluted 
milk, or nothing if they continue. Water can generally be given. 

For adults a good, nourishing diet when convalescence commences 
is necessary. During the sickness, milk, eggs, — raw and soft boiled, 
broths, soups, milk toast, can be given. A person must be very careful 
after an attack of the grip. He should remain in the house for some 
time, a week after he is well and thinks he can go out. 

TYPHOID FEVER.— Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease 
caused by a (Bacillus) germ, named after the discoverer (Eberth). 
This germ enters into the system, as stated below, locates itself in 
difierent organs, especially in the small intestine. It does its worst 
work in Peyer's glands, situated in the small intestines. They enlarge, 
ulcerate, break down and their structure is cast oft* into the bowel. 
This eating goes so far, in some cases, that it eats through the tissue 
to the blood vessels and other bleeding follows. Sometimes it goes 
through all the coats, the peritoneal being the last one. If this occurs 
we have what is called perforation of the bowel and the peritoneum 
around this perforation inflames and there is the dread complication 
of peritonitis. This is very fatal, as the patient is weakened from the 
inroads of weeks of fever and from the effects of the poison germ. 
Typhoid fever is also characterized by its slow (insidious), slyly, 
creeping onset, peculiar temperature, bloating of the abdomen, 
diarrhea, swelling of the spleen, rose-colored spots and a liability to 
complications, such as bleeding from the bowels, peritonitis, bron- 
chitis and pneumonia. Its average duration is three to four weeks, 
often longer. In order to take this disease there must first be the 
poison germ and then this enters into the system, generally through 
water that contains the germ, milk, oysters and other foods, etc. 

Cause. — The typhoid bacillus (typhoid). This enters into the 
alimentary canal usually through contaminated water or with milk 
directly infected by the milk or by water used in washing cans. Also 
through food to which the germs are carried from the excreta (dis- 
charges) by flies, occasionally through oysters by freshening. 



196 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Filth, improper drainage and poor ventilation favor the preserva- 
tion of the bacillus germ and lower the power of resistance in those 
exposed. 

Time. — It occurs most frequently between August and November 
and in those of from fifteen to twenty years of age. The Peyer's 
patches and solitary glands of the bowel enlarge, become reddish and 
are somew^hat raised. These go on and ulcerate until the blood vessels 
may be eaten into and bleeding sometimes results, it eats through the 
bowel, then there is perforation and peritonitis. The spleen is en- 
larged, the liver shows changes, the kidney functions are also 
deranged. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms are variable. The following gives 
the symptoms in a typical case: 

Incubation. — The period of incubation lasts from eight to fourteen 
and sometimes to twenty-three days. During the period the patient 
feels weak, is almost unable to work, has chilly feelings, headache and 
tiring dreams, does not know what is the matter with him, constipa- 
tion or diarrhea, has no appetite, may have some pain in the abdomen 
which is occasionally localized in the right lower side. Soreness on 
deep pressure is often found there. In some cases there is nosebleed. 

First Week. — After the patient is obliged to take to his bed: 
During the first week there is in some cases a steady rise in the fever 
each evening showing a degree or degree and one-half higher than the 
preceding evening, reaching 103 to 104, and each morning showing 
higher fever than the preceding morning. The pulse is characteris- 
tically low in proportion to the temperature, being about 100 to 110, 
full of low tension, often having double beat. The tongue is coated; 
there is constipation or diarrhea ; the abdomen is somewhat distended 
and a little tender to the touch in the lower right portion. There 
may be some mental confusion at night. Bronchitis is often present. 
The spleen becomes enlarged between the seventh and tenth day and 
the eruption usually appears during this period on the stomach and 
abdomen. 

Second week. — All the symptoms are intensified in the second 
week, the fever is always high and the weakening type; the pulse is 
more frequent ; the headache is replaced by dullness ; the bowel symp- 
toms increase and we have the "pea soup" discharge if there is diar- 
rhea ; there is a listless, dull expression on the face ; the tongue is coated 
in the center, red along the edges and the tip, becomes dry and some- 
times cracked and almost useless. It is hard to put it out of the 
mouth, it sticks to the teeth or lips and curls there, and sometimes the 
patient allows it to remain partly out of the mouth. There may be 
bleeding from the bowels and perforation of the bowel, producing 
peritonitis. 

Third week. — The temperature is lower In the morning with a 
gradual fall ; the emaciation and weakness are marked. Perforation of 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 197 

the bowel or bleedin<^ may occur. Unfavorable symptoms now include 
low muttering, delirium, shakings of the muscles, twitching of the 
tendons, grasping at imaginary things, lung complications and heart 
weakness. 

Fourth week. — In a favorable case : The fever gradually falls t( 
normal, the oiIkt symptoms disappear. Death may occur at any tim< 
after the second week from the disease or complications. The conval- 
escence is very gradual and the appetite is very great. 

Special symptoms and variations. — It may come on with a chill 
Sometimes it is observed by nervous symptoms only. 

Walking type. — In this type the patient is able to be around and 
can walk. The temperature is as high, but some of the other symp- 
toms are not so violent. This is a dangerous kind because the patient 
is able to walk and thinks it foolish to remain quiet in bed. Walking 
and being around are likely to injure the bowels, and there is then 
more danger of bleeding from the bowels. A typhoid fever patient 
should always go to bed and remain there until he has fully recovered. 

Digestive Symptoms. — The tongue is coated, white and moist at 
first, and in the second week it becomes red at the tip, and at the 
edges. Later it is dry, brown and cracked. The teeth and lips are 
covered with a brown material, called sordes. 

Diarrhea. — In some cases constipation is prominent, in others diar- 
rhea is a prominent symptom. Bloating is frequent, and an unfavor- 
able symptom, when it is excessive. Bleeding from the bowel occurs 
usually between the end of the second and the beginning of the fourth 
week. A sudden feeling of collapse, and rapid fall of the temperature 
mark it. It is not always fatal. 

Perforation of the bowel is usually shown by a sudden sharp pain 
coming in paroxysms generally localized in the right lower side. The 
death rate varies very much; in hospitals it is seven to eight per cent. 
Unfavorable symptoms are continued high fever, delirium and hemor- 
rhage. Persons who are hard drinkers do badly and very many of 
them die. 

TREATMENT. Prevention. Sanitary Care.— Do away with the 
causes. Keep your cellars clean ; do not have them damp, filthy, and 
filled with decaying matter, as these all tend to weaken the system 
and make you more susceptible to the poison. In the country, no 
drainings should come near the wells or springs. Not all water that 
looks clear and nice is pure. The "out-houses" must be kept clean, 
and emptied at least twice each year. In the small cities, especially, 
th-e water should be boiled during the months when the supply is lim- 
ited and the wells are low. If more attention was paid to our water 
supply to make certain that it was not contaminated, and to our foods, 
especially milk, and to keeping our cellars and drains in a good clean 
and dry condition, we would have little typhoid fever. Carelessness is 



198 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

the real cause of this terrible disease. The milk should be boiled as 
well as the water when there is an epidemic of typhoid. 

Sanitary Care of the Household Articles. — Dishes must be isolated, 
washed, dried separately and boiled daily. Thermometers must be 
isolated, kept in a corrosive sublimate solution one to one thousand, 
which must be removed daily. Linen when soiled must be soaked in 
carbolic acid, one cup of carbolic acid to twenty of water, for two 
hours before being sent to the laundry. Stools must be thoroughly 
mixed with an equal amount of milk of lime and allowed to stand for 
one hour. Urine must be mixed with an equal amount of carbolic acid, 
one to twenty, and allowed to stand one hour. Bed pans, urinals, must 
be isolated and scalded after each time of using. Syringes and rectal 
tubes must be isolated, and the latter boiled after using. (See Nursing 
Department). Tubs should be scrubbed daily, canvasser changed daily 
and soaked in carbolic acid as the linen is. Hands must be scrubbed 
and disinfected after giving tubs or rubbing over typhoid fever patients. 
Blankets, mattresses, and pillows must be sterilized after use in steam 
sterilizer. I know some people have not all the necessar}' conveniences, 
especially in the country, but the greatest care must be taken. A pro- 
fessional nurse was once taking care of a very severe case of typhoid 
for me. I was continually cautioning her to be more careful of herself. 
She did not heed it, and finally took the disease and battled eight long 
weeks with it, before there was much improvement. Careful nursing 
and a well regulated diet are the essentials in a majority of cases. Put 
the patient in a well ventilated room, and confine him to the bed from 
the beginning, and have him remain there until well. The woven wire 
bed with soft hair mattress, upon which there are two folds of blanket, 
combines the two great qualities of a sick bed, smoothness and elas- 
ticity. A rubber cloth should be placed under the sheet. An intelli- 
gent nurse should be in charge: when this is impossible, the attending 
physician should write out special instructions, regarding diet, treat- 
ment of the discharges and of the bed linen. 

^luch of the above on typhoid is from the world-wide authority Dr. 
Osier, and should be followed in all cases if possible. 

Diet and Nursing in T3rphoid Fever. — ^[ilk is the most suitable 
food. Three pints every twenty-four hours may be given when used 
alone, diluted with water or lime-water. 

The stools will show if the milk is digested. Peptonized milk, if 
not distasteful, may be used. Curds are seen in the stools if too much 
milk is given and is undigested. Glutton or chicken broth or beef 
juice can be used; fresh vegetable juices can be added to these, instead 
of milk. The animal broths are not so good when diarrhea is present. 
Some patients will take whey, buttermilk, kumiss, when ordinary milk 
is distasteful. Thin barley gruel well strained is an excellent food for 
this disease. Eggs may be given, either beaten up in milk or better 
still, in the form of albumin water. This is prepared by straining the 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES I99 

whites of eggs through a cloth and mixing them with an equal quantity 
of water, which may be flavored with lemon. Water can be given friely ; 
iced tea, barley water, or lemonade may be used, and there is no objec- 
tion to weak coff"ee or cocoa in moderate quantities. Feed the patient 
at stated intervals. In mild cases it is well not to arouse the patient 
at night. When there is stupor, the patient should be aroused for food 
at the regular intervals night and day. Do not give too much food. 
I once had a case in which I did not give more than one quart of 
liquid food in four weeks, as it distressed her. She made a good recov- 
ery on plenty of water. 

Cold Sponging. — The water may be warm, cool, or ice cold, accord- 
ing to Liie height oi the fever. A thorough sponge bath should take 
from fifteen to twenty minutes. The ice cold sponging is quite as 
formidable as the full cold bath, for which there is an unsuperable 
objection in private practice. 

The Bath. — This should be given under the doctor's directions, and 
I will not describe it. 

Medical Treatment. — Little medicine is used in hospital practice. 
Xursing is the important essential in typhoid fever. 

Management of the Convalescent. — An authority writes, My cus- 
tom has been not to allow solid food until the temperature has been 
normal for ten days. This is, I think, a safe rule, leaning perhaps to 
the side of extreme caution ; but after all with eggs, milk toast, milk 
puddings, and jellies, the patient can take a fairly varied diet. You 
cannot wait too long before you give solid foods, particularly meats, 
They are especially dangerous. The patient may be allowed to sit up 
for a short time about the end of the first week of convalescence, and 
the period may be prolonged with a gradual return of strength. He 
should move about slowly, and when the weather is favorable should 
be in the open air as much as possible. Keep from all excitement. 
Constipation now should be treated with an enema. A noticeable diar- 
rhea should restrict the diet to milk and the patient be confined to the 
bed. There are many who cannot have a professional nurse. Good 
nursing is necessary in typhoid fever. Any sensible person who is 
willing to follow directions can do well. But she must do as the 
doctor directs. 

These are some things you need to do : Look out for bad symp- 
toms; twitching of the tendons, grasping at imaginary things are bad 
symptoms. Inform the doctor and soon. Never allow the patient to 
sit up in bed. The stool must be passed lying flat and you must place 
the bed pan without the patient's aid. Bleeding may be started by the 
least exertion. I knew of one woman who lost her life through neces- 
sity of getting up and passing the stool sitting on a chamber. Bleed- 
ing came on suddenly, and before the doctor could get there she was 
nearly gone. Cough and sudden pain in the lungs need prompt atten- 
tion. I dismissed a bov on one Wednesdav as convalescent. That 



200 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

night it became suddenly cold and he became chilkd. The mother 
sent for me the next da}\ and we pulled him through pneumonia. Sup- 
pose she had waited another day? She was not that kind of a mvjther. 
Your greatest trial will come in convalescence, when the patient is so 
hungry. Be careful or you will kill the patient by kindness. A min- 
ister I knew killed himself by going against the doctor's orders and 
eating a hearty dinner. The doctor was rather profane, and when he 
went to see the preacher, after the relapse caused by the dinner, he 
relieved his mind in no gentle manner. Again allow no visitors m the 
sick room or one adjacent. They are an abomination. Many people 
are killed by well-intentioned ignoramuses. Do not whisper; the Lord 
save the patient who has a whisperer for a nurse. I cannot urge too 
strongly proper nursing in this disease. It is an absolute necessity. 
A nurse to be successful must have good sense and also must obey all 
directions. A diet is a necessity in this disease. The patient must 
not move any more than is absolutely necessarv* for his comfort. He 
must never try to help move himself. The muscles of the abdomen 
must remain lax and quiet. The danger, I think, is in the bowels. 
The mucous covering in the interior is inflamed and ulcerated, and there 
is always some danger of the ulceration eating through the coating 
mto the blood vessels, causing more or less bleeding and even eating 
the bowel enough to cause an opening (perforation) and the escape of 
the bowel contents into the abdominal cavity causing inflammation of 
the peritoneum (peritonitis) and almost certain death. Walking 
typhoid is dangerous for that reason. The food must be of such nature 
that it is all digested. It must not leave lumps to press upon the sore 
places in the bowels causing more trouble there and more diarrhea. 

TYPHUS FEVER, (Filth Disease).— Typhus fever is an acute, 
infectious disease, characterized by a sudden onset, marked nervous 
symptoms, and spotted rash and fever ending quickly after two weeks. 
Also called jail, camp, hospital, or ship fever. Filth has a great deal 
to do with its production. There is no real characteristic symptom 
except the eruption. 

Symptoms. — It generally lasts two weeks. Incubation period of 
twelve days or less, marked at times by slight weary feeling. The 
onset is usually sudden, by one chill or several, with high fever, head- 
ache, pain in back and legs, prostration, vomiting, and mild and active 
delirium. Pulse does not have the double beat, often there is bron- 
chitis. 

Eruption. — "This appears on the third to fifth day; the fever 

remaining high. During the second week all the symptoms increase 
and are weakening with marked delirium and coma vigil" (unconscious, 
delirious, but with the eyes open). When death occurs it usually 
comes at the end of the second week from exhaustion. Favorable 
cases terminate at this time by crisis ; the prostration is extreme ; but 
convalescence is rapid. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 201 

steady rise for four 
or five days with slight nidrnini; remissions; terminating l)y crisis on 
the twelfth to fourteenth day, falling in some cases below normal ; in 
fatal cases there is a rapid rise to 108° or 109°. The eruption appears 
on the abdomen on the third to fifth day. 

Treatment like Typhoid. — Mortality, twelve to twenty per cent. 

SMALLPOX or Variola. — Smallpox is an acute infectious disease. 
It has a sudden onset with a severe period of invasion which is fol- 
lowed by a falling of the fever, and then the eruption comes out. 
•This eruption begins as a pimple, then a watery pimple (vesicle) which 
runs into the pus pimple (i)ustule) and then the crust or scab forms. 
The mucous membrane in contact with the air may also be affected. 
Almost all persons exposed, if not vaccinated, are almost invariably 
attacked. It is very contagious. It attacks all ages, but it is partic- 
ularly fatal to young children. 

Cause. — An unknown poison in the contents of the pustules or 
crusts in secretion and excretion, apparently, and in the exhalations of 
the lungs and skin ; one attack does not always confer immunity for 
life. It is contagious from an early period. Direct contact does not 
seem to be necessary, for it can be carried by one who does not have it. 

Symptoms. — Incubation lasts from ten to fourteen days, and is 
usually without symptoms. Invasion comes suddenly with one or 
more chills in adults, or convulsions in children, with terrible head- 
ache, very severe pain in the back and extremities, vomiting, the tem- 
perature rising rapidly to 103° or 104°. 

Eruptions. — This usually appears on the fourth day as small red 
papules on the forehead, along the line of the hair and on the wrists, 
spreading within tAventy-four hours over the face, extremities, trunk 
and mucous membrane. 

Symptoms of fever diminish with the appearance of the rash, 
which is most marked on the face and ripens first there. The papules 
become hollowed vesicles and a clear fluid fills them on the fifth or 
sixth day. They fill with pus about the eighth day, and their summits 
become globular, while the surrounding skin is red, swollen and pain- 
ful. The general bodily symptoms again return and the temperature 
rises for about twenty-four hours. Drying of the eruption begins the 
tenth or eleventh day. The pustules dry, forming crusts, while the 
swelling of the skin disappears and the temperature gradually falls. 
The crusts fall off, leaving scars only where the true skin has been 
destroyed. 

Confluent form. — All the symptoms are more severe. The erup- 
tion runs together and all the skin is covered. 

Varioloid. — This is smallpox modified by vaccination. The inva- 
,^.ion may be sudden and severe. It is usually mild and gradual, but 



202 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

with severe pain in the back and head. A scanty eruption of papules, 
often only on the face and hands, appears on the third or fourth day, 
with disappearance of constitutional symptoms. 

Treatment. — Vaccinate the children the second or third month, 
and ail persons about every six years, and always after exposure to 
the disease or during epidemics. Put the patient in a room cleared of 
all furniture, carpets, curtains, rugs, etc. ; keep the patient thoroughly 
clean, and the linen should be frequently changed. The bed clothing 
should be light. Disinfect and sterilize everything thoroughly that 
has been in contact with the patient. Get a good experienced nurse, 
and one^who has been around the disease. 

Diet. — Give the supporting diet early. During the first stage give 
milk, broths of different kinds, albumin water. Relieve the intense 
thirst by water and lemonade. When the first (initial) fever sub- 
sides and the patient feels improved, give milk, eggs, chops, steak, or 
rare roast meat, bread or toast ; vegetables, such as potato, spinach, 
celery, asparagus tips, cauliflower tops. When the second fever 
returns go back to the liquid diet again, and give regularly and as much 
as possible every two or three hours during the day, and every three 
or four hours during the night. Milk, plain or peptonized ; milk punch, 
raw eggs, broths, beef juice. If swallowing is difficult, give food cold 
and oftener, and in less quantity. Increase the diet rapidly during 
convalescence. 

Cold drinks should be freely given. Barley water and oatmeal 
water are nutritious and palatable. Milk broths, and articles that give 
no trouble to digest. 

Nursing. — Nursing is the main thing. The bowels should be kept 
open with salts. There is no special medicine we can claim will do 
good. Aconite may be used for the fever at first, in drop doses every 
hour for twenty-four hours. But the least medicine that is given the 
better it will generally be. 

There is, I believe, something in protecting the ripening papules 
from the light. The constant application on the face and hands of 
lint soaked in cold water, to which antiseptics such as carbolic acid or 
bichloride may be added, is perhaps the most suitable treatment. It 
is very pleasant for the patient at least, and for the face it is well to 
make a mask of lint which can be covered with oiled silk. When the 
crusts begin to form, the chief point is to keep them thoroughly moist, 
which ma}^ be done with oil or glycerin ; vaselin is particularly useful, 
and at this stage can be freely used upon the face. It frequently 
relieves the itching also. For the odor, which is sometimes so char- 
acteristic and disagreeable, the diluted carbolic acid solutions are prob- 
ably the best. If the eruption is abundant on the scalp the hair 
should be cut short. During convalescence frequent bathing is advis- 
able. It should be done daily, using carbolic soap freely in order to 
get rid of the crusts and scabs. There is danger to others as long as 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 203 

the skin is not sniootli and rlran. and not frro t'loin anv trace of scah^ 
As you must have a physician, I give but little medical treatmen* 
Nursing is the main thing in this disease. 

General Rules for Disinfection. — The walls, woodwork, and ceil- 
ing may be cleaned by washing with one to one thousand solution of 
corrosive sublimate solution, or a five per cent carbolic acid solution, 
or by rubbing with bread if solutions would injure. All dust must 1)l* 
removed. Plastered walls and ceilings may be white-washed. Wo. id- 
v/ork must then be scrubbed with soap and thoroughly wii)ed. Tlien 
fumigate, at least three pounds of sulphur should be burned in the 
room for each 1,000 cubic feet of space. Placing it in a pan suj)- 
purted in another containing water to guard against fire. After scrub- 
bing or fumigating, the room and its contents should be freely aired 
for several days, admitting sunlight if possible. Ail useless articles 
and badly soiled bedding should be burned. Such pieces of clothing 
as will not be injured may be boiled or soaked in a one to one thous- 
and formaldehyde solutioji (one ounce of twelve per cent solution in 
one gallon of water), or two per cent carbolic acid solution. Clothing, 
beddiuGf. etc., mav be disinfected in the steam sterilizer. 

Hands, Body, etc. — Special outer garments may be worn while in 
the sick room and removed, and clothing aired before leaving. Hands 
of the attendant should be washed in one to one thousand corrosive 
sublimate solution. 

Vaccination and Re-vaccination and its Prevention of Smallpox. 
We quote in part from an article prepared by the State of Michigan. — 
It is well known that smallpox can be prevented or modified by vac- 
cination ; and a widespread epidemic of the disease can be attributed 
only to an equally widespread ignorance or willfulness concerning 
smallpox and its prevention by vaccination and re-vaccination. 

A Good Time to be Vaccinated. — Smallpox is usually most prev- 
alent in the winter and spring months, reaching the highest point in 
May. The rarity of smallpox in Michigan for several years led to a 
feeling of security and to neglect vaccination, resulting in an increased 
proportion of inhabitants not protected by recent vaccination. This 
made possible a widespread epidemic. The proper preventive of such 
an epidemic is general vaccination and re-vaccination of all persons 
not recently thus protected. There is no better settled fact than that 
vaccination does protect against smallpox. But after a time the pro- 
tection is weakened, therefore after a lapse of five years there should 
be re-vaccination. 

Why Vaccinate. — P>ecause vaccination is a preventive of all forms 
of smallpox, and because by traveling, or by travelers, by articles 
received in the mail or from the stores or shops, or other various ways 
any one at any time, may, without knowing it, be exposed to smallpox, 
it becomes important so far as possible without injury to health to 
render every person incapable of taking the disease. This may be 



204 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

done so perfectly by vaccination and re-vaccination with genuine 
bovine vaccine virus that no question of ordinary expense or trouble 
should be allowed for a day to prevent the careful vaccination of 
every man, woman and child in Michigan, and the re-vaccination of 
every one who has not been vaccinated within five years. It is well 
established that those who have been properly vaccinated are far less 
likely to take smallpox if exposed to it, and that the very few who 
have been properly vaccinated and have smallpox have it in a much 
milder form and are much less disfigured by it than those who have 
not been thus vaccinated. The value of vaccination is illustrated by 
the following facts: On March the 13th, 1859, Dr. E. M. Snow, of 
Providence, R. L, found in a cluster of seven houses twenty-five fam- 
ilies, and in these families ten cases of smallpox, all apparently at 
about the same stage of the disease. In the same families there were 
twenty-one children, who had never been vaccinated. The ten cases 
and the remaining members of the families, including the twenty-one 
children, were quarantined at home, and the children were all vac- 
cinated and compelled to remain with the sick. Several other cases 
of smallpox occurred in the persons previously exposed, but not one 
of the twenty-one children referred to had the slightest touch of the 
disease. 

In Sweden, the average number of deaths in each year from 
smallpox per million inhabitants was : 

Before the introduction of vaccination (1774-1801), 1,973; 

During the period of optional vaccination (1802-1816), 479; 

And during the period of obligatory vaccination (1817-1877), 189. 

Vaccination was introduced in England near the beginning of the 
nineteenth century, and since 1853 compulsory vaccination has been 
attempted. In England the number of deaths in each year from small- 
pox per one million inhabitants was : 

At the close of the eighteenth century, 3,000. 

From 1841 to 1853 (average), 304. 

From 1854 to 1863 (average), 171. 

Smallpox entirely prevented by re-vaccination. — In the Bavarian 
army re-vaccination has been compulsory since 1843. From that date 
till 1857, not even a single case of unmodified smallpox occurred, nor 
a single death from smallpox. During the year of duty. Dr. Marson, 
physician of the London Smallpox Hospital, has never observed a 
single case of smallpox in the officers and employees of the hospital, 
who are re-vaccinated when they enter the service, and who are con- 
stantly exposed to the infection. 

"Out of more than 10.000 children vaccinated at Brussels with 
animal lymph, from 1865 to 1870, and who went through the terrible 
epidemic of smallpox, which in 1870 and 1871 frightened the world, 
not a single one was to my knowledge reported as being attacked by 



INFECTIOUS DI SEAS US 205 

the disease. The same imnuniity was shared by those, a mnch larger 
number, whom I had rc-vaceinaled and who at the same time were 
living in ei)idemic centers." — Dr. IVarlcmont, of Brussels. 

Who should be Vaccinated. — Everybody, old and young, for his 
own interest, and that he may not become a breechng place for the 
distribution of smallpox to others, should seek that i)rotection from 
smalli)Ox wliich is aft'orded by vaccination alone. It is believed that 
all persons except those mentioned in the following paragraph may, if 
the operation is properly performed, at the proper time, and with pure 
bovine virus, be vaccinated with perfect safety to themselves. Even 
those who have had smallpox should be vaccinated, for otherwise 
they may take the disease ; and it seems to be proved that a larger 
proportion, of those who have smallpox a second time, die than of 
those who have the disease after vaccination. 

Who should not be Vaccinated. — Unless exposure to smallpox is 
believed to have taken place or likely to take place, teething children, 
pregnant women, persons suffering from measles, scarlet fever, ery- 
sipelas, or susceptible to and recently exposed to one of these diseases, 
persons suffering with skin diseases or eruption, and in general feeble 
persons not in good health, should not be vaccinated. In all cases in 
which there is any doubt as to the propriety of vaccinating or post- 
poning vaccination the judgment of a good physician should be taken. 
The restriction, as to vaccinating teething children makes .it important 
that children should be vaccinated before the teething process has 
begun, because smallpox is ver}^ much more dangerous than vaccina- 
tion. Smallpox is exceedingly dangerous to pregnant women. 

V/hen should a person be Vaccinated. — The sooner the better as 
a rule, and especially whenever there is much liability of exposure to 
smallpox. Children should be vaccinated before they are four months 
old ; those who have never been vaccinated, should, except teething 
children, be vaccinated at once. Because the vaccination often loses 
its protective power after a time, those who have been vaccinated but 
once or twice should, in order to test and to increase the protective 
power of the former vaccination, be vaccinated again, and as often as 
the vaccination can be made to w^ork. In general, to insure full pro- 
tection from smallpox, one should be vaccinated as often as every five 
years. It has been found that of those who have smallpox the propor- 
tion of deaths is very much less among those who have three or four 
good vaccination scars than among those who have but one scar. 

Vaccination after exposure to Smallpox. — Vaccination as late as 
the second day after known exposure to smallpox is believed to have 
prevented the smallpox ; vaccination the third day after exposure has 
rendered the disease much milder than usual, and in a case in Iowa, 
vaccination on the seventh or eighth day after exposure to smallpox 
ran a partial course and was believed to have modified the attack of 
smallpox, which, however, it did not wholly prevent. A recent case 
in Michigan was vaccinated three days after exposure, as were also 



206 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

the wife, mother, and two children, both under five years of age ; all 
vaccinated again six days after the exposure. The health officer 
reported as follows: 'The results were gratifying. During the first 
week of the eruption it was evidently aborting and without doubt as 
the result of vaccination eight days before the eruption. A complete 
and fine recovery. Certainly an aborted course, with scarcely a mark 
left, and not another case in the above family, whom nec€ssity com- 
pelled to occupy the same house, the same rooms, continual contact 
with the contagion, scores one more big credit mark for vaccination." 

With what should one be Vaccinated. — Because the potency of 
virus depends largely upon its being fresh, and it is so easy to obtain 
pure and fresh bovine virus, and because such bovine virus is efficient 
it is better in all cases to use only the pure and fresh bovine virus. 

Where should Vaccination be Performed. — In a room or place free 
from persons suffering from disease, and from dust which may convey 
to the scratched surface germs of any communicable disease; cer- 
tainly not in or near a room where there is erysipelas or consumption, 
nor in the presence of one who has just come from a person sick with 
erysipelas, diphtheria, or scarlet f^ver. 

By whom should one be Vaccinated. — The operation of vaccination 
should be performed always by a competent and responsible physi- 
cian. To try to vaccinate one's self or one's family is poor economy, 
for it often results not only in a waste of money and of time, but in a 
false and dangerous feeling of security. To trust to vaccination by 
nurses and midwives is equally foolish. A well-educated and experi- 
enced physician has the skill, and the special knowledge necessary to 
the best judgment on all of the questions involved, without which the 
operation may be a failure or worse than a failure. In work of this 
kind the best is the cheapest, whatever it costs. 

After Vaccination. — Let the vaccinated place alone. Do not 
scratch it or otherwise transfer the virus where it is not wanted. Pro- 
tect it by a bandage, or cloth which has been boiled and ironed with a 
hot iron. Try to keep the pustule unbroken, as a protection against 
germs of diseases and against unnecessary discomfort. A bad sore 
arm may not be and probably is not true vaccination, but may be due 
to lack of care during and after vaccination to keep out septic germs. 

Common appearances after Vaccination. — For a day or two noth- 
ing unusual should appear. A few days after that, if it succeeds reg- 
ularly, the skin will become red, then a pimple will form, and on the 
pimple a little vesicle or blister which may be plainly seen on the fifth 
or sixth day. On the eighth day the blister (vesicle) is, or should be, 
plump, round, translucent, pearly white, with a clearly marked edge 
and a depression in the center ; the skin around it for about half an 
inch is red and swollen. This vesicle and the red, inflamed circle about 
it (called the areola) are the two points which prove the vaccination 
to be successful. A rash, and even a vesicular eruption, sometimes 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 207 

comes on ihc child's Ixnly ahoiil the eighth day, and lasts al)Out a 
week; he may be feverish, or may remain cjuite well. 'I'he arm may 
be red and swollen down as far as the elbow, and in the adult there 
will usually be a tender or swollen gland in the arm-pit, and some 
disturbance of sleep for several nights. The vesicle dries up in a few 
days more, and a crust forms which becomes of' a brownish mahogany 
color, and falls off from the twentieth to the twenty-fifth day. In 
some cases the several appearances described above may be delayed a 
day or two. The crust or scab will leave a well-marked, permanent 
scar. 

What to do during and after Vaccination. — Do nothing to irritate 
the eruption, do not pull the scab oft", when it drops oft* throw it in the 
fire. When the eruption is at its height show it to the doctor who per- 
formed the vaccination. If it is satisfactory, ask him for a certificate 
stating when and by whom you were vaccinated, whether with bovine 
or humanized lymph, in how many places and with what result at each 
place. When the arm is healed, if the vaccination did not work well, 
be vaccinated again as soon as possible, and in the best manner pos- 
sible. This will be a test to the protection secured by the former 
vaccination, and will itself afford increased protection. Do not be sat- 
isfied with less than four genuine vaccine scars, or with four if it is 
possible to secure more than four. This vaccination a second or third 
time in close succession is believed to be hardly less important than 
vaccination the first time, and hardly less valuable as a protection 
against smallpox. Without doubt many persons are living in a false 
sense of security from smallpox because at some time in their lives 
they have had a little sore on their arm caused by a supposed or real 
vaccination, or because an imperfect vaccination failed to work, or 
because they were successfully vaccinated, or had the varioloid, or the 
unmodified smallpox many years ago. Until smallpox is stamped out 
throughout the world so that exposure of the disease shall be prac- 
tically impossible, the only personal safety is in such perfect vaccina- 
tion that one need not fear an exposure to smallpox through the reck- 
lessness of the foolish. 

Make a record of your Vaccination. — Do not fail to procure and 
preserve the certificate mentioned in the preceding paragraph, and also 
to make a personal record of the facts with regard to any. vaccination 
of yourself or in your family. From it you may sometime learn that it 
is ten years since you or some member of your family was vaccinated, 
when you thought it only five. 

Lives saved from smallpox in Michigan. — Since the State Board 
of Health was established, many thousands of people in Michigan have 
been vaccinated because of its recommendations ; and the statistics of 
deaths, published by the Secretary of State, show that at the close of 
the year 1906, the death rate from smallpox in Michigan had been so 
much less than before the board was established as to indicate that 
over three thousand lives had been saved from that loathsome disease. 



208 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The average death rate per year, for the five years, 1869-1873, before 
the board was established, was 8.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, and since 
the board was established, for the thirty-three years, 1874-1907, it was 
only 1.5. Since 1896 an uncommon mild type of the disease has pre- 
vailed very extensively, but the death rate has been exceedingly low, 
being for the eleven years, 1897-1907, slightly less than one death for 
each 100,000 inhabitants. The great saving of life from smallpox in 
civilized countries has been mainly because of vaccination and revac- 
cination. 

VACCINATION. Symptoms.— At first a slight irritation at the 
place of vaccination. The eruption appears on the third or fourth day 
as a reddish pimple surrounded by a reddened surface. On the fifth 
or sixth day this pimple becomes a vesicle with a depressed center 
and filled with clear contents. It reaches its greatest size on the 
eighth day. B}^ the tenth day the contents are pus-like and the sur- 
rounding skin is more inflamed and often quite painful. These symp- 
toms diminish, and by the end of the second week the pustule has 
dried to a brownish scab, which falls off between the twenty-first and 
twenty-fifth days, and leaves a depressed scar. Fever and mild consti- 
tutional symptoms usually go with the eruption and may last until 
about the eighth day. 

Reliable lymph points should always be used. Clean the skin near 
the insertion of the deltoid muscle on the arm, and with a clean (ster- 
ile) knife or ivory point, a few scratches are made, deep enough to 
allow a slight flow of liquid, but no bleeding. The vaccine virus moist- 
ened, if dried on a point, is rubbed into the wound and allowed to dry. 
A piece of sterile gauze, or a "shield," is used as a dressing. This 
shield can be bought at any drug store. One vaccination may give 
immunity for ten to twelve years, but it is better to be vaccinated every 
six years at least. 

DENGUE. Break-bone Fever, Dandy Fever. — This is an acute 
infectious disease characterized by pains in the joints and muscles, 
fever, an initial reddish swollen eruption and a terminal eruption of 
v^ariable type. It occurs in the tropical regions and the warmer por- 
tions of the temperate zone. The disease appears in epidemics, rap- 
idly attacking many persons. 

Symptoms.— Incubation lasts from three to five days without any 
special symptoms. The onset is marked with chilly feelings, an active 
fever with temperature gradually rising. There is severe pain in the 
muscles and in the joints which become red and swollen. There is 
intense pain in the eyeballs, head, back and extremities. Face looks 
flushed, eyes are sunken, the skin looks flushed and mucous membrane 
looks red. This is the beginning rash. The high fever falls quickly 
after three or four days, sometimes with sweating, diarrhea or nose 
bleed. The patient feels stiff and sore then, but comparatively well. 
A slight fever returns after two to four days, although this sometimes 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2')9 

remains absent. Pains and eruptions. like scarlet fever or hives, 
appear. An attack usually lasts seven to cij^'ht days. Convalescence 
is often long and slow, with stiffness and pain in the joints and mus- 
cles and great weakness. A relapse may return within two weeks. 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT for Dangue.— An anti-plague 
serum is sometimes used, though with doubtful results. The pain is 
controlled by doses of morphine of one-eighth to one-fourth of a grain 
every four or five hours. Hyoscin, one hundredth of a grain, is also 
given for the pain. The high temperature can be relieved by cold and 
tepid sponging. Tonics are given during the convalescence and con- 
tinued for some time. 

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.— This is an acute infectious 
disease. It comes in epidemics, when there are many cases, or appears 
here and there as a separate case (sporadic). It is caused by a spe- 
cific organism (germ ) and the disease attacks the membranes of the 
brain and spinal cord. 

Of late years great progress has been made by patient investiga- 
tion, and a serum is now prepared for the treatment of this disease. 
The results of this treatment are better than the treatments formerly 
used, and there is good reason to believe that in a few years this 
treatment will be as effective in this disease as antitoxin is in diph- 
theria. 

Cause. — Young adults and children are affected most often. Bad 
surroundings and over-exertion are predisposing factors. 

Conditions. — There is congestion of the membranes of the brain 
and spinal cord which are covered with an exudate confined on the 
brain, chiefly to the base. 

Symptoms. Ordinary Form. — Incubation is of unknown length 
and occasionally marked by want of appetite, headache, and pain in 
the back. The invasion is usually sudden, chill, projectile vomiting, 
throwing forward, severe headache, pain and rigidity of the back of 
the neck, pain in various parts of the body, skin over-sensitive, irrit- 
able, and temperature about 102°, with all symptoms of an active fever. 
Later, pains are very severe, especially in the head, neck and back ; 
the head is drawn back; often the back is rigid; the muscles of the 
neck and back are tender and attempts to stretch them cause intense 
pain. The vomiting now is less prominent. Temperature is extremely 
irregular, 99° to 105° or more. Pulse is slow, often 50 to 60, and full 
and strong at first. The delirium is of a severe and variable type in 
common, alternating with partial or complete coma, the latter predom- 
inating toward the close of fatal attacks. Stimulation of nerve cen- 
ters causes cross-eyed look, drooping of upper eyelid, movement of 
eyeballs unequal, contracted, dilated, or sluggish pupils: acute and 
painful hearing, spasmodic contractions of the muscles followed by 
paralysis of the face muscles, etc. The disease may last several hours 
or several months. Many die within five days. In fatal cases the 



210 MOTHERS' REMEDIES i 

patient passes into seemingly deep sleep with symptoms of a very 
prostrating and weakening fever, and often retention of urine. Mild 
cases occur with only a little fever, headache, stiff muscles of the neck, 
discomfort in back and extremities. The malignant type occurs epi- 
demically or sporadically. 

Malignant type. — Sudden invasion with severe chills, slight rise in 
lemperature, pain in the back of the neck, headaches, stupor, muscular 
spasms, a slow pulse, often purple bleeding, eruption, coma and death 
within hours, rather than days. This is a terrible disease, and a phy- 
sician is needed from the first. The death rate varies from twenty to 
seventy-five per cent. Treatment must be given by a physician. 

Spinal meningitis is inflammation of the membrane of the spinal 
cord along with the accompanying back and extremity symptoms, 
while the head remains clear and free from complications. 

MENINGITIS. — This is an inflammation of the membranes cov- 
ering the brain alone, and generally commences with fever and severe 
headaches, with avoidance of light and noise as these are painful. In 
some cases we have delirium, stupor and coma. 

Treatment. — Treatment must be given by a physician, but cold 
applications to the head and back are generally good. The bowels 
also must be kept open. 

MENINGITIS. Tubercular, (Basilar Meningitis).-— This affec- 
tion which is also known as acute hydrocephalus (meaning water on 
the brain), is essentially an acute tuberculosis in which the membranes 
of the brain, sometimes of the cord bear the brunt of the attack. It is 
more common in children than in adults. It is more frequent between 
the second and fifth years, than in the first year. It is caused by the 
tubercular infection, and follows the usual course of this disease. 
Ordinary meningitis is rapid and well defined in its course, with ''high 
fever," severe pains in the head, intense nervousness, avoidance of 
light and sound, loss of appetite and constipation. These symptoms 
are easily understood and are generally clearly read by those around 
the patient. Unfortunately in tubercular meningitis the clearly de- 
fined symptoms are absent in the beginning, and when the physician 
is called the condition is dangerous. Usually the patient complains 
but little. There is a slight headache, low fever, no heat in the head, 
patient is pale most of the time, has little appetite, vomits occasionally 
and desires to sleep. He is nervous, stupid and lies on his side curled 
np with eyes away from the light. This disease appears mostly in 
delicate children, who are poor eaters and fond of books ; usually in 
those inheriting poor constitutions. The mortality is very high. Par- 
ents who have thin, pale sallow children with dainty appetites, who 
frequently complain of headaches and are fond of books, should be 
afraid of infection from tuberculosis and make the little ones live in 
the open air and keep away from school. But earlier in the lives of 
these children care must be taken. A child with that pale, thin, sal- 
low, delicate face and poor body should be fed with the best of food 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 211 

and liv€ in the open air. I once liad a family who lost their only two 
babies through this disease. After the first one died I instructed them 
carefully how to treat the second child, iicnvever, they loved their 
child foolishly and not wisely and fed it everything it wanted, and 
you know the children take an advantage of their parents. Give plenty 
of good, wholesome digestible food. Dress them comfortably and 
warm and keep them out in the open air. No cakes, candy, peanuts 
or any food that is not nourishing and easy to digest. 

TUBERCULOSIS. (CONSUMPTION).— Tuberculosis is an in- 
fectious disease caused by the bacillus, tuberculosis, and characterized 
by the formation of nodules or diffuse masses of new tissue. Man, 
fowls and cows are chiefly affected. 

Indians, negroes and Irish are very susceptible. The disease is 
less common at great altitudes. Dark, poorly ventilated rooms, such 
as tenements and factories and the crowding of cities favors infection, 
as do in-door life and occupations in which dust must be inhaled. 
Certain infections such as measles, whooping-cough, chronic heart, 
kidney and liver diseases and inflammation of the air tract are predis- 
posing factors. Inhalation is the chief mode of transmission. Hered- 
itary transmission is rare. 

Forms. The Lungs. — Consumption. This is caused by a germ. 
Some have the form called galloping consumption. This person is 
attacked suddenly, wastes away and dies, in a very short time. There 
is rapid loss of strength and weight, high fever, night sweats, fast 
breathing, pains in the chest, cough and profuse expectoration, and 
rapid loss of strength. 

Ordinary Consumption. — Begins slowly and the patient is not 
aware of the danger. He may have loss of appetite, dyspepsia, diar- 
rhea and distress after meals. He looks pale, is weak and loses flesh. 
Soon he has a hacking cough, worse in the morning, wnth a scanty, 
glairy sputum. His weight continues to decrease, his heart is weak 
and beats faster. He has pain in his chest below the shoulder blades. 
He may have a slight bleeding from the lungs. His cough becomes 
worse, the expectoration gets thicker and more profuse, with night 
sweats, high fever, and shortness of breath. The eyes are bright ; the 
cheeks are pale or flushed. Chronic looseness of the bowels may be 
present. Bleeding from the lungs may occur at any time, but it is 
most frequent and profuse during the last stages. The patient be- 
comes very weak, thin and pale, emaciated. The brain action remains 
good, and he remains hopeful almost until the last. Tuberculosis may 
exist in almost every part of the body and we have many forms. It 
is not necessary to discuss all. It would tend to confusion. I will 
name the most of them : 

1. Acute Miliary Tuberculosis. 

(A.) Acute General Miliary Tuberculosis. 

(B.) Pulmonary (lung) type. 

(C.) Tubercular Meningitis. 



U2 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

2. Tuberculosis of the lymph nodes (glands). This was formerly 

called Scrofula. This is more curable and will be treated 
more fully elsewhere. 

3. Tuberculous Pleurisy. 

4. Tuberculous Pericarditis. 

5. Tuberculous Peritonitis. (Of this there are a good many cases.) 

6. Tuberculosis of the Larynx. 

7. Acute Pneumonia (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) or "Galloping 

Consumption." 

8. Chronic Ulcerative Pulmonary Tuberculosis. 

9. Chronic Miliary Tuberculosis. 

10. Tuberculosis of the Alimentary Canal. 

11. Tuberculosis of the Brain. 

12. Tuberculosis of the liver, kidneys, bladder, etc. 

13. Tuberculosis of joints, this will be treated more fully else- 
where. 

CERVICAL, TUBERCULOSIS (Scrofula).— This is common in 
children that are not well nourished, living in badly ventilated and crowded 
houses, and in the negroes. Chronic catarrh of the nose and throat 
and tonsilitis predispose to it. The glands under the lower jaw are 
usually the first involved. They are enlarged, smooth, firm and often 
become matted together. Later the skin may adhere to them and 
suppuration occurs, that is, pus forms. An abscess results that breaks 
through the skin and leaves a nasty looking sore or scar. The glands 
in the back of the neck may enlarge also ; or in the arrn pit or under 
the collar bone and also the bronchial glands. There is usually 
secondary anemia. A long course and spontaneous recovery are com- 
mon. Lung or general miliary tuberculosis may occur. 

Mesenteric Kind. — Symptoms are loss of flesh and strength, 
anemia, distended abdomen (pot-belly) and bloated, with oftensive 
diarrhea. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. — 1. Consumption, Simple Home 
Method to Break up. — *'A cloth saturated with kerosene oil, bound 
around the chest at night and frequently repeated, will remove lung 
soreness, and it may be taken inwardly with advantages, eight to ten 
drops three or four times a day in sarsaparilla. It has been tried 
efficaciously as a cure for consumption." 

2. Consumption, Physicians' Remedy for. — 

Arsenic Acid 1 part 

Carbonate of Potash 2 parts 

Cinnamyllic Acid 3 parts 

Heat this until a perfect solution is obtained, then add twenty-five 
parts cognac and three parts of watery extract of opium which has 
been dissolved in twenty-five parts of water filtered. Dose: — At first 
take six drops after dinner and supper, gradually increasing to twenty- 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 213 

two drops. Mild cases are cured in two months, but the severe cases 
may re(iuire a year or two." This treatment should be given under 
the care of a physician, as it is poisonous and needs close watching. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Consumption.— Tuberculous 
peritonitis is often present. General better iiygienic measures; fresh 
air, nourishing food ; cod-liver oil. The glands are now often cut. 

Sanitary Care. Prevention of Tuberculosis. — The sputum of con- 
sumptives should be carefully collected and destroyed. Patients 
should be urged not to spit about carelessly, but always use a spit cup 
and never swallow the sputum. The destruction of the sputum of 
consumptives should be a routine measure in both hospitals and private 
practice. Thorough boiling or putting in the fire is sufficient. It 
should be explained to the patient that the only risk, practically is 
from this source. 

The chances of infection are greatest in young children. The 
nursing and care of consumptives involves very slight risks indeed, if 
proper precautions are taken. 

Second. — A second important measure, relates to the inspection of 
dairies and slaughter houses. The possibility of the transmission of 
tuberculosis by infected milk has been fully demonstrated, and in the 
interest of health, the state should take measures to stamp out tuber- 
culosis in cattle. 

Individual Prevention. — A mother with pulmonary tuberculosis 
should not nurse her child. An infant born of tuberculosis parents or 
of a family in which consumption prevails, should be brought up with 
the greatest care and guarded most particularly against catarrhal affec- 
tions of all kinds. Special attention should be given to the throat and 
nose, and on the first indication of mouth breathing or any attection of 
the nose, a careful examination should be made for adenoids. The 
child should be clothed in flannel, and live in the open air as much as 
possible, avoiding close rooms. It is a good practice to sponge the 
throat and chest night and morning with cold water. Special atten- 
tion should be paid to the diet and to the mode of feeding. The meals 
should be given at regular hours, and the food plain and substantial. 
From the onset the child should be encouraged to drink freely of milk. 
Unfortunately in these cases there seems to be an uncontrollable aver- 
sion to fats of all kinds. As the child grows older, systematically 
regulated exercise or a course of pulmonary (lung) gymnastics may be 
taken. In the choice of an occupation, preference should be given to 
an out of door life. Families with a predisposition to tuberculosis 
should, if possible, reside in an equable climate. It would be best for 
a young person belonging to such a family to remove to Colorado or 
Southern California, or to some other suitable climate before trouble 
begins. The trifling ailments of children should be carefully watched. 
In convalescence from fevers, which so frequently prove dangerous, the 
greatest care should be exercised to prevent from catching cold. Cod- 
liver oil, the syrup of iodide of iron and arsenic may be given. En- 



214 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

larged tonsils should be removed. "The spontaneous healing of local 
tuberculosis is an every-day affair. Many cases of adenitis (inflamma- 
tion of the glands) and disease of the bon-e or joints terminate favor- 
ably. The healing of pulmonary (lung) tuberculosis is shown clinic- 
ally by the recovery of patients in whose sputa elastic tissue and bacilli 
have been found,'' 

General Measures. — The cure of tuberculosis is a question of 
nutrition ; digestion and assimilation control the situation ; make a 
patient grow fat, and the local disease may be left to take care of itself. 
There are three indications: 

First, to place the patient in surroundings most favorable for the 
greatest degree of nutrition; second, to take such measures as in a local 
and general way influence the tuberculosis process ; third, to alleviate 
the symptoms. This is effected by the open air treatment with the 
necessary feeding and nursing. 

At Home. — In the majority of cases patients must be treated at 
home. In th« city it has many disadvantages. The patient's bed 
should be in a room where he can have plenty of sunshine and air. 
Two things are essential — plenty of fresh air and sunshine. While 
there is fever he should be at rest in bed. For the greater part of 
each day, unless the weather is blustering and raining, the windows 
should be open. On the bright days he can sit out-doors on a balcony 
or porch, in a reclining chair. He must be in the op-en air all that is 
possible to be. A great many patients spend most of the time out in 
the open air now. In the country places this can be easily carried out. 
In the summer he should be out of doors from eleven to twelve hours; 
in the winter six to eight at least. At night the room should be cool 
and thoroughly ventilated. *Tn the early stages of the disease with 
much fever, it may require several months of this rest treatment m the 
open air before the temperature falls to normal." The sputum is 
dangerous when it becomes dry. As long as sputum is moist the 
germs are held in the sputum ; but when it is dry they are released 
and roam at will in the atmosphere and are inhaled. They are then 
ready to lodge themselves in suitable soil. Always keep the sputum 
(expectoration) moist, and then there is no danger. 

Diet. Treatment. — The outlook in this disease depends upon the 
digestion. Nausea and loss of appetite are serious obstacles. Many 
patients loathe foods of all kinds. A change of air or a sea voyage 
mav promptly restore the appetite. When this is not possible, rest the 
patient, keep in the open air nearly all day and feed regularly with 
small quantities either of buttermilk, milk, or kumiss, alternating if 
necessary with meat juice and egg albumin. Some cases which are 
disturbed by eggs and milk do well on kumiss. Raw eggs are very 
suitable for feeding, and may be taken between meals, beginning with 
one three times a day, and can be increased to two and three at a 
time. It is hard to give a regular diet. The patient should be under 
the care of a physician who will regulate the kind of diet, amount and 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 215 

change. When the digestion is good there is less trouble in feeding. 
Then the patient can eat meat, poultry, game, oysters, fish, animal 
broths, eggs. Nothing should be fried. Avoid pork, veal, hot bread, 
cakes, pies, sweet meats, rich gravies, crabs, lobsters. 

Diet in Tuberculosis furnished us by a Hospital. — 

May Take. — Soups. — Turtle or oyster soup, mutton, clam, or 
chicken broth, puree of barley, rice, peas, beans, cream of celery or 
tomatoes, whole beef tea, peptonized milk, gruel. 

Fish. — All kinds of fresh fish boiled or broiled, oysters or clams, 
raw, roasted or broiled. 

Meats. — Rare roast beef or mutton, lamb chops, ham, fat bacon, 
sweetbreads, poultry, game, tender steaks, hamburger steak rare. 

Eggs. — Every way except fried. 

Farinaceous. — Oatmeal, wheaten grits, mush, hominy, rice, whole 
wheat bread, corn bread, milk toast, biscuits, muffins, gems. 

Vegetables. — Potatoes baked, boiled, or creamed, string beans, 
spinach, onions, asparagus, tomatoes, green peas, all well cooked, 
cresses, lettuce, plain or with oil dressing, celery. 

Desserts. — Farina, sago, tapioca, apple or milk pudding, floating 
island, custards, baked or stewed apples with fresh cream, cooked 
fruits, rice w^ith fresh cream. 

Drinks. — Fresh milk, cool, warm, or peptonized, cocoa, chocolate, 
buttermilk, pure water, tea, coffee, panopepton. 

Must Not Take. — Fried foods, salt fish, hashes, gravies, veal, pork, 
carrots, parsnips, cabbage, beets, turnips, cucumbers, macaroni, spag- 
hetti, sweets, pies, pastry, sweet wines. 

WHAT EVERY PERSON SHOULD KNOW ABOUT TUBERC- 
ULOSIS, WHETHER HE HAS THE DISEASE OR NOT. 

Tuberculosis is caused by a germ. 

Tuberculosis is communicable and preventable. 

Consumption of the lungs is the most common form of tuberc- 
ulosis. 

Consumption of the bowels is the next most common form. 

The germ causing tuberculosis leaves the body of the person who 
has the disease by means of the discharges ; by the sputum coughed 
up from the lungs, by nasal discharge, by bowel excrement, by urine, 
by abscesses. 

If the sputum of the consumptive is allowed to dry, its infected 
dust floats in the air, and is breathed into the lungs. 

Any person breathing such air is in danger of contracting tuber- 
culosis. It is best not to stand near a person suffering with tuber- 
culosis who is coughing, because in this act finely divided droplets of 



216 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

saliva are thrown from the mouth, and may be carried for a distance 
of three feet. These may contain large numbers of the bacilli. They 
are also sometimes thrown out in forcible speaking. The ordinary 
breath of a consumptive does not contain them. 

If the bowels or other discharges from the tuberculous person 
are not disinfected, but are thrown into a sewer, privy, river or buried 
they are a source of danger, and may pollute a source of drinking 
water. 

Impure milk, that is, milk from a tuberculous cow or milk exposed 
to infected dust is a common source of tuberculosis. Milk from 
suspected sources should be boiled. The all-important thing to do 
to prevent tuberculosis from spreading from one person to another, 
and from one part of the body to another, is immediately to destroy 
all discharges from the body of a person who has tuberculosis. 

Destroy by fire or by disinfectant all sputum, all nasal discharges, 
ail bowel excrement, all urine as soon as discharged. For such a 
purpose use a five per cent solution of carbolic acid (six and three- 
fourths ounces of carbolic acid to one gallon of water). 

No person, well or sick, should spit in public places or where the 
sputum cannot be collected and destroyed. 

Flies carry sputum and its infection to food, to your hands, your 
face, clothes, the baby's bottle, from which the germs are taken into 
the mouth, and thus gain access to the stomach or lungs. 

Spitting on the sidewalk, on the floor, on the wall, on the grass, 
in the gutter, or even into a cuspidor containing no disinfectant is a 
very dangerous practice for a consumptive to indulge. 

The person infected with tuberculosis should protect himself, his 
family, his associates and the public by not spitting in public places, 
and by promptly destroying all discharges. 

The well person should defend himself by insisting that the 
tuberculous person shall destroy all discharges. 

Well persons should set the example of restraint and themselves 
refrain from spitting promiscuously. A person may appear quite 
healthy and yet be developing tuberculosis without knowing it. 

Such a person, if he spits where he pleases, may be depositing 
infected sputum where it can endanger the health and lives of other 
persons. 

Do not sleep with a person who has tuberculosis, nor in the room 
occupied by a tuberculous person, until that room has been thoroughly 
disinfected. 

Any person is liable to contract tuberculosis, whether he is well 
or not. Sickly persons, or those having bad colds, influenza, bron- 
chitis or pneumonia or any general weakness are much more liable 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 217 

to contract tuberculosis than a perfectly well or robust person. If 
you have a cough that hangs on consult at once a reliable j)hysician 
who has ability to diagnose tuberculosis. 

Prevention is possible ; it is cheaper and easier than cure. 

Any person having tuberculosis can recover from the disease if 
he takes the proper course in time. 

Advanced cases of tuberculosis, that is, those cases where the 
disease is well developed, are the most dangerous to the public and 
the most difficult to cure. 

Every advanced case of tuberculosis should be in a sanatorium. 

Sanatoria offers the best chance, usually the only chance, of cure 
to an advanced case. 

They also protect well citizens from danger of infection from 
advanced stages of tuberculosis. There are fewer deaths from tuber- 
culosis in those localities w^here sanatoria are established for the care 
of tuberculous persons. 

One person out of every seven who die, dies from tuberculosis. 

One child out of every ten dies from tuberculosis. 

Homes and school-houses greatly need more fresh air supplied to 
their occupants. 

Day camps are city parks, vacant lots or abandoned farms where 
the tuberculous persons of a community may go and spend the entire 
day in rest, receiving instructions in proper hygiene and skillful treat- 
ment. Such camps are supplied with tents, hammocks, reclining 
chairs, one or more nurses, milk, eggs and other nourishment. 

Dispensaries are centers of sanitary and medical instruction for 
local tuberculous persons. 

Every locality should establish and maintain a dispensary for the 
benefit of tuberculous persons ; for their instruction how to prevent 
the disease from spreading, and how to conduct themselves to insure 
relief and cure. 

Householders are required by law to report a case within their 
households to the local health officers. The local health officer has 
Certain duties to perform under the law, and co-operation with him 
by the householder and tuberculous person, works for the suppression 
of this disease. 

Do not consider a tuberculous person an outcast, or one fit for 
the pesthouse. Your crusade is against tuberculosis, not against the 
person suffering from the disease. 

Give the freedom of a well person to the tuberculous who is 
instructed and conscientious in the observance of necessary precau- 
tions. Be very much afraid of the tuberculous person who is ignorant 
or careless in the observance of necessary precautions. 



218 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PNEUMONIA (Lobar) Lung Fever.— Inflammation of the lungs. 

This is an acute infectious disease characterized by an exudative in- 
flammation of one or more lobes of the Kmgs, with constitutional 
symptoms due to the absorption of toxins (poison), the fever termin- 
ating by crisis (suddenly). In speaking of pneumonia you frequently 
iiear tTie expression "the lungs are filling up." This is the real con- 
dition. The structures surrounding the air cells are inflamed and 
from the inflamed tissues a secretion exudate is poured out into the 
cells. This is expectorated, thrown out, by coughing; but it is poured 
out into the cells faster than it can be spit up and consequently it 
remains in some of the cells and fills them up. 

The air does not get into such cells and they fill, with many 
others, and make that section solid. When the patient is improving 
he keeps on spitting this up, until all is out and the air cells resume 
their normal work. Sometimes they remain so and we have chronic 
pneumonia. 

Causes of Pneumonia. — Pneumonia occurs frequently as a compli- 
cation of other diseases, such as typhoid fever and measles. Yet the 
majority of cases occur spontaneously. Many times the disease seems 
to be induced by exposure to the cold, and there can be no doubt that 
such exposure does at least promote the development of this affection. 
It seems, however, probable that there is some special cause behind it 
without which the exposure to cold is not sufficient to induce this 
disease. Pneumonia may occur at any period of life, and is more 
common among males than females. It occurs over the entire United 
States, oftener in the southern and middle, than in the Northern 
States ; it is more frequently met with during the winter and spring 
months than at other times in the year. 

Symptoms. — The onset is usually abrupt with a severe chill and 
chills lasting from fifteen minutes to an hour, with the temperature 
suddenly rising and an active fever. There is usually intense pain in 
a few hours, generally in the lower part of the front of the chest, 
made worse by breathing and coughing. The patient lies on the 
affected side so as to give all chance for the other lung to work, 
cheeks are flushed, with anxious expression ; the wings of the nostrils 
move in and out with each breath. The cough is short, dry and pain- 
ful. Rapid, shallow, jerky breathing, increasing to difficult breathing. 
On the first day the characteristic expectoration mixed with blood 
appears (called rusty). Pulse runs from 100 to 116, full bounding, 
but may be feeble and small in serious cases. After three or four 
days the pain disappears, the temperature keeps to 104 or 105, but 
falls quickly the seventh, fifth, eighth, sixth and ninth day in this 
order of frequency. In a few hours, usually twelve, the temperature 
falls to normal or below, usually with profuse sweating and with 
quick relief to all symptoms. This relief from distressing symptoms 
is, of course, a time of rejoicing to both patient and friends and the 
patient and nurse may feel inclined to relax a little from the strict 
observance of rules followed up to this time. Do not, under any 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2V) 

circumstances, yield to such folly. Keep patient properly covered, as 
he is weak from the strain and the pores are open. 

Convalescence is usually rapid. A prolonged rise of temperature 
after the crisis may be regarded as a relapse. Death may occur at 
any time after the third day from sudden heart failure, or from com- 
plications such as pleurisy, nephritis, meningitis, pericarditis, endo- 
carditis, gangrene of the lungs. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Lungs, Salt Pork for Inflamma- 
tion of. — "Salt pork dipped in hot water, then covered thick with 
black pepper. Heat in the oven and lav or bind on the throat and 
lungs." 

2. Lungs, Raspberry Tincture for Inflammation of. — "Take one- 
half pound of honey, one cup water; let these boil; take off the scum; 
pour boiling hot upon one-half ounce lobelia herb and one-half ounce 
cloves; mix well, then strain and add one gill of raspberry vinegar. 
Take from one teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful four times a day. 
Pleasant to take." 

3. Lungs, Herb Ointment for Congestion of. — 

"Oil of Turpentine H ounce 

Oil of Hemlock J/^ ounce 

Oil of Peppermint J/2 ounce 

Oil of Feverweed J/2 ounce 

Mix this with one cup warm lard." 

Rub this ointment on throat or lungs and apply a flannel over it. 
Heat it through thoroughly with hot cloths. If used thoroughly and 
the cold is taken in time will prevent pneumonia. 

4. Lungs, Mullein for Congestion. — "The mullein leaves may be 
purchased at any drug store or gathered in the fields. Make a tea 
of the leaves by steeping them. Add enough water to one tablespoon 
mullein to make a pint, which will be three doses, taken three times 
a day." This is a very good remedy. 

6. Lungs, Salve for Weak. — 

"Bees Wax 1 ounce 

Rosin 1 ounce 

Camphor Gum 1 ounce 

Lard about the size of an egg." 
The beeswax forms sort of a coating and may remain on for 
several hours. This is very good. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR LUNGS.— The home treat- 
ment should be to put the patient to bed and try to produce sweating. 
This will cause the blood to leave the congested lung and return to the 
full regular circulation. By doing this, you not only relieve the con- 
gested lung, but also the pain. If the patient is stout and strong. 
give him the "corn sweat'* under La Grippe (see index) ; or you can 
put bottles of hot water about the patient. Use fruit jars, wrap 
cloths around them so that you will not burn the patient. Always 
put one to the feet. If you have a rubber water bag, fill that and put 



220 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

it to his affected side over the pain. After you get him into a sweat 
you can remove a little of the sweating remedy at a time and when 
all are removed give him a tepid water sponging. By this tim-e the 
physician will be at hand. If you giv€ medicine you can put fifteen 
drops of the Tincture of Aconite in a glass one-half full of water and 
give two teaspoonfuls of this every fifteen minutes for four doses. 
Then give it every one-half hour. Water can be given often, but 
in small quantities ; plain milk alone, or diluted, or beaten with eggs 
will make a good diet and keep up the strength. 

Fomentations. — ^Cloths wrung out of hot hop tea are often applied 
to the affected part with good effect. Be careful about wetting the 
patient. Flaxseed poultices are used. 

If used they must be moist and hot. Some doctors are opposed 
to them. An antiphlogistine poultice is good. Apply it hot. For 
children you can grease the whole side of the chest, back and front, 
with camphor and lard and put over that an absorbent cotton jacket. 
In the early life of the country, home treatment was necessary. Men 
and women were posted on herbs, etc. Teas made of them were 
freely and successfully used. A great mistake made was the indis- 
criminate use of lobelia in too large doses. We have learned that 
the hot herb drinks in proper doses are of help. Teas made of boneset, 
hoarhound, pennyroyal, ginger, catnip, hops, slippery elm, etc., were 
good and are now. They produced the desired result — sweating — and 
relieved the congestion of the internal organs and re-established the 
external or (peripheral) circulation. So in the home treatment of 
pneumonia, etc., if you are so situated that you cannot get a physician 
use t€as internally for sweating, fomentations upon the painful part 
and if done properly and not too excessively, they will accomplish 
the desired result. With the corn sweat, I have saved many lives. 

ERYSIPELAS. — Erysipelas is an infectious disease, and it is 
usually caused by a germ which we call "streptococcus pyogenes." 
The disease shows itself by its local symptoms, pain, swelling, etc., 
and also by general or constitutional symptoms such as fever, head- 
ache, etc., as hereafter given. 

Causes. — It is a disease that occurs at any time, and is some- 
times epidemic, that is, attacks many persons at a time, like La Grippe. 
It occurs more often in the spring; it is contagious, and can be carried 
by a third person or in bedding, etc. 

S3miptoms.--The type that appears upon the face is the most 
common. The incubation lasts from three to seven days and it usually 
comes suddenly with a chill, followed by an active fever and with the 
local inflammation. In some cases the local condition appears first. 
There is at first redness, usually of the bridge of the nose and it 
rapidly spreads to the cheeks, eyes, ears, etc. It is red, shiny, hot, 
drawing, but with a distinct margin at its edges, showing how much 
skin is inflamed. It may take the form of vesicles. The eyelids may 
be so swollen as to close, the face and scalp greatly swollen with 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 221 

watery swelling of the t^yelids, lips, eyes, ears, etc. The glands under 
the jaw may become enlarged. The general or constitutional symptoms 
may be severe. The fever may rise to 104 to 10(5 and terminates 
suddenly. The parts that were first affected become pale and more 
normal, as other parts are involved. It occurs also on other parts of 
the body. A sting of an insect sometimes looks like it at first ; but 
it does not spread like erysipelas. It seems to me to be more dan- 
gerous around the head. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Erysipelas, Slippery Elm Bark for.— 
"Slippery elm used as a wash and taken as a drink." Slippery elm is 
a very good remedy for this on account of its soothing effect to the 
affected parts. It is very good to take internally, as it cleanses the 
system by acting on the bowels and kidneys. 

2. Erysipelas, Bean Poultices for. — "White navy beans boiled soft 
and applied as a poultice to the affected parts and renewed frequently 
is a sure cure for erysipelas if taken in time." This is a very good and 
effective poultice, but care should be taken not to use it too long, as 
the parts will become too soft and might slough. 

3. Erysipelas, Soda Wash for. — "Put about a tablespoonful of 
baking soda in one pint of water and bathe parts several times a day." 
This is an extremely simple remedy for such a serious disease, but 
has been known to do good in many cases. The baking soda is 
soothing. 

4. Erysipelas, Easy Remedy for. — "Keep parts well bathed with 
witch-hazel." A good preparation should be bought. By applying 
this freely to the affected parts it will be found to have a very 
soothing effect. 

5. Erysipelas, Copperas Liniment for. — "A few cents* worth of 
common copperas. Make a solution and keep applying it. This kills 
the poison as it comes on and relieves the pain. I knew of a very 
bad case to be cured by this treatment." 

6. Erysipelas, Cranberry Poultice for. — "Take cranberries and 
stew them and make a poultice of them." This is a remedy that 
cannot be beaten for this disease. It gives relief in a very short time 
and saves the patient a great deal of suffering. If the whisky is used 
to wet the poultice it is much better, as it keeps the poultice moist 
longer. All that is necessary is simply to put on more whiskey and 
it will not be necessary to change the poultice so often. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Erysipelas.— It is best to sej)- 
arate the patient from the others in the family. Some people very 
easily take this disease. I know one who cannot be in the room where 
such a patient is for even five minutes without contracting it. 

Local Treatment. — 1. Wash the parts with a solution of boric 
acid, one-half teaspoonful to eight teaspoonfuls of tepid water, put 
this on the inflamed parts. Then apply a poultice of bruised cran- 



222 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

berries. Wash the face each time with the solution before applying 
the cranberry poultice afresh. 

2. Paint thoroughly with tincture of iodine outside of the margin 

of the disease where the skin shows no sign of the trouble. This is 
very effective. If done freely it produces a slight inflammation. The 
stain made by it remains for some time and that is the objection to 
it on the face, but do not hesitate on that account if the other remedies 
do not work well or are not at hand. 

3. The following is a splendid local application. — ^Cleanse thor- 
oughly the inflamed part with pure castile soap and water, and then 
wash this off with one to one thousand corrosive sublimate solution. 
Dry the skin with a soft towel and apply a thick coating of equal 
parts of Ichthyol and vaselin, and over this place antiseptic gauze or 
sterilized absorbent cotton. Keep this in place with adhesive straps. 
If the diseased surface is small it may not be necessary to use the 
gauze, etc. 

4. Tincture Chloride of Iron in dose of ten to twenty drops and 
more if necessary four times a day, well diluted with water. This is 
very hard on the teeth and should be taken through a glass tube. 

Diet. — Milk, broths, etc., liquid diet or foods. (See Nursing Dept. 
under liquid diet.) 

Nursing. — When you nurse any infectious patient, you must be 
not only careful of your patient, but of yourself. It is not necessary 
in order to do good nursing to endanger yourself; and a nurse who 
does not know how to care for herself, cannot successfully nurse the 
sick. In erysipelas I always watch the eruption closely. Sometimes 
it recedes, and the patient, of course, is worse. Then there are some 
people who believe in "pow-wowing." They have that done and then 
do not take care of themselves. I have attended such cases. One case 
was especially striking. The "pow-wow'' person did his work and 
then the patient thought himself well and proceeded to enjoy himself 
and caught cold. The result was the "going in" of the eruption and 
a beautiful cough. I succeeded in my efforts and the next day he 
had the erysipelas going along nicely, but no cough. I write this so 
you will take proper care of yourself and shun conjurers and their 
"pow-wow." 

TOXEMIA, SEPTICEMIA; PYEMIA.— Toxemia refers to the 
group of symptoms and lesions caused by the presence in the blood 
of toxins (poison) usually resulting from bacterial growths. 

Septicemia refers to the condition caused by the presence in the 
blood of bacteria (microbes) as well as toxin. 

Pyemia refers to the same condition as septicemia with the devel- 
opment of fresh places of suppuration. 

Sapremia is a septic intoxication, the result of the absorption of 
toxins. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 



223 



SEPTICEMIA. — The presence of bacteria in the blood, introduced 
from a local lesion (wound, injury, etc.) or with no obvious local 
infection. 

Symptom. — If there is a local infection, symptoms of this precede 
the septicemia. The invasion may be sudden or gradual, with chill 
or chilly feeling's, followed by symptoms of active fever and later of 
an asthenic (absence of strength and feeling) fever, with dry tongue 
and dullness or delirium. Death may occur in one to seven days. 

PYEMIA. — This means the presence in the blood of bacteria with 
resultant foci (places) of suppuration. 

Symptoms. — They are local at first where the lesion is. The in- 
vasion of the general infection is marked by a severe chill, then high 
fever and sweating, repeated daily or at irregular intervals. 

Fever is variable with sudden falls. In some cases the fever 
assumes very weakening type and the patient looks like a case of 
typhoid fever in the third week, and death soon occurs. 

In other cases the chills, fever and sweating are repeated at irreg- 
ular intervals. The patients are emaciated and the skin has a sallow 
color. Death usually occurs eventually from exhaustion in a few days 
or months. 

Local Treatment. — This should be attended to from the beginning. 
If you injure your finger or any part and it soon looks red, and feels 
sore, open it up thoroughly with a clean instrument and cover it with 
a clean gauze or cotton. It must not be covered too tightly so that 
the discharge, if any, can leave the wound. Enough dressing must 
be put on to absorb that. Then keep the wound clean, and so it can 
"run" if necessary. If you neglect this or do it carelessly and admit 
dirt you will make it worse. 

See treatment of wounds, etc. 

General Treatment. — Keep the strength up in every way. The 
strength should be kept up by giving nourishing diet that will suit 
that special case and medicine that will produce a tonic effect, such 
as quinine and strychnine. 

ASIATIC CHOLERA. — This is an acute infectious disease caused 
by a specific organism and characterized by profuse watery discharges 
from the bowels and great prostration. 

Causes. — Some inherit a weakness, making them more susceptible 
than others to this disease. Other causes are intemperance, general 
debility, unhygienic surroundings, exciting causes. The spirillum 
(cholera asiaticus) found in the stools, watery discharq-es and intes- 
tines of affected cases and its transmission by infected food and water. 

Symptoms. — After an incubation period of about one to five days, 
the invasion is marked either by simple diarrhea with some general 
ill-feeling and prostration, or by abdominal pains, vomiting and 



224 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

diarrhea. Mild cases may recover at this time. In the stage of col- 
lapse, there are frequent watery movements resembling rice water, 
v^dth vomiting, great thirst, abdominal pains and eruptions on the legs. 
There is sudden collapse and temperature that is below normal; nearly 
all secretions are greatly diminished. In the so-called cases of cholera 
sicca (dry) death occurs before the diarrhea begins, although a rice 
water fluid is found in the intestines after death. After two to twenty- 
four hours those who have not died may recover or pass into the stage 
of reaction in which the signs of collapse and purging disappear. 
After improvement, with slight rise of temperature at times, there 
may be a relapse or the patient may have inflammation of some of the 
viscera (cavity organs) and suppression of the urine with delirium, 
coma and death. 

The prognosis is worse in infancy, old age and debilitated persons, 
and in cases of rapid collapse, low temperature and great blueness. 
Death rate from thirty to eighty per cent. 

Treatment. — Isolate the patient and disinfect all discharges and 
clothing. 

Use boiled water during an epidemic. 

For pain, morphine hypodermically, and apply hot applications to 
the abdomen. 

For vomiting. — Wash out the stomach and give cocaine, ice, cof- 
fee, brandy or water by the mouth. Intestines may be irrigated with 
a two per cent solution of tannic acid. 

During collapse. — Hypodermic of camphor, hot applications to the 
body. Good nursing and careful diet. 

YELLOW FEVER. — Yellow fever is an acute infectious disease 
characterized by jaundice, hemorrhages, albuminuria (albumin in the 
urine). 

Cause. — It is common in the West Indies and epidemic in nearby 
countries. It is most common in crowded, dirty, poorly drained por- 
tions of sea coast cities. It is probably caused by a specific organism 
which is conveyed from one person to another by mosquitoes and not 
in clothing, as formerly believed. One attack usually confers im- 
munity. 

Symptoms. — Incubation is about three to four days. There may 
be a fore-warning period, but the attack is usually sudden, with chills, 
headache, backache, rise in fever, and general feverish symptoms, 
vomiting, and constipation. Early in this disease the face is flushed, 
while the conjunctiva and the mucous membrane lining the eyelids is 
congested and slightly jaundiced. Fever is 102° or 103°, and falls 
gradually after one to three days. Pulse is slow, and while the tem- 
perature rises, it again falls. The stage of calm follows the fall of the 
temperature with increased jaundice and vomiting of dark altered 
blood, the "black vomit." Hemorrhages may also occur into the skin 
or mucous membranes. Brain symptoms are sometimes severe. Con- 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 225 

valescencc is usually nrradiial. The disease varies from ^reat mildness 
to extreme malignancy. Mortality from fifteen to eighty-five per cent. 

Treatment. — Prevent spread of the infectious mosquitoes ; use 
screens and netting in infected districts. Careful nursing, food by rec- 
tum while vomiting is frequent. For the hemorrhage opium is given; 
frequent bathing will keep down the fever; and for the vomiting 
cocaine is given and cracked ice. 

PLAGUE (BUBONIC PLAGUE).— Plague is an infectious dis- 
ease characterized by inflammation and suppuration of the lymph 
nodes and cutaneous (skin) hemorrhages. It has long been known 
as the Plague or "Black Death," on account of its "flea-bite looking 
eruptions." This disease is becoming a serious matter on our western 
coast, especially in and around San Francisco. The disease exists in 
India all the time, and there is now danger of it becoming epidemic 
(existing all the time) in San Francisco, according to today's, Jan. 
10th, Detroit Free Press. Mr. Merriam, chief of the U. S. Bureau of 
Biological Survey, recently appeared before congress and asked for 
more money to investigate this and other conditions, and how to 
stamp out the carriers of this dreadful disease. European wharf rats, 
introduced about San Francisco, have spread the plague to the ground 
squirrels, and the gophers, rabbits, field mice, and other rodents are 
now being infected. In India, fleas on the native squirrel, perpetuate 
the plague. The way to stop the plague is to kill the carriers. 

Causes. — The bacillus pestis (pests) is transmitted through in- 
sects, small animals, like rats, through the air, or in clothing, bedding, 
and is contained in the feces and urine. The poor in unhygienic dis- 
tricts are most often attacked. 

Bubonic Type. — In this type the lymph nodes, particularly in the 
arm-pit, and groins show inflammatory lesions with marked over- 
growth of new tissue. Sometimes there is suppuration, hemorrhage 
and local death of the part. The bacilli are formed in great numbers 
in the affected nodes and secondary lesions. 

Septicemic Type. — In this type all lymph nodes and nodules show 
signs of toxemia and the bacilli are formed in the primary (first) 
lesions and in the blood. 

Pneumonic Type. — In this type there are areas of broncho-pneu- 
monia, with lesions of the bronchial lymph nodes. The bacilli occur 
in these situations and in the sputa. 

Symptoms. — In the bubonic plague (the usual form) the invasion 
is marked by headache, depression, pain in the back, stiffness of the 
extremities and fever. This rises for three or four days, then falls sev- 
eral degrees and is followed by a more severe secondary fever of the 
prostrating type. At about the third to the fifth day the lymph nodes 
usually become enlarged most often in the inguinal, (groin) region. 
This is followed by a resohition (getting better) suppuration forming 

15 



226 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

pus or necrosis (local death of the part). ''A flea bite looking erup- 
tion and hemorrhages from the mucous membrane often occur. The 
mild cases, which often occur at the beginning of an epidemic, and at 
its close, are marked only by slight fever and glandular swelling, which 
may terminate in the forming of pus in the part. In these cases the 
symptoms are slight and last only a few days." 

Septicemic Plague. — This is characterized by symptoms of severe 
general infection, with hemorrhages, rapid course, and death in three 
or four days, without the development of swelling of the lymph nodes. 
Cultures from the blood show bacteria. 

Pneumonic Plague. — The symptoms are those of a severe "lobular" 
pneumonia, with bloody sputum containing many bacilli. It is usually 
rapidly fatal. Death rate may reach ninety per cent. 

Treatment. Prevention. — Prolonged isolation, disinfection of the 
discharges, cremation of plague victims, destruction of rats, and pre- 
ventive inoculation of healthy persons with sterilized cultures of the 
bacillus pestis. 

immunity following this procedure is said to last from one to 
eighteen months. 

For pain, morphine ; for weakness, stimulation ; for fever, bathing ; 
for buboes, application of ice, injection of bichloride and excision have 
been advised. 

DYSENTERY. — A group of inflammatory intestinal aflFections, 
either acute or chronic, and of infectious origin, characterized by fre- 
quent painful passages, (containing mucus and blood) or by loose 
movements. 

Acute Catarrhal Dysentery. — This is the most common form in the 
temperate climate The colon is congested and swollen with a covering 
of blood-tinged mucus on its mucous membrane 

Symptoms. — The invasion : This is usually marked by diarrhea, 
then cramp-like general pain in the abdomen and frequent mucous, 
Dloody stools, accompanied by hard straining at stool. The tempera- 
ture may reach 102° to 103°. After one or two days the stools consist 
entirely of bloody mucus and are very frequent. The thirst is great. 
In about one week the stools may become normal. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Dysentery, Sweet Cream for.— 

"One or two teaspoonfuls of thick cream every hour. Three doses is 
usually sufficient. (This remedy proved successful with my baby when 
all others failed)." 

2. Dysentery, One Ounce Dewberry Root for. — "Boil in one quart 
of water one ounce of dewberry root. This should be boiled down to 
one-half pint and a half wineglassful given to patient two or three 
times a day, or in severe cases, a half wineglassful every two or three 
hours until discharge diminishes." 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2J7 

3. Dysentery, "Colt Tail'.' Remedy for.— "The herb called "Colt 
Tail," steep and drink the tea. It's a tall weed and grows in damp 
places. It is one of the best herbs for this." This is especially good 
when the discharge from the bowels is bloody or contains mucus. 

4. Dysentery, Sugar and Brandy for. — "Two tablespoonfuls 
brandy poured into a saucer. Set fire to the brandy and hold in flame 
lump of sugar on fork. This is a very good remedy, and has cured 
cases when doctors' remedies failed. This sugar will melt and form a 
syrup. Dose: — One-half teaspoonful every two hours or oftener if 
necessary." 

5. Dysentery, Herb Remedy for. — "Take four ounces poplar bark, 
four ounces bayberry bark and three ounces tormentil root, simmer 
gently in four quarts of water, down to three, strain and add two 
pounds granulated sugar; let it come to boiling point, skim and add 
one-half pound blackberry or peach jelly and one-half pint best brandy. 
Keep in a cool place, take one-half wineglassful three or four times a 
day or more often if required." 

6. Dysentery, New Method to Cure. — "A hot hip bath will often 
relieve distressing sensations of dysentery or itching piles." This is a 
very simple remedy and will have a very soothing effect upon the 
whole system, relieving any nervousness that may be present and usu- 
ally is with this disease. 

7. Dysentery, Starch Injection for. — "Use injection of ope cup 
thin boiled starch, and one-half teaspoonful laudanum. Repeat every 3 
to 4 hours." 

8. Dysentery, To Cure Bloody. — "Put a teaspoonful of salt into 
a quart of warm water and inject into the bowels to wash them out 
thoroughly." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Dysentery.— Remain in bed 

on fluid diet, and give a free saline cathartic or castor oil, one-half 
ounce, followed by salol five grains in capsules every three hours. 

2. Bismuth subnitrate, one-half to one dram every two to three 
hours. 

3. Irrigation of the colon with normal salt solution or weak solu- 
tion of silver nitrate at about one hundred degrees with a long rectual 
tube. Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia, recommends one two-hundredth grain 
of bichloride of mercury every hour or two (in adults), if the stools 
are slimy and bloody and if much blood is present, and high rectal in- 
jections of witch-hazel water and water, half and half. I know this 
last is good, and also the following: Oil of fireweed, five drops on 
sugar every two to three hours. 

4. Ipecac. — In acute dystenery ipecac is one of the best remedies. 
Dr. Hare says : "When the passages are large and bloody and the 
disease i*^ malignant as it occurs in the tropics, ipecac should be given 



228 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

in the following manner : The powdered ipecac is to be administered 
on an empty stomach in the dose of thirty grains wnth thirty drops of 
the tincture of deodorized opium, which is used to decrease the ten- 
dency to vomit. Absolute rest is essential for its success. Finally a 
profuse gray, mushy stool is passed." This is a favorable sign. 

Nursing and Diet. — The patient should always remain in bed and 
use bed-pan. He must be given a bland, unirritating diet, composed of 
milk, with lime-water, beef peptonoids, broth, egg albumin, etc., in 
acute cases. 

MALARIA FEVER. — Malarial fever is a group of diseases char- 
acterized by intermittent, quotidian (daily), tertian (every other day) 
or quartan (every fourth day) fever or remittent fever; there are also 
several pernicious types of this disease and chronic malarial condition 
of the system with enlargement of the spleen. 

Causes. — It occurs most frequently in low lands, along sea coasts, 
and swamps, particularly in the tropics and warmer portion of the 
temperate zone. The exciting cause it what is called the plasmodous 
malarial, a parasite developing in the body of all species of anopheles, 
a common form of mosquito and transmitted to man, its intermediate 
host, by the bite of the infected mosquitoes. 

INTERMITTENT MALARIAL FEVER, (a) Tertian. (b) 

QuartaiL (c) Quotidian. Symptoms. — The symptoms of all these are 

the same, except that in tertian fever, the paroxysms occur every third 

day; in quartan they occur overy fourth day. Quotidian occurs daily. 

The incubation time is unknown. It consists usually of three 
stages, cold, hot, and sweating, and they usually occur in the morning. 
"The cold stage is ushered in by yawning, lassitude and headache, and 
rapid rise of temperature ; sometimes nausea and vomiting followed by 
shivering and rather violent shaking with chattering of the teeth." It 
may last from ten minutes to two hours. The internal temperature 
may rise to 104° to 106°, while the surface is blue and cold, with severe 
headache, often nausea and vomiting. Hot stage: this may last from 
one-half to five hours ; the temperature may increase somewhat, the 
face is flushed, the skin is red and hot, great thirst, throbbing head- 
ache and full bounding pulse. Sweating stage lasts two to four hours, 
and entire body may be covered ; fever and other symptoms abate and 
sleep usually follows. The patient feels nearly well betw^een attacks. 

REMITTENT OR CONTINUOUS MALARIAL FEVER (Aes- 

tivo- Autumnal Fever). — This form occurs in the temperate zone 
regions, especially in the summer and autumn. The symptoms vary 
greatly. The fever may be irregularly intermittent, but at longer inter- 
vals than the Tertian variety. The cold stage is often absent, and in 
the hot the temperature falls gradually. The appearance is often like 
typhoid for there may be then hardly any remission of fever. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 229 

PERNICIOUS MALARIAL FEVER.— This is a very dangerous 
disease. The chief forms are the comatose, algid and hemorrhagic. 

(a) Comatose form is characterized by delirium or sudden coma 
(deep sleep) with light temperature. 

(b) The algid or asthenic form begins with vomiting and great 
prostration. The temperature is normal or below normal. There 
may be diarrhea and suppression of the urine. 

(c) The hemorrhagic form includes malarial haemoglobinuria, 
haemoglobin in the urine. Haemoglobin is the coloring matter of the red 
corpuscles . 

Treatment. Prevention. — Destroy mosquitoes and protect from 
them by screens. Small preventive doses of quinine for persons in 
malarious regions, three grains three times a day. Five grains three 
times a day will nearly always cure tertian and quartan cases, especi- 
ally if the patient is kept in bed until the time for one or two par- 
oxysms has passed. Attacks often stop spontaneously for a time when 
the patient is kept in bed, even without the administration of quinine. 

In Remittent Fever larger doses are necessary. For pernicious 
forms : Hydrochlorate of quinine and urea ten to twenty grains, given 
hypodermically, every three or four hours until improvement occurs, 
when the sulphate of quinine by the mouth may be substituted. 

AGUE. (See Malarial Fever.)— By ague is meant the cold chills 
and fever; or dumb ague where there is little chill, mostly chilly and 
fever. These attacks may come on every day, every other day, or 
every third day. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Ague and Fever, Dogwood Good 
for. — "Take one ounce of dogwood root and one quart of water. Make 
an infusion by boiling down to one-half pint. Strain and give one-half 
wineglassful every two or three hours." 

2. Ague in Face, Menthol and Alcohol Effective Remedy for. — 

"After making a solution of teaspoonful of menthol crystals, dissolved 
in two ounces of alcohol, apply several times a day to the face. Care 
should be taken that this solution does not enter the eyes, as it would 
be injurious." 

3. Ague, Simple Remedy for. — "Give purgative and follow with 
ciuinine. Give large 4 grain capsule eyery four hours. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Chills and Fever, Peruvian Bark 
and Rhubarb for. — 

"Pure Rye Whisky 4 ounces 

Pulverized Peruvian Bark I dram 

Pulverized Rhubarb 1 ounce 

Mix. 

Put in bottles. Dose for adults : — One tablespoonful three 
times a day. This is an excellent remedy." 



230 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

2. Chills and Fever, Horse-radish for. — "Take fresh green horse- 
radish leaves, bruise and mash them to the consistency of a poultice 
and bind on the bottom of the feet. This will tend to reduce the fever 
and is a reliable remedy. I have often used this with great satisfac- 
tion." 

3. Chills and Fever, Dogwood Known to be Good for. — "Make a 
decoction of one ounce of dogwood root, boiled in one quart of water 
down to one pint ; strain, and give half wineglassful every two or three 
hours." This remedy has been used by our grandmothers for many 
years, and is one to be depended upon. The dogwood root can be pur- 
chased at any drug store. 

Treatment. — For acute cases quinine in various doses. I usually 
prescribe two grains every two hours until the ears ring, and then 
take only enough to keep them in that condition. 

It is well always to see that the bowels and liver are active before 
taking quinine. The medicine acts better when the patient remains 
quiet in bed. If the chill and fever comes on every day, the quinine 
should be taken every hour between the paroxysms. 

MALTA FEVER. — This occurs in the Mediterranean countries, 
India, China, the Philippines and Porto Rico. The fever is irregular 
or marked by intervals of "no fever" for two or more days with febrile 
relapses lasting one to three weeks. Constipation, anemia (scarcity of 
blood), joint symptoms and debility exist , Ordinary cases may last 
three months to two years. Mortality two per cent. 

Treatment. — Like that for typhoid. Change climate, if possible. 

BERI-BERI. — Beri-beri is a disease rarely occurring in the United 
States. It is usually found in the warmer climates and peculiar to 
certain regions such as India, and Japan. 

It is characterized by paralysis and fatal effusion, also neuritis, 
which is an inflammation of the nerves. It seems to be undecided 
among the medical profession as to whether the disease is infectious 
or not. Some claim it is brought on by the eating of bad rice or cer- 
tain raw fish. Young men in those climates seem to be most suscep- 
tible to beri-beri. 

Treatment. — There is very little known about this disease. For- 
tunately it does not often occur here. It is necessary to keep up the 
strength by food and tonics and relieve the pain. 

ANTHRAX. (Charbon, Wool Sorters' Disease, Splenic Fever).— 
This is "an acute infectious disease of animals, transmitted to man by 
inoculation into the wounds, or by inhalation of, or swallowing the 
germs." Butchers, tanners and shepherds are most liable to it. The 
exciting cause is the bacillus anthracis (anthrax bacillus). The local 
skin condition is a pustule containing the bacilli, which may also invade 
the general circulation. If the germs are inhaled, there is broncho- 
pneumonia; if swallowed, areas of inflammation and local death occur 
in the intestines. The spleen and lymph nodes are enlarged. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 231 

Symptoms. 1. External anthrax, mali<^iKint pustule. This begins 
in a papule (pimple) at the point of inoculation turning into a 
vesicle and then a pustule, (blister-like pimple) surrounded by an in- 
flammatory area (space) with marked watery swelling. The nearby 
glands are enlarged and tender. At first the temperature rapidly rises; 
later it may be below normal. The fever symptoms may be severe. 
Recovery takes place slowly. Death occurs in three to five days. 

MALIGNANT ANTHRAX (swelling).— In this lesion is a pus- 
tule, with very marked swelling. It most frequently occurs on the 
eyelid and face and the swelling may terminate in fatal gangrene. 

2. Internal anthrax. — (a) Internal anthrax is caused by the in- 
troduction of the bacteria into the alimentary canal in infected meat, 
milk, etc. The invasion is marked by a chill, followed by moderate 
fever, vomiting, diarrhea, pain in the back and legs and restlessness. 
Sometimes convulsions occur and hemorrhages into the skin from the 
mucous membranes. The spleen is swollen. Prostration is extreme 
and it often ends in death. 

(b) Charbon or Wool Sorter's disease occurs among those em- 
ployed in picking over wool or hair of mfected animals — the germs 
being inhaled or swallowed. The onset is sudden with a chill, then 
fever, pain in the back and legs, and severe prostration. There may 
be difficulty of breathing and signs of bronchitis, or vomiting and 
diarrhea. Death is a common termination, sometimes within a day. 
Death rate is from five to twenty-six per cent. Greatest when the 
swelling is near the head. 

Treatment. — The wound or swelling should ])e cauterized and a 
solution of carbolic acid or bichloride of mercury injected around it and 
applied to its surface. Stimulants and feeding are important. 

LOCKJAW. (Tetanus).— Tetanus or lockjaw, as it is commonly 
called, is an infectious disease and is characterized by painful and vio- 
lent contractions of the voluntary muscles; it may be of the jaw alone 
or of a considerable part of the body. 

Causes. — The intelligence and mental faculties are not impaired. 
In most cases it follows a wound or injury, although in others there 
seems to be no exciting causes. Fourth of July celebrations furnish a 
great many of our lockjaw cases. Ten to fifteen days usually elapse 
after the wound before lockjaw really sets in. 

Symptoms. — It comes on occasionally with a chill or chilly feel- 
ings; usually by rigidity (stiffness) of the neck, jaw and face. On 
arising in the morning there is sometimes a stiffness of the muscles at 
the back of the head. It is not unusual on taking a slight cold to have 
a stiff neck and often the patient's attention is not attracted by this 
symptom. Sometimes this stiffness begins or soon extends to the' mus- 
cles of the lower jaw; the throat becomes dry and is painful and grad- 
dally the stiffness increases to a continuous contraction, spasm, and 



232 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

extends to the muscles of the trunk and extremities. The body be- 
comes rigid in a straight line or bent backward, forward or sidewise. 
This spasm occurs after any slight irritation and is extremely painful. 
Temperature is usually low. During the first spasms the patient may 
attempt to open his mouth as he may naturally be suspicious of the 
trouble that is coming; he succeeds with difficulty and even finds it 
hard to swallow ; soon the jaws may be firmly closed, and it is from 
this feature of the disease that it gained the name of lockjaw. The 
contractions in some cases do not extend beyond the neck and face 
muscles. During the contractions the face may be drawn into fright- 
ful contortions. Food can be given only through such spaces as may 
exist between the teeth, as often the patient cannot open his mouth 
himself, nor can it be. pried open by any force that would be allowable. 
When the muscles of the trunk are afifected the abdomen may be 
drawn inward, become very hard and stiff, chest movements are 
affected, making it difficult to breathe, sometimes almost to suffoca- 
tion. Sometimes the body becomes bent like a bow, as in some cases 
of spinal meningitis, so that only the head and heels support the weight 
of the body. The body may become so rigid that it can be lifted by a 
single limb as you would a statue. It is fortunate that there are few 
cases, comparatively, of lockjaw as the distorted face and general con- 
tractions of the body are painful to witness. 

Recovery. — The mortality in lockjaw cases runs about eight per 
cent. Sometimes death is caused by exhaustion from the muscular 
exertions ; the patient is seldom able to sleep and sometimes wears out 
in a few days. Sometimes suffocation brings a sudden end to his suf- 
ferings and usually one or two days to ten or twelve days is the limit. 
Among the lower classes where sanitary science is seldom observed, 
and even among the better classes, lockjaw has been known to occur 
in infants. It usually comes on in ten to fifteen days after birth, and 
the child seldom lives more than a few days. It is hard to account 
for such cases which may come on suddenly from the slightest excite- 
ment such as sudden noises, etc. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES.- -1. Lockjaw, Successful Remedy for.— 
A very good and successful remedy for this disease, is to apply a warm 
poultice of flaxseed meal, saturated with laudanum and sugar of lead 
water, to the jaws and neck." 

2. Lockjaw, Smoke as a Cure for. — "Smoke the wound for 
twenty minutes in the smoke of burnt woolen cloths. This is consid- 
ered a never failing remedy," 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— If from a wound cut open and 
use antiseptics. Isolate the patient and have absolute quiet. Anti- 
toxin is used with success in some cases of lockjaw, but this and 
other remedies or measures must be handled by a physician. Opium 
is sometimes given and stimulants such as brandy, whisky, etc. As it 
is a case of life or death in a very short time, we cannot advise 



INFECTIOUS DlSiiJSI..^ 233 

tlepcndini^ upon home treatment. A preventive caution that must 
always be observed is tlie use of antiseptics and the strictest care of 
all injuries and wounds that might result in lockjaw. This is a disease 
where an ounce of prevention is worth a thousand i)Ounds of cure, 
because by the time the disease is recognized as lockjaw and has really 
made an appearance, it may be too late for medical skill. While you 
are waiting for the doctor you may apply cold cloths or even an ice bag 
to the spine. If the spasms are severe let th-e patient inhale chloroform 
to kill the pain and quiet him. In the meantime secure the best i)hy- 
sician within your reach, and follow his directions carefully, be calm 
and self-possessed when in the presence of the patient, for you musi 
remember that he has full possession of his mental faculties and will 
notice every evidence of fear or worry in the faces of those who are 
nursing him. This will only add to his sufferings, affect his nervous 
system and undermine his general vitality. Read carefully the nursing 
department in this book and you will gain some valuable hints and 
knowledge regarding the sick room. 

GLANDERS. — This is an acute disease of the horse and occasion- 
ally of man. It is called ''glanders" v^^hen the affection appears in the 
nostrils, and is called ''farcy" when in the skin. 

Causes. — The bacilli is usually introduced from infected horses 
through the nose, mouth and cheek, mucous membranes or skin abra- 
sions (rubbing off of the skin). There are large or small lumps in the 
skin, mucous membrane of the nose and mouth. 

Symptoms. Acute Glanders. — 1. Incubation lasts from three to 
four days. There are signs of inflammation at the site of infection 
and general symptoms. In two or three days, small lumps appear on 
the mucous membrane of the nose, and ulcerate, with a discharge of 
mucus and pus. Sometimes these nodules die locally, and their dis- 
charge is then foul. The glands around the neck are enlarged. An 
eruption appears over the face and joints. Inflammation of the lungs 
may occur. Death may take place in eight to ten days. 

2. Chronic Glanders. — This may last for months. It acts like 
chronic cold with ulcer in the nose. Some recover. 

3. Acute Farcy. — The local and general signs are those of an in- 
fection, with necrosis (local death) at the site (in the skin) of inoc- 
ulation; nodules, (lumps) known as "farcy buds" form along the 
lymphatics (glands) and form pus. There may be pus collections in 
the joints and muscles. Death often occurs in one to five days. 

Chronic Farcy. — Tumors in the skin of the extremities, containing 
pus. The process is local, the inflammatory symptoms light, and the 
duration may be months or years. 

Treatment of Glanders. — This disease does not often occur in man ; 
it is an awful affliction. All infected horses must be killed, it is danger- 
ous for man to be around one. If seen early, the wound should be cut 
out or burned out with caustics, and afterwards dressed like any wound. 



234 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The "farcy buds" should be opened early. There is v^ry little hope in 
acute cases of glanders. In chronic cases recovery is possible, but it 
will be after a long tedious time. There must be proper nourishing 
food and tonic medicines. Each case should be treated according to 
the indications. It is safe to say the parts should be thoroughly cut or 
scraped out and then treated with antiseptics and the general system 
built up, by tonics and stimulating remedies, if needed. As slated 
before, acute glanders and acute farcy are almost always fatal. 

BIG-JAW OR LUMP-JAW. (Actinomycosis).— This is an infec- 
tious disease of cattle, less frequently of man. and it is caused by what 
is called the "ray fungus." This grows in the tissues and develops a 
mass with a secondary chronic inflammation. 

This disease is widespread among cattle, and also occurs in the pig. 
In the ox it is called the "big jaw." The infection may be taken in 
with the food, and it locates itself often in the mouth or surroundings. 
Oats, barley, and rye may carry the germ to the animals. The fungus 
may be found even in decayed teeth. 

Alimentary Canal Type. — The jaw has been affected in man. One 
side of the face is swollen or there may be a chronic enlargement of 
the jaw, which may look like a sarcoma (tumor). The tongue also is 
sometimes affected and shows small growths. It may also occur in 
the intestines and liver. There is at first a tumor (lump), and this 
finally suppurates. 

In the Lungs. — They also can be affected. It is chronic here and 
there is cough, fever, wasting and an expectoration of mucus and pus, 
sometimes of a very bad odor (fetid). It sometimes acts like miliary 
tuberculosis of the lungs, and this is quite frequent in oxen. Other 
diseases of the lungs and bronchial affections occur and abscesses and 
cavities are formed that may be diagnosed during life. 

Symptoms. — If in the jaw there may be toothache, difficulty of 
swallowing and of opening the jaw. The adjacent muscles may be 
hardened (indurated). A swelling appears at the angle of the jaw and 
this quickly passes into suppuration ; later it opens first outside, then 
inside — into the mouth and discharges pus containing little yellow 
masses. It will extend down even into the bowels unless it is prop- 
erly treated. Then there will be stomach disturbances and diarrhea. 
It may ulcerate through the bowels and cause peritonitis. The liver, 
spleen and ovaries may also become affected. 

The Skin. — There may be chronic suppurating ulcers of the skin 
and the "ray fungus" can be found in them. 

Diagnosis. — The "ray fungus" can be found. There is a wooden 
hardness of the tissues beyond the borders of the ulcers ; there are the 
little yellow granules in the pus. The course is chronic. Mild cases 
recover in six to nine months or earlier, the mouth form being the most 
favorable. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 235 

Treatment. — Surgical. Remove the parts involved. Internally, 
iodide of potasli in large doses is recommended. The food should be 
plenty and nourishing. In this case we must recommend you to a 
physician instead of the home treatments. 

GONORRHEA (Urethritis). — This can be called an infectious 
intlamniation of the urethra, caused by the gonococcus, a microl)e or 
germ, causing a si)ecific inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 
urethra or vagina. 

Incubation. — IMie time that elapses between the exposure and 
development of the symptoms in the urethra is variable, extending 
from a few hours to tw^elve or fourteen days. In the great majority of 
cases, however, the disease appears during the first week. The patient 
notices a drop of milk-like fluid at the opening of the urethra, which' 
is slight, red and puffed or turned out ; a tickling sensation is often 
felt in this locality, and the next time urine is passed it is attended 
with a feeling of warmth at the end of the canal, or with actual scald- 
ing. After this the symptoms increase rapidly in number and severity, 
so that within forty-eight hours, or even sooner, the disease may be 
described as having passed its first or increasing stage, the character- 
istic phenomena of which are as follows : 

Changes in the meatus (opening). There are redness, aversion 
(turning out), ulceration and eating away and often erosion of the lips 
of the opening of urethra. Sometimes, but rarely, so much swell- 
ing that the person can hardly pass the urine, which drops away. The 
other symptoms are too well-known by those who have had this disease 
to need a description. 

Prognosis. — It is now considered more than a cold, and it is the 
cause of terrible sickness in both sexes, among the innocent as well as 
the guilty. 

Treatment. — It may be cured perhaps in a short time, and yet no 
one can be certain of its absolute cure. This disease is better under- 
stood now, and the treatment is entirely dififerent from formerly. The 
strong injections are now considered not only useless but dangerous to 
the future health of the patient. The best treatment is mild antiseptic 
injections, irrigation carefully done by an expert person; remaining 
quietly in bed, being careful to use food and drink that are not stim- 
ulating, keeping the bowels open by proper diet and mild laxatives and 
the urine mild by soothing diuretic remedies. Unfortunately those 
affected want quick work and they get it, frequently to their future 
sorrow. The following are good injections. Before each injection the 
nrine should be passed and an injection of an antiseptic like listerine, 
etc., one dram to an ounce of boiled water, to cleanse the canal. You 
can use twice a day the following: 

Fluid Extract Hydrastis (colored) 1 dram 

Water 1 ounce 

Use one dram of this for each injection. It stains the clothes so you 
must be careful. This is good and healing. 



236 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

GONORRHEAL ARTHITIS. (Gonorrheal Rheumatism, Inflam- 
mation of the Joints). — This is more common in men than women. 
Occurring during, and at the end of or after inflammation of the 
urethra. It usually involves many joints, such as the temporal, max- 
illary and collar bone. The effusion in the joints is usually serious. 

Symptoms. — Variable joint pains may be the only one. The 
attack may resemble an acute articular rheumatism of one joint, or a 
subacute rheumatism of one or more. 

Sometimes there is a chronic one-jointed inflammation usually of 
the knee. The tendon sheaths and bursae may be involved alone, or 
with the joints. Gonorrheal septicemia may result from arthritis. 
This is protracted. Iritis is a most frequent complication. The 
-urethra source of the infection must be cured. 

Treatment. — Keep the joint quiet and you can use an ice cap for 
the pain. Tonic treatment with quinine, iron, and arsenic in chronic 
cases is needed. The joints should be kept at rest in acute cases. In 
chronic cases massage and slight motion. The tonics must be chosen 
for each individual case. One afflicted with this must be under treat- 
ment for a long time. 

HIP JOINT DISEASE. (Morbus Coxarius).— This is more com- 
mon in children than in adults. 

Cause. — It is usually tubercular. 

Symptoms. First stage. — It may be overlooked; slight lameness, 
a little stiffness is noticed at times. The muscles begin to dwindle. 

Second stage. — Child limps very perceptibly, dwindling is more 
apparent. Pain appears. 

Treatment. — Absolute rest. Lying down treatment if begun early 
arrests this disease often. Build up the system. Splints and braces 
are needed sometimes. 

KNEE JOINT DISEASE. (White Swelling).— This is simply a 

tuberculous knee. 

Treatment. — Rest. Stop motion of the joint by some form of 
splint or plaster of Paris cast. Get a good physician at the beginning 
in these cases and you will save lots of after worry and blame for your- 
self. It does not pay to wait. These joint diseases will progress, and 
often treatment is begun months after trouble is seated. It ought to 
be criminal negligence and dealt with accordingly to neglect such dis- 
eases. Parents should never forget that they have endowed their chil- 
dren with such a constitution, and they should be glad and willing to 
correct it as far as they can. 

LEPROSY. Definition. — Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease, 
caused by what is called the "Bacillus Leprae," and is characterized 
by the presence of tubercular nodules in the skin and mucous mem- 
branes (tubercular leprosy), or by changes in the nerves (anaesthetic 



INFECTIOUS DIS1':.}SI:S 237 

leprosy). These forms are separate at first, l)ut ultimately they are 
comhint'd and there are disturbances of sensation in the characteristic 
tubercular form. 

History. — Leprosy is supposed to have originated in the Orient, 
and to be as old as the records of history. It appears to have prevailed 
in Egypt even so far back as three or four thousand years before 
Christ, llie Hebrew writers make many refernces to it, and it is no 
doubt described in Leviticus. The afifection was also known both in 
India and China many centuries before the Christian era. The old 
Greek and Roman physicians were familiar with its manifestations, 
ancient Peruvian pottery represent on their pieces deformities sugges- 
tive of this disease. The disease prevailed extensively in Europe 
throughout the middle ages and the number of leper asylums has been 
estimated at, at least, 20,000. Its prevalence is now restricted in the 
lands where it still occurs while once it was prominent in the list of 
scourges of the old world. 

It is now found in Norway and to a less extent in Sweden, in Bul- 
garia, Greece, Russia, Austro-Hungary and Italy, with much reduced 
percentage in middle Europe ; it is the rarest of diseases in England 
where once it existed. In India, Java, and China, in Egypt, Algiers, 
and Southern Africa, in Australia and in both North and South Am- 
erica, including particularly Central America, Cuba, and the Antilles, 
it exists to a less extent. It has been recognized in the United States 
chiefly in New Orleans, San Francisco, (predominantly among the 
Chinese population of that city). The disease has steadily decreased 
among the latter colonists in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa. Iso- 
lated cases have been recognized in almost every state, and leprous 
cases are presented at the public charities of New York, Philadelphia, 
Boston, etc. The estimated number of lepers a few years ago in the 
United States varied between two hundred and five hundred. It is 
represented as diminishing in frequency in the Hawaiian Islands, 
Porto Rico and the Philippines. In the Hawaiian Islands it spread 
rapidly after 1860, and strenuous attempts have been made to stamp it 
out by segregating all lepers on the island of Molokai. There were 
1,152 lepers in that settlement in 1894. In British India, according to 
the leprosy commission, there were 100,000 lepers in 1900. 

Cause. — The bacillus, discovered by Hansen, of Bergen, in 1874, is 
universally recognized as the cause of leprosy. It has many points of 
resemblance to the tubercle bacillus. These bacilli have been found in 
the dwellings and clothing of lepers as well as in the dust of apart- 
ments occupied by the victims. 

The usual vehicle by which the disease is transmitted is the secre- 
tions of a leprous patient containing bacilli or spores. The question 
of inheritance of leprosy is regarded now as standing in the same 
position as that relating to the inheritance of tuberculosis ; no foetus. 
no new-born living child, has been known to exhibit the symptoms of 
either disease. Several cases have been cited where infants but a few 



238 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

weeks old exhibited symptoms of leprosy. It affects men more than 
women. Infection is more common after the second decade, though 
children are occasionally among its victims. When it occurs in coun- 
tries where it had not previously existed, its appearance is invariably 
due to the infection of sound individuals by lepers first exhibiting symp- 
toms where the disease is prevalent. 

Neisser states this: "The number of lepers in any country bears 
an inverse ratio to the laws executed for the care and isolation of in- 
fected persons. The disease appears to spread more rapidly in damp 
and cold, or warm and moist, climates than in temperate countries. It 
is not now regarded as contagious. The leprosy of the book of Levit- 
icus not only includes lepra, as that term is understood today, but also 
psoriasis, scabies and other skin affections." The leper, in the eye of 
the Mosaic law, was ceremoniously unclean, and capable of communi- 
cating a ceremonial uncleanness. Several of the narratives contained 
in the Bible bear witness to the fact that the Oriental leper was seen 
occasionally doing service in the courts of kings, and even in personal 
communication and contact with officers of high rank. 

Symptoms. — Previous symptoms: Want of appetite, headache, 
chills, alternating with mild or severe feverish attacks, depression, nose- 
bleed, stomach and bowel disturbances, sleeplessness. The durations 
of these symptoms is variable. Some patients will remember that these 
symptoms preceded for years the earliest outbreak of lepra (leprosy). 
In other cases only a few weeks elapsed. These earlier skin lesions 
are tubercular, macular (patches), or bullous elevations of the horny 
layer of the skin. It may then be divided into three varieties, tuberc- 
ulous, macular and anaesthetic. 

LEPRA TUBEROSA. (Tuberculated, Nodulated or Tegumen- 
tary (skin) Leprosy). — This nodular type comprises from ten to fifty 
per cent of cases. After the occurring of the symptoms just men- 
tioned spotted lesions appear, which are bean to tomato in size, reddish 
brown or bronze-hued patches, roundish, oval or irregular in contour, 
well defined, and they occur upon the face, trunk and extremities. The 
skin covering them is either smooth and shining, as if oiled, or is infil- 
trated, nodulated and elevated. The surface of the reddened spots is 
often over-sensitive. 

After a period ranging from weeks to years, tubercles rise from 
the spots described, varying in size from a pea to that of a nut, and 
Ihev may be as large as a tomato. They are in color, yellowish, red- 
dish-brown, or bronzed, often shining as if varnished or oiled, are cov- 
ered with a soft, natural, or slightly scaling outer skin, roundish or 
irreeular in shape and are isolated or grouped, numbers of very srnall 
and ill-determined nodules mav often be seen bv careful examination 
of the skin in the vicinity of those that are developed. They may run 
together and cause broad infiltrations and from this surface new 
nodules sprlne. They may be in the skin or under the skin and feel 
soft or firm. The eruption of these tubercles Is usually preceded at the 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 239 

onset by fever, as well as by i)utTy swelling of the involved region, 
eyelids, ears, etc. These leprous tubercles choose the face as their 
favored site. Thev mass here in great numbers, and thus produce the 
characteristic deformity of the countenance tliat has given to the dis- 
ease one of its names, Leontiasis (lion face). 

In such faces the tubercles arrange themselves in parallel series 
above the brows down to the nose, over the cheeks, lips and chin, and 
as a result of the infiltration and development of the conditions the 
brows deeply over-hang; the globes of the eyes, and the ears, are so 
studded with tubercular masses as to stand out from the side of the 
head. The trunk and extremities, including the palms of the hands 
and soles of the feet, are then usually involved to a less degree. The 
arm-pit, genital and mammary regions, and more rarely the neck and 
the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, may be invaded. In occa- 
sional cases when the development of tubercles upon the face and ears 
is extensive, there may not be more than from five to fifty upon the 
rest of the body, and these either widely scattered and isolated or 
agglomerated in a single hard, flat, elevated plaque of infiltration upon 
the elbow or thigh. When the tubercles run together (become con- 
fluent) large plaques of infiltration may form, which are elevated and 
brownish or blackish in color. 

The soft palate and larynx are often involved when the skin 
lesions are present. The voice may sound gruff and hoarse, and the 
tongue, the larynx and soft palate have been found studded with small 
sized, ashen-hued tubercles. These tumors or tubercles may degen- 
erate and form into irregularly outlined, sharply cut, glazed ulcers, 
with a bloody or sloughing floor, or they may disappear and leave 
behind pigmented, shrunken depressions, or they lose their shapes from 
partial resorption. A large plaque may flatten in the center until an 
annular disk is left to show its former location. Coincident symptoms 
are disturbance in the functions of the sweat and sebaceous secretion, 
thinning and loss of hair in the regions involved, especially the eye- 
brows, and disorders of sensibility. Later results, are a nasal catarrh, 
atrophy of the sexual organs in both sexes, with impairment or loss of 
procreatfve power, hopeless blindness. However the course of the 
disease is very slow, and years may elapse before these several changes 
are accomplished. Often the disease appears quiescent for months at 
a time, after which fever occurs and with it acute or sub-acute mani- 
festations appear, including gland disease, orchitis, ulcerative processes, 
slow or rapid, followed by gangrene and a relatively rapid progress is 
made toward a fatal conclusion. 

Toward the last the mutilations effected by the disease may result. 
Parts of the fingers or toes, whole fingers or toes, and entire hand or 
foot may become wholly or partially detached by the ulcerative and 
other degenerations. This stage of this type of the disease may extend 
through ten or more years. After it has fully developed the dejected 
countenance of the leper, w^ith his leonine expression and general 
appearance is highly characteristic. 



240 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

LEPRA MACULOSA. — This form is more common in tropical 

countries and is distinguished chiefly by its macular (spotty) lesions. 
In size they vary from a small coin to areas as large as a platter. They 
are diffused or circumscribed, roundish or shaped irregularly, yellow- 
ish, brownish or bronzed in color, often shiny or glazed. They may be 
infiltrated and may be elevated, or on a level with the adjacent tissues. 
The patches are usually at first very sensitive, but they finally becom-e 
insensitive, so that a knife can be thrust deeply into them without 
being felt. The regions chiefly affected by this type are the back, 
exposed parts, the backs of the hands and wrists, the forehead, the 
cheeks, ears, back of the feet, and ankles. The eruptions may be 
scanty or general ; conspicuous or insignificant. The eruptive symp- 
toms are associated commonly, early or late, with the serious phen- 
omena described below. 

LEPRA ANAESTHETICA. (Nerve Leprosy. Atrophic Lep- 
rosy. Lepra Trophoneurotica).— Before the development of this form 
of leprosy there may be one or two years of ill-health. Usually the 
skin at this time becomes in localized patches over-sensitive, sometimes 
there is over-sensitiveness and special nerves, because of their enlarge- 
ment, become accessible to the touch. Those named later become 
tender, and the seat of lancinating or shooting pains. This clinical 
variety may be commingled in its symptoms with each of the other 
types. With or without such commingling, however, there commonly 
is noted, after exposure to cold or after being subject to chills first 
an eruption, red (erythematous) patches, or of ''bullae," size of a bean 
on cheeks, ears, back of the feet, and ankles. The eruption may be 
outer skm covering (epidermis) and filled with a clear tinted or blood- 
mixed serum, and usually occurring upon the extremities. The scars 
that follow are shrunken (atrophic) patches, each often greater in 
extent than the base of the original trouble, color whitish, shiny, 
glazed, or better described as a tint suggesting the hue of mica; their 
outline is circular and form also the dumb-bell figure by running 
(coalescing) together, or juxtaposition. These scars are always with- 
out sensitiveness (anaesthetic), and they may exist together with 
spotted and non-sensitive patches upon the trunk or other parts such 
as the face, hands, feet, ankles, thighs, but rarely on the palms and 
soles. Neither those of the one class nor of the other, however, are 
disposed over the surface of the body in lines, bands or curves, corre- 
sponding with the distribution of the skin (cutaneous) nerves. Some- 
times the ulnar and other nerves (median, posterior tibial, peroneal, 
facial and radial) that are accessible to the touch are swollen, tender, 
insensitive or as rigid as hardened cords. Reddish-gray swellings 
may be recognized by the eye along the nerve tract. General shrink- 
ing skin symptoms follow. The skin becomes dry and harsh ; there 
is little or no sebaceous product and the skin of the face seems tightly 
drawn over the bones. As a consequence of deforming shrinking 
(atrophy) of the eyelids, a persistent overflow of tears, consequent eye 
changes follow, and a constant flow of saliva escapes from the parted 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 241 

lips. The fintrcrs are halt' chawn into the pahn of the liands; the nails 
arc distorled and ulceration occurs later. These ulcers are irreL;ular, 
oval, roundish or linear in form covered with thin blackish, flattened, 
tenacious crusts with soft bases, and their floors cov<jred with a soft 
debris mixed with blood, the whole insensitive to every foreign body, 
and external application. At last the symptoms of mutilating lepra 
(leprosy) may occur, digits or portions of the wrist, part of hand 
(meta carpus) or corresponding portions of the foot may be detached 
from the body. Death may occur at any time during the course of the 
disease. In this form it is said to last from eighteen to twenty years 
and is thus not so rapidly fatal as the tubercular variety. 

Treatment. — The main treatment is the isolation and segregation 
of all lepers from contact with the well ; wholesome laws are enforced 
in some countries where leprosy prevails, and provision is made not 
only for the isolation and segregation, but also for their care. On 
account of its relative variety America has not yet awakened and 
legislation only forbids the entry of infected persons. At Molokai, in 
the Hawaiian Islands, provision is made for the care of lepers. Many 
of the public hospitals for the care of the sick poor refuse to receive 
lepers. The child of a leprous woman should be removed from the 
mother after birth and not nursed by another woman. No medicines 
are known to have any curative effect. An immediate change of resi- 
dence and climate should be made if the patient happens to live in a 
district where the disease prevails. A highly nutritious diet should be 
taken. 

The outlook. — The future is in general dark for the leper. It is 
often of a malignant character, and a fatal result is the rule. A change 
of climate and conditions may help. Scandinavian lepers who have 
removed to the United States have been greatly benefited by the 
change, but there is no known cure. The isolation should be as effec- 
tive as that for tuberculosis. It is not contagious but infectious. 

HYDROPHOBIA.— Rabies and hydrophobia are two different 
terms, meaning the same disease, the former meaning to rage or become 
mad. This term applies more especially to the disease as it exists in 
the maniacal form in the lower animals, while hydrophobia comes 
from the Greek, meaning "dread of Avater." As we occasionally find 
this dread of water only in the human subject, the term is properlv 
used in such a case. The lower animals frequently attempt to drink 
water even though the act brings on a spasmodic contraction of the 
swallowing (deglutltory) muscles. Hydrophobia is an acute infec- 
tious disease communicated to man by the bite of an animal suffering 
from rabies. It is due to a definite specific virus which is transmitted 
through the saliva by the bite of a rabid animal. Its natural habitat 
(location) is the nervous system, and it does not retain its virulence 
when introduced into any other system of orq-ans. It is essentially a 
nervous disease and transmitted by the saliva of rabid animals, when 

inoculated into a wound this virus must come in contact with a broken 
16 



242 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

nerve trunk in order to survive and reproduce itself. If by accident it 
attacks the end of the broken nerve trunk, it slowly and gradually 
extends to the higher nerve centers and eventually produces the 
disease. 

The incubation, or the time it takes for the disease to develop, 
varies, but usually is from three to six months. There is a recorded 
case where the person began to show symptoms of the disease thirteen 
days after having received a severe wound on the head. The incuba- 
tion period is seldom longer than six months. The symptoms of the 
disease in the human being vary within narrow limits. There are three 
classic symptoms usually encountered, and these are fear, apprehension 
or excitement, together with deglutitory (swallowing) spasms, term- 
inating in general paralysis. The patient remains conscious of his 
agony to the end, but the period of illness is of short duration, lasting 
from one to three days. 

The bites of rabid dogs cause ninety per cent of the cases in man 
and animals. The cat is the next important factor in spreading the 
disease and about six per cent of the cases are caused by this animal. 
For other cases four per cent come from bites of horses, wolves, foxes, 
etc. The wolf in Russia, or other animals like it, may be the chief 
cause there; but dogs cause ninety per cent, taking all the cases found. 
Man, dog, cat, horse, cattle, sheep, goat, hog, deer, etc., are subject to 
the disease either naturally or experimentally. The disease is confined 
commonly to dogs, because the dog naturally attacks animals of his 
own species and thus keeps the disease limited mainly to his own 
kind. Naturally the dog follows this rule, but on the other hand, 
in the latter stages of the disease he usually goes to the other extreme 
and even attacks his own master, etc. The dogs that are the most 
dangerous and do the greatest damage are of the vicious breeds. 

The rabbit or guinea pig is used for demonstration in the labora- 
tory. Guinea pigs respond to the virus more rapidly than do other 
animals and therefore they are especially useful in diagnostic work. 
Rabbits, however, on account of the convenient size and ease with 
which they are operated upon, are usually the choice in the production 
of material used in treating patients. 

The director of one Pasteur Institute says. "We have two classes 
of patients to deal with in the Pasteur institute. The larger class, of 
course, are those inoculated by the bite of rabid animals, but we also 
have a few who are infected by the rabid saliva accidentally coming in 
contact with wounds already produced. In these accidental cases the 
disease is almost as likely to result as in those to whom the virus is 
directly communicated by the bite." The wounds considered most 
dangerous are the recent fresh wounds. The poe 'bility of infection 
decreases with the formation of the new connective tissue which pro- 
tects the ends of the broken nerve fibres. One must remember, how- 
ever, that wounds over joints, especially on the hands, are likely to 
remain open for some time. A dog ill of this disease can give the dis- 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 243 

case to man throu«::li licking a wound. Such a case has been recorded. 
This dog licked the child's hands before it was known to be mad. 
The child died from the disease. As stated before ninety per cent of 
the cases are inoculated by the bites of rabid animals. 

The wounds are considered according to their severity and loca- 
tion. Lacerating, tearing wounds upon uncovered surfaces, especially 
the head, are the most dangerous. This is due to the fact of the close- 
ness of the brain and the large amount of infection in such a wound, 
and for this reason treatment should be immediately given. But 
smaller wounds should also be treated for the smallness of the wound 
furnishes no sure criterion as to the future outcome of the disease. 
All possible infections should be regarded as dangerous when consid- 
ering the advisability of taking the Pasteur Treatment. The small 
wound has usually a longer period of incubation, because of the small 
amount of infection, still it may cause a fatal termination. A dog 
never develops rabies from a lack of water or from being confined or 
overheated during the summer months. A spontaneous case of rabies 
has never been known. It must be transmitted from animal to animal 
and the history of the case will point to a previous infection by a dis- 
eased animal. 

Where rigid quarantine rules exist the disease does not occur. In 
Australia they quarantine every dog, that comes to that country, for 
six months, and in consequence they have never had a case of rabies. 
In Russia they have had many cases. In Constantinople the disease 
frequently "runs riot." France has lost as many as 2,500 dogs in one 
year. Before the Pasteur Treatment was instituted (in 1885) there 
was an average of sixty deaths in human beings in the Paris hospitals. 

Belgium and Austria average one thousand dogs annually. There 
was a yearly average in Germany of four hundred dogs, dying of 
rabies, until the law requiring the muzzling of dogs was strictly en- 
forced and since that time the disease is practically unknown. We do 
not have strict quarantine law^s against dogs, and the result is death 
from hydrophobia in many states annually. It was formerly believed 
that rabies was a hot weather disease. The number of cases during 
the winter months of late years has disproved that belief, for the rec- 
ords of the institute for treatment of hydrophobia at Ann Arbor have 
shown a decrease of cases during the summer months. This was 
before 1908. This shows that rabies is not a hot weather disease. 

Ordinarily cases of rabies occur here and there (sporadic) , but if 
the conditions are favorable epidemics break out. One dog may bite 
several dogs and these dogs bite others and thus spread the disease to 
many. Not every animal bitten by a mad dog develops the disease. 
The disease does not always follow the bite. Only about forty per 
cent of all animals bitten by a mad dog contract the disease. This is 
gfiven by a noted authority. Statistics also show that in man the dis- 
ease develops in only about twenty per cent of the cases in those who 
have been bitten bv rabid dosfs. But in dealing with those w^ho have 



244 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

been bitten such measures should be taken as would be if they were 
certain of developing the disease; one cannot tell how much poison 
enters the system in such cases and preventive procedures should be 
taken. There are reasons why every one who is bitten does not con- 
tract the disease. 

The location and character of the bite must be considered. Bites 
on the head, neck and hands have been recognized as more dangerous, 
from early times, and such bites produce fatal results quicker than do 
bites on other parts of the body, and the reason is largely due to the 
fact that the other parts of the body are more or less protected by the 
clothing, and this clothing prevents the entrance of so much poison 
into the system. Bites on the head give a high mortality rate and are 
rapidly fatal. The close proximity to the brain is one reason. 

The part the clothing plays in protection is clearly shown by the 
following quotation from an eminent authority : "In India where the 
natives dress very scantily, the mortality was exceedingly high up to 
a few years ago, at which time the British introduced the Pasteur 
laboratories. The clothing protects the body and it holds back the 
saliva and can be looked upon as a means of filtering the saliva 
of the rabid animal, most of the saliva is held back as the teeth 
pierce the clothing, so that upon entering the flesh the teeth are prac- 
tically dry, and only a portion of the virus is introduced. Upon enter- 
ing the wound this small amount of virus is further diluted by the 
tissue juices to the non-infectious point. We know from actual experi- 
mental work in the laboratory that the higher dilution will not kill. 

If a portion of the brain of an animal dead from street virus is 
taken and made up in a dilution of one to five hundred, and this is 
injected, we find that it does not produce death. But a dilution of one 
to three hundred will invariably kill. This is practically what very 
often happens when one is bitten through the clothing. The saliva 
may be filtered and held back so that a small amount is introduced ; 
perhaps a dilution of one to five hundred of the virus may get into the 
wound, but this is usually not enough to cause the disease. There is 
no possible way of estimating the amount of the inoculation. In such 
cases one^s chances of never contracting the disease are only decreased ; 
that is all we can say. 

The treating of individuals, bitten by rabid animals, in the Pas- 
teur Institutes, is simply the practical application of results obtained 
by ■ Pasteur from his original work on rabies virus. Pasteur was a 
French chemist living in Paris, and he began his search for the cause 
and cure of rabies in 1880. He hoped to find a sure method of pre- 
venting the development of the dread disease, even if he could not 
find a cure for it after it had developed. While he was pursuing this 
research Pasteur had access to the cases of rabies in the Paris hos- 
pitals, and these numbered sixty each year. He had practically an 
unlimited supply, for France could furnish him with twenty-five hun- 
dred more mad dogs, and a large number of other animals each year. 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 245 

Pasteur devoted the remainder of his life to the study of this sub- 
ject. He collected some saliva from the mouth of a child, on Decem- 
ber 11, 18S0, who had died at the Hospital Trousseau four hours 
before. This saliva he diluted with distilled water, and this mixture 
he injected into rabbits, and they all died, and the saliva taken from 
these rabbits when injected into other rabbits caused their death with 
rabies. He found also that saliva from rabid dogs almost always 
caused the disease. The incubation period varied within wide limits, 
and very often the animals lived. He then used the blood of rabid 
dogs for inoculation, but these blood inoculations always failed to pro- 
duce the disease. Pasteur was convinced after careful study of rabid 
animals during the many months necessary to complete his experi- 
ments, that rabies was a disease of the nervous system, and that the 
poison (virus) was transmitted from the wound to the brain by the 
way of the nerve trunks. Then to prove his theory Pasteur removed 
a portion of the brain of a dog that had died of rabies. A part of this 
was rubbed up in sterile water and used to inoculate other animals; 
and subcutaneous inoculations with this material almost always pro- 
duced death. 

After this Pasteur tried a new method and injected directly into 
the nervous system, either into the nerve trunk or directiy into the 
brain, after trephining, and all such injections produced rabies in the 
injected animal and death. He also found that rabbits inoculated in 
the brain ahvays died in the same length of time. When he injected 
into the nerve trunk the inoculation period was longer, depending upon 
the distance from the brain. Two problems now remained for Pas- 
teur to solve, and these were, how could he obtain the definite viru- 
lence and how^ could he reduce the virulence regularly and gradually, 
so that it could be used by inoculation safely as a vaccine to produce 
immunity to rabies in healthy animals, and also to prevent the develop- 
ment of rabies in animals bitten by rabid animals. He first tried suc- 
cessive inoculations. These inoculations were made, after trephining, 
directly to the brain, and he used a portion of the brain as a virus 
each time. He inoculated rabbit number one with a portion of brain 
taken from a rabid dog, and this rabbit died on the fifteenth day. He 
then inoculated rabbit number two with a portion of the brain of rab- 
bit number one ; from the brain of rabbit number two the virus was 
supplied for inoculating rabbit number three, and thus the brain of 
each inoculated rabbit was taken, after its death, for material to inoc- 
ulate the next rabbit in the series. This experimentation showed him 
that each rabbit in the series died a little sooner, showing that the 
virus w^as becoming more virulent, till no increase in activity of the 
poison was shown after the fiftieth successive inoculation. ''Rabbits 
inoculated with a brain suspension of rabbit number fifty all died in 
seven days." This caused Pasteur to name the virus of number fifty 
"virus fixe," a virus of definite length. He now had obtained a virus 
of definite strene^th and the next question was, how could the virulence 
be gradually and definitely reduced. 



246 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

This he accomplished after many experiments. He proved that 
pieces of the "medulla oblongata" suspended in sterile tubes which 
contained fragments of caustic potash, steadily and gradually reduced 
their virulence as they dried, till the fourteenth day, when they were 
practically inert. New specimens were prepared each day and cords 
which had dried in one day Pasteur called '*one-day virus ;" cords which 
had dried in two days, "two day's virus," and so on up to the four- 
teenth day. With this graduated virus he now experimented on dogs, 
and the injection he used on the first day consisted of an emulsion of 
fourteen-day virus ; for the second day, the thirteen-day virus, thus 
using a stronger virus each day, until on the fourteenth day he used 
the full strength virus. This treatment produced what is called im- 
munity in the dog, and even the direct inoculation into the brain of the 
strong virus would not produce death. 

After Pasteur had thoroughly satisfied himself by repeated trials, 
he announced his wonderful discovery, and it was in 1886 that Pas- 
teur considered the preventive inoculation in human beings as resting 
upon a satisfactory experimental basis. During these five years this 
eminent man proved that it was possible to protect or immunize the 
lower animals, rabbits and dogs, against inoculation with the virulent 
virus. 

The efficiency of this immunity was given trials by different 
methods of inoculation. It was found that sixty per cent of dogs inoc- 
ulated under the "dura" (a membrane of the brain) were saved if 
treatment was given the second day. This test is more severe than is 
required to meet the ordinary infection of rabies. Pasteur, after a 
series of these final tests were so convincing, prescribed the preventive 
inoculations in human beings and on July 6th, 1886, the first human 
patient received the first treatment of his series of inoculations. 

The method of obtaining the attenuated virus used in the treat- 
ment is as follows : A rabbit is inoculated by the brain method before 
described, each day, with suspension of the fresh, fixed virus. These 
rabbits die in six days after the inoculation. In this way a rabbit dies 
each day ; the spinal cord is removed, divided into sections, and sus- 
pended in a flask containing potassium hydrate. The action of potas- 
sium hydrate is drying (desiccating). A series of these cords, which 
have been hung on fourteen successive days, are always kept in stock 
for the treatment of patients. The virus becomes less active with each 
successive day of exposure to drying (desiccation) and finally the vir- 
ulence is altogether lost. 

When the patient comes for treatment the fourteenth and thir- 
teenth-day cords are used for the first inoculation, and on each succes- 
sive day the patient receives inoculation, the strength of which has 
been regulated by the number of days the cord has been hanging. 
During the first four days patients receive injections of six cubic cen- 
timeters of emulsions made from cords aging from fourteen to seven 



INFECTIOUS DISEASES 247 

days, and from the fifth day until the completion of the course of treat- 
ment patients receive emulsions from cords of higher immunizing i)rop- 
erties, but no cords desiccated for less than four days are used. 

Death rate from 1878-1883 before Pasteur treatment was insti- 
tuted taken from documents in the department of the Seine: 
1878 143 bitten ...... 24 deaths. 



1879 76 


" 12 


1880 68 


" 5 


1881 156 


" 22 


1882 67 


" 11 


1883 45 


'' 6 


Average of one death to every six bitten 
tality. 



or seventeen per cent 

Incubation period from eleven days to thirteen months, average 
one hundred and twenty days, depending upon location of bite. Pas- 
teur Institute records during the years 1886-1887 and first half of 1888, 
show that Pasteur had under his supervision 5,374 persons bitten by 
animals either proven or thought to have been mad. Mortality for 
1886 was 1-34 per cent, during 1887 it was 1-12 per cent, during 1888 
it was 77/100 per cent. With the later treatment the mortality has de- 
creased to 3-10 per cent in 1908. The Pasteur method of treatment is 
a process of immunization which must be completed before the devel- 
opment of the disease. It is of no value after the symptoms have 
appeared. 

Those who have not been afifected can be immunized the same as 
those who have been bitten. The individual who has been bitten by 
a mad dog realizes when and how severely he has been bitten, and 
were it not for the so-called period of latent development of the virus, 
it would not be possible to carry out the Pasteur treatment. The 
patient may, if he will, take advantage of this fact and be immunized 
by treatment before the disease has developed. Deep and severe bites 
are most dangerous, but the disease may develop simply from a rabid 
dog licking a scratch of the skin. As before stated bites on exposed or 
uncovered surfaces, are more dangerous than those through clothing. 
There is a very easy access of the saliva to the wound in the unpro- 
tected part, while in the protected parts the teeth in passing through 
the protection, clothing, are freed of their saliva at least partially. 
The virus is convey-ed from the bitten part or inoculation to the cen- 
tral nervous system through the nerve trunk, and the rapidity of ex- 
tension depends upon the resistant powers of the patient, the virulence 
and the amount of virus deposited in the bitten part at the time the 
person was bitten. This disease develops only in nerve tissues. Virus 
can be found in the nerves of the side bitten, while the corresponding 
nerves on the opposite side are free from it. It can be ascertained that 
the virus is present in the medulla oblongata before the lower portion 
of the cord. 



248 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Comparative danger. — A wound of the hand after a delay of three 
weeks is as dangerous as a bite on the head exposed only a few days. 
There is always a possibility of an accumulative action and extension 
of the virus along the nerve trunk to the central nervous system dur- 
ing the interval of exposure, and this should be always borne in mind. 
It is stated by authority that the virus is not transmitted by the bite 
of a rabid animal until two days previous to the appearance of the first 
symptoms. It is with some difficulty that a decision is reached in 
advising patients who are bitten to take treatment early in the course 
of the disease. The symptoms are often so ven.' obscure and slight 
that they are not recognized. If a dog which is not naturally vicious 
suddenly bites without any cause it should be tied securely and 
watched for seven days ; and should it develop symptoms of the disease 
during this period the bite should be considered dangerous. 

Immediate treatment of the wound. — A temporary- measure is the 
cauterization oi the wound ; do not neglect this because a few hours 
have passed since the person was bitten, for wounds may be cauterized 
with advantage even after two or three days have elapsed. Of course 
the earlier it is done the better. If they are thoroughly laid open and 
scrubbed it is more effective. Nitric acid used freely is the best 
method to use. Wash the wound freely with boiled water after the 
acid has been applied ; ninety-five per cent carbolic acid may be used if 
nitric acid cannot be obtained. 

If carbolic acid is used it is necessary that it be washed from the 
wound by the free use of absolute alcohol, followed by boiled water 
and a dressing of bichloride of 1-TOOO. This prevents the ulceration of 
the wound by the carbolic acid. Cauterization thoroughly done de- 
stroys a part of the inoculated virus. Thorough cauterization is espe- 
cially necessary with large wounds in which large quantities of the 
virus is inoculated. 

When to send patients to an Institute. — Send them immediately, if 
there is good reason to believe the animal had rabies. It is not wise 
to wait until the animal dies : it is verv' important that treatment is 
begun as soon as possible, especially in severe bites. 

What to send for examination. — The entire head may be sent by 
exoress. or better, the health officer should bring it in person. This 
saves time and relieves anxiety : or a portion of the brain may be 
removed under thoroughly clean conditions and placed in a sterilized 
twenty per cent solution of glycerin and water. In this way the virus 
retains its \nrulence and putrefaction is diminished. The first method 
is the best, takin? the head directlv. The head after it reaches the 
laboratory is examined microscopically for "negri bodies," and if there 
is no contamination the microscopic findings are verified bv animal in- 
oculations. The presence of negri bodies in a soecimen is of great 
value owing to the raoidity with which a diagnosis can be made. In 
one case a positive diagnosis was reported within twenty minutes 



BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 249 

after the specimen entered the laboratory, and within the next hour 
and a half the patient bitten by the dog the same day had begun her 
course of protective injections and was saved. 

Protection. — To stamp out this disease city authorities, etc., can 
enact laws. All ownerless dogs should be killed, and the keeping of 
useless dogs should be discouraged by taxation. All dogs should be 
thoroughly muzzled where the disease prevails. This article is made 
up from an article written by an acknowledged authority on this dis- 
ease, a man in charge of a Pasteur Institute. 

Cities where Pasteur Institutes are located: 

Ann Arbor, Michigan. Baltimore, Maryland. 

Chicago. Illinois. Austin, Texas. 

Minnesota. Toronto, Ont. 

New York City. 



DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS. 

Anaemia, or Anem^ia. — This may be defined as a reduction of the 
amount of blood as a whole or of its corpuscles, or of certain of its 
more important constituents, such as albumin and haemoglobin. Primary 
or essential anemia includes chlorosis and pernicious anemia ; secondary 
anemia results from hemorrhages, poor nourishment or intoxications, 
poisons. Chlorosis, a primar\- anemia chiefly of young girls, charac- 
terized by marked relative decrease of haemoglobin. 

Causes. — It usually occurs in blondes of from twelve to twenty 
years of age and most often from fourteen to seventeen years of age, 
when the menstrual function is being established and during which 
time they are rushed with their school work. There may be a family 
histor}' of chlorosis or tuberculosis. Poor food, hard, unhealthy v.^r!- 
confinement in close unventilated rooms are other causes. 

Symptoms. — Rounded fleshy appearance may continue. There is 
some difficulty of breathing, palpitation of the heart on slight exertion, 
from a fright or from excitement, tendency to faint feeling or even 
fainting, headache, a tired feeling, hard to stir or do anything, irritable 
temper, poor or changeable appetite, the digestion is disturbed, there is 
constipation, coldness of the hands and feet, difficult menstruation, 
irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, amenorrhea, and sometimes there is 
a slight fever. The color is often of a yellowish-green tinge, and this 
is more noticeable in the brunette type, though the cheeks may be 
flushed; the whites of the eyes bluish white in color. The heart 
sounds are not right. The blood is pale in color. The red cells are 
diminished, but usually are not below eighty per cent of the normal; 



250 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

the haemoglobin is greatly reduced, sometimes to thirty-five or forty 
per cent. The age, greenish tint of pallor, bluish whites of the eyes, 
poor nutrition, etc., aid in making the diagnosis. 

Treatment. — Fresh air, good food, care of the bowels and rest if 
the symptoms are severe. When it is not so severe, plenty of out- 
door exercise is necessary and beneficial. That takes them away from 
their cramped sedentary life and gives the sunshine, good pure air, and 
change of the scene. Horseback riding is a very good form of exer- 
cise, but it should be slow riding. "Tending" the horse is also good, 
and sleeping in the open air is excellent. Automobile riding is too 
straining and should not be indulged in. 

1. Blaud's pills are very much used. The formula follows: 

Dried Sulphate of Iron 2 drams 

Carbonate of Potash 2 drams 

Syrup Sufficient 

Mix thoroughly, and make forty-eight pills. Take one to 
three pills, three times a day after meals. 

2. Fowler's solution of arsenic is also very good remedy ; three 
to four drops three times a day. It must be watched for bad symp- 
toms and should only be taken under a physician's supervision. 

Diet. — This should be good and varied to suit the special taste, 
and as the stomach and bowels are usually disordered such food should 
be chosen as will best agree. Diet plays a very important part. 

PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA. — This is characterized by great de- 
crease of the red cells of the blood with a relatively high color index 
and the presence of large number of germs. The causes are unknown. 

Condition. — The body is not emaciated. A lemon color of the skin 
is usually present. The muscles are a dark red, but all the other 
organs are pale and fatty. The heart is large and fatty. The liver 
and spleen are normal in size, or only slightly enlarged with an excess 
of iron in the pigment. The red cells may fall to one-fifth or less of 
the . normal number. The rich properties of the blood are fearfully 
decreased. 

Symptoms. — Stomach and bowels, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, 
or constipation, may precede other symptoms or they may last 
throughout the case. The onset is gradual and unknown, with grad- 
ually increasing weary feeling, paleness and some difficulty in breath- 
ing and palpitation of the heart on exertion. There is paleness of the 
skin and the mucous membranes, the lips look pale, no color. The 
paleness becomes extreme, the skin often having a lemon yelloAV tint. 
The muscles are flabby ; the ankles are swollen, you can see the 
arteries beat. Hemorrhages may occur into the skin, mucous mem- 
brane and retina of the eye. Nervous symptoms are not comm.on. 
The pallor and weakness become extreme, sometimes with intervals 
of improvement and death usually occurs. The following is Addison's 
description given by Dr. Osier: 



BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 251 

It makes its approach in so slow and insidious a manner that 
the patient can hardly fix a date to the earliest feeling of that languor 
which is shortly to become extreme. The countenance gets pale, and 
white of the eyes become pearly, the general frame Habby rather than 
wasted. The pulse perhaps larger, but remarkably soft and com- 
pressible, and occasionally with a slight jerk, especially under the 
slightest excitement. There is an increasing indisposition to exertion, 
with an uncomfortable feeling of faininess or breathlessness in attempt- 
ing it ; the heart is readily made to palpitate ; the whole surface of the 
body presents a blanched, smooth and waxy appearance ; the lips, gums 
and tongue seem bloodless, the fiabbmess of the solid increases, the 
appetite fails, extreme languor and faintness super^^ene, breathlessness 
and palpitation are produced by the most trifling exertion, or emotion ; 
some slight oedema (swelling) is probably perceived about the ankles; 
the debility becomes extreme. The patient can no longer rise from the 
bed ; the mind occasionally wanders ; he falls into a prostrate and half 
torpid state and at length expires ; nevertheless, to the very last, and 
after a sickness of several months' duration, the bulkiness of the gen- 
eral frame and the obesity (fat) often present a most striking contrast 
to the failure and exhaustion observable in every other respect. The 
disease is usually fatal. 

Treatment. — The patient should remain in bed and should use a 
light nourishing diet, taking food in small amounts and at stated inter- 
vals. Rest in bed is essential. Dr. Osier treated a case in the follow- 
ing way : I usually begin with three minims (drops) of Fowler's 
solution of ar'jcnic three times a day and increase the dose to five 
drops at the end of the first week ; to ten at the end of the second week ; 
to fifteen at the end of the third w^eek, and if necessary go up to 
iwenty or twenty-five. Symptoms of an overdose are rare; vomiting 
and diarrhea occur. Then the medicine must be discontinued for a few 
days. 

SECONDARY ANEMIA. Causes.— Hemorrhage form (bleed- 
ing), (a) Rapid bleeding from the rupture of an aneurism, from a 
blow, or eating into the blood vessels by an ulcer, (b) Slow bleeding 
as from nose-bleed, flow from the womb, piles or in '"bleeders" people 
who bleed readily. 

2. Inanition form. — Not nourished because of interference in tak- 
ine: food or assimilating food, from cancer of the gullet, or disease of 
the stomach. 

3. Toxic poison cases; from acute and chronic diseases, such as 
typhoid fever, tuberculosis, rheumatism, syphilis, malaria, nephritis; or 
chronic lead poisoning, mercury, arsenic, and copper poisoning. 

Symptoms. — There is pallor, dizziness, headache, palpitation and 
dyspnoea, difficult breathing on exertion ; there is weakness, tendency 
to fainting, poor appetite, dyspepsia and constipation. The red blood 
cells are diminished, also the haemoglobin. Death may occur from a 
single hemorrhage. 



252 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Treatment — Remove the cause and rest. Good fresh air, good 
easily digested food. The bowels must be kept regular. Iron and 
arsenic are good remedies if necessary. It is not possible to give spe- 
cial directions. A person in this condition needs a good physician. 
There is no time to waste. Iron and arsenic are good remedies, but 
they must be used intelligently and in proper doses. Blaud's pill is 
good in some cases. It contains iron. Also Fowler's solution of 
arsenic. 

LEUKAEMIA. — An affection characterized by persistent increase 
in the white blood corpuscles, associated with changes, either alone or 
together, in the spleen, lymphatic glands and bone-marrow. 

1. Spleen and Bone-Marrow, (Spleen-Medullary) type. — The 
changes are especially localized in the spleen and in the bone-marrow 
while the blood shows a great increase in elements which are derived 
especially from the latter tissue. 

2. Lymphatic Type. — The changes in this type are chiefly local- 
ized in the lymphatic apparatus, the blood showing an especial increase 
in those elements derived from the lymph glands. 

Causes — Unknown. It is most common before middle age. 

Symptoms. — Either type may be acute or chronic. The invasion 
may be gradual, sometimes with disturbance of the stomach and bow- 
els, or nose-bleed, (a) The first type is the common one. The spleen 
generally becomes enlarged; it is sometimes tender and painful, it may 
occupy over half of the abdominal cavity and varies in size after a 
hemorrhage, diarrhea or after a meal. There may be paleness of the 
face, etc., early and late nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dysentery are 
common, as is also ascites (dropsy in the abdomen). The pulse is 
rapid, full and soft. Fever is usual. Hemorrhages occur in the skin, 
retina, pleura, peritoneum, etc. Headache, dizziness, short breathing, 
and fainting may occur from the anemia. The liver may be enlarged. 
The blood shows a great increase in the white cells. Sometimes they 
are more numerous than the red blood cells, (b) Lymphatic type is 
rare, various groups of the lymph glands are enlarged, usually separate, 
but sometimes matted together; others, such as the tonsils may become 
large. The blood shows an increase of the white cells, but less than 
in the other form. The spleen is usually somewhat enlarged. Recov- 
ery is rare ; the lymphatic cases may last only six or eight weeks. The 
course is usually progressive for two or three years. 

Treatment. — The same as for Pernicious Anaemia. 

FALSE LEUKAEMIA. (Pseudo-Leukaemia).— Also called 

Hodgkin's disease, malignant lymphoma, and general lymphadenoma. 
This is a progressive anemia and enlargement of the lymph glands and 
the skin, with secondary lymphoid growth in the liver, spleen and 
other organs. 

Causes. — Males are more affected than females, and usually young 
persons. Continual local irritation causes a local enlargement of the 
gland, but the actual cause is unknown. 



BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 253 

Symptoms. — The lymph glands of the neck, arm-pit or groin are 
enlarged and without any pain, followed by anemia, loss of strength 
and slight fever. The glands enlarge slowly or rapidly, forming large 
masses, while the growth extends to other regions. The spleen may 
be felt ; the skin may be bronzed. In cases with involvement of deep 
seated nodes the first symptoms may be those of pressure on blood 
vessels, nerves, trachea, bronchial tubes or other structures. 

Treatment. — Cut them out if they are small and localized. Arsenic, 
quinine, cod-liver oil are good medicines. 

PURPURA. — This is not strictly a disease, but a symptom. This 
includes a group of affections characterized by hemorrhages into the 
skin. 

S5niiptoms. — There ar-e hemorrhages into the skin, and this takes 
the form of small blood spots underneath the skin, (petechia) and 
spots like the bursting of a blood vessel shows vibices or ecchymoses. 
The first are in small minute points and appear, as a rule, in the hair 
follicles and unlike the erythemas (redness) do not disappear upon 
pressure. Another kind occurs as streaks, while the ecchymoses are 
larger, but similar in nature to the first kind. They may be larger 
than a split pea, and they range from a deep red to a livid bluish tint. 
They assume a yellowish brown, then a yellow color, as they fade away 
and finally disappear. This eruption appears in a series of crops and 
the legs are the usual seat. 

1. Symptomatic Purpura, (a) Infectious. Occurs in typhus 
fever, endocarditis, cerebro-spinal meningitis, typhoid fever, etc. 
(b) Toxic; from snake bites, iodide of potash, quinine, copaiba, bella- 
donna, ergot, etc., and with jaundice, (e) Cachectic; with cancer, 
tuberculosis, leukaemia, false leukaemia, scurvy, etc. (d) Neurotic; 
with hysteria, neuralgia, and some organic disease, (e) Mechanical; 
due to violent effort and poor venous circulation. 

2. Type arthritic purpura, (a) Simple Purpura. A mild form 
usually occurring in children, sometimes with pains in the joints, 
rarely any fever. There is anemia, disturbance of the stomach and 
purpuric spots on the legs, often on the arms and trunks, (b) Rheu- 
matic purpura; this usually occurs in men from twenty to forty years 
old. There is usually pain and swelling of several joints, tempera- 
ture 101° to 103°, purpuric eruption chiefly on the legs and about the 
affected joints, often with hives and digestive disturbances, (c) Hen- 
och's purpura; usually in children and is sometimes fatal. There are 
recurrent joint pains and swelling, disturbances of the stomach and 
bowels, skin troubles resembling it, and hemorrhage from mucous 
membrane. 

PURPURA HAEMORRHAGIC— This is a severe form, usually 
seen in delicate girls. The cause is unknown. 

Symptoms. — Weakness, extensive purpuric spots (small blood 
spots in the skin), eruption, hemorrhages from the mucous membranes 



254 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

which may cause secondary anemia, slight fever, slow clotting of the 
blood. The duration is from ten to fourteen days. Death may occur 
within a day in cases marked by profuse bleedings into the skin and 
prostration. 

Treatment. — Remove the causes. Fresh air, food and tonics, etc. 
This disease is serious and needs careful treatment from a physician. 

HAEMOPHILIA. "Bleeders."— This is a hereditary disorder 
characterized by a tendency to persistent bleeding, spontaneously or 
even after a slight injury. 

Causes. — Usually hereditary through many generations. It is 
transmitted through daughters, themselves usually not ''bleeders," to 
their male children. It is found most often in the Anglo-German races. 

Condition. — The blood vessel walls are thin ; the skin is delicate, 
clotting of the blood is usually retarded. 

Symptoms. — It comes spontaneously or after only slight wounds ; 
the person is extremely delicate. The bleedings occur from the skin, 
or mucous membrane, or from wounds, but rarely during menstrua- 
tion or confinement. They vary from small spots to bleeding which 
may end fatally, or in recovery with marked anemia. There may be 
pain and swelling of the joints, etc., and this may leave deformities 
resembling deformed arthritis. The result is worse the earlier the dis- 
ease shows itself. They may live to old age. 

Treatment. — x^void, as much as possible, wounds and operations 
in "bleeding" families. Marriage of the women should be discouraged. 
For bleeding: rest, ice,, tannic or gallic acid or adrenalin locally if the 
bleeding points can be reached. Plug the nostrils for nose-bleed both 
behind and in front. 

SCURVY. (Scorbutus). — A constitutional disease characterized 

by weakneFS, anemia, sponginess of the gums and tendencies to bleed- 
ing. 

Causes, — This disease has been called "The calamity of sailors." 
It has been known from the earliest times, and has prevailed partic- 
ularly in armies in the field and among sailors on long voyages. It 
has become a very rare disease in the United States. 

Predisposing Causes. — Overcrowding; dark unhealthy rooms; pro- 
longed fatigue ; mental depression. 

Exciting Cause. — The lack of fresh vegetables, poisoning from 
slightly tainted food, or an infection. The gums are swollen, some- 
times ulcerated, skin is spotted, bluish, etc. 

S3miptoms. — It comes on gradually (insidiously). There is loss 
of weight, progressively developing weakness and pallor, very soon the 
gums are swollen and look spongy and bleed easily. The teeth may 
become loose and fall out. The breath is very foul. The tongue is 
swollen, but it m^y M red and not coated. The skin becomes dry and 



BLOOD AM) DUCTLESS GLANDS 255 

rough and (eccliymoscs) dark spots soon ai)pL'ar, first on the legs, and 
then on the arm and trunk and particularly about the hair follicles. 
These are spontaneous or follow a slight injury. In severe cases hem- 
orrhages under the periosteum (the covering of the bones) may cause 
irregular swelling, especially in the legs, and these may break down 
and form ulcers. The slightest bruise or injury causes hemorrhages 
into the injured part. Extravasion under the skin, especially in the 
lower extremities may be followed by permanent hardness (induration) 
and stiffness due to connective tissue infiltration (scurvy sclerosis). 
There may be pains in the joints and often watery swelling (oedema) 
of the ankles. Bleeding from internal mucous membranes is less 
common than from the skin. The appetite is poor, palpitation of the 
heart and feebleness and irregularity of the pulse are prominent symp- 
toms. Owing to the sore gums the patient is unable to chew the food. 
The urine often contains albumin and is scanty and concentrated. 
There are w^eariness, depression, headache and finally delirium or coma, 
or symptoms due to hemorrhages within the brain ; or day and night 
blindness may be present. 

Recovery. — The patient will recover if the cause can be removed, 
unless it is far advanced. Death may result from complications. 

Treatment. Preventive. — Fresh or canned vegetables or fruit must 
be eaten. 

Treatment for the attack. — Dr. Osier, of England, says: *T think 
the juice of two or three lemons daily and a diet of plenty of meat 
and fresh vegetables will cure all cases unless they are far advanced. 
For the stomach small quantities of scraped meat and milk should be 
given at short intervals, and the lemon juice in gradually increasing 
quantities. As the patient gains in strength you can give a more lib- 
eral diet, and he may eat freely of potatoes, cabbage, water cresses, 
and lettuce. A bitter tonic may be given. Permanganate of potash 
or dilute carbolic acid forms the best mouth-wash. Penciling the swol- 
len gums with a tolerably strong solution of nitrate of silver is very 
useful. Relieve the constipation by enemas." 

ADDISON'S DISEASE. Diseases of the Suprarenal (above 
Kidneys) Bodies. — A constitutional disease characterized by great 
weakness, stomach and bowel symptoms, heart weakness, and dark 
coloring of the skin. 

Causes. — It usually occurs in men from twenty to forty years old. 
The skin and mucous membrane and sometimes the serous, like the 
pleura, etc., membranes are pigmented (darkened). 

Symptoms. — There is a gradual onset of weakness, changeable 
symptoms in the stomach and bowels and darkening of the" skin. 
There is great feeling of fatigue and feeble irregular action of the 
heart ; nausea and vomiting and often absence of appetite and some 
diarrhea. The abdomen may be painful and drawn back in the course 
of the disease. The pigmentation (coloring of the skin) varies from 
the light yellow to dark brown, olive or black. Tt usually begins on 



256 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

the skin or regions naturally pigmented ; or where pressure is exerted 
by the clothing. The mucous membranes are also pigmented. Death 
may occur from fainting, extreme weakness, convulsions or delirium 
or through tuberculosis. Usually death occurs within one year, though 
this may occur in a few weeks to two years, sometimes after intervals 
of improvement. 

Treatment. — This must be to meet the indications as they arise. 
It is a serious disease and should be under the supervision of a com- 
petent physician. 

DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN. 1. Rupture of the spleen.— 

This may occur spontaneously from no apparent cause, or from hurts 
received in cases of typhoid or malaria. 

Symptoms. — Severe pain, and signs of intestinal hemorrhages. 

2. Acute inflammation of the spleen (splenitis). — This occurs in 
acute infections after injuries. 

Symptoms. — They are pain, tenderness, and enlargement of the 
spleen. 

Treatment. — Treat the cause and relieve the pain. As this is a 
serious and painful affection a physician should be called. The pain 
is often relieved by a mustard poultice or hot fomentations. The 
patient should remain in bed for acute inflammation of the spleen no 
matter what the cause. 

3. Chronic Splenitis. Causes. — It comes from malaria, spyhilis 
or leukaemia, etc. 

Symptoms. — There is the feeling- of weight and symptoms of pres- 
sure on the lungs or bowel. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause. If it comes from malaria, attend to 
that, etc. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Blood Purifier, Molasses and Sul- 
phur as a. — ''Take a pint of molasses to five cents' worth of sulphur, 
and mix well." A teaspoonful four times a day in the spring will do 
w^onders towards purifying the blood. 

2. Blood Purifier, Sassafras Tea, Known all over as. — "Sassafras 
tea made from the root and boiled to extract the strength." Drink 
freely of this for a few days in the spring. It thins the blood, and is 
a good tonic. 

3. Blood Purifier, Herb Tea Used as.— 

Burdock Root 2 ounces 

Yellow Dock 2 ounces 

Slippery Elm Bark 1 ounce 

Mezeron Root 1 ounce 

Licorice Juice 1 ounce 

Simmer gently in three pints of water down to one quart; when cold, 
strain and add one-fourth ounce of iodine potassium." A wineglassful 
may be taken three times a day. This preparation is a fine blood pur- 
ifier and can be relied upon. 



BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS ' 257 

4. Elood Purifier, Sweet Fern for. — "Make a tea of this and drink 
freel}-. This is very good to take in the spring of the year, as it ihor- 
onghly cleanses the s\ stem." 

5. Blood Purifier, Doctor Recommends Senna and Salts for. — 
"Five cents' wonli of senna leaves, one tablespooniul of epsom salts 
in one quart of cold water; cover and let stand over night, then strain 
and j)Ut in bottles. Take a wine-glass full every morning until you 
feel well." This is from Mrs. Jonathan Shaw, she has used it with 
good results in her family. A physician in England told her if people 
would use this the year round they would seldom need a doctor. 

6. Blood Purifier, Remedy Easy to Make for. — 'We always use 
one teaspoonful of cream of tartar, two spoonfuls of sulphur, and mix 
with syrup. Any size spoon will do. Take a teaspoonful at a dose." 
This is an excellent remedy, and should be taken before retiring; about 
three times a week would be sufficient. 

7. Blood Purifier, Beech Bark and Blackberry Root a Good. — 
"One gallon white beech bark (after the rough bark is removed), good 
big handful of blackberry root (cut fine), and also of sassafras root. 
Cover with cold water and steep to get the strength, then strain. 
When cool (not cold) add one pint baker's yeast and one cup sugar. 
Let it stand twenty-four hours in a warm place. Then strain and set 
in a cool place. Take a wineglassful three times a day before meals. 
This has been highly recommended to me by a friend from Kalkaska. 
Michigan." 

8. Blood Purifier, from a Madison, Connecticut, Mother. — "Take 
blackberry root, black cherry bark, spruce boughs, wintergreens. sar- 
saparilla roots ; steep in a large vessel, till all the goodness is out ; 
strain and when lukewarm put in a cup of yeast, let work and bottle 
up." 

9. Blood Purifier, How to make. Celery Compound for a. — 

"Celery Compound 2 ounces 

Chamomile Flower 1 ounce 

Sassafras Root 1 ounce 

Senna Leaves 1 ounce 

Mandrake 1 ounce 

Wintergreen Essence 1 ounce 

Whisky 1 gill 

White Sugar 1 pound 

Hops 2 handfuls 

Steep three hours in four quarts of water, strain, add sugar, when 
cold add wintergreen and whisky. Dose : — One teaspoonful before 
meals and at bedtime." 

10. Blood Purifier, Another Effective Herb Remedy.— "Pour boil- 
ing hot water on four ounces of gentian root with two ounces of dried 
orange peel, a sufficient amount of water should be used to exhaust 
the strength in the root and orange peel : then boil in a porcelain pot 
until there is left one-half nint of the concentrated infusion to every 
ounce of gentian root used. Then to every one-half pint add one- 
17 



258 ' MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

half ounce alcohol. The effect of the alcohol is to coagulate it from a 
quantity of jelly looking substance which must be separated by strain- 
ing. This is one of the best strengtheners of the human system. 
Dose: — One teaspoonful in an ounce of water." 

11. Blood Purifier, Burdock for. — "The root 13 the part employed 
eliminating very rapidly the specific poison from the blood. Best ad- 
ministered in decoction by boiling two ounces of the root in three pints 
of water, to two pints. Dose: — One tablespoonful four times a day." 
Burdock is a splendid blood purifier and is not expensive. It can be 
purchased at any drug store for a reasonable amount. 

DISEASES OF THE THYROID GLAND.— Inflammation of the 
thyroid gland. (Thyroiditis). — Acute inflammation of the gland, sim- 
ple or suppurative. It may develop in a patient with goitre, or acute 
infectious diseases, or from other parts, or from wounds. The gland is 
enlarged and soft and may contain abscesses. 

Symptoms. — Pain, tenderness, and enlargement of the part or of 
all the gland. Fever may be present even in cases without signs of 
pus forming (suppuration). If there is great enlargement, there may 
be symptoms of compression of vessel, ner^-es or the windpipe. 

Treatment. — If there is pus it must be carefully opened. The 
patient must remain quiet in bed. Sometimes cold applications re- 
lieve. Do not use warm applications. This disease is not frequent 
and the patient needs care and watching more than medicine. 

GOITRE (BRONCHIAL). Causes.— No satisfactory explanation 
can be given for this disease. It seems to be more prevalent where 
lime-stone water is used. Heredity plays a part. This is an enlarge- 
ment of the thyroid gland. Chronic enlargement of the thyroid is 
sporadic. Cases are scattered and endemic in certain mountainous 
regions. It affects young women most often. A great excess in lime 
drinking water may be the cause. It is very prevalent about the eastern 
shore of Lake Ontario and in parts of Michigan. It is a common com- 
plaint in this country. 

Symptoms. — There is a gradual painless enlargement of the whole 
gland or one lobe, etc. It may press on the windpipe, and cause 
difficult breathing, also on the blood vessels and nerves. 

Recovery. — This is usually favorable as to life, but not so favor- 
able as a cure. It becomes chronic. A sudden fatal ending may come. 

GOITRE, MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Three Ingredient Rem- 
edy for. — "The following treatment is excellent, but must be continued 
for several months : 

Extract of Belladonna ^ dram 

Compound Ointment Iodine ^ dram 

Vaselin ^^ ounce 

Apply this to the affected parts several times a day." 

If this treatment is kept up faithfully it is sure to help. 




THYROID GLAND. 



BLOOD AND DUCTLILSS GLANDS 



259 



2. Goitre, Simple Remedy for. — •'Wrinn: a clotli from cold water 
and bind it around the neck every niglit when retiring. This is a sure 
cure if continued for some time." 

3. Goitre, Inexpensive Remedy for — "Apply the following several 
times a day: Extract of belladonna one-half dram, compound oint- 
ment of iodine two drams ; this treatment must be kept up several 
months." The above treatment will be found very beneficial and is 
not an expensive one. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Goitre.— 1. Locally tincture 
of iodine; paint some on the gland once or twice a day until it gets a 
little sore and keep it so for weeks, or use cosmoline and put in it 
about one-quarter as much iodine and rub on. Lard will do instead 
of cosmoline. The parts should be kept red and a little sore. Use 
also iodide of potash, five grains, three times a day internally, while 
you are using external applications. 

2. Use the compoimd of tincture of iodine the same way, extern- 
ally. This is not so strong and can be used longer with, I think, better 
results. At the same time you may use this same medicine internally. 
Take one to two drops internally three times a day ; or you may take 
five grains of iodide of potash three times a day instead. 

Externally: These applications must produce a little redness 
and be continued for some time. 

3. An Ointment. The red iodide of mercury is also good to rub on 
the part. This may be used if the others fail. 

4. Other medical remedies are used, but they must be closely 
watched and must be used under the supervision of a doctor. The 
thymus or thyroid extracts are thus used and with good results in 
many cases. 

5. Colorless Iodine: This does not stain, but I have no faith in 
it. It is used very much now and can be used freely. It is simply, 
druggists tell me, iodide of potash made in solution, dissolved, and 
put on the part. A great many cases of large goitres are now being 
operated upon with quite good success. It is not done until other 
measures have failed, unless the goitre is interfering with breathing 
and the blood supply. 

6. This is very good, both for internal and external use. 

Iodide of Potash 25/ drams 

Iodine 1 dram 

Water enough for 3 ounces 

Mix thoroughly and shake bottle before using. 

PMt some in two bottles ; one for internal and other for external 
use. Take internally five to ten drops in a little water before meals. 
Externally, put on the enlarged neck, night and morning, unless it 
feels too sore, when you can use it once a day or less. 



260 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE. (Parry's. Graves or Basedows 
Disease). — It is characterized by exophthalmos (bulging oi the eyes), 
Gcitre. fast beating of the heart, trembling and nervousness. 

Causes. — It is most common in women from twenty to thirty. 
Several cases may occur in the same family. The exact cause is 
unknown. 

Symptoms. — Acute cases. Sudden onset, vomiting, diarrhea, the 
heart bears fas: v.i:h throbbing arteries, bulging of the eyes, enlarged 
thyroid gland. Death may occur in a few days. 

Chronic Cases. — There is usually a gradual onset of tachy carcia. — 
fast beating of the heart, — pulse being 100 to 180 or more, if excited. 
Later there are throbbing of the arteries and of the thyroid glands. 

Bulging of the eyeball is sometimes extreme. There may be fever 
and usually is anemia, emaciation, weakness, nervousness, perspiration, 
difficult breathing, dark color of the skin. It usually lasts several 
years. Spontaneous recover^' may occur in six months to a year and 
is not ccmmon. Recovery is rare in advanced cases. 

Treatment. — Prolonged rest in bed, with an ice bag constantly 
over the heart, or better over the lower part of the neck and upper 
breast bone. Avoid all worry and excitement. Drugs are uncertain. 
Surgery is sometimes resorted to. The thyroid extract has been used. 

MYX OEDEMA. — ^This is a constitutional disease due to atrophy 
(wasting awavj of the thyroid gland and characterized bj^ swollen 
condition of the tissue under the skin, wasting of the thyroid and men- 
tal failures. Three forms exist. m\-xoedema proper, cretinism and oper- 
ative m\rxoedema. 

Causes of Cretinism. — This may exist at birth (congenital) or it 
may develop at puberty, and is due to the absence or loss of function 
of the thyroid gland. Sporadic (here and there) cretinism may foUow 
an acute infectious disease or it may be congenital. Myxoedema may 
be hereditary and is most common in women. 

Symptoms, (a) Cretinism. — Mental and bodily development is 
slow. There is extracrdmary disproportion between the different parts 
of the body. The condition is sometimes not recognized until the 
child is six or seven years old, then the slow development is noticed. 
The tongue looks large and hangs out of the mouth. The hair may 
be thin, the skin very dry. L'sually by the end of the first year and 
during the second year the signs of the cretinism become very marked 
and should be recognized. The face looks large, looks bloated, the 
eyelids are puffy and swollen, the nose is flat and depressed and thick. 
Teething is late, and the teeth that do appear decay. The fontanelles 
are open. The abdomen is swollen, the legs are short and thick, the 
hands and feet are not developed and look pudgy. The face is pa^e 
and has a wax^-. sallow tint. The muscles are weak and the child 
cannot support itself. Above the collar bone there are pads of fat. 
The child does not develop mentally and there may be one of the 
grades oi idiocy and imbecility (feeble-minded K 



BLOOD .l\D DUCTLESS GLANDS 26X 

(b) Myxoedema, proper. — The skin is infiltrated, causing loss 
of the lines of the facial expression, skin is dry and harsh, much thick- 
ened, especially in the region above uhe collar bone. The face is broad, 
with coarse features, the nose is broad and thick, the mouth is large, 
lips thick, hair scanty and coarse, slowness of motion and thought, 
weak memory, irritability, headache, suspiciousness, followed some- 
times by hallucinations, delusion and dementia (insane). The disease 
may progress for ten or fifteen years. Death may occur early. 

Operative type. — This rarely develops except the thyroid glands 
have been entirely removed and then only if no extra glands are present. 

Symptoms. — Are the same as that of cretinism. 

Treatment. — An even, warm climate. Thyroid extract, to be given 
by a physician, is the remedy. After the recovery occasional small 
doses still may be necessary for some, or in cretinism for life. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

NEURALGIA. — Pain occurring in the course of the nerves and 
in their area of distribution. The pain has remission and intermis- 
sions, and is due to some morbid affection of the nerves of sensation 
or their spinal or (brain) centers. 

Causes. — The affection may depend upon some functional disturb- 
ance alone; or it may be due to some organic disease of the nerve or 
to some disease or diseased state outside of the nervous system. It 
occurs more frequently in women past the middle-age, in those of a 
nervous tendency. As stated, it affects women more than men. Debil- 
ity is a frequent cause. Neuralgia is frequently associated with the 
various forms of anemia. It may occur at the onset of acute diseases 
like typhoid fever. Exposure to cold causes it in susceptible persons. 
Decayed teeth may cause neuralgia of the fifth nerve. It also occurs 
in rheumatism, gout, lead poisoning, and diabetes. Persistent neural- 
gia may be a feature of hidden Bright's disease. 

Symptoms. — Pain is the chief and characteristic symptom. It may 
develop suddenly and without warning, or soreness or stiff'ness in the 
tissues surrounding may precede it. There is a burning or violent 
sensation in the course of the affected nerve, increased on exertion in 
acute cases. In other cases the pain comes intermittently or in par- 
oxysms, and is of a darting, stabbing character, or accompanied by 
tingling sensations. There may be a want of sensation of the skin in 
the affected region or over-sensitiveness over the entire nerve-trunk 
with certain painful points. The attacks of pain may come only at 
long intervals of time, but usually they occur every few minutes and 
last for some hours. Pain may be continued for hours or days in 



262 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

severe cases. In rare cases it may persist for months or years, being 
worse at a certain time each day, especially in cases where malaria 
exists. There is paleness or congestion of the part affected, various 




The Nervous System. 

eruptions, and changes in the color of the hair occur and, in advanced 
chronic cases, symptoms of interference with the general nutrition also 
occur. Spasms of the adjacent muscles may accompany the severe 
paroxysms. 



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264 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

surroundings are needed for anemia. In malaria, syphilitic or gouty 
patients, constitutional treatment must be given for those diseases 
before the neuralgia will be better. The systematic use of galvanic 
electricity, properly used^ is the most valuable means at the physician's 
disposal, especially in the descending current, beginning with the mild 
current and gradually increasing in strength. Internally: Arsenic, 
bromine, ergotine, aconite, gelsemium, valerian, ether, cannabis indica 
and quinine are recommended. Opium may be used in the very 
severe forms, but it must be used with caution, or you will make your 
patient a drug fiend, and his latter state will be worse than the first 
condition. Wet compresses, vapor baths, cold affusions, wet cloths, 
are highly recommended. 

1. For the Cure of an Attack — 

Antipyrine 30 grains 

Citrate of Caffeine 20 grains 

Make into ten powders. Take one every one-half hour 
until 3 doses are taken. Three (3) doses at least should 
relieve the neuralgia. 

2. Antipyrine 30to 60 grains 

Bromide of Potash 3 drams 

Mix and make into ten powders ; one every thirty minutes 
until relieved or until six doses have been taken ; this is bet- 
ter than the first prescription when there is much nervousness 
with the neuralgia or neuralgic headaches. 

3. If cafifeine in first prescription causes nervousness, give this 
one : 

Antipyrine 30 to 60 grains 

Citrate of Caffeine 10 grains 

Bromide of Potash 3 drams 

Mix and make ten powders. Take one every half hour until 
relieved or until six doses have been used. 

These are very efiective prescriptions, but if a person has any 
heart trouble I would not advise their use except under a physician's 
care. (Sometimes a patient with neuralgia gets desperate, and he will 
even resort to morphine). Antipyrine is one of the simplest coal tar 
remedies, and most persons can safely take it. Persons who are sub- 
ject to neuralgia or headaches need to take good care of themselves. 
Get plenty of rest and sleep. Neuralgia at first can be cured, but when 
it once becomes chronic, especially neuralgia of the face, it is hard to 
cure and frequent!}- makes life a constant misery. Plenty of outdoor 
life is essential. In that way the system will be built up, and when 
the body is strong the disease can be thrown oflf much easier. A great 
many people depend too much upon strong medicines. Medicines are 
all right in their place, but all the medicine in the world cannot cur^ r 
person unless that person does his or her part. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 265 

SPECIAL DISEASES. Facial Neuralgia. (Neuralgia of the fifth 
pair of Cranial Nerves. Also known as Trifacial Neuralgia. Neuralgia 
of the Trigeminus. Tic doloureux, etc.). — Tliis form is more frc(|iient 
than all other forms combined, this nerve bein^ peculiarly susceptible 
to functional and organic disorders. All three branches are very rarely 
affected together, the ophthalmic (.eye) branch beino^ most often in- 
volved. The symptoms depend ui)on the branch involved. 

1. Ophthalmic Neuralgia Pain, (eye neuralgia pain). — This pain 
is above the eye, or frontal kind, with a special painful point at the 
supraorbital (above the eye) notch. Sometimes the pain is very 
severe in the eye-ball. 

2. Supramaxillary Neuralgia. — In this the pain is along the infra- 
orbital (nerve beneath the eye) nerve, and there is a marked tender 
point at the opening in the bone (infraorbital foramen) beneath the 
eye. A toothache-like pain in the upper teeth is common in this 
variety. 

3. Inframaxillary (lower maxillary) Neuralgia. — This is charac- 
terized by a scattered (diffused) pain along the inferior dental (teeth) 
branch, and extends from the temporal (side forehead) region over the 
side of the face to the chin, with pain in the lower teeth and side of 
the tongue. The pain in this nerve may come on without any special 
cause, or it may come after excitement of a physical or mental nature. 
Disorders of nutrition occur. The circulation is interfered with and 
the face, at first pale, becomes red. Eruptions may appear along the 
course of the nerve, while salivation and "running" (lachrymation) of 
the eyes are often prominent symptoms. Spasms of muscles of the 
face (tic doloureux) may accompany the paroxysms and this is the 
most terrible form of nerve pain. The attacks may be mild or very 
severe and sometimes sudden. This is a terrible disease, especially 
when it has existed for some time. A person with severe pain in the 
face should always attend to it immediately, before it becomes chronic. 

Treatment. — It is directed towards removing the cause, if possible. 
Chronic cases are difficult to cure. The patient should be careful not 
to take cold, keep strong and healthy by regular hours for sleep, good 
sufficient clothing. The general health must be improved. These 
directions apply to all kinds of neuralgia. 

INTERCOSTAL NEURALGIA.— A neuralgia of one or more of 
the intercostal nerves. These nerves run in a groove in the lower edge 
of the ribs. 

Causes. — It may develop without any special cause. It comes in 
anemia, after exposure to cold, from affection of the vertebrae, ribs, 
spinal cord, or from the pressure of tumors, or aneurism of the aorta. 
This is next in importance to neuralgia of the fifth nerve, and occurs 
more often in women and very common in those who have hysteria. 
It is more common on the left side and mostly in the nerves situated 
from the fifth to the ninth intercostal space. If it is located in the 



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SCIATIC NERVE. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 267 

ful. It is gnawing and burning in character, usually constant, but 
sometimes it comes in paroxysms, and is often worse at night. Walk- 
ing usually causes great pain. The knee is bent and the patient treads 
on his toes. As a rule it is an obstinate trouble, and it may last for 
months, or even with slight remissions for years. In the severer forms 
the patient must remain in bed and such cases are very trying for 
both patient and doctor. 

(See Mothers' Remedies under Neuralgia above). 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. Cautions for Sciatica.— Remove 

all causes if you can. Rheumatism and gout, if the patient have them, 
should be treated. The patient should not overwork or expose himself 
to wet, damp weather. Keep every part dry. Rest in bed with the 
whole leg fixed is a valuable mode of treatment in many cases. Hot 
water bags from the hip to the knee placed along the painful nerve, 
sometimes gives great relief. Mud baths are beneficial. Hot Springs 
baths relieve many cases. Fly blisters plac-ed along the track of the 
nerve relieve the pain in many cases. Fomentations of smartweed 
and hops are good, but they must be changed often so as to be hot. 
Wet or dry cupping is a help in many cases. It draws the blood from 
the inflamed nerve. Morphine given hypodermically will relieve the 
pain, but it is a dangerous medicine to use in a chronic case. The 
patient will be very likely to form the habit, and that is worse than 
the sciatica. By care and treatment most cases can be greatly helped 
and cured. Rhus tox (poison ivy) is very good in minute doses in 
cases where it is impossible to remain in one position for any length 
of time. Ten drops of the tincture in a glass two-thirds full of water 
and two teaspoonfuls given every hour. I have helped many cases 
with this remedy. The hot iron along the track of the nerve is help- 
ful. Electricity is better in a chronic case where there is wasting of 
the legs, and it should be combined with massage. The galvanic cur- 
rent should be used. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Nervousness. 1. Catnip Tea for.— "A 
tea made of catnip will quiet the nerves. This is good for women 
when they are apt to be nervous." 

2. Nervousness, Hops Will Stop. — "Purchase a small package of 
hops at any drug store, and make a tea of it, drinking frequently in 
tablespoonful doses." It is a harmless remedy, and should be used 
more freely by nervous people. The hops are very soothing. Nerv- 
ous mothers should never be without this. It is surprising to see how 
few people know the value of some of these simple home remedies. 

3. Nervousness, Effective Remedy for. — 

"Spirits of Camphor H ounce 

Comp. Spirits of Lavender j^ ounce 

Tincture of Valerian 1 ounce 

Sulphuric Ether H ounce 

Mix. Dose, one or two teaspoonfuls every three hours." 



268 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The foregoing remedy is very effective, as spirits of camphor and 
the tincture valerian quiet the nerves. The sulphuric ether also has a 
soothing effect. This combination makes a fine tonic, but should not 
be taken too long, as it is quite strong. 

4. Nervousness, Five Ingredient Remedy That Relieves. — "In ex- 
treme nervous debility with tendency to faintmg fits, use the following: 

Spirits of Camphor J^ ounce 

Aromatic Spirits of y^mmonia ^ ounce 

Spirits of Lavender Compound 1 ounce 

Tincture Valerian 1 ounce 

Tincture Castor 1 ounce 

Mix. Dose. — From one to three teaspoonfuls at intervals of 
from fifteen minutes to three hours, according to urgency of 
symptoms. This mixture should be kept on hand by all per- 
sons subject to fainting fits." 

Spirits of camphor and aromatic spirits of ammonia stimulates the 
heart, while the tincture of valerian quiets the nervous system. 

5. Nervousness, "Lady*s Slippers" Breaks up. — "A decoction is 
made with two ounces of the root, sliced, to two pints of water, boiled 
to one and one-half pints. Dose : One tablespoonful four times a day. 
Has been used with marked success in epilepsy and in other various 
nervous diseases." This is used very extensively for nervous people, 
and has proven very successful. 

HEADACHE. — This term means a pain in the head, all over the 
nead, or at one particular spot. It may be only a symptom of a gen- 
eral constitutional derangement, some disease of some other organ, a 
temporary inability of some organ like the stomach, liver, bowels, etc., 
to do work, or it may be due to some local affection depending upon 
some trouble with the skull and its contents. It is frequently but a 
symptom of some other trouble. It occurs in fevers, infectious dis- 
eases, brain disease, etc. There are different varieties depending upon 
the causes. 

Sick Headache. 

Nervous Headache. 

Catarrhal Headache. 

Congestive Headache. 

Neuralgic or Gastric (stomach) Headache. 

Bilious Headache. 

"Bowel" Headache. 

''Womb" Headache. 

Rheumatic Headache. 

CATARRHAL HEADACHE and RHEUMATIC HEADACHE 

may be treated together. This is due to exposure to a draught of air, 
walking against the sharp and keen wind, by getting the feet or other 
parts of the body wet, sudden suppression of perspiration about the 
head, or by some other exposure such as might result from cold, in- 
fluenza or attack of rheumatism. There may be aching pains and a 



NERrOUS SVSIEM 269 

feeling of heavy weight in the forehead ; tearing, stitching pains above 
the eyes, in the cheek bones ; sometimes the skull feels as if it would 
fall to pieces. In the rheumatic variety the scalp is sore and tender, 
tearing throbbing pains or hard aching pains. There is some fever, 
dry skin, the pulse is faster. 

Treatment. — Get into a sweat by hot drinks of lemonade and hot 
foot baths. Apply cold or warmth to the head, lie down and keep 
quiet. 

Medicine. — Aconite in doses of one-tenth of a drop to an adult 
every hour will frequently abort it: open the bowels with salis. 
Remain in bed. 

NERVOUS HEADACHE.— This may occur as a sick headache or be 
simply a nervous headache. This occurs oftenest in a nervous person, 
or in persons who are run down by different causes, such as diseases, 
overwork, worry, trouble, etc. It is not periodic, and has no fixed type. 
but breaks out at indefinite intervals, and is excited by almost any spe- 
cial cause such as motions, mental exertions, menses, excitement^ over- 
doing, over-visiting, want of sleep. It is often due to eye strain 
in persons who have poorly fitted, or who do not wear glasses. It 
appears in any part of the head, usually one-sided, or it may be all 
over the head, which feels enlarged and sometimes as if a band was 
around it. The least mental effort makes it worse. Sometimes there 
is a feeling as if a nail was being driven into the head ; head is too 
big; eyes feel heavy and the lids droop; sees double; hard to keep 
eyes open. This kind of headache, or sick-headache, can be brought 
on suddenly by womb trouble, especially if the w^omb has fallen from 
a jar, fall, etc. The patient often moans and cries, laments and simpl}* 
cannot stand the pain. In some cases the menses cause it, and it 
appears at every menstrual period. 

Treatment. — The patient should be quiet and remain in bed in a 
darkish room. Womb troubles and other diseases that cause it such as 
protruding piles, etc., should be attended to. Tincture gelsemium is a 
good remedy. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water, and take 
two teaspoonfuls every half hour until better. A tea made from lady's 
slipper is also effective in some cases, used freely. Bromide of potash 
in ten-grain doses one-half hour apart, for three doses, if necessary, is 
quieting in many attacks. Mustard plaster to back of the neck. 

CONGESTIVE HEADACHE.--In this kind there is or seems to 
be too much blood in the head. The patient may be stupid, with a 
flushed face. If conscious, the brain feels as if it was rising or falling, 
especially upon the motion of the head. The top of the head some- 
times feels as if it would fly off. The head throbs and beats violently. 
The hands and feet may be cold, the face flushed or pale, the eyes 
bright, the pulse is generally heavy, full and fast, or it may be feeble, 
slow and intermittent. 



270 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Treatment. — 1. The patient should remain in bed in a dark room, 
with the head usually high. Cold should be applied to the head and 
heat to the hands and feet. Move the bowels with salts and, if nec- 
essary, give an enema also. It is well to give the foot-bath before 
going to bed. If these things do not relieve the headache a doctor 
should be called, for it may mean something serious. A hot mustard 
foot-bath and a mustard plaster applied to the nape of the neck are of 
great value. In severe cases an ice bag or very cold water, applied to 
the forehead and temples will very often give great relief. 

*. Spirits of Camphor 1 ounce 

Spirits of Lavender 2 ounces 

Alcohol 2 ounces 

Wet the top of the bead with it 

«. Camphor 1 dram 

Oil of Peppermint 1 dram 

Chloroform It^ ounces 

Acohol enough for 3 ounces 

Shake the bottle and apply a little of the liquid to the place. 
Horseback riding and walking are good for nervous girls and 
women. 

NEURALGIC HEADACHE.— This commonly comes periodically, 

usually, one-sided. It may occur at the same hour for several days in 
succession. The pains are of all kinds. It may start in the morning 
or at any time. It involves more especially the eyes, side of the head, 
face, and goes into the teeth and neck. It comes in persons subject 
to neuritis in other parts or neuralgia. 

Treatment. — Build up the system with tonics in the inter\-al. 
Lead a quiet restful life. Acetanilid in five-grain doses frequently 
relieves it. This is a dangerous medicine to use, except under a doc- 
tor's supervision. Spigelia in doses of one-twelfth of a drop of the 
tincture is good for left-sided attacks ; two doses are enough, one-half 
hour apart. 

STOMACH OR GASTRIC HEADACHE.— This, as the name 
indicates, is due to some acute or chronic trouble wdth the stomach. 
It is caused by over-loading the stomach, or eating food that does not 
agree, such as fat meat, gravies, starchy food, warm bread, pastry, etc., 
or it may be due to dyspepsia. The tongue is generally coated, the 
mouth tastes bitter. If it is acute and the stomach is full take a com- 
mon emetic like warm water, salt water or mustard water. If it is 
due to decomposed food, drink lots of warm water and take an enema 
and also a dose of salts. If there is much gas in the stomach, take 
some baking soda in a glass of warm water ; one drop doses of tincture 
of nux vom.ica every half hour for three hours often relieves. 

HEADACHE FROM CONSTIPATION.— This is frequent. 
There is generally a dull heavy feeling in the forehead, the head feels 
full and sometimes dizzy, the patient feels blue and morose, the tongue 



.VtiKi OUS SYSTEM 271 

is coated on its back pan. mouth tastes bitter, patient is drowsy and 
stupid and work goes hard. A free passage from the bowels relieves 
the headache. 

Treatment. — Cure the constipation as directed in another part of 
the book. Take a good full enema of warm soap suds and water, and 
one drop of tincture of nux vomica every hour for six hours during the 
attack. 

BILIOUS HEADACHE.— This is so-called because the bilious 
symptoms are the most prominent. It may be caused by violent anger, 
disputes, excessive eating causing congestion of the liver ; abuse of 
spirits; some persons are of a bilious constitution and the least error 
in diet and habit produces such an attack. The pain may be violent 
or dull, the head may throb terribly; the whites of the eyes have a 
yellowish look, and the face may be of a dark brown hue, the patient 
may vomit bile. The vomiting causes more brain distress. The mouth 
is bitter, the tongue coated yellowish, the breath smells badly. Bow- 
els may be irregular. 

Treatment. — A free movement of the bowels often relieves. First 
take an enema and then one-half ounce of epsom salts. Do not eat 
anything but drink all the w^ater you may wish. A tea made of blue 
flag is often of benefit. The diet should be regulated so as not to 
overload the stomach and liver and the bowels should move freely 
daily. 

WOMB HEADACHE.— Women who suffer from womb troubles 
such as leucorrhea, torn cervix, falling womb displacements and dis- 
eases of the inner womb, ovaries and tubes, suiter from all kinds of 
headache. The pain may be in the nape of the neck, the back part of 
the head and on the top behind (occiput). It may come on suddenly 
when the womb is displaced by a sudden fall or over-lifting, etc. The 
woman should then go to bed and lie down with her arms crossed over 
her chest, with the knees drawn up and weight resting upon them and 
chest with the buttocks elevated, (knee-chest-position). This replaces 
the womb. The other troubles should be corrected or these headaches 
will keep on. The womb and its appendages are the cause of many 
kinds of headaches, neuralgias, dyspepsia, and constipation ; correct the 
troubles and the headache will disappear. 

MENSTRUAL HEADACHES.— These are very common. They 
may be regular every month, and they are then caused by some trou- 
ble with the womb or ovaries, or may be due to a run-down condition 
or heredity. It comes sometimes from suppression of the menses as a 
consequence of some violent emotion, fright, an^er, grief, or by expos- 
ure to wet, draughts of air. privations, over-fatigue, etc. It may last 
for several days. The headache may be mild or severe. 

Treatment. — A foot bath or sitz bath is very good, with free drink- 
ing of pennyroyal tea after the bath, and when in bed. Place warmth 
to the feet, moist heat over the abdomen, such as a hot water bag or 



712 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

fomentations. Remain quietly in bed. If constipated, take an enema. 
Frequently a free bowel movement gives much relief in this trouble. 
During the interval doctor the patient for the trouble causing the head- 
ache for which see another part of this book, ''Diseases of Women.'' 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Headache, Paregoric and Soda 
for. — "A teaspoonful of paregoric, with one-half teaspoonful of baking 
soda in a tumbler of water. May be taken all at once or sipped 
slowly." 

2. Headache, Hops Good for. — "Make a strong decoction of hop 
tea, and take a wineglassful every half hour until relieved." ' This is 
an old tried remedy and a good one. 

3. Headache, Mustard Excellent for. — "Place a mustard plaster 
on the back of the head, also bathe the feet in mustard water and stay 
in a darkened room, and avoid all excitement and noise." The one 
essential thing is to get the nerves quieted ; take as little food as pos- 
sible for twenty-four hours, giving the stomach an opportunity to rest, 
as most of the headaches come from a disordered stomach. 

4. Headache, Peppermint Beneficial for. — "Bathe the head in 
strong peppermint. Then apply cloths wrung from water as hot as 
can be endured." Hot or cold applications are known to be very ben- 
eficial. After the cloths are taken ofT^ the soothing effect can be fur- 
ther enhanced by gentle rubbing of the forehead. 

5. Headache, Cold Application in Case of. — "Apply cold applica- 
tions on the forehead and over the eyes." These cold applications 
have been known to give relief in a very few minutes to many people 
suffering with severe headaches. It is well to continue the treatment, 
even after relief has been obtained, for at least a half hour. Gentle 
rubbing of the head is very good, also. 

6. Headache, Castor Oil Will Relieve. — "One tablespoonful of 
castor oil. Have used this and found relief." This remedy gives re- 
lief as the castor oil carries off the food that is distressing the stom- 
ach. It is well to take two tablespoonfuls of lime-water in a glass of 
milk three times a day for about a week after the castor oil has op- 
erated. 

SICK HEADACHE. (Migraine. Hemicrania.— Migraine is 
a peculiar form of severe paroxysms of unilateral (one side) headache 
often associated with disorders of sight. 

Causes. — It is frequently hereditary, and it has occurred through 
several generations. Women and members of nervous families are 
usually attacked. Many of the headaches from eye-strain are of this 
type. It is often inherited, and may last from puberty to the meno- 
pause. Some authors claim that decay of the teeth without toothache 
will cause it. Adenoid growths in the pharynx and particularly abnor- 
mal conditions of the nose will cause it. Many of the attacks of severe 
headaches in children are of this nature, and the eyes, nose and throat 



NERl'OUS SYSTEM 273 

should be examined when children or older persons suffer from this 
complaint. Mental emotion, physical or mental fatigue, disorders of 
the female genital organs, eye-strain, etc., loud noises, toothache, act 
as predisposing causes. Some think it a poisonous condition due to 
the absorption of poisons from the stomach and intestines, and others 
regard it as a nervous condition due to anemia and all conditions which 
weaken the resistance of the nervous system. 

Symptoms. — The premonitory symptoms, which may last a few 
hours or a day or more, are sleepy feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, 
weariness, chills, vertigo (dizziness), disturbance of the sight or dis- 
turbances of the senses. The real attack may follow quickly, begin- 
ning with the characteristic headache, at first one sided, located in one 
spot in the temple, eye or back of the head, but spreading, as it in- 
creases in severity, until it involves all of one side of the head and 
occasionally both sides. The pain is usually constant and of great 
severity and it is increased by motion, noises, light, or mental strain. 
The skin over the painful part is very sensitive. There are loss of 
appetite, nausea and vomiting. If the stomach has a great deal of 
food in it, vomiting relieves the pain sometimes. In the spasmodic 
form the affected side is painful, the skin is cool, the pupil is dilated, 
and the flow of saliva is increased. In the paralytic form the affected 
side is flushed, hot, the vessels are dilated and the pupils are con- 
tracted. There is great weakness, prostration and depression. The 
urine may be abundant or suppressed, temporarily. The results of 
treatment in this disease are uncertain, as the attacks are likely to 
occur in spite of treatment. They usually cease in old age, and in 
women they may stop after the menopause. The attacks in w^omen 
are likely to occur at or near the menstrual periods. 

First Thing to do in Sick Headache. — It is well to remain in a 
darkened room away from noise, etc. If the head throbs and beats 
very hard, either a cold ice bag or hot applications often bring relief. 
A mustard plaster at the base of the brain with a hot foot-bath often 
helps. Some people by stroking the forehead and temples have the 
power to ease the pain, producing quiet and sleep. If the bowels are 
costive, salts should be taken to move them, or they can be moved by 
an enema, if salts are not at hand. If the stomach is full, or tastes 
sour, drink a lot of warm water and vomit, or produce vomiting by 
tickling your throat with your finger, after having taken a large quan- 
tity of warm water for sometimes w'arm w^ater thus taken fails to 
cause vomiting. If there is no food in the stomach, but there is sour 
and bilious vomiting, the warm water wnll frequently help. For a 
sour stomach or when it is full of gas. a teaspoonful of baking soda in 
some hot water will often feel very pleasant and grateful. The patient 
should keep absolutely quiet after these are done, and often they fall 
into a refreshing sleep. 

EMERGENCY MEDICINES.— If anemia is the cause, give tonics 

such as iron and arsenic. If the patient feels faint and nauseated, a 
18 . 



274 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

small cup of strong hot coffee gives relief, sometimes. Antipyrin, 
given early in doses of two and one-half grains often relieves. Take 
another dose in one-half hour if necessary. But such remedies are 
hard on the heart. 

TREATMENT. Preventive in Sick Headache.— The patient is 
often aware of the causes that brmg on an attack. Such causes 
should be avoided. A great many people who are afflicted with this 
trouble are not only careless in their eating, eating anything and every- 
thing and at all times — at meal time and between meals — but also 
careless in their habits of life. Patients should avoid exciiement, like 
card parties, etc., staying up late, or reading exciting books. The 
meals should be regular, no food taken that is hard to digest. Pies, 
cakes, puddings, gravies, ham, pork, sausage, and fried foods must 
be avoided. Rich, greasy foods will not do for such persons to eat. 
Strong tea and coffee are bad. Plenty of water should be taken be- 
tween meals. At meals it is better to take no water unless it is hot 
water. Every morning on arising it is well to drink a large quantity 
of either cold or hot water. This washes out the stomach, bowels and 
kidneys, and stimulates them to better perform their functions. T!:. 
bowels must be kept regular, one or more passages a day and at a 
regular hour. Sometimes, especially in younger persons, the e3'es are 
at fault and may need glasses. Frequently it is caused by overwork 
in school in young girls, especially during their menstrual periods. 
Social duties cause them in many women, and then strong tea or cof- 
fee, or headache powders, or tablets, are taken to keep up or to stop 
the pain, making the patient more liable to the attacks in the future ; 
and then still more tea, coffee, and headache remedies are taken until 
the patient is a slave to the remedies taken to help her. A great many 
of these headaches can be helped by simple measures, and the time 
between the attacks, in about all cases, made longer if the patient 
will but work with the ph3'sician, not only at the time of the attack, 
but in .the interval. .The clothing should be comfortable. The feet 
should always be kept dry. This applies especially to neuralgia. In 
fact the above measures of prevention and care apply to all kinds of 
headaches and neuralgias. Prevention is worth more than the cure. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES. 1. Sick Headache, Hop Tea Will 
Relieve. — "Hop tea is very good if a good strong decoction is made. 
A wineglassful may be taken every half hour or hour until relieved." 
This is very easily prepared, as the hops may be purchased at any 
drug store. 

2. Sick Headache, a Favorite Remedy for. — "Aconite liniment or 
aconite rubbed on the forehead will relieve the pain in the head almost 
instantly. One drop of the tincture of nux vomica in a teaspoonful 
of water every five or ten minutes will quickly relieve." Nux vomica 
is good only when the headache comes from constipation and stomach 
trouble and too high living. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 275 

3. Sick Headache, Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia for. — "For a 
nervous headache there is nothing better for immediate rehef than 
fifteen or twenty drops of the aromatic spirits of ammonia." This 
reUeves the pain and quiets the nerves and stimulates the heart. 

4. Sick Headache, Camphor Application for. — "A very simple but 
effective remedy is a cloth wet with spirits of camphor and s])rinkled 
with black pepper applied to the head ■ gives almost instant relief." 

5. Headache, Soda and Peppermint for. — "One teaspoonful (level) 
of soda in two-thirds glass of hot water, add five or eight drops of 
oil of peppermint and a little sugar. Drink quite warm. This has 
been often tried and proven to be a success." The soda will relieve 
any gas in the stomach and the peppermint aids digestion and relieves 
sickness of the stomach. 

6. Sick Headache, Lemon Good for. — "One lemon before break- 
fast will help to keep off sick headache. Have never found a remedy 
to cure sick headaches. A sack of hot salt will always help the pain." 
The lemon will help to tone up the stomach and the salt applied to 
the head will help the pain by relieving the congestion. It is always 
well to take a good cathartic after a spell of sick headache. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sick Headache.— 

1. Antipyrine 25 grains 

Citrate of Caffeine 10 grains 

Bromide of Potash 25 grains 

Mix and make into five powders. One powder as needed. 
(You might take second one in three hours.) This is not 
good when it is bilious sick headache. In fact, it would make 
it worse. It is good for sick headache and neuralgia due to 
eye or nerve strain, but then the first remedy, antipyrine, can 
be left out. It is not needed. I would then put twice as much 
of the bromide of potash, fifty grains, and take a powder 
every two hours until better. 

2. Citrate of Caffeine 14 dram (30 grains) 

Phenacetine 60 grains 

Bicarbonate of soda 60 grains 

Aromatic powder 12 grains 

Mix and make twelve powders. Take one every three hours. 
This is good. Sometimes it is depressing on the heart for 
some people, due to the phenacetine. Acetanilid can be substi- 
tuted in same dose. 

(The homeopathic treatment is very successful in relieving spells 
of sick headache. See chapter on Homeopathy.) 

3. Sodium Phosphate, taken every morning, about one-half to one 
teaspoonful in hot water. It is good for the bowels and liver. 

4. Prescription for the Liver and Bowels in Sick Headache. — 

Sulphate of soda 30 grains 

Salicylate of soda 10 grains 

Sulphate of Magnesia 1 grain 

Benzoate of Lithia 5 grains 



276 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Tincture of Nux Vomica 3 minims 

Distilled water 4 ounces 

This mixture should be made up in large quantity and 
placed in a siphon by one of the concerns which charge soda 
water, and from one-quarter to one-half a glass of this water, 
at ordinary temperature, is to be taken every morning at least 
one-half an hour before breakfast; enough being taken to in- 
sure an adequate bowel movement during the forenoon. This 
ought to be a good combination to use regularly. 

5. Dr. Hare gives the following recommendations. Probably no 
single source of pain compares in its frequency to headache, chiefly 
because it is essentially a symptom of diseases or functional dis- 
turbances. 

It may come from constipation or eye strain, frorr^ brain disease, 
anemia, uremia, too much blood in the head, etc. In many cases a 
mild laxative to thoroughly empty the bowels is necessary. Some- 
times the urine will be deficient in solids and liquids, so that the 
effete and poisonous material are retained in the blood, which produce 
headache. For such cases if the urine is acid, the frequent use of 
Vichy water, to which is added a little bicarbonate of potassium, 
about five grains to a drink, as a diuretic will prove of great service. 
If the urine is alkaline (and this you can tell by using a red litmus 
paper which will turn blue if it is alkaline) ten grain doses of benzoate 
of ammonium three (3) times a day are often useful. 

NERVE TUMORS (Neuroma). — A morbid increase in the tissue- 
elements of the peripheral (the external surface) nerves. 

Varieties. True and False Nerve Tumors. — True nerve tumors 
(neuromata) are composed of nerve-fibres provided with a medullary 
(marrow) sheath or of nerve tissue; false nerve tumors are composed 
of other structure than nerve tissue, are usually of secondary origin, 
extending to the nerve from nearby structures. 

Symptoms. — The true nerve tumors may be hereditary or due to 
wounds or blows and amputation. They may give rise to no 
symptoms, or may cause intermittent pain. Pressure increases this 
pain, when the condition of the nerve fibre is interfered with. Loss 
of local sensation and power may develop. It is sometimes possible 
to feel the little nodular growths, and they can be seen when they are 
superficial. They may give no pain, or they may become very sensi- 
tive. They may become chronic and the}^ are very liable to do so. 
Some of them may disappear. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Nerve Tumor.— The severe 

forms should be cut out; others can be let alone. 

NEURITIS (Inflammation of the Nerves. Neura— Nerves ; Itis— 
Inflammation. Inflammation of the Bundles of Nerve Fibres). — Nagel 
describes it as "an inflammation of the nerves of an acute or chronic 
nature, associated with more or less degeneration, change in the nerve- 
fibrils of the affected nerves." 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 277 

Causes. — An injury to the nerves, frequent muscular strains, ex- 
posure to cold. Inflammation can extend to the nerve from adjacent 
inflamed structures. Pressure can cause it. Fractures of bones cause 
it by compression and it is also caused by infectious diseases, such 
as rheumatism, typhoid fever, syphilis, etc. In some cases it simply 
appears without apparent cause. 

When the disease process involves the nerve sheaths and connec- 
tive tissue structures in particular, an interstitial neuritis results ; when 
the disease locates itself in the nerve fibrils it gives rise to ''parenchy- 
matous neuritis" (main part of the nerve is inflamed). 

Simple Neuritis. — This means that a sing'le nerve of a group of 
adjacent nerve trunks is affected. If a number of nerves are affected 
at the same time it is called Multiple Neuritis or Polyneuritis. 

Causes. — (a) Exposure to cold. This is a very frequent cause, as 
for exampk, in the facial (face) nerve, (b) Traumatism, — that is, 
wounds, blows, injuries caused by fractures and dislocations; pres- 
sure from tumors, sleeping with the head resting on the arms. Pres- 
sure from crutches, "crutch paralysis." (c) Diseases involving the 
nerves due to extension of inflammation from nearby structures, as in 
neuritis of the facial nerve due to decay of the temporal bone. 

Symptoms. — The constitutional or general symptoms are usually 
slight. The pain is the most important symptom, being of a boring 
in the parts to which it is distributed. This pain may be very distress- 
ing, or of a stabbing character, and is usually felt in the course of the 
nerve; or it may cause little inconvenience. Sometimes the skin is red 
• id swollen over the affected parts. There is impaired nerve function 
and as a result of this the muscles supplied by these nerves become 
weak, and occasionally paralyzed. In severe cases they may become 
atrophied and an eruption often appears along the course of the nerve. 
Sometimes the hair and nails are not properly nourished, causing fall- 
ing out or grayness of the hair and loss of the nails. This neuritis 
may extend from the peripheral (external) nerves and involve the 
larger nerve trunks or even reach the spinal cord. This rarely occurs 
in neuritis from cold, or in that which follows fevers; but it occurs 
most frequently in neuritis caused by blows, wounds, etc., (traumatic). 

Duration. — This varies from a few days to weeks or months. If 
the primary cause can be remedied it usually ends in full recovery. 
Sometimes it is followed by the chronic form. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Neuritis.— The first thing to 
do is to try to remove the cause. Then absolute and continued rest 
of the affected part. If one has a sore hand it will be rested, if pos- 
sible ; so it must be with the sore and inflamed nerve. 

For the Attack. — After having placed the part in absolute rest, 
moist heat applied to it frequently brings great relief. Sometimes a 
mustard plaster applied along the sore part does good. This produces 
a counter irritation and thus draws some of the congestion from the 



278 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

congested, inflamed nerve. Ice is more effective in some cases than 
heat. The bov/els should be kept open daily with salts. Build up the 
general health with tonics ; no alcohol can be used. If it shows a 
tendency to become chronic, use massage, electricity or change of 
climate. Atrophy (shrinking) of the muscles is likely to follow if the 
disease continues long and for this massage and electrict)'' must be 
given. 

Treatment. Preventive. — A person who has once had neuritis 
must exercise all care to keep from taking cold or exposing themselves 
to severe cold winds and storms. Wet clothing will be apt to cause 
its return. Damp houses are bad. The climate should be dry and not 
changeable. There should be enough and proper kind of clothing to 
keep the body heat at the normal point. Plenty of rest and sleep are 
required. These cautions also apply to rheumatism and neuralgias. 

Multiple Neuritis. — Other names: Polyneuritis, Disseminated Neu- 
ritis, Peripheral Neuritis. Meaning — Multiple neuritis is an inflamma- 
tory disease of the peripheral (toward the end of the nerves or external 
nerves) nervous system. It varies much in extent and intensity and 
affects symmetrical parts of the body. 

Varieties. — These arise from differences in the nature, causes, sev- 
erity and location of the disease process. 

Causes. — They are many. (1.) The poison that comes from infec- 
tious diseases such as typhoid fever, diphtheria, smallpox, leprosy, la 
grippe, etc. (2) From poisons such as alcohol, lead, arsenic, phos- 
phorus, mercury, coal gas, etc. ()3 From anemia, cancer, tuberculosis, 
S3^philis, septicemia, diabetes. (4) From cold, over-exertion, etc. 

Symptoms. — Acute febrile multiple neuritis. A typical case: This 
comes on from exposure to cold, over-exertion, or in some cases spon- 
taneously. There are chills, headaches, pains in the back, limbs and 
joints, and the case may be called rheumatism. Loss of appetite, 
coated tongue, constipation, and other symptoms of stomach and 
bowel trouble. The temperature rises rapidly, and may go to 103° to 
104°. The limbs and back ache, but intense pain in the nerves are 
not always constant. The pain is usually sharp, severe, and located 
in the limbs, and is worse from moving and pressure. There are 
tingling feelings in the hands, feet and body, and a feeling as if ants 
or insects were crawling over them, and there is also increased sensi- 
tiveness of the nerve trunks or entire limb. There is loss of muscular 
power, first marked, perhaps, in the legs, and it extends upwards and 
reaches the arms. Sometimes it first begins in the arms. In typical 
cases the extending muscles of the wrist and ankles drop. (Wrist- 
drop and foot-drop). In severe cases there is a general loss of mus- 
cular power, producing a flabby paralysis. This may extend to the 
muscles that control speaking, swallowing and hearing resulting in 
impairment of these functions. The muscles soften and waste away 
rapidly. Disorders of nutrition are frequent, like wat^rv swelling 
(oedema), glossy looking skin, sweating, hives, etc. 



XERFOUS SYSTliM 279 

Recovery. — The course of the disease varies considerably. In 
mild cases the symptoms disappear very soon. In the worst form the 
patient may die in a week or ten days. As a rule, in moderately severe 
cases after persisting for five or six weeks, the condition remains 
about the same for a few months, and then improvement slowly begins 
and recovery takes place in six to twel\ e months. In neuritis from 
alcohol drinking there is a rapid onset as a rule, with delirium and 
delusions. The result is usually favorable and after persisting for 
weeks or months improvement gradually begins, the muscles regain 
their power, and even in the most desperate cases recovery may fol- 
low. The mental symptoms are very severe in alcoholic cases. De- 
lirium is common. It takes much longer for such cases to regain 
what they call their normal condition. 

Neuritis following diphtheria and other infectious diseases. The 

outlook in cases from these diseases is usually favorable, and except 
in diphtheria, fatal cases are uncommon. It is most common from 
diphtheria. Recovery, in neuritis from diphtheria, takes place in about 
three months, but some cases are fatal. 

Neuritis from lead. — The first symptoms are those of intestinal 
colic, lead line on the gums, "dropped-w^ist." The recovery is quite 
gradual and the poison may be cast out in three to four months. 

In Neuritis from Arsenic. — We have disturbance of the stomach 
and bowels first, then the legs and arms are about equally attected, 
weakened ; may recover in two to six months. 

Treatment for acute kind. — T'.^e first thing to do is to rest in bed 
and control the pain and acute symptoms. Hot applications help to 
relieve the suffering. Patient must be kept comfortably and con- 
.stantly warm and quiet. Hot applications of lead water and laudanum. 

Medicines. — It may be necessary to use morphine to control the 
pain. Remedies such as antipyrine or aspirin are often used. A phy- 
sician must be called. When the disease is caused by arsenic and lead 
and alcohol, of course you must remove the cause before you can 
hope for any improvement. 

Caution. — Any one can readily understand from reading this de- 
scription that the thing to do is to be careful not to needlessly expose 
yourself to taking cold. One subject to rheumatism or neuritis, even 
in small degree, should take care not only not to take cold but not to 
overdo in laboring; cold, wet and over-exertion cause the majorit3- of 
the acute attacks. But some are caused by diseases, such as 
diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., and a great many cases of neuritis fol- 
fowing these and other infectious diseases can be avoided if proper 
care is taken during and after these diseases. Such care can easily be 
taken. Keep your rooms warm and comfortable, and the patient in 
bed or in a comfortable room until all danger is past. How often I 
have heard a doctor blamed for such results when in most cases it is 



280 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

the patient's or nurse's fault. Certain results will follow certain dis- 
eases and only proper care can keep such results from following. 
Dropsy frequently follows even a light case of scarlet fever. Why? 
Simply because, on account of being a light case, the child is left to 
roam at will about the rooms and catches cold, takes la grippe. If 
people would only take care of themselves this disease would not leave 
so many lifelong victims. I have seen men and women who have just 
recovered from this disease stand on the street corners on a cold, 
damp day, and talk an hour, and the next day they wondered how they 
could possibly have taken cold. We cannot disobey the laws of nature 
safely. Persons who are subject to neuritis or rheumatism should be 
especially careful on cold, damp, wet days and of over-exertion. 



GENERAL AND FUNCTIONAL BRAIN DISEASES. NERVOUS 

PROSTRATION. NERVOUS EXHAUSTION. 

NEURASTHENIA. 

NERVOUS PROSTRATION.— Is a condition of weakness or ex- 
haustion of the nervous system, giving rise to various forms of mental 
and bodily inefficiency. 

Causes. 1. Hereditary causes. — Some children are born of parents 
who are weak themselves, and who have led fast lives through busi- 
ness or pleasure and these parents have given their offspring a weak- 
ened body, and the children are handicapped with a nervous predis- 
position and furnish a considerable proportion of "nervous" patients. 

2. Acquired. — It is acquired by continual worry and overwork, 
sexual indiscretion, excesses, irregular living and indiscretion in diet. 
A great many business men, teachers and journalists become **neu- 
rasthenics." It may follow infectious diseases, particularly influenza, 
typhoid fever and syphilis. It also follows operations sometimes. 
Alcohol, tobacco, morphine may produce a high grade of the disease, 
if their use is abused. 

Symptoms. — These are varied. The most prominent symptom is 
fatigue. The patient feels so tired and complains of being unable to 
do any mental labor. It is almost impossible to put the mind on one 
subject for any length of time. There are headache, dizziness, want 
of sleep, and there is great depression of spirits; patient is gloomy, 
irritable in temper with manifestations of hysteria. Sometimes there 
are marked symptoms of spinal trouble. Pain along the spine with 
spots or areas of tenderness. Pains simulating rheumatism are present. 
There is frequently great muscular weakness, great prostration after 
the least exertion, and a feeling of numbness, tingling, and neuralgic 
pains. In spinal symptoms, there is an aching pain in the back, or in 
the back of the neck, which is a quite constant complaint. Then there 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 281 

are the anxiety symptoms in many cases. There may be only a fear 
of impending insanity or of approaching death, or of apoplexy, in sim- 
ple cases. More frequently the anxious feeling is localized somewhere 
in the body, in the heart region, in the head, in the abdomen, in the 
thorax (chest, etc.). In some cases the anxiety becomes intense. They 
are so restless they do not know what to do with themselves. They 
throw themselves on the bed, complain, and cry, etc. Sometimes the 
patients become so desperate they commit suicide. Some patients do 
not wish to see anyone. Some patients cannot read, reading wearies 
them so much, or they get confused and dizzy and must stop. Some 
are very irritable. They complain of everything. Remember they 
cannot help it, usually. Some are easily insulted and claim they are 
misunderstood. The circulation may be disturbed in some cases. 
Then there is palpitation of the heart, irregular and very rapid pulse, 
pains, and feeling of oppression around the heart, cold hands, and 
feet. The heart's action may be increased by the least excitement and 
with the fast pulse and palpitation there are feelings of dizziness and 
anxiety and such patients are sure they have organic disease of the 
heart. No wonder. Flashes of heat, especially in the head, and tran- 
sient congestion of the skin are distressing symptoms. Profuse sweat- 
ing may occur. In women, especially, and sometimes in men, the hands 
and feet are cold, the nose is red or blue, and the face feels "pinched." 
Nervous dyspepsia is present in many cases. The digestion is poor 
and slow and constipation accompanies it. Sometimes there is neural- 
gia of the stomach. The sexual organs are seemingly affected, many 
men are "almost scared to death" and they use all sorts of quack rem- 
edies to restore their sexual vigor. Spermatorrhea is their bugbear. 
They usually get well if they stop worrying. In women there is the 
tender ovary and the menstruation may be painful or irregular. The 
condition of the urine in these patients is important. Many cases are 
complicated with lithaemia (sand-stone in the urine). It is sometimes 
also increased in quantity. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Nervous Prostration.— The 

patient must be assured and made to believe that the disease is cur- 
able, but that it will take time and earnest help on the part of the 
patient. Much medicine is not needed, only enough to keep the sys- 
tem working well. Encouragement is what is needed from attendants. 
Remove the patient from the causes that produce the trouble, whether 
it be business, worry, over-study, too much social duties, or excesses 
of any kind. The patient must have confidence in the physician, and 
he must be attentive to the complaints of the patient. It is the 
height of foolishness and absurdity for a physician to tell such a patient 
before he has thoroughly examined him or her that the troubles are 
imaginary. I believe that is not prudent in the majority of cases. I 
have heard physicians talk that way to such patients. I thought, what 
fools! The patient needs proper sympathy and sensible encourage- 
ment. You must make them believe they are going to get well. If 
you do not wish to do this, refuse such cases, or you will fail with 



282 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

them. If there are any patients that need encouragement and kindly, 
S3'mpathetic, judicious ''cheering up/' these patients are the ones, and 
they generally are "laughed at and made fun of" by people who should 
know better. Remember their troubles are real to them, and are due 
to exhaustion or prostration of the nervous system and this condition, 
<-s before described, produces horrid feelings and sensations of almost 
tvery part of the body. The patient must be made to believe that he 
may expect to get well ; and he must be told that much depends upon 
himself, and that he must make a vigorous effort to overcome certain 
of his tendencies, and that all his power of will will be needed to 
further the progress of the cure. 

First, then, is rest. — Both mental and ph3^sical diversions, nutritious 
though easily digested food, and removal of baneful influences as far 
as possible. Physical exercise for the lazy. Rest for the anemic and 
weak. For business or professional men the treatment is to get away 
and far off, if possible, from business. It will often be found best to 
make out a daily programme for those that must remain at home, 
something to keep the mind busy without tiring, and then times of 
rest. The patient, if it is possible, should be away from home if home 
influences and surroundings are not agreeable. Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, 
of Philadelphia, has devised and elaborated a cure, called a rest cure, 
for the relief of this class of patients, and it is wonderfully successful 
especially in thin people. "Be the symptoms what they may, as long 
as they are dependent upon nerve strain, this 'cure' is to be resorted to, 
and if properly carried out is often attended with surprising results." 
"A bright, airy, easily cleaned, and comfortable room, is to be selected, 
and adjoining it, if possible, should be a smaller one for an attendant 
or nurse. The patient is put to bed and kept there from three to six 
weeks, or longer as may be necessary, and during this time is allowed 
to see no one except the nurse and doctor, since the presence of friends 
requires conversation and mental effort. The patient in severe cases 
must be fed by the nurse in order to avoid expenditure of the force 
required in the movement of the arms. No sitting up in bed is allowed 
and if any reading is done it must be done by the nurse who can read 
aloud for an hour a day (I have seen cases where even that could not 
be done). In the case of women, the hair should be dressed by the 
nurse to avoid any physical effort on the part of the patient. To 
take the place of ordinary exercise, two measures are employed, the 
first of which is massage or rubbing; the second, electricity. By the 
kneading and rubbing of the muscles and skin the liquids in the tissues 
are absorbed and poured into the lymph spaces, and a healthy blush 
is brought to the skin. This passive exercise is performed in the 
morning or afternoon, and should last from one-half to an hour, every 
part of the body being kneaded, even the face and scalp. In the after- 
noon or morning the various muscles should be passively exercised by 
electricity, each muscle being made to contract by the application of 
the poles of the battery to its motor points, the slowly interrupted 
current being used. Neither of these forms of exercise call for any 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 283 

expenditure of nerve force ; they keep up the general nutrition. The 
following programme for a day's existence is an example of what the 
physician should order: 

7:30 a. m. — Glass of hot or cold milk, predigested, boiled or raw 
as the case requires. 

8:00 a.m. — The nurse is to sponge the patient with tepid water or 
with cold and hot water alternately to stimulate the skin and circula- 
tion, the body being well wrapped in a blanket, except the portion 
which is being bathed. After this the nurse should dry the part last 
wetted, w^ith a rough tow^el, using some friction to stimulate the skin. 

8:30 a.m. — Breakfast. Boiled, poached or scrambled eggs, milk 
toast, water toast, or a finely cut piece of mutton chop or chicken. 

10:00 a. m. — Massage. 

11:00 a.m. — A glass of milk, or a milk punch, or egg-nog. 

12:00 m. — Reading for an hour. 

1 :00 p. m. — Dinner. Small piece of steak, rare roast beef, con- 
somme soup, mutton broth, and any one of the easily digested veg- 
etables, well cooked. 

3 :00 p. m. — Electricity. 

4:30 p.m. — A glass of milk, a milk punch or egg-nog. 

6:30 p.m. — Supper. This should be very plain, no tea or cofi'ee, 
but toast and butter, milk, curds and whey, or a plain custard. 

9 :30 p. m. — A glass of milk or milk punch. 

In this way the day is well filled, and the time does not drag so 
heavily as would be thought. If the stomach rebels at over feeding, 
the amount of food must be cut down, but when all the effort of the 
body is concentrated on respiration, circulation, and digestion a large 
amount of nourishment can be assimilated by the exhausted body, 
which before this treatment is undertaken may have had its resources 
so shattered as to be unable to carry out any physiological act per- 
fectly. For the treatment to be successful the rules laid down should 
be rigidly followed, and the cure should last from three to six weeks 
or longer." 

HYSTERIA. — A state in which ideas control the body and pro- 
duce morbid changes in its functions. 

Causes. — It occurs mostly in women, and usually appears first 
about the time of puberty, but the manifestations may continue until 
the menopause or even until old age. It occurs in all races. Children 
under twelve years are not very often atlected. A physician writes : 
One of the saddest chapters in the history of human deception, that 
of the Salem witches, might be headed, ''Hysteria in Children," since 
the tragedy resulted directly from the hysterical pranks of girls under 
twelve years of age. During late years it has been quite frequent 
among men and boys. It seems to occur oftener in the warm and 



284 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

mild climates than in the cold. There are two predisposing causes 
that are very important — heredity and education. Heredity acts by 
endowing the child with a movable (mobile) abnormally sensitive 
nervous organization. Cases are seen most frequently in families 
with marked nervous disease tendencies, whose members have suf- 
fered from various sorts of nervous diseases. 

Education. — The proper home education is neglected. Some par- 
ents allow their girls to grow up accustomed to have every whim 
gratified, abundant sympathy lavished on every woe, however trifling, 
and the girl reaches womanhood with a moral organization unfitted to 
withstand the cares and worries of every-day life. And between the 
ages of twelve and sixteen, the most important in her life, when the 
vital energies are absorbed in the rapid development of the body, the 
girl is often "cramming" for examinations and cooped in close school- 
rooms for six or eight hours daily; not only that, but at home she is 
often practicing and taking lessons on the piano in connection with the 
full school work. The result too often is an active bright mind in an 
enfeebled body, ill-adapted to subser\'e the functions for which it was 
framed, easily disordered, and prone to act abnormally to the ordmary 
stimuli of life. 

Direct Influences. — Those influences that directly bring on the 
attack are fright, anxiety, grief, love affairs, and domestic w^orries, 
especially in those of a nervous nature. Diseases of the generative 
organs and organic diseases in general, and of the nervous system 
especially, may be causes of hysteria. 

Symptoms. — These may be divided into two classes: 1. Inter- 
paroxysmal or time between the paroxysms (spells). 2. Paroxysmal. 
During the time of the attack. First variety — The will power seems 
defective. In bad cases self-control is lost. The patient is irritable, 
and easily annoyed by the slightest trifle ; is very excitable and easily 
moved to laughter or tears without any apparent cause for either. 
Easily discouraged and despondent. She wants lots of sympathy. 
Second — Loss of sensation is frequently present, and it is most com- 
monly one-sided; it may involve certain parts, as one or two limbs, the 
trunk escaping, or part of one limb. Various spots of want of sensa- 
tion (feeling) may exist. The skin of the affected side is frequently 
pale and cool and a pin prick may not cause bleeding. In some cases 
they feel the touch of the hand, but there is no feeling from heat. 
There may also be oversensitiveness to pain and of the skin. It may 
be one-sided or both, or only in spots. The left ovarian region is a 
common sensitive point; also over the breasts, lower positions of the 
ribs, on top of the head and over many portions of the backbone. 
Pain in the head is a very common and distressing symptom, and is 
usually on the top. Pain in the back is common. Abdominal pains 
may be very severe and the abdomen may be so tender as to be mis- 
taken for peritonitis. Various parts of the body may have neuralgic 
pains. There may be intense pain around the heart. There may be 



NERJ'OUS SYsrnM 



285 



complete blindness, the taste and smell may he disturbed or complete 
loss of hearing. Third — Paralysis is frequently present. It may be 
one-sided or only of the lower extremities, or only one limb. The face 
is usually not involved when it is on one side. The leg is more 
affected than the arm. Sensation is lessened or lost on the affected 
side. Paralysis of the lower extremities is more frequent than one- 
sided paralysis. The power in the limbs hardly ever is entirely lost ; 
the legs may usually be moved, but the legs give way if the patient 
tries to stand. The affected muscles do not waste. The feet are usu- 
ally extended and turn inward. Sudden loss of voice occurs in many 
cases. The paralysis is generally paroxysmal, and is frequently asso- 
ciated with contractures, shortening of the muscle. The contractures 
may come on suddenly or slowly, and may last minutes, hours, or 
months, and some cases even years. Movements of the hands, arms, 
etc., like the motions in chorea are often seen in the young. A tremb- 
ling (tremor) is sometimes seen in these patients. It most commonly 
involves the hands and arms, more rarely the head and legs. These 
movements are small and quick. Fourth---Sw2i\\o\Y\ng may be difficult 
on account of spasms of the muscles of the pharynx. The larynx may 
be involved and interfere with respiration. Indigestion in some form 
is often present. The stomach and bowels may be very much bloated 
wnth gas. There may be a ''phantom tumor" in the intestine (bowel). 
Constipation may be very obstinate, vomiting may be present and per- 
sistent and hiccough present. The action of the heart may be irreg- 
ular, and rapid heart action is common. The least motion may cause 
difficult breathing and false Angina Pectoris (heart pang) ; the urine 
is retained not infrequently in female patients. 

Symptoms of the Paroxysms. — Convulsive seizures are common 
manifestations of hysteria, and frequently present a great similarity to 
epilepsy. The prodromal (fore-running) symptoms are frequently 
present and may begin several days before the convulsion occurs. In 
milder forms, in which the cause may be due to a temporary physical 
exhaustion, or emotional shock, the fore-running symptoms are of 
short duration. The patient may become very nervous, irritable, im- 
patient, have fits of laughing and crying, alternately, or have a feeling 
of a chill rising in the throat. The convulsion follows these symp- 
toms. The patient generally falls in a comfortable place ; consciousness 
is only apparently lost, for she frequently remembers what has taken 
place; the tongue is rarely bitten. In the milder forms the movements 
are apt to be disorderly. In the severe forms the movements are apt 
to be a lasting contraction of the muscles and the patient may have 
the head and feet drawn back and the abdomen drawn front. There 
then may follow a condition of ecstacy, sleepiness, catalepsy, trance, 
or the patient may show symptoms of a delirium with the most extra- 
ordinary sights of unreal things. These convulsions may last for sev- 
eral hours or days. Firm pressure over the ovaries may bring on a 
convulsion, or if made during a convulsion may arrest it. The dis- 



286 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ease is rarely dangerous to life, yet death has followed exhaustion 
induced by repeated convulsions or prolonged fasting. The duration 
of hysteria is very uncertain. 

DURING A CONVULSION. The first thing to do is not to be 

frightened. A patient in a convulsion from hysteria very seldom 
injures herself during the convulsions. If you are sure it is hysteria, 
give a nasty tasting medicine, asafoetida is a splendid remedy, but not 
in pill form, for there is no taste or smell to them. Sometimes a convul- 
sion may be arrested by the sudden use of ice to the backbone or 
abdomen or by dashing cold water in the face and chest, or by press- 
ing upon the ovaries. When the hysteria is of a mild form it is some- 
times a good plan, when the convulsion comes on, to place the patient 
in a comfortable position and then leave her, and v*'hen the patient 
comes to and finds herself alone and without sympathy, the attacks 
are less likely to be repeated. Sometimes if you watch a patient closely 
when she is seemingly unconscious, you will see, if you look at her 
very guardedly, that one eyelid is not entirely closed, and that the 
patient really sees much that is occurring around her. I am writing 
of real genuine hysteria, in which the patient is not quite right, not 
only physically but mentally, — especially the latter, — during the attack 
at least. For that and other reasons such patients should not be 
treated cruelly. 

Preventive Treatment of Hysteria. — In order to be successful in 
this line of treatment the cause must be found and treated. An Eng- 
lish physician writes : *'It is pitiable to think of the misery that has 
been inflicted on these unhappy victims of the harsh and unjust treat- 
ment which has resulted from false views of the nature of the trouble ; 
on the other hand, worry and ill-health, often the wrecking of the 
mind, body and estate, are entailed upon the near relatives in the 
nursing of a protracted case of hysteria. The minor manifestations, 
attacks of the vapors, the crying and weeping spalls are not of much 
moment, and rarely require treatment. The physical condition should 
be carefully looked into and the mode of life regulated, so as to insure 
system and order in everything. A congenial occupation offers the 
best remedy for many of these manifestations. Any functional dis- 
turbance should be attended to and a course of tonics prescribed. 
Special attention should be paid to the action of the bowels. The best 
preventive treatment is the one that is given early, when the girl is 
growing from childhood to girlhood. It should be begun even earlier. 
A weakly baby should be built up by proper food and outdoor life. 
Dainties should not be given to such a child. When the child is old 
enough, as some mothers think, to go to kindergarten school, keep the 
little one at home. It is plenty early enough to send such a child to 
school when she is seven years old. This early school work rushes 
the child, makes it nervous. If you should happen to listen to the 
heart of many youno; school children you would find it pounding away 
at a furious rate. Do not hurry a weakly child. Do not hurry or 
rusli a 3^oung girl even though she is strong, from the ages of, twelve 



NERl'OUS SYSTEM 287 

to sixteen years. Our school system docs jnst thai. Instead of taking- 
life easy when she is nearinij the crisis (puberty) or is in that period, 
she is hurried and ruslied and crammed with her school work; 
the girl frequently goes to school during this period, even when she is 
unwell and sits there for an hour or more with wet skirts and some- 
times wet shoes and stockings. Every day 1 see girls of all ages go 
past my office here in this cultured city of Ann Arbor, without rub- 
bers, treading through the slush and water. Is it any wonder they 
become sickly, become victims of hysteria and suffer from menstrual 
disorders? Dysmenorrhea must follow such carelessness, and the par- 
ents are to blame in many cases. Be careful of your children, especi- 
ally girls at this age, care less for their intellectual growth, and pay 
more attention to their body development, even if it should happen to 
be at the expense of their intellectual development. A healthy body is 
better than all the knowledge that can be obtained, if it goes, as it too 
often does, with a body that is weak and sick. Outdoor life is nec- 
essary. Horseback riding is splendid ; walking is also good exercise 
at a regular time each day. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hysteria— If there is any 
w^omb trouble, it must be attended to. There is frequently trouble 
with the menses in cases of hysteria. It sometimes comes from 
anemia or simply comes without any special reason. Tonics like 
arsenic, iron, strychnine and cod-liver oil are needed for anemia. Iron 
valerate is good, in one strain doses, three times a day, in this disease, 
when the patient is not fleshy. 

1. The following is recommended by Dr. Goodell: 

Quinine Valerate ^ 

Iron Valerate v Of each one scruple (20 grains). 

Ammonia Valerate. . . ) 

Make into twenty pills. Take one or two pills three times 
a day. (This is a good tonic in such cases.) 

2. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic in three to five drops doses is 
frequently used (three times a day) and is a good lasting tonic in 
cases where the patient has a very pale white looking skin. 

3. Asafoetida in three to five-grain pills is a splendid tonic in 
such cases, and in that form is pleasant to take. Take three during 
the day, before meals. 

4. Sumbul or musk root Is a good remedy. Tincture In one-half 
dram doses three times a day. This is good when the patient is very 
nervous. 

5. The following is good when anemia is prominent: 

Dried Sulphate of Iron 20 grains 

Alcoholic extract of Sumbul 20 grains 

Asafoetida 10 grains 

Arsenious acid '4 grain 

Mix thoroughly and make twenty pills, one after each meal. 



288 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

6. Tincture of hops in doses of one-half to two teaspoonfuls is 

good for nervousness and sleeplessness, taken at bedtime. It can also 
be taken regularly four times a day in from one-half to one teaspoonful 
doses. 

7. General Cautions. — Proper, easily digested foods must be taken. 
Keep the bowels open daily. Let trash and dainties alone. Pies, 
cakes, and rich foods are an abomination for such patients. Candy is 
not to be eaten. Let novels alone. Go to bed at nine and sleep until 
six or seven. Bathe five or ten minutes every morning or evening in 
tepid water or cool water. The patient should be warmly clothed. 
Sleep in a pleasant, sunshiny and airy room. In severe forms of the 
disease the ''Rest Cure" and feeding described under Nervous Pros- 
tration should be used. 

EPILEPSY. (Falling Sickness).— This is an aflfection of the 
nervous • system, characterized by attacks of unconsciousness, with or 
without convulsion. 

Causes. — In a large proportion of cases the disease begins before 
puberty. It rarely begins after twenty-five. It is more liable to attack 
females than males. Heredity is thought by some to play a big role. 
Dr. Osier says: "In our figures it appears to play a minor role." An- 
other doctor says: "Heredity plays an important role in the produc- 
tion of the disease. Besides epilepsy, insanity, migraine, alcoholism, 
near relationship of parents (consanguinity) and hysteria are among 
the more common ancestral taints observed." All factors which im- 
pair the health and exhaust the nervous system are predisposing 
causes. Injury to the head often causes it. Teething, worms, adherent 
foreskin and clitoris, closing of the internal opening of the womb, de- 
layed menstruation, are sometimes the cause. 

Symptoms. — There are two distinct types. The major attacks — 
or "grand mal" — in which there are severe convulsions with complete 
loss of consciousness, etc.; and the minor attacks or "petit mal," in 
which the convulsive movements are slight and may be absent, and in 
which the loss of consciousness is often but mometary or practically 
absent. In some the attacks occur during the day ; in others during 
the night, and they may not be noticed for a long time. 

Characteristic paroxysm of the Major attacks. — This may be ush- 
ered in by a localized sensation, known as the Aura, in some part of 
the body; but it may come without any warning and suddenly. The 
convulsions begin suddenly and at first are tonic, that is, it does not 
change but holds on. The patient falls unconscious regardless of the 
surroundings, and the unconsciousness may be preceded by an invol- 
untary piercing cry. The head is drawn back and often turned to the 
right. The jaws are fixed (tonic spasm). The fingers are clenched 
over the thumb and the extremities are stiff. The breathing is 
affected and the face looks blue. The urine and bowel contents may 



NERVOUS SYSTliM 289 

escape ; but this occurs oftencr in the next stage. This tonic si)asm 
usuall}' lasts from a few seconds to a half minute when it is succeeded 
by the clonic spasm stage. 

Clonic spasm stage. — In this the contraction of the muscles is 
intermittent. (Tonic spasm is the opposite condition.) At first there 
is trembling, but it gradually becomes more rapid and the limbs are 
jerked and patient tosses violently about. The muscles of the face 
are in intermittent motion, the eyes roll, the eyelids are opened and 
closed convulsively. The jaws move forcibly and strongly, and the 
tongue is apt to be caught between the teeth and bitten. The blue 
look now gradually decreases. A frothy saliva, which may be blood- 
stained from the bitten tongue, escapes from the mouth. The urine 
and bowel contents may escape involuntarily. The length of time of 
this stage is variable. It may last two minutes. The contraction be- 
comes less violent and the patient gradually sinks into the condition 
of deep sleep, when the breathing is noisy and stertorous, the face 
looks red and swollen, but no longer bluish. The limbs loose their 
stiffness and unconsciousness is profound. The patient, if left alone, 
will sleep for some hours and then awakes and complains only of a 
dull headache. His mind is apt to be confused. He remembers noth- 
ing or little of what has occurred. Afterwards the patient may be 
irrational for some time and even dangerous. 

The minor attack or "petit mal." — There is a convulsion; a short 
period of unconsciousness, and this may come at any time, and may be 
accompanied by a feeling of faintness or vertigo. Suddenly, for exam- 
ple, at dinner time the person stops talking and eating, the eyes are 
fixed and staring and the face is slightly pale. The patient usually 
drops anything he may be holding. The consciousness returns in a 
moment or two and the patient resumes conversation as if nothing 
had happened. In other instances there is a slight incoherency or the 
patient performs some almost automatic action. He may begin to 
undress himself, and on returning to consciousness find that he has 
partially disrobed. He may rub his beard or face, or may spit about 
in a careless way. An eminent physician states : "One of my patients, 
after an attack, was in the habit of tearing anything he could lay his 
hands on, particularly books; violent actions have been committed 
and assaults made, frequently giving rise to questions which come be- 
fore court. In the majority of cases of "petit mal" (light attacks) 
convulsions finally occur, at first slight, but ultimately the grand mal 
(major attacks) becomes well developed, and the attacks may then 
alternate. 

Recovery. — The authority above goes on to say: "This may be 
given today in the words of Hippocrates: *The prognosis in epilepsy 
is unfavorable when the disease is congenital (that is, existing at 
birth), when it endures to manhood, and when it occurs in a grown 
person without any previous cause. The cure may be attempted in 
young persons but not in old.' " Death rarely occurs during the fit, 
19 



290 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

but it may happen if the patient is eating. If the attacks are frequent 
and the patient has marked mental disturbance the conditions are un- 
favorable. Males have a better outlook than females. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.—What to do dunng the Attack 
of Epilepsy. — Keep the patient from injuring himself, loosen the cloth- 
ing, take off the collar or anything tight about the neck. Place a 
cork or spool or tooth-brush handle between the teeth to keep the 
patient from biting his tongue, but attach a stout cord to the object 
and hold it in that way. 

Preventive and general treatment. — In the case of children the 
parents should be made to understand that in the great majority of 
cases epilepsy is incurable. The patients need firm but kind treatment. 
It does not render a person incapable of following some occupations. 
"Julius Caesar and Napoleon were subjects of epilepsy." The disease 
causes gradual impairment of the mind, and if such patients become 
extremely irritable or show signs of violence, they should be placed 
under supervision in an asylum. A person with this disease should not 
marry. 

Diet. — Give the patient a light diet at regular hours, and the stom- 
ach should never be overloaded. There are cases in which meat is 
injurious, and it should not be eaten more than once a day and at noon 
time. A vegetable diet seems best. The patient should not go to 
sleep until the digestion is completed in the stomach. 

Causes. — Should be removed if possible. Circumcision should be 
done, especially in the young. In case of a female child the *'hood 
of th€ clitoris" should be kept free. Undue mental and physical excite- 
ment should be avoided. Systematic exercise should be taken. Baths 
in cold wat'er in the morning, if possible, as the skin should be in good 
working condition. 

Medicines. — The bromides are the best, and should always be given 
under proper supervision of a physician or nurse. 

Caution. — I wish to add that parents should always attend to the 
seemingly harmless "fits" in their young children. It will not do to 
say they are due to teething or worms. If they are, the worms at 
least can be treated and that cause removed. They may be due to 
too tight opening in the penis. If that opening is small, or if the 
foreskin is tight it will make the child irritable and cause restless 
sleep. Attend to that immediately. The same advice applies to 
female children. The "cover" of the "clitoris" may be tight, making 
the little one nervous; loosen it. If your child keeps its fingers rub- 
bing its private organs there is reason for you to have the parts exam- 
ined and the cause removed as masturbation often starts in that way. 
The parts itch and the child tries to stop the itching. These little 
things often cause "big things" and I am sure "fits" can be stopped 
very often by looking after the private organs in both sexes. 



NERl'OUS SYSTEM 291 

SHAKING PALSY. (Paralysis Agitans).— This is a chronic 
affection of the nervous system, characterized l)y muscular weakness, 
trembling and rigidity. 

Causes. — It usually occurs after the fortieth year, and is more 
common in men than in women. The exciting causes are exposure to 
cold and wet, business worries, anxieties, violent emotional excitement 
and specific fevers. 

Symptoms. — The four prominent symptoms are trembling, weak- 
ness, rigidity, and a peculiar attitude. It generally develops gradually, 
usually in one or the other hand. There is at first a fine trembling, 
beginning in the hands or feet, gradually extending to the arms, the 
legs and sometimes the whole body. The head is not involved so fre- 
quently. This trembling (tremor) consists of rapid, uniform ''shak- 
ings. " At first it may come in spells, but as the disease advances it 
is continuous. Any excitement makes it worse. It is very marked in 
the hands. The trembling generally ceases during sleep. The mus- 
cles become rigid and shortened ; the head is bent and the body is bent 
forward ; the arms are flexed (bent) and the thumbs are turned into 
the palms and grasped by the fingers; the legs are bent, movement 
soon becomes impaired and the extremities show some stiffness in 
motion. There is great weakness of the muscles and it is most marked, 
where the trembling is most developed. There is no expression on 
the face, and the person has a slow and measured speech. The walk 
is very peculiar, and in attempting to walk the steps are short and 
hurried. The steps gradually become faster and faster, while the 
body is bent forward, and the patient must keep on going faster to 
keep from falling. It is difficult to go around in a short circle. The 
patient cannot change his position in bed easily. The mind is rarely 
afiFected. 

Recovery. — It is an incurable disease. It may run on for twenty 
years or more. There may be times of improvement, but the ten- 
dency is to grow gradually worse. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Shaking Palsy.— This is sim- 
ply to make the patient as comfortable as possible. Regulate the diet. 
The patient should not worry or have much exercise. Frequent warm 
baths are sometimes beneficial with gentle massage of the muscles. 

APHASIA. — A partial or total inability to express thoughts in 
words or to interpret perceptions. 

Varieties. — Motor and sensory aphasia. 

Causes. — Softening of the brain, tumors of the brain, lesions in 
syphilis especially, hemorrhage in the brain, blows on the head, and 
inflammation of the brain and its covering. 

Symptoms of Motor Aphasia. — The patient cannot make the 
muscles of the larynx, tongue, palate and lips perform their functions 
and produce speech. The patient knows what he wishes to say, but 



292 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

cannot pronounce it. This may be complete or partial. Complete, 
when the patient can only utter separate sounds. Partial, when the 
words are only slightly mispronounced and when some certain words 
cannot be pronounced at all. In some cases, nouns only or verbs 
cannot be pronounced. Agraphia, means inability to write down 
the thoughts. Sensory aphasia: word deafness. This is an inability 
to interpret spoken language. The sound of the word is not recog- 
nized and cannot be recalled; but sounds such as that of an engine 
whistle, or an alarm clock, are heard and recognized. Word-blind- 
ness: the person cannot interpret written language. Pharaphrasia : 
cannot use the right word in continued speech; the patient uses words 
but misplaces them. 

Recovery depends a great deal upon the cause. 

Treatment. — Treat the cause. If from syphilis, iodide of potash 
and mercury. If from an injury or tumors, operate if possible. Teach 
the patient how to speak, read and write. The result of this often 
gives you a pleasant surprise. 

WRITERS* CRAMP. Causes.— This occurs much oftener in men 
than in women, and usually between the ages of twenty-five and forty. 
The predisposing causes are a nervous constitution, heredity, alco- 
holism, worry, etc. The chief exciting cause, — excessive writing, espe- 
cially when it is done under a strain. 

Symptoms. — It usually begins with fatigue, weight, or actual pain 
in the affected muscles. In the spasm form the fingers are seized with 
a constant or intermittent spasm whenever the person grasps the pen. 
The neuralgic form is similar in symptoms but severe pain and fatigue 
comes with writing. The tremulous form : In this the hand when used 
becomes the seat of the decided tremor. The paralytic form: The 
chief symptoms are excessive weakness and fatigue of the part and 
these disappear when the pen is laid aside. 

Recovery. — If taken in time and if the hand is allowed perfect 
rest, the condition may improve rapidly. There is, however, a ten- 
dency to recur. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Writers' Cramps.— There 

must be absolute rest of the hand. General tonics, such as iron, 
strychnine, arsenic, and cod-liver oil may be needed to tone up the 
system. 

APOPLEXY. (Cerebral Hemorrhage). (Brain Hemorrhage). 
Causes. — Bleeding (hemorrhage) into the brain substance is almost 
always due to an affection of the walls of the large or small arteries 
of the brain, producing rupture and subsequent bleeding. Persons of 
fifty or over are more subject to it, and it is more common in men than 
in women. Any disease that will cause degeneration of the arteries, 
helps to cause it, such as nephritis, rheumatism, syphilis, gout and 
alcoholism. Nephritis is one of the most certain causes, because 
arterio-sclerosis (hardening and decaying of the walls of the arteries) 
and hypertrophy of the heart are associated with nephritis, etc. 




HAND NERVES 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 293 

Direct Causes. — Straining at stool, heavy lifting, anger, rage, 
fright, etc.; paroxysm of whooping-cough or convulsions may cause 
it in children. 

Symptoms. — Sometimes the patient experiences headache, dizzi- 
ness, paleness or flushing of the face, fullness in the head, ringing in 
the ears, etc., temporary attacks of numbness or peculiar tingling in 
one-half of the body. When the bleeding takes place there is usually 
loss of consciousness. In the attack: — If the bleeding is extensive the 
patient falls suddenly into coma, and this may soon prove fatal. If 
the bleeding is slight at first and gradually increases, the patient is 
delirious at first, then one arm, then one side, and finally the whole 
body may become paralyzed, and unconsciousness, and even death may 
come from the paralysis of the heart and breathing nerve centers. In 
many cases the patient falls unconscious without previous warning. 
The face is red, the eyes injected, the lips are blue, the pulse is full 
and slow, and the breathing is slow and deep. The head and eyes 
may be strongly turned to the injured side. The pupils may be 
unequal. The paralysis may not be noticed while the patient is un- 
conscious and is quiet. The urine and the bowels contents may pass 
involuntarily or the urine may be retained. Sometimes when the case 
is very grave the patient does not awake from his deep sleep (coma) ; 
the pulse becomes very feeble, respiration becomes changed, mucus 
collects in the throat, and death may occur in a few hours or days. 
In other cases the clot in the brain is gradually absorbed, and the 
patient slowly returns to consciousness. Sometimes relapiSes occur. 
In mild cases instead of deep coma, there may be only headache, faint- 
ness, nausea and vomiting. 

Subsequent Symptoms. — When the patient improves, conscious- 
ness returns, but there remains a half-side paralysis, hemiplegia, on 
the side and opposite to that of the seat of the injury in the brain. It 
may not take in the whole side, only a part. The gait is peculiar. In 
walking the patient supports the paralyzed arm. In many cases the 
paralyzed parts gradually regain their functions in a few weeks, but 
not always complete. The leg improves more than the arm. There 
is danger of other attacks. When the sleep (coma) is very deep, the 
breathing is embarrassed, with vomiting and prolonged half-conscious- 
ness and extension and complete paralysis, the danger to life is great. 

What can I do at once? Loosen the clothing around the neck 
and waist. Raise the head and shoulders and put cold to the head 
(ice bag if you have it) and warmth to the feet, legs and hands. 
Watch the bladder closely. The urine must be drawn frequently in 
this disease, especially if there is much paralysis. It may dribble 
away, but that is not enough. Look out for bed sores, especially if 
the sickness is a long one. 

APOPLEXY. 1. Mothers' Remedies, Simple yet EfiTective Remedy 
for. — "Place the feet of the patient in hot water and mustard." This 
is a very simple treatment for such a serious disease, but very often 



294 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

will relieve as the hot bath will cause a reaction, take the pressure of 
blood from the brain and by this means has been known to save many 
lives. 

2. Apoplexy, Simple Injection for. — ""Place dry salt on the tongue 
and give an injection as follows: 

Warm water 1 quart 

Common salt 2 teaspoonfuls 

Brandy J 2 ounce 

This injection is recommended for any kind of a shock 
which affects the circulation." 

The injection of the bowels will relieve the congestion by draw- 
ing the blood away from the brain. 

Medical treatment must be to regulate the diet, bowels, kidneys, 
and stomach. Restore the general health. 

Caution. — A person who has had an attack of this kind may have 
another. The mode of life must be changed in most cases. The 
patient must take things easy. The bowels, kidneys, stomach, and 
liver must work naturally and the stomach must not be overloaded. 
Too much meat must not be eaten; alcohol must be let alone; rich 
foods are prohibited. Hurry, worry, anger, fright, excitement, etc.. 
are bad. Be lazy, take life easy, do not get over-heated, and sleep, 
sleep, SLEEP. — in a room where there is plenty of good air. Do not lift 
or strain to have a passage of the bowels. Stooping is injurious. 
The blood must be kept from the head. Take proper care and you 
are likely to live years longer. And now you may wonder why I give 
such cautions. Apoplexy is directly due to a breaking of the wall of 
a blood vessel, large or small; due to a weakening, or decay, or degen- 
eration of the wall. This lets the blood into the substance of the 
brain and presses upon the ner^'e centers, causing the trouble and 
paralysis. Any wrong action tends to fill the blood vessels very full 
and the weakened wall bursts, 

PALSY. Paralysis. — A loss of movement, entire or partial, in 
the voluntary muscles of the body. When this loss of power is com- 
plete it is called paralysis; when it is not complete, paresis. 

Causes. — Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, tumors in 
these parts, accidents and injuries, poisons, apoplexy, etc. 

Symptoms. — The patient cannot make all the usual motions of the 
part. The affected muscles may waste after a time. 

Different Varieties. — 

(a) Paralysis of the ocular (eye) muscles. — The vision becomes 
double, the eyelids do not act normally, may droop. The eve may not 
move in every direction as it should. 

(b) Paralysis of the muscles of mastication (eating). Svmptoms. 

If paralysis is only on one side, it is difficult to chew : if on both 
sides, chewing is impossible. The jaw hangs down. 



NERVOUS SyS'l'liM 295 

(c) Paralysis of the facial (face) muscle. — Tliis is a rather com- 
mon occurrence, and is due to exposure to wet, and cold, diseases of 
the middle ear, tumors, etc. Symptoms: — The eyelids do not close 
tightly, and tears are continually trickling over the cheek; the corner 
of the mouth droops and the saliva runs out, etc. The mild cases last 
two or three weeks; the severe form from four to six weeks; the worst 
cases usually recover in a long time. 

(d) Paralysis of the muscles of the upper extremity. — There are 
various and many symptoms, but with all there is the same loss of 
the usual motion. That particular muscle does not do its special work; 
for instance, if the paralysis is of the deltoid muscle of the arm and 
shoulder, it is not possible to raise the arm, usually pain in the shoul- 
der. The muscle soon wastes and the head of the arm bone (humerus) 
falls away from the shoulder, etc. 

(e) Paralysis of the muscles of the lower extremities. — Paralysis 
of the "Gluteus Maximus and Minimus." (Hip muscles). Lifting up 
of the thigh is difficult and so is walking up hill or rising from sitting 
position. The toes are turned out. The other muscles may be par- 
alyzed and simply cannot do their usual duty. 

(f) Toxic (poison) paralysis. Lead paralysis. — It is hard to ex- 
tend the fingers. The lead line is shown on the gums. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Palsy.— Remove the cause. 
Give salts and iodide of potash. Paralysis from arsenic, mercury, zinc 
or copper: — The symptoms are those of neuritis and are greatly sim- 
ilar in each kind. The spongy gums show mercury; the puffy face 
and diarrhea show arsenic poison. Remove the cause. 

CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN. (Diseases of the Cerebral 

(Brain) Circulation). (Hyperaemia). — The brain is too full of blood. 
Causes. For Active Congestion. — Over-exertion in study, etc.; 
chronic plethora (too much blood in the blood vessels) ; from constant 
use of alcohol, tobacco, amylnitrite, and from the stomach. 

For passive congestion. — Local obstruction to the return of blood 
from the brain. Prolonged mental and physical exertion with ex- 
cesses and irregular living may cause it. 

Symptoms of active kind. — Head feels warm, face is red. the arter- 
ies in the neck beat hard, violent headache, ears ringing, very restless 
and does not sleep well. 

Symptoms of the passive form. — The headache is not so great ; 
there may be stupor, drowsiness and dull intellect and very sleepy. 

Recovery. — Favorable if the cause is removed. 

Treatment for active congestion. — Keep the patient absolutely 
quiet in a dark, well aired room, with the head and shoulders raised, 
an ice bag or cold cloths to the head and warm applications to the 
hands and feet. A warm foot bath will aid in drawing the blood away 



296 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

from the head. Give salts (salines) to move the bowels. These take 
away a great deal of water from the blood and aid in relieving- the 
congestion of the head. 

Treatment for passive congestion. — Remove the cause if possible. 
Give a light nutritious diet ; prohibit alcohol in any form : keep the 
bowels regular. 

CEREBRAL ANEMIA. (Too little blood in the brain). Causes. 

— Heart disease, general anemia, and mental excitement. 

Symptoms. — "Fainting spells," dizziness, the ears ring and there 
are spots before the eyes; nausea and vomiting may gb ahead of the 
fainting spells. The face is pale, the pupils are dilated, the pulse is 
small and feeble, and there may be cold sweating on the body. If you 
can remove the cause the result is favorable. 

Treatment. — For the fainting fits: — Place the patient in the "lying 
down" position and this frequently restores consciousness; loosen any 
tight clothes, corset, waist, collar, etc. Give plenty of fresh air and 
do not crowd. Keep quiet yourself; do not get excited. In mild cases, 
mild stimulants may be necessary. Let the patient smell of camphor, 
put a cloth with camphor or ammonia near the nose. In other cases 
amylnitrite and strychnine may be necessary. Small doses of whisky 
or brandy frequently help. Remove the cause. Give tonics for gen- 
eral anemia. 

TUMORS OF THE BRAIN AND INFLAMMATION, Abscess, 
etc. Abscess. Causes. — This is always secondary and comes from 
some other part of the body. It comes often in young and middle life 
and is more common in males than in females. The most frequent 
cause is inflammation of the ear and the next is from fracture of the 
skull bones. It may be large or small. 

Symptoms. — May come slowly or quickly. After an injury to the 
head the symptoms may come on suddenly such as intense headache, 
delirium, vomiting, chills, high fever, and sometimes convulsions, and 
a very deep seeming sleep (coma). In chronic cases the symptoms 
are not so severe. 

Treatment.-nAn operation if the abscess can be reached. If not, 
an ice bag should be applied to the head; quiet the distress with nar- 
cotics. 

TUMORS OF THE BRAIN.— -Varieties in order of their fre- 
quency. Gumma, tuberculous tumors, glioma, sarcoma, cancer, etc. 

Causes. Predisposing. — Men are about twice as often affected as 
women until fifty and then it is about equal. It is more frequent in 
early adult life. The exciting causes are blows and severe emotional 
shock. 

Gumma (in third stage of Syphilis) appear as a round, yellow, 
cheesy mass, usually beginning in the membranes and are usually seen 
between thirty and fifty. They come from syphilis. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 297 

Tuberculous tumors. These appear as hard masses and vary in 

size. They may he single or many, and are situated in any part of 

the brain. More than half of the tumors aj)i)earing in children are of 
this variety. 

Glioma. "Glue-tumor." They come from tissue forming the basis 
of the supporting framework of the nervous tissue. This kind occurs 
often in the young. 

Sarcoma and Cancer are rare. 

Symptoms. — The most of the growths start in the membranes of 
the brain, and by compressing a certain part of the brain they produce 
their special symptoms such as headache, vomiting, inflammation of 
the nerves of the eye, double vision, blindness, the memory impaired, 
dullness and apathy, an irritable temper, and sometimes become de- 
mented. There is often vertigo or a sense of giddiness. There may 
be convulsions, and paralysis of some muscles. A general tuberculosis 
tendency or history of syphilis will help to make the diagnosis. In 
children it is more likely to be tuberculous. The result is more fav- 
orable in tuberculous growths in children and syphilitic tumors in 
adults. It may last from a few months to three years in a bad case. 

Treatment. — For gumma, caused by syphilis, iodide of potash and 
mercury should be given. In both kinds, syphilitic and tuberculous, 
a nutritious diet and general tonic treatment, such as cod-liver oil, 
iron, arsenic, and quinine should be given. The bowels must be kept 
open and special attention given to the digestion. 

For headache. — Ice bags, cold to the head, mustard to the nape of 
the neck. 

For Vomiting. — Mustard over the stomach. 

Surgery is necessary for some tumors that can be reached. You 
will naturally depend upon your attending physician for advice and 
treatment. 

SYPHILIS OF THE BRAIN. Causes.— The symptoms of syph- 
ilis of the brain, belong to the third stage of the disease, and are rarely 
ever observed until at least one year or longer from the time of the 
first lesion (chancre). It may be from ten to twenty years coming on. 
Both sexes are equally liable, and it may come at any age. Syphilis 
may produce a circumscribed tumor, a disease of the arteries or a gen- 
eral hardened infiltration of the brain. The tumors are small, yellow- 
ish, and cheesy in the center. They originate in the "Dura Mater" 
(covering:) and spread to the brain structure proper. The disease of 
the arteries causes a thickening of these vessels, a narrowing of the 
blood channel in them, thus producing a clot. 

S5miptoms. — Of gumma (syphilis tumors) at the base of the brain, 
are persistent headache, worse at night; sleeplessless, depression of 
the mind, memory impaired, vertigo, sometimes vomiting and par- 
alysis of some of the nerves (third and sixth pairs). Violent convul- 
sions, like epilepsy, appear in some cases. 



298 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Symptoms when arteries are diseased. — Temporary loss of speech, 
numbness or weakness in one limb, the sight is disturbed, or vertigo; 
and, when the clot (thrombus) appears, symptoms of apoplexy. This 
is a common variety of syphilis of the brain. 

How to tell what the disease is. — The history of the patient will 
help. An apoplexy in a young person would suggest syphilis. 

Recovery. — The chances are better when the disease forms gumma 
(tumors) than when the blood vessels are diseased. 

Treatment. — Should be begun and properly carried on when the 
person has the primary sore (chancre), and then these after troubles 
may not follow. This is one of the diseases where the victim reaps 
a big harvest on account of the sexual sin, and in order to escape the 
bad results for himself, etc., he should go through a regular course of 
treatment when he first contracts the disease, perhaps for a year or 
more. This treatment should last as a rule for some years. It is late 
to begin when the brain symptoms show brain involvement. For this 
there must be radical and careful treatment with mercury and iodide 
of potash ; with tonics and general building up treatment, and then 
even if the patient lives he may be a nuisance to himself and others. 

GENERAL PARESIS. (Paretic dementia. General Paralysis of 
the Insane. Softening of the Brain). — This belongs under diseases of 
the mind, but there are so many cases that a description of this disease 
may be instructive and interesting. One author says : ''General par- 
esis is a chronic, progressive, diffuse, encephalitis (inflammation of the 
brain), resulting in structural changes in the cerebral (brain) tissue, 
with involvement of the cortical, and meningeal, (covering) blood and 
lymph vessels, presenting characteristic symptoms, with progressive 
course and fatal termination usually within three years." There are 
three stages: — 1. The period of incubation (the prodromal stage). 2. 
A stage of pronounced mono-maniac activity with symptoms of par- 
alysis. 3. Stage of extreme enfeeblement with diminution and final 
loss of power. These stages run into each other. First stage in a 
typical case: — There are tremblings and slight trouble in speech and 
expression of the face. The mind has exalted and excited spells, etc. 

Symptoms. — The patient is irritable. The mental and moral char- 
acter is unstable. His affairs are in confusion. He uses bad language, 
neglects his family, goes with drunkards and bad women, makes inde- 
cent proposals to respectable women of his acquaintance without real- 
izing that it is improper. He cannot keep his mind on one thing. 
Speech is a little thick, indistinct and hesitating. Syllables are dropped 
or repeated, speech finally becomes undistinguishable. He is very 
excited ; he thinks he is persecuted. He is a big fellow generally. 
He is a king, he is rich and mighty. This is the usual run. As the 
disease progresses he becomes feeble-minded, more and more so con- 
tinually. Persistent insomnia comes on. early and frequently recur- 
ring, one-sided headache often goes with it. Sometimes there is an 



NERl'OUS SV^iTLM 299 

uncontrollable desire to sleep. Loss of consciousness is an early symp- 
tom. After severe attacks there may be one-sided paralysis (licmi- 
plegia) which usually disappears in a few hours or days. Convulsions 
like epilepsy may appear early, but usually occur in the later stages. 
The pupils are mostly dilated, rarely contracted, and they are often 
unequal and react slowly to light. When the tongue is protruded it 
trembles and is put out in a jerky manner. The hands tremble, in the 
advanced stage. The speech is jerky and slow. Syllables are dropped 
and repeated. One early symptom is retention of the urine. There is 
another annoying symptom — a constant grinding of the teeth. The 
walk is very spasmodic, but in advanced stages it becomes slouching 
or dragging. The skin may be red or blue. When the feeble-minded- 
ness is fully developed the mind does not perceive anything accurately. 
He sees imaginary things, and things that he does see do not appear 
to him as they are. Finally he has no mind. 

Treatment. — The end is sure. You can relieve the distress partly. 
Personal attention by a physician is needed. 

INSOMNIA. — Insomnia is not a disease, but a symptom of dis- 
ease. It may, however, become so active, prominent, and important a 
symptom as to constitute a condition which merits individual manage- 
ment and treatment. 

Definition. — Insomnia is the term employed to denote actual or 
absolute sleeplessness, and also lack of fully restful sleep, which might 
be termed relative sleeplessness. 

'Causes. — Organic causes. Disease of the brain and spinal cord. 
Toxic causes due to poison circulating in the blood which by irritation 
of the brain and cord (axis) and especially of the brain, cause such 
diseases as nephritis (chronic), jaundice, typhoid fever and consumption 

Primary causes. Depend upon insanity. 

Nervous or simplest causes. — These are present in nervous persons 
and comprise the tv/o conditions of congestion and anemia ofltlie 
brain. The brain congestion is typified by the nerve-tire of the stu- 
dent; over-study and anxiety bring too much blood to the brain and 
necessarily too much activity and then insomnia. Anemia of the brain 
acts in the opposite manner. The brain cells are not properly nour- 
ished and hence irritated, and sleeplessness follows. 

SLEEPLESSNESS. Mothers' Remedies. 1. Hop Pillow Stops.— 

"People affected in this way will be very much benefited by the use 
of a pillow composed of hops, or cup of warm hop tea on retiring. The 
hops have a very soothing effect upon the nerves." 

2. Sleeplessness, Easy and Simple Remedy for. — "On going to 
bed, take some sound, as a clock-tick or the breathing of some one 
within hearing, and breathe long breaths, keeping time to the sound. 
In a very short time you will fall asleep, without any of the painful 
anxieties attending insomnia." 



300 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

3. Sleeplessness, Ginger at Bedtime for. — "Ginger tea taken at 
bedtime soothes one to sleep." This is a very good remedy when the 
stomach is at fault. It stimulates this organ and produces a greater 
circulation, thereby drawing the blood from the head. This will make 
the patient feel easier and sleep will soon follow. 

4. Sleeplessness, Milk Will Stop. — "Sip a glass of hot milk just 
before retiring. This is very soothing to the nerves, and a good stim- 
ulant for the stomach." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— Remove the cause and be care- 
ful in using drugs. In the organic kind the treatment is not very suc- 
cessful. In the toxic kind drugs must be given to correct other dis- 
eases and also tonics given. For brain congestion and anemia kind 
other means must be used first, and the drugs as the last resort. 

Treatment of the congestive insomnia. — 1. Hot or warm general 
body-baths are v^ry advantageous to stimulate the circulation and re- 
store its balance alike in congestion and anemic cases. After such 
baths the patient must go to bed at once and not get chilled in cold 
rooms or by drafts. They must be properly covered and kept warm. 

2. Cold spongings, cold shower baths, or cold plunge baths are 
given when the hot or warm bath does not produce the correct result. 
If this does not depress it is better than the warm bath. The person 
should be rubbed with warm rough towels until the skin is aglow. If 
he feels rested and quieted, the reaction is proper; if depressed, the 
treatment is too vigorous and not suitable. 

3. The patient should stand ankle deep in a tub of hot water and 

a "drip sheet," from water at 75 to 80 degrees temperature, thrown 
over him. Then rub the patient's back and abdomen hard and a gen- 
eral brisk rub-down immediately after leaving the tub. This treat- 
ment should quiet, not excite or depress. 

4. The cold abdominal pack is valuable. Flannel is wrung out in 

water, 75 to 80 degrees temperature and laid in several thicknesses 
upon the abdomen; place a dry towel over this, cover all with oiled 
silk, overlapping widely in order to protect the bed. Tie or bandage 
all this firmly. The effect of this work is first that of a cold then of a 
warm poultice. 

5. Exercise. This should be in the open air when possible. A 
fast walk, horseback ride or ride on bicycle for a half hour before bed- 
time, followed by a rub-down will frequently give a good sleep. 
Dumb-bell, Indian club exercise, chest weight, are good in some cases. 

Diet. — A light easily digested supper is often better than a heavy 
meal. Sometimes a little eaten before bed-time will give sleep. A 
piece of toast, for instance. It draws the blood from the brain and 
more to the stomach. 



NERi'Ous sysriiM 301 

Medicines. If you must use them. — Tlic bromides arc the best. 
Sodium and strontium bromide are first clioice. Twenty to thirty 
grains in water one-half hour before retiring. Chloral hydrate should 
not be used often. Sulphonal, trional, etc., should always be given 
with a little food — never alone. Sometimes bread pills do just as well. 

ANEMIC CONGESTION. Diet.— A light supper before retiring, 
like hot milk, broths, milk punch, etc., will very frequently promote 
sleep by removing the cause and quickening the circulation. Give 
nutritious, easy food to digest. The baths are not so valuable for this 
kind of insomnia. A cold sponge bath or plunge may be of service. 

Medicines. — Tonics are needed here as in regular anemia. The 
patient must be carefully treated, and very many of these cases can 
be cured. The patient must render all the aid he can give, and the 
physician should gain his confidence. If he does he will not need to 
give much medicine to put the patient to sleep, and if he does give it 
he can frequently use a Placebo with the same effect. Mind has an 
influence over mind. By "Placebo" is meant any harmless substance, 
as bread-pills, given to soothe the patient's anxiety rather than as a 
remedy. 

SLEEP WALKING. — There is a tendency to sleep walking in 
some families, often more than one child will do this to a greater or 
less extent. It is very extreme in some cases, and the next morning 
they do not know anything about it. The person is very seldom hurt 
and he can do some dizzy things. Many persons walk about in their 
sleeping room or simply get out of bed. Fatigue, worry, poor sleep, 
restlessness, nervousness, a hearty late dinner are aggravating causes. 
As age advances and the person becomes stronger, the patient will do 
less of it. 

Treatment.— Avoid over-eating, worry, over-study. The evening 
should be spent quietly. Such persons had better drop parties, late 
hours or anything that tends to cause worry, fatigue or nervousness. 

STAMMERING. — This may be inherited to some extent; excite- 
ment, nervousness, bodily fatigue, want of rest, etc., make it v^orse. 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. Stammering, Easy Cure for.— "Read 
aloud in a room an hour each day. Repeat each word slowly and 
distinctly." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— The person should be taught 
early to talk slowly, and to do everything to control himself and not 
get r^ervous. There are schools for this trouble, and they seem to do 
good work. They teach the patients how to speak slowly, distinctly 
and to keep their minds off of themselves. 

HICCOUGH. — This is caused by intermittent, sudden contrac- 
tion of the diaphragm ; obstinate hiccough is a very distressing symp- 
tom and sometimes it is hard to control. 



302 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Causes. — Inflammatory causes. It is seen in gastritis, periton- 
itis, hernia, appendicitis, and in severe forms of typhoid fever. Irrita- 
tive causes. Swallowing hot substances, local disease of the gullet 
near the diaphragm, and in many cases of stomach trouble and bowel 
disorder, especially when associated with gas (flatus). Specific causes: 
Gout, diabetes or chronic Bright's disease. Nervous (Neurotic) causes. 
Hysteria, epilepsy, shock, or brain tumors. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Hiccough, Vinegar for.— "One tea- 
spoonful vinegar sipped carefully (so it will not strangle the patient) 
will stop them almost instantly." 

2. Hiccough, Sugar and Vinegar Stops. — *'A few drops of strong 
vinegar dropped on a lump of sugar and held in the mouth until dis- 
solved, will stop most cases of hiccoughs." 

3. Hiccough, Sugar Will Relieve Patient of. — 'Tlace a little dry 
sugar on the end of the tongue and hold the breath. I have tried this 
remedy after others have failed and obtained instant relief." 

4. Hiccough, .Simple Remedy for. — "Have patient hold both ears 
closed with the fingers, then give them three swallows cold water while 
they hold their breath." 

5. Hiccough, Home Remedy to Stop. — "Take nine swallows of 
cold water while holding the breath." 

6. Hiccough, Vinegar Stops.— "One teaspoonful of vinegar thick- 
ened with sugar and eaten slowly." 

7. Hiccough, Cinchona Bark in Peppermint Stops. — "Put about 
one-fourth teaspoonful of cinchona bark, powdered in two ounces of 
peppermint water, and give one teaspoonful every five or ten minutes 
until relieved, or three drops of camphor and aqua ammonia in wine- 
glassful of water." These remedies are very good when the stomach 
is at fault, as they have a stimulating effect. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.—Sudden start may check it in 
the light forms. Ice, a teaspoonful of salt and lemon juice may be 
tried. Inhalations of chloroform often relieve. Strong retraction of 
the tongue may give immediate relief. Spirits of camphor, one tea- 
spoonful. Tincture of cayenne pepper one to two drops in water. 
Ten grains of musk by the rectum. Hoffman's anodyne one teaspoon- 
ful in ice water is very good. 

INJURIES TO THE HEAD. Concussion or Laceration of the 
Brain. — The brain may be injured by a blow on the head, or indirectly 
by falling fully upon the feet or sitting down hard upon the buttocks. 

Symptoms. — The person who is injured may lose his balance and 
fall, become pale, confused, and giddy, may have nausea and vomiting 
and recover. If the injury is more severe and there is a tear of the 
membranes of the brain or the brain itself, the patient will fall and lie 
quietly with a feeble and fluttering heart, cold, clammy skin, and 
apparent unconsciousness ; he can be roused by shouting but will not 



NERl'OUS SYSTEM > 303 

reply intelligently. He will he able to move his limbs. The urine 
and contents of the bowels will be passed involuntarily. As he gets 
better he may vomit. lie may soon return to entire consciousness, 
but still suffer from some headache, feel wearied, and tired, and not 
feel like exerting himself. This may continue for some time. Occa- 
sionally the results are more serious even after a long time has 
passed, and an abscess of the brain should be watched for, sometimes 
epilepsy or insanity follows. If the patient grows worse instead of 
recovering, either deep seeming sleep sets in or symptoms of inflamma- 
tion of the covering (meninges) or the brain itself follows. Such in- 
juries must be carefully watched, for you can not tell at first how 
severe they may prove to be. 

TREATMENT. What to do First.— Put the patient to bed with- 
out any pillow, and put around his body hot water bottles or bags, 
suitably covered. He should be kept quiet and free from excitement, 
and sleep should be encouraged. Hot water or ice water, when awake, 
as is most agreeable to the patient, may be given. Aromatic spirit of 
ammonia, during the shock is better for the patient to take than alco- 
hol, for alcohol excites the brain ; dose, one-half to tw^o drams ; the 
former can be eiven every ten minutes in a little water for about three 
doses. Surgical treatment may be necessary at any time. 

INJURIES OF THE SPINAL CORD. Concussion of the Spine. 

^A severe jarring of the body followed by a group of spinal symp- 
toms supposed to be due to some minute changes in the cord, of an 
unknown nature. 

Causes. — Severe concussion may result from railway accidents or 
violent bending of the body, fall from a house, blow on the back, jump- 
ing, etc. 

Symptoms. — May come on suddenly, when it is due to a jar of the 
brain as well as the cord. Loss of consciousness, complete paralysis, 
small pulse, collapse, and within a few hours death may follow. In 
other cases improvement, though very slow, follows. Walking is dif- 
ficult and the upper extremities are weak in these cases. There are 
pain and tenderness along the spine. Brain symptoms, such as head- 
ache, dizziness and fainting, may be present or absent. 

Treatment. — Absolute rest from the beginning, stimulants if nec- 
essary, electricity is useful. 

TRAUMATISM OF THE CORD. (Blows, etc.).— (Fractures 

and dislocations, gun-shot and stab wounds, etc.). 

Symptoms. — They dififer according to the place where the cord is 
injured. The motion and feeling power may be disturbed. There may 
be sudden complete paralysis of the upper and lower extremities de- 
pending on how severely the cord is injured, and how high up the 
injury is. The bladder and rectum may not act properly. The con- 
tents may be retained or "run-away." Death follows sooner or later 



304 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

if the injury is extensive. In some cases the symptoms are slight in 
the beginning, but increase in a few days, or they may suddenly in- 
crease a few months afterwards. In other cases, bad symptoms at 
first may gradually abate which is due to the blood clot having been 
absorbed. 

Recovery depends upon the extent of the injury and the constitu- 
tion of the patient. It is always well to be careful about expressing 
an opinion about this injury. 

Treatment. Immediate. — Surgical treatment is necessary. Abso- 
lute rest is a necessity, and must be had for weeks according to the 
severity of the case. It may seem long and become tedious, but the 
case must have rest for a long time. 

ORGANIC DISEASES OF THE SPINAL CORD. Caisson Dis- 
ease, Divers' Paralysis. Causes. — This affection occurs in divers, 
bridge builders, and others who are subject to increased atmospheric 
pressure. The symptoms develop on coming suddenly to the sur- 
face when the atmospheric pressure is greatly lessened. 

Symptoms. — They usually occur on the return to the surface of 
the water, or after a few hours have passed. There are pains in the 
ears and joints and nose-bleed. The pulse is slow and strong. Neu- 
ralgia of the stomach and vomiting often occur. Paralysis of one side, 
or of the lower extremities may occur. Brain symptoms may develop 
and death may follow in a few hours. In most cases recovery takes 
place in a few days or weeks. 

Treatment. — Persons who are engaged in such work should change 
very gradually from a great depth to the surface, and should not go 
into the outer air suddenly. 

MYELITIS. — Myelitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord. 

Causes. — It may occur at any age, and is more common in male 
than in female. The exciting causes are prolonged exposure to severe 
colds, too great mental and physical exertion, sexual excess, blows, 
bleeding into the cord, alcoholic excess, acute infectious diseases, syph- 
ilis, etc. 

S5miptoms. — These depend upon the location of the inflammation 
and the severity. The onset may be sudden or gradual — when it is 
sudden, there may be a chill followed by a fever of 101° to 103° — 
general feeling of illness, loss of appetite, with coated tongue and con- 
stipation. There may be over-sensitiveness to pain and touch. Pain 
may radiate from the back into the limbs, with numbing and tingling 
of the limbs. The urine may be retained or may dribble away. Usu- 
ally there is obstinate constipation. There is frequently the feeling of 
a band around the body. Paralysis may follow in the lower extrem- 
ities and higher up, sometimes, depending upon how high up in the 
cord the inflammation exists. This paralysis may cause no motion of 
the limbs or produce an exaggerated contracting of the aflPected mus- 
cles, the knees being drawn up on the abdomen and the heels touching 
the buttocks. 



NERl'OUS DISEASES 305 

Recovery. — Chances for recovery depend upon llie cause. Most 
cases are chronic and may last for years. 

Treatment. — Treatment depends also upon the cause. Rest in 
bed; counicr-irritation, wet cupping, with care on account of bed sores. 
A water-bed from the first may prevent bed-sores. The urine must 
be drawn if it is retained. The medical treatment must be carefully 
given and a physician of experience should be obtained. 

LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA. (Tabes dorsalis. Posterior Spinal 
Sclerosis. — A hardening (sclerosis) aflecting the posterior parts ol tlic 
spinal cord and characterized by incoordination, which means a condi- 
tion where a person is unable to produce voluntary muscular move- 
ments ; for instance, of the legs, etc., loss of deep reflexes to bend them 
back) ; disturbances of nutrition and sensation, and various affections 
of sight. 

Causes. — This is a disease of adult life, persons under twenty-five 
being rarely affected, and is more common in men than women (ten 
to one). Sometimes children suffering from hereditary syphilis have 
it. The chief predisposing cause is syphilis which precedes it in from 
seventy to eighty-five of the cases according to various authorities. 
Exposure to cold and wet, sexual and alcoholic excesses, mineral pois- 
oning, and great physical exertion also exciting causes. 

Symptoms. — These are numerous. They appear in succession and 
with the same regularity. 

Stages. — Stages of pain ; the stage of ataxia, peculiar gait ; and 
the state of paralysis. 

1. Prodromal or forerunning; the stage of pain. — This consists of 
lightning-like pains in the lower extremities, numbness, formication 
(feeling of ants, etc., crawling), sensation of dead extremities; pins 
and needles in the soles of the feet and fingers, coldness, itching of 
arms and scrotum or other parts, a sensation of constriction around 
the chest, headache, pain in the small of the back and loins of an ach- 
ing character may occur. These symptoms may constitute the only 
evidence of locomotor ataxia and last for years; but sooner or later 
there are added absence of knee cap bone reflex (knee jerk), and im- 
mobility of the pupil. The loss of the knee jerk is always observed in 
time. The pupil fails to respond to light while it still accommodates 
for distance, called Argyll Roberston pupil. There may be imperfect 
control of the bladder with slow, dripping or hasty urination. Later 
the control is not imperfect, but it may be painful. Inflammation of 
the bladder may occur which is dangerous. There is usually obstinate 
constipation and loss of sexual power. These symptoms may last for 
several months and years, and then the second stage symptoms appear. 

2. Stage of Ataxia (Disturbance of motion). — The disturbance of 

motion (ataxia) is very marked, especially in the lower extremities; 

the walking becomes difficult and uncertain ; there is difficulty in ris- 
20 ^ -^ 



306 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ing or rapid turning; the legs are wide apart; feet lifted too high and 
come down too forcibly ; the length of the steps is irregular, and the 
body is imperfectl}^ balanced. If the patient stands with his feet 
together and eyes closed he begins to sway, (Romberg's symptom), 
which is due to a defect in controlling the muscles from impairment 
of sensation. There may be imperfect use of the hands in dressing, 
writing, etc. ; lancinating pains are marked in all cases and come on in 
paroxysms. The pains are mostly in the legs, but also occur in the 
arms, head, loins, back, and trunk. Then the sense of touch is parti- 
ally lost. Th€ prick of a pin may not be felt until a few seconds after 
being applied. This stage may last for years and remain at a "stand- 
still;" but it is usually progressive, and advances to the third stage. 

3. The stage of paralysis is marked by a gradual change to the 
worse, and the patient must remain in bed, because he cannot get out. 
The lower and sometimes the upper extremities have lost a great deal 
of their power of sensation. The joints, mostl}^ the knee and hip 
joints show on both sides of the body a painless swelling, owing to 
the great quantities of watery liquid there. Dislocations and frac- 
tures occur simultaneously. Bed-sores and peculiar ulcers on the so!e 
of the foot also occur. The urine dribbles away constantly, for all 
control of the bladder is lost. Death occurs from exhaustion; bed- 
sores, inflammation of the bladder, or pneumonia coming on as a 
complication. 

Treatment. — The only thing to do when the patient has this dis- 
ease is to make him comfortable and arrest the progress of it, if pos- 
sible. It is incurable, but treatment sometimes arrests the progress 
and at least lessens the suffering and prolongs life as long as it is worth 
living to them. I have given a longer description than was necessary, 
for I wanted men who live such fast lives to understand what it 
brings them for most cases are caus-ed by syphilis. The description 
could have been made longer and other symptoms and complications 
put in. I think enough has been given and perhaps this description 
may deter some one from going the same road. 

The Diagnosis is made at first by the fatigue, peculiar pains, loss 
of the knee jerk, the peculiar pupil and history of syphilis. Later it 
is made from the ataxia; the peculiar walk, etc., and the bladder dis- 
turbances. 

HEREDITARY ATAXIA. Friedrich's Disease.— This peculiar 
disease is due to a degenerative disease of the posterior and lateral 
columns (parts) of the spinal cord, occurring in childhood, and often 
in several children of the same family. 

Causes. — More in boys than in girls and oftener in the country 
districts. Heredity is frequently a cause and it is traced to syphilis, 
epilepsy, alcoholism, and insanity in the ancestors. Several children 
of the same family may have it. 



NERrOUS DISEASES 307 

Symptoms. — In very yoiin^ children it is noticed tiint they arc 
slow in ICiirning to walk; the child staj^j^ers in trying to stand or to 
walk; it uses its hands clumsily, and has dilTiculty in spcakint;". The 
movements of the hands arc peculiar, the hands m(we like in chorea, 
the speech is slow and drawling. 

Recovery. — Very doubtful, but they may last for years. 

INFANTILE PARALYSIS. (Acute Anterior Polio Myelitis).— 
This is an acute disease occurring almost exclusively in young chil- 
dren with paralysis, followed by rapid dwindling of the muscles of the 
parts affected by the paralysis. 

Causes. — Found in children under three years old. It is more 
common in summer than in winter. It often follows scarlet fever, 
measles, and diphtheria. 

Symptoms. — The onset is usually sudden; often the child is put 
to bed at night seemingly well and in the morning is found paralyzed 
in one or more limbs. High fever or chills, general feeling of illness, 
pain all over the body, decided brain symptoms, like delirium or con- 
vulsions and intermittent contractions of the muscles may usher in 
the disease. These forerunning symptoms may last a short time or 
for several weeks, after which the paralysis is noticed, being extensive 
as a rule, and aftecting one, two, or all of the extremities and some- 
times the muscles of the trunk. This general paralysis soon disap- 
pears being left permanently in only one extremity, chiefly in one leg. 
The other symptoms disappear. The paralyzed part atrophies (wastes) 
rapidly. The disease is very rare in adults. If the paralysis does not 
show a decided change within the first few months, full recovery is 
doubtful. 

Treatment. — During the acute stage there must be absolute quiet 
and rest with a diet that is not stimulating, one that is easily digested ; 
ice to the head or cold cloths, counter-irritation to the spine ; elec- 
ricity should be used after a few weeks. There is quite a good deal 
of this paralysis, and the case should receive careful attention from 
the start. 

TASTE. — Taste-Buds. — There are three kinds of papillae or emin- 
ences on the human tongue, — the circumvallate, the fungiform and the 
filiform. The circumvallate are from seven to twelve in number and 
lie near the root of the tongue, arranged in the form of a V, with its 
open angle turned forward. Each one is an elevation of the mucous 
membrane, covered by epithelium and surrounded by a trench. On 
the sides of the papillae, embedded in the epithelium, are small oval 
bodies called taste-buds. These taste-buds consist of a sheath of flat- 
tened, fusiform cells, enclosing a number of spindle-like cells whose 
taj>ering ends are prolonged into a hair-like process. As the filaments 
of the gustatory nerves terminate between these rod-like cells, it is 
probable that they are the true sensory cells of taste. 



308 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

In the hmnan tongne taste-bnds are also fonnd in the fongiform 
papillae, often seem as red dots scattered OTer its surface; and to an 
area jnst in front of the anterior pillar of the fance?. It i? also possible 
that single taste-cells are scattwed over the t strse of 

taste exists where no taste-btsd? can be fot«nd. 




]!i: f -:.i ^e: :if:rf }.:^ ■-- . 3 r. ells. This is easily proved by 
CGinprc^i : r r : t : ir :.i ir. i ^.tt; ::n^ to distinguish by taste 
diffeient a. : : : 1 5 : ; : 1 

The zirz Sriri: ^ ^ t^ tf: : :::^ snbstance is at 

the tempei: :r : t : T : f sweetness to 

sngar wbe:: : f : :;^ r .-.}.- t; tI : : ^ : : ; :v::e in water 

either at z.z :rtfz:;^ t v m: t : : ~ >'rither is 

there any st-ft :: :if t t i : := ti : ::r natural 

fluids of :^e ::: :: \ 7 set:: : .: :;^ t :\^Me dry and 
placing su^Mr .:::;- 

The ::.:: ::::;.:; :if :t-5t: . ;. rns are bitter it: 5: :: ind salt. 
These prrii^ 1 r 57:1:1 t f:::ers and ner 7 - 7:5 5 ::: and 
sour tast-7i 1:: :;:::; tz::^: z^i :: the front 2 : ::: ::: : , iline 

:2 5:t5 1: :::7 :::•: :: ::.': :::\^:: ~:.^ sime subs:::; : 7 ■ ..'. :::::: ::;: :r 
a lift::::: -t::5i:::::, i::::::::^ ^r :: is placec 1: :..7 :::::: :: 'zi:.< 



IXSANITY 
in z'r.t z : : ■: ; : _ 



NERl'OCS DISEASES 309 

wine cup: 'And they shall drink and he moved and he mad." Nations 
also were poisoned hy the wine cup, tor Jeremiah says, "Bahylon has 
been a golden cup in the Lord's hands, that made all the earth drunken. 
The nations have drunken of her wine, therefore the nations are mad." 
Greek writers speak of cases of mental unsoundness as occurring with 
some frequency in Greece. The inhabitants of the Roman Empire were 
afflicted with mental unsoundness and Nero was considered crazy. In 
ancient Egypt there were temples and priests for the care of the insane. 

Hippocrates, who lived four hundred years before Christ, was the 
first physician who seemed to have any true conception of the real 
nature of insanity. For many centuries later the masses believed that 
madness was simply a visitation of the devil. The insane, in the time 
of Christ, were permitted to wander at large among the woods and 
caves of Palestine. The monks built the first hospital or asylum for 
the insane six centuries after Christ. 

A hospital for the insane was established at Valencia in Spain in 
1409. In 1547 the hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem was established 
near London and was known as "Bedlam" for a long time. 

The first asylum to be run upon reform principles was St. Luke's 
of London, founded in 1751. About 1791 Samuel Hahnemann estab- 
lished an asylum for the insane at Georgenthal, near Gotha, and the 
law of kindness w^as the unvarying rule in the institution. Hahnemann 
says in his Lesser Writings : *T never allow any insane persons to be 
punished by blows or other corporeal inflictions." Pineli struck the 
chains from the incarcerated insane at the Bicetre, near Paris in 1792 
or 1793. 

There has been a gradual tendency during the last century toward 
better things in the behalf of the insane. A hundred years ago they 
were treated with prison surroundings and prison fare. Then asylum 
treatment began to prevail. This means close confinement, good food. 
sufficient clothing and comfortable beds. Asylum care means the 
humane custody of dangerous prisoners. "From the asylum we move 
on to the hospital system of caring for the insane and this system 
recognizes the fact that the lunatic is a sick man and needs nursing 
and medical treatment in order to be cured. Hospital treatment has 
been gradually introduced during the past thirty years or more," and in 
time it will eventually supercede asylum treatment and prison or work- 
house methods in the management of the insane everywhere. 

Causes of Insanity. — There are many and various causes. One 
author states: "Mental abnormality is always due to either imperfect 
or eccentric physical development, or to the effects of inborn or acquired 
physical disease, or to injurious impressions, either ante-natal or post- 
natal, upon the delicate and intricate physical structure known as the 
human brain." .Some physical imperfections, more than others, give 
rise to mental derangements, and some persons, more than others, when 



310 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

affected by any bodily ailment, tend to aberrated conditions of the 
mind. Some impressions more than others, are peculiarly unfortunate 
by reason of their crowding effects upon the brain tablets of a sensitive 
mind. To these natural defects and unnatural tendencies, we apply, in 
the general way, the term 'Insane Diathesis." This diathesis may be 
inherited or acquired. Those who are born to become insane do not 
necessarily spring from insane parents or from an ancestry having any 
apparent taint of lunacy in the blood. But they do receive from their 
progenitors oftentimes certain impressions upon their mental and moral, 
as well as upon their physical being, which impressions, like iron molds, 
fix and shape their subsequent destinies." 

The insane diathesis in the child may come from hysteria in the 
mother. A drunken father may impel epilepsy, madness or idiocy in 
the child. Ungoverned passions, from love to hate, from hope to fear, 
when indulged in overmuch by the parents, may unloose the furies of 
unrestrained madness in the minds of the children. ''The insane may 
often trace their sad humiliation and utter unfitness for life's duties 
back through a tedious line of unrestrained passion, of prejudice, 
bigotry, and superstition unbridled, of lust unchecked, of intemperance 
uncontrolled, of avarice unmastered, and of nerve resources wasted, 
exhausted, and made bankrupt before its time. Timely warnings by 
the physician and appeals to his clients of today, may save them for his 
own treatment, instead of consigning them to an asylum where his fees 
cease from doubling, and the crazed ones are at rest." The causes of 
the insane diathesis (constitution) are frequentty traceable to the 
methods of life of those who produce children under such circumstances 
and conditions that the offspring bear the indelible birthmark of 
mental weakness. Early dissipations of the father produce an ex- 
hausted and enfeebled body; and a demoralized mind and an unhol}^ 
and unhealthy existence in the mother, are causes. Fast living of 
parents in society is a fruitful cause of mental imperfections in their 
children. "The sons of royalty and the sons of the rich, are often 
weak in brain force because of the high living of their ancestry." 

The fast high livers of today are developing rapidly and surely, 
strong tendencies to both mental and physical disorders. Elbert Hub- 
bard says of those who live at a certain hotel and waste their substance 
there, that they are apt "to have gout at one end, general paresis at the 
other, and Bright's disease in the middle." 

Drunkenness, lust, rage, fear, mental anxiety or incompatibility 
"if admitted to participation in the act of impregnation will each, in 
turn or in combination, often set the seal of their presence in the shape 
of idiocy, imbecility, eccentricity, or absolute insanity." 

Diogenes reproached a half-witted, cracked-brained unfortunate 
with this remark, "Surely, young man, thy father begat thee when he 
was drunk." 



NEKIOUS DJSLA^jES 311 

Burton in his anatomy of melancholy states that: "If a drunken 
man begets a child it will n<iver likely have a good brain." Michelet 
predicts: "Woe unto the children of darkness, the sons of drunkenness 
who w€re, nine months before their birth, an outrage on their mothers." 

Children of drunkards are often "sad and hideous burlesques upon 
normal humanity." Business worry may cause unsoundness in the 
offspring generated under such conditions. 

One father had two sons grow up strong and vigorous, mentally 
and physically, while a third son was weak, irresolute, fretful, sus- 
picious and half demented. The father confessed to his physician that 
on account of business troubles he was half crazy and during this time 
the wafe became pregnant and this half-crazy son was born and the 
father states that "he inherits just the state of mind 1 was then in." 
Many such cases could be mentioned. "A sound body and a cheerful 
mind can only be produced from healthy stock. Mental peculiarities 
are produced by unpleasant influences brought to bear upon the preg- 
nant mother. The story is told of King James the Sixth of Scotland, 
that h€ was constitutionally timid and showed great terror at a drawn 
sword. His father was murdered in his mother's presence while she 
was pregnant. Children born under the influence of fear may be 
troubled with apprehensions of impending calamity, so intense that 
they may become insane at last. An instance is given of "an insane 
man who always manifested the greatest fear of being killed and con- 
stantly implored those around him not to hurt him." His mother 
lived with her drunken husband who often threatened to kill her with a 
knife. 

Other Causes of Insanity. Imperfect Nutrition. — Whatever tends 
to weaken the brain or exhaust the central forces of life must favor the 
growth of insanity. The brain is not properly nourished. 

Blows and Falls upon the Head. — Sometimes such injuries are for- 
gotten, but they result infrequently in stealthily developed, but none 
the less dangerous, conditions, which may result in the derangement of 
all mental faculties. A child should not be struck on the head. Teach- 
ers or parents should not box a child's ears. One author says such a 
person "is guilty of slow murder of innocents." 

Fright is Another Cause. — Punishing a child by locking it in a 
dark room or by "stories of greedy bears or grinning ghosts produces, 
oftentimes, a mental shock that makes a child wretched in early life, 
and drives him into insanity at a later date." Overtaxing the unde- 
veloped physical powers is another cause. 

Insanity is most Prevalent among the Working Classes. — Our fac- 
tories, shops and stores frequently employ the young of both sexes and 
they are overtaxed by day and night and they become feeders of our 
hospitals for the insane. Another cause is forced education in the 
young. Our present school system tends to break down the body. The 
work may not be too hard, but the amount of anxiety and worry, which 



312 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

this work causes in the minds of sensitive children, tends to enfeeble 
them. Many children are sensitive, with nervous temperaments, and 
they are easily affected by the strain of mental toil. Delicate children 
should be kept in the open air and their physical condition should be 
considered more than their mental. Girls, especially, at the age of 
puberty, should be built up instead of rushed through a heavy routine 
of study. Herbert Spencer says : "On old and young the pressure of 
modern life puts a still increasing strain. Go where you will, and be- 
fore long there comes under your notice cases of children, or youths of 
either sex, more or less injured by undue study." Here, to recover 
from a state of debility thus produced, a year's vacation has been found 
necessary. There you will find a chronic congestion of the brain that 
has already lasted many months and threatens to last much longer. 
Now you hear of a fever that has resulted from the over excitement, in 
some way, brought on at school. And, again, the instance is that of a 
youth who has already had to desist from his studies, and who, since 
he has returned to them is frequently taken out of his class in a faint- 
ing fit. 

Social pleasure also tends to weaken the system of parents who 
produce nervous and weakened children. Another great cause of in- 
sanity is the unnatural, improper and excessive use of the sexual 
organs, and diseases that often come from indiscriminate sexual rela- 
tions. General paresis is very often caused by specific disease. I might 
go on and enlarge upon these causes, but enough has been written to 
give warning to those who are breaking nature's laws. 

Classification. — There are many classifications. I will mention only 
the leading names, such as Melancholia, Mania, Dementia, General 
Paresis. 

MELANCHOLIA (Sad Mania). — Melancholia is a disease charac- 
terized by great mental depression. 

Causes. — Predisposition, physical disease, dissipation, work and 
worry, shock, brooding. In simple melancholia the mildest attack may 
be called the **blues." 

ACUTE MELANCHOLIA.— Is generally the result of some men- 
tal shock. 

CHRONIC MELANCHOLIA is the end of all other forms of 
mental depression. All these have their own peculiar manifestations 
and need a special line of treatment. 

MANIA. — This type of insanity m^ans a raving and furious mad- 
ness. There are many cases of this kind. The causes are many and 
may be the same as those which produce melancholia. In melancholia 
the shock, etc., causes depression, while in the mania the causes of 
mental injury tend to produce irritation and excitement. In dementia, 
the causes of insanity tend to exhaust the body and to mental failure, 
while in general paresis "the shock of disease comes after long and 
unwise contact with worry, wine and women." Insufficient sleep often 
causes mania. It often follows after exhausting and irritating fevers. 
Long continued ill health, together with worry, etc., may cause it. 



SERl'OCS DISE.4SES 313 

To sum up. ''mania*' may result from any unusual shock or strain 
upon the nervous system ; or it may come after any unusual mental 
excitement in business, politics or in religion. Such are the exciting or 
stimulating causes, but we must go back of the presence of worldly 
misfortune and trace the tendency to mental disorder through channels 
of hereditary influence. "Infants are bom ever>- day whose incN-itable 
goal is that of insanity." Wha* '- -2'.' "n --e Bible about --n- '-^\ the 
paren.^ is true. 

DEMENTIA. — This term iiteraiiy means ''from mind." out of 
mmd, and such a person is in a state of the most deplorable mental 
poverty. We all have seen such cases and some cases are not only 
\crs- sad but disg'.istin^. 

PRIMARY DEMENTIA crmes on independently of any other 
form of insanity. 

SECONDARY DEMENTIA foilows after some other form of 
insanity. — chiefly melancholia or mania. Dementia may be acute or 
chrome. 

SENILE (OLD AGE) DEMENTIA may be Primary.— Acute de- 
mentia attacks both sexes, bu: :: recurs most often in females, thougli 
in a milder degree. It is a disease of youth, being rareh" seen beyond 
thirty years of age. It seems to depend often upon exhausting influ- 
ences operating at a period of rapid growth. Monotony of thought and 
feeling or want of mental food can also induce it. Children who are 
sent at an early age into factories often pass into the condition of acute 
dementia. Prison life also tends to produce such a condition. Acute 
diseases such as t^-phoid and other fevers are sometimes followed by 
acute dementia. Persons frequently go "out of their mind" suddenly 
in this age, and upon recovering from acute dementia, the patient finds 
a sreat "vacancv of memorv." 

Chronic Dementia- — Shakespeare says, "Last scene of all, that ends 
this strange, eventful history, is second childishness and mere oblivion; 
sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.'' 

"The Sans Everything." — Is the sad and hopeless obscuration by 
time or disease of the once bright, vigorous, scintillating mental powers 
of exhuberant and lusty youth. Everyone has seen such people who 
are partially or hopelessly demented. It may come from diseases, such 
as epilepsy and s>-philis; alcohol produces it. 

Senile dementia is the result of old age and of acquired brain dis- 
ease. It is different from simple old age or dotage. In old age the 
mind is weakened, but the patient is conscious of it. such a person 
forgets a name or date and gropes about in his memorv* to find it. 

The demented person is not conscious of loss of memory, but 
applies wrong names to persons, and serenely thinks he is right. 

The senile demented person does not realize his condition, and if 
there is any mental power left he cherishes delusions or false beliefs. 

The victim of old age is unconscious of his weakness. 



314 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

GENERAL PARESIS. — Wine, worry and women produce a great 
many cases of this disease. The doctors claim a notorious criminal 
now committed to one asylum and about whom we have read so much, 
is a victim of this disease. 

First stage. — There is worry, anxiety, sleeplessness and melancholy. 

Second stage. — Stage of mania, wealth, power, and grandeur, alter- 
nating in some cases with attacks of temporary depressions. 

Third stage. — Patient passes into a condition of subacute or chronic 
mania, with a slow tendency to decadence of all the powers, idiotic. 

Fourth stage. — Stage of physical and mental failure and of death. 
Syphilis causes most cases. It usually develops between twenty-five 
and fifty years. The outlook for such cases is very unfavorable, as the 
patient usually dies from one to eight or ten years after the beginning 
of the disease. 

TREATMENT. — There havebeen great advances made in recent 
years in the treatment of persons mentally unsound. They should be 
placed under proper treatment at an early stage. The causes have been 
given so that preventive measures may be taken. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. 

RHEUMATIC GOUT. (Rheumatic Arthritis. Arthritis Defor- 
mans). — Cause. — It occurs most often from thirty to fifty-five, usually 
in women, generally at or after the change of life, and most frequently 
in those who have not had children. The involvement of the joints is 
most common in adult males. 

Exciting cause may be: Exposure to cold and wet, improper food, 
unhygienic surroundings, worry, blows and acute infections. 

Conditions. — Several joints are usually involved symmetrically. At 
the edge of the joints there is formation of new bone covered with 
cartilage, causing the enlargement of the bone and often partial loss of 
motion in that joint. 

Symptoms. — Several distinct types exist. 1. General progressive 
types which may be acute or chronic. 

Acute. — This occurs usually in women from twenty to thirty and 
at the change of life. It comes on like acute joint rheumatism, many 
joints being affected, permanent enlargement appearing early, redness 
of the joints rarely existing, the pain being very severe, some fever, 
feel very tired, with anemia, loss of flesh and strength. The first and 
later attacks are often associated with pregnancy, confinement or nurs- 
ing. 



CONSTITUTIOKAL DISEASES 315 

Chronic Type. — There is a gradual onset of pain or stiffness in one 
or more joints, usually of the fingers, then of the corresponding joints 
of the other side and then other joints. The swelling at first may be in 
the soft parts of the joints with effusion in the joints and tenderness. 
The pain varies from slight to severe. Periods oi imjjrovement and 
getting worse alternate ; the joints becoming enlarged and deformed, 
often nearly stiff" in partial bending on account of the thickened bone 
and soft tissues. The muscles that move the joint dwindle and there 
may be changes in the skin and nails of the parts affected due to the 
want of proper nourishment. Disturbances of the stomach and anemia 
are common. The heart is not affected. There may be only a few 
joints affected, or many, w^ith great deformity, before the disease reaches 
the period of inactivity. 

2. Monarticular or one joint type. — This usually occurs in males 
over fifty; one joint or a few large joints may be affected, generally 
with shrinking of the corresponding muscles. If it occurs in the hip it 
is called Morbus Coxae Senilis, — Hip joint disease in the aged. 

Recovery. — The disease usually goes on with intervals of improve- 
ment and often results in great crippling and disability. In some cases 
it becomes permanent. 

General Treatment. — The climate should be warm and dry. The 
patient should avoid exposing himself; lead a general hygienic life, 
with as nourishing food as his digestion will permit. The chief line of 
treatment should be to improve the general health and relieve the pain. 
The stomach, bowels, and kidneys should be kept working well. Nour- 
ishing food should be taken, but its effect must be watched. Cod-liver 
oil to build up the system, iron and arsenic may be of value. Some- 
times iodide of potash is good. Early and thorough treatment at Hot 
Springs offers the best hope of arresting its progress, the Hot Springs 
in Bath County, \"a., and in Arkansas. Much can be done at home by 
hot air baths, hot baths, and compresses at night to the tender joints. 

Local. — Massage carefully given is helpful. The hot air treatment 
is good. Baking the joints is now frequently done. 

GOUT (PODAGRA). — A disorder of nutrition characterized by 
excess of uric acid in the blood, attacks of acute arthritis (inflammation 
of joints) with deposit of urate of sodium in and around the joints; 
with various general symptoms. 

Causes. — Heredity ; male sex, usually appears from thirty to fifty 
and rarely under twenty ; from continued use of alcoholic liquors, 
especially fermented, with little or no exercise ; too much meat. Un- 
hygienic living with poor food, and excessive drinking of ale and beer 
may be followed by the "poor man's gout." It is common in lead 
workers. 

Symptoms. Acute Type. — There is often a period of irritability, 
restlessness, indigestion, twinges of pain in the hands and feet ; the 
urine is scanty, dark, ver>- acid, with diminished uric acid and deposit 



316 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

when it is cooled. The attack sets in usually early in the morning 
with sudden intense pain in a joint of the big toe, generally the right; 
less often in an ankle, knee, wrist, hand or finger. The part swells 
rapidly, and is very tender, the overlying skin being red, glazed and 
hot. The patient is usually as cross as a wounded bear. The fever 
may be 103. The pain may subside during the day, and increase 
again at night. There is no suppuration (pus forming). The 
symptoms usually decrease, gradually, the entire attack may last from 
five to eight days. Scaling of the skin over the sore part may follow. 
After the attack, the general health, may be improved, and the joint 
may become normal or but slightly stiff. It recurs at intervals of a 
few months commonly. 

Retrocedent Gout. — This is a term applied to serious symptoms 
which sometimes go with rapid improvement of the local joint condi- 
tions. There are severe pains in the stomach, nausea, vomiting, 
diarrhea, pain in the heart, difficult breathing, palpitation, irregular 
and feeble action of the heart with brain symptoms, probably from 
uraemia. These attacks often cause death. 

Chronic Gout, Causes, etc. — Frequent acute attacks ; many joints, 
beginning with the feet, become stiff and deformed, perhaps with no 
motion. The overlying skin may ulcerate, especially over the knuckles. 
Dyspepsia, arterio-sclerosis, enlargement of the left ventricle of the 
heart and a great quantity of urine with low specific gravity are 
common. The patient is morose and irritable. Eczema, chronic 
bronchitis, frequently complicate the case. 

Death often occurs from uraemia, meningitis, pleurisy, pericarditis 
or peritonitis. 

Treatment, Preventive. — Live temperately, abstain from alcohol, 
eat moderately, have plenty of fresh air and sunshine, plenty of exer- 
cise and regular hours. These do not counteract the inherited ten- 
dency. The skin should be kept active, if the patient is robust, by 
the morning cold bath with friction after it ; but if he is weak and 
debilitated, the evening warm bath should be substituted. The patient 
should dress warmly, avoid rapid alternations in temperature, and be 
careful not to have the skin suddenly chilled. 

Diet in Gout. — Most persons over forty eat too much. Eat 
reasonably and at regular hours and take plenty of time to eat. Do 
not eat too freely of meats and avoid too much starchy and sugary 
foods. Fresh vegetables and fruits may be used freely, except cran- 
berries and bananas. 

Dr. Osier of England says. — While all stimulants are injurious 
to these patients some are more so than others, particularly malted 
liquors, champagne, port and a very large proportion of all the light 
wines. Take large quantities of water on an empty stomach, mineral 
waters are no better than others, but treatment of chronic and irreg- 
ular gout at springs gives the advantage of regular hours, diet, etc. 




A SKIAGRAPH (X-RAY PHOTOGRAPH) OF THE HAND 

Made for the purpose of locating piece of needle. 



Photo by Dr. P. M. Campbell. Detroit. Mich. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 317 

Diet from a prominent hospital for gout patient: — 
May Take- 
Soups. — Fresh fish soups, vegetable broths clear. 

Fish. — Raw oysters, fresh fish, boiled. 

Meats. — Fat bacon, boiled or broiled chicken, game (all sparingly). 

Farinaceous. — Cracked wheat, oatmeal, rice, sago, hominy, whole 
wheat bread, or biscuits, rye bread, graham bread or rolls, crackers, 
dry toast, milk toast, macaroni. 

Vegetables. — Mashed potatoes, green peas, string beans, spinach, 
cabbage, cucumbers, cresses, lettuce, celery. 

Desserts. — Plain milk pudding, junket, rice and milk, sago and 
milk, stewed fruits, all without sugar. 

Drinks. — Weak tea (no sugar), milk, buttermilk, toast water, pure 
water, cold or hot. 

Must Not Take- 
Veal, pork, goose, duck, turkey, salted, dried, potted or preserved 
fish or meat (except fat bacon), eels, mackerel, crabs, salmon, lobster, 
eggs, rich soups, gravies, patties, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, asparagus, 
mushrooms, rhubarb, lemons, pickles, vinegar, fried or made dishes, 
rich puddings, spices, pies, pastry, sweets, nuts, dried fruits, tobacco, 
coffee, cider, malt liquors, sweet wines, champagne. 

Treatment. — In an acute attack raise the affected limb and wrap 
the **sick" joint in cotton wool ; warm fomentations may be used. The 
wine or tincture of colchicum in doses of twenty to thirty drops may 
be given every four hours in combination with the citrate of potash, 
fifteen grains, or the citrate of lithium five to ten grains. Stop the 
tincture of colchicum as soon as the pain is relieved and then you 
can give wine of colchicum ten drops every four hours, watching for 
irritation of the stomach, bowels and kidneys. 

Dr. Hare of Philadelphia says. — For hospital practice a very use- 
ful mixture is made by adding one part of bicarbonate of sodium to 
nine parts of linseed oil. The joint is then wrapped in a piece of 
lint soaked with this concoction. In some cases oil of peppermint has 
been recommended. In chronic gout Dr. Hare also gives for diet milk 
and eggs, the white meat of chicken ; fruits, cooked without sugar 
being added, are allowed. Tea and coffee being used only in modera- 
tion. If any wine is taken it must be followed by copious draughts of 
pure water and the last article should be used ad libitum. On the 
other hand, pastries and, more than all, sweet wines, are the worst 
things that such a patient can take, and must be absolutely prohibited. 

RHEUMATIC FEVER (Articular Rheumatism). — Causes. — 

This may be acute or chronic. It is an infectious disease character- 
ized by inflammation of several joints. The joints are held in place 
by ligaments and are inclosed by a thin membrane. In this acute 



318 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

rheumatism these parts become congested and inflamed, there is red- 
ness and swelling, heat and pain. Fluid is passed into the joint some- 
times and then the parts look watery (oedematous). The inflamma- 
tion and swelling cause great pain in the joint. 

Predisposing. — A damp climate, winter and spring, young adults 
and persons who are exposed to damp, wet and cold. 

Condition. — There is congestion of the soft parts of the joints 
and effusion into the joint cavities of a watery fluid. Endocarditis, 
pericarditis, myocarditis, pleurisy and pneumonia may complicate it. 
The first named, endocarditis, is very common and as- the mitral valves 
become inflamed it is likely to leave valvular trouble unless carefully 
watched and treated at the time. 

S5miptoms. — The invasion may be gradual, with a very tired 
feeling and often tonsilitis; but it is usually sudden, with pains, sore- 
ness in one or more joints and fever. The knees, ankles, elbows and 
wrists are much affected, but it frequently goes through almost every 
joint in the body and sometimes repeats the terrible dose. I know, 
for I had it twice. The suffering, torture and pain sometimes are 
simply indescribable and almost too hard to bear. The joints become 
hot, red, painful, swollen and tender to touch and motion. It seems 
to hurt worse when anyone comes near, for the patient is afraid of 
careless handling. 

Fever. — This runs from 102 to 104 and is modified by profuse 
perspiration with bad odor and, generally, it does not afford any relief. 
The urine is very acid, very thick and looks like thick, strong coffee. 
The symptoms frequently disappear partially from one joint or joints 
as they begin in other joints, attacking several in rapid succession, 
the fever varying and changing with the degrees of joint involvement. 

We may see the shoulder and hip, the elbow and wrist, knee and 
ankle, etc., all affected at once. Heart complications are frequent and 
bear close watching, for they are dangerous to life and the future 
health of the patient. The patient becomes very anemic and this 
progresses rapidly. When improvement does begin it is gradual ; or 
the disease may become chronic. Care must be taken not to be too 
active when improvement sets in or you will cause a return by using 
the joints before they have become thoroughly well. I did the same 
thing in my anxiety to get out, but would never be as reckless again. 
Pain and stiffness of the joints often last long after convalescence has 
set in. One who has had this disease once is liable to another attack 
if he is not careful. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Articular Rheumatism.— A gentle- 
man sends us the following treatment for articular rheumatism 
and writes as follows : *T send you the following treatment for 
articular rheumatism because I used it myself and was cured in a very 
short time, in fact, about ten days. It was a number of years ago in 
*he early spring when my knee joints, ankles and wrists began to pain 



COXSTITUTIOXAL DISEASES 319 

me and continued to become worse for about a week, at the end of 
which time both my knees were perfectly stiff. 1 sent for my 
physician ; he wrapped my knees with common baking- soda ; taking 
long wide bandages he was enabled to have the baking soda a fourth 
of an inch thick around the knee, raising the bandage as he laid the 
soda on ; atter this was completed I had heavy wet hot cloths laid 
around my knee and renewed every fifteen or twenty minutes for 
probably eight or ten hours. In the meantime I was taking the 
salicylate of soda and the cathartic, veronica water, as directed below. 
The following day I sat up with my legs resting on a chair, straight- 
ened out, and hot flat irons at my knees. I began this treatment on 
Saturday, and the following Thursday was able to walk about and go 
out of town, and never had rheumatism since, but at two or three 
diiterent times I suspected it was coming on and used the salicylate 
of soda and veronica water as a successful preventive ; at least the 
rheumatism did not materialize. 

Veronica Water. — Dose: — Glassful every two and one-half hours 
till bowels are free, then one dose a day. 

Also 

Salicylate of Soda 1 ounce 

Water 6 ounces 

Large teaspoonful every two hours with a quinine pill ever> 
other dose," 

2, Rheumatism, Cotton Excellent for Inflammatory. — "Take a 
roll of cotton batting and wrap the limb, or part of the body affected, 
as firmly and tightly as possible, without tearing the cotton, let it 
remain twenty-four hours, then tighten it up by unwinding and 
rewrapping the cotton as tight as possible, as on the first application, 
and so continue every twenty-four hours until cured, which, in my 
case, was three days. I had been troubled with rheumatism for a 
long time, and was unable to walk. I tried everything, doctors and 
all, but nothing helped me. A lady from Cincinnati, who was visiting 
at a neighbor's, called at my house one day and learning what was 
the matter with me, advised me to put cotton on as stated above. I 
had no faith in it, but I had tried everything else and concluded I 
would try that, with the result that it cured me. Possibly if a case 
should require a longer time for a cure than mine it might be neces- 
sary, or be better, to replace the cotton with a fresh roll. The re- 
wrapping every twenty-four hours is intended to keep the cotton 
batting firmly and tightly around the part affected as the swelling 
recedes." 

Prevention. — Wear flannel late and early. Keep from taking cold. 
Put off wet things of every kind immediately upon getting home and 
dry your body and put on dry well-aired clothes. Never sleep in a 
damp bed, under damp unaired clothes. When you go away from 
home do not sleep in a room or bed that has been unoccupied for any 
length of time, especially if there is no furnace in the house. Do not- 



320 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

sit down in wet damp clothes, stockings, shoes, etc. Do not sit down 
anywhere to *'cool off." It is inviting trouble and sickness. Do not 
lie on the damp ground, do not sleep on the first floor of an old damp 
house. Have plenty of sunlight and air in your sleeping room. 
These directions apply to the chronic cases also. It does not matter 
so much if one is wet or sweating as long as he keeps moving or 
working. On wash day do not dry your clothes in the kitchen or 
sitting room, or put them on your bed, unless they have been thor- 
oughly dried, aired and warmed before using. These little things 
mean much in real life. 

PHYSICIANS' CAUTION for Articular Rheumatism.— Go to bed 
and remain there and do not get up too soon, for remember the parts 
are still tender when they may not be painful. 

Local Treatment. — 1. There must be absolute rest. Remove the 
sheets from the bed and wrap woolen cloths or blankets about the 
patient and protect the inflamed joints from the weight of the cover- 
ings. Cover the joints with gauze or absorbent cotton, after putting 
on the parts a thick coating of ichthyol ointment. 

2. Sometimes hot fomentations are helpful in relieving the suffer- 
ing; sometimes cold cloths are best. 

3. The following is good. Apply with cloths wrung out of it: 

Carbonate of Soda 6 drams 

Laudanum 10 ounces 

Glycerin 2 ounces 

Water 9 ounces 

4. Oil of Wintergreen 1 ounce 

Compound Soap Liniment. 8 ounces 

Mix. 

Rub the affected parts with oil of wintergreen and then wrap 
the parts in cotton wool and soak with the solution. 

5. "A layer or two of gauze saturated with methyl-salicylate is 
wrapped around the painful joints and covered with paraffin paper, or 
other impervious dressing, held in place by a bandage. This is 
renewed once or twice daily until the pain in all the joints is relieved." 

6. Internal. — Sodium salicylate or aspirin given until the pain and 
temperature are relieved ; usually five to ten grains of sodium salicylate 
every three hours for an adult; or five grains of the aspirin every 
three hours. 

7. Dr. Hare recommends for the beginning in a strong, healthy 
individual, ten drops of the tincture of aconite at once in a little water, 
and follow it by a teaspoonful of a mixture containing fifteen drops 
of tincture of aconite and two ounces of water every one-half hour, 
until perspiration on the skin betokens the circulatory depression 
through the action of the drug. I use aconite in this disease very 
often, but not in such doses as the first one. It seems to me that it is 
uselessly large. I use about one-tenth of a drop at a dose every one 
to two hours during the first twenty-four hours. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 321 

Nursing. — The niir?e must have the patience of Job to attend a 
patient sick with this disease; but you must remember the suffering 
is awful. The patient may be very restless and the pillows may need 
rearranging every few minutes. Also be careful how you handle the 
patient. It hurts terribly to be even touched. A rough, hearty person 
has no business to care for such, a {)atient. I allow patients to say 
anything they wish, for this is a painful disease. They may swear 
at me if they wish. I know how it is. for I was there twice, the last 
time for six long weeks. Have patience and courage and cheer your 
patient. Do not look cross or scold. 

Diet. — Milk mainly, broths, gruels, albumen water, oyster or clam 
broth, milk toast, buttermilk, kumiss. Do not give solid food. Water, 
lemonade, vichy or carbonated water. 

CHRONIC RHEUMATISM.— Causes.— Heredity may predispose 
to it. It is most common in those who are exposed to hard labor in 
the cold and wet ; especially in women about middle age. It occa- 
sionally follows sub-acute, but rarely acute rheumatism. 

Symptoms. — Many large joints are usually affected ; sometimes 
it may be only one joint ; at times, the small joints only are affected. 
It may be only on the one side. It usually persists in the joints 
involved, but may attack others. The chief symptoms are stiffness of 
the joints, especially after a rest and this diminishes after some motion, 
also pain, which grows worse in damp weather. The joints may be 
tender to the touch, slightly swollen, rarely red. They may in time 
become entirely stiff and deformed. The general health may be good 
or there may be anemia, dyspepsia and valvular disease due to 
sclerosis, — hardening of the valves of the heart. 

Prognosis. — This is good as to life, but the disease is often 
progressive. 

Treatment. Preventive. — A warm, dry, unchangeable climate, 
good surroundings, good food; keep the stomach and bowels and kid- 
neys in good condition, avoid taking cold. Do not sit down in a draft 
to "cool off." Do not go into a cool room in summer when you are 
warm or sweated. Do not sleep in a bed that has not been used for 
months and kept for "company." Do not dry your clothes in the 
kitchen and in that way make the whole house steamy and damp. 
Do not sleep under unaired damp covers or in a damp night dress. 
Always air and dry your bedding and night dress before using. Do 
not take a hot bath and go into a cool room to cool off, but wrap 
yourself up so as to be warm and cool off gradually. Any additional 
cold will cause more rheumatism. 

Sleeping rooms on the first floor are an abomination for rheu- 
matic persons. Do not sit down in wet clothes, stockings or shoes. 
Take them off immediately on getting home, wipe yourself dry and 
put on dry garments. Care in such little seemingly foolish things will 
do wonderful things for a rheumatic person. I had two rheumatic 
21 



322 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

attacks in my first year of practice. Since then I have learned caution 
and through a hard and busy life I have kept myself reasonably well by 
looking after such little aids and cautions as the above. I never sit 
down for any length of time in damp or wet clothes, and if I can do 
that, persons that are not driven like doctors can do the same. These 
cautions apply to not only this kind of rheumatism, but to all kinds 
of rheumatism, neuralgias, and to inflammatory diseases, such as 
neuritis, tonsilitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, etc. Hot air baths, Hot 
Springs, massage will be more effectual in this disease than in the 
former. Iodide of potash also is very useful. Flannel underwear. 
heavy and light weight, is very beneficial in rheumatism. Great bene- 
fit can be derived at home by wrapping the affected joints in cold 
cloths, covering with a thin layer of flannel and protected by oiled 
silk. A great many cases are helped by using hot fomentations of 
hops, wormwood, smartweed, etc. Turpentine applied locally to the 
joints is effective, but it is very likely to injure the kidneys when used 
freely and in these days when there are so many diseases of the kid- 
neys one must be careful or they will produce an incurable and serious 
disease in the place of one that is painful, but not necessarily dan- 
gerous. Many of the simple remedies have a good effect on the 
rheumatic troubles. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Rheumatism.— Dr. Hare gives 
the following to rub on large joints: 

1. Ichthyol H to 1 ounce 

Lard 1 ounce 

2. Tincture of Aconite 6 drams 

Tincture of Opium 1 ounce 

Oil of Turpentine 1 ounce ( 1 or 2) 

Soap Liniment enough for 8 ounces 

Use as a liniment three times a day. This can be used for some 
weeks. 

3. Strong Water of Ammonia 6 drams 

Oil of Cajeput 1 dram 

Tincture of Belladonna 1 to 2 ounces 

Camphor Liniment enough for 8 ounces 

Use as a liniment. 

4. Tincture of Aconite 1 ounce 

Tincture of Opium 4 drams 

Strong Ammonia Water 4 drams 

Chloroform Liniment 6 drams 

Used as a liniment on chronic or inflamed muscles or joints. 

5. Iodide of Potash 5^ ounce 

Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla 3 ounces 

Distilled Water 3 ounces 

Mix and take a dessertspoonful in a glass of water two hours after 
meals for chronic rheumatism. 




MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 



COSSTITVTIOSAL DISEASES Z12> 

fi. This is prepared by Parke, Davis & Co., and made into a 
syrup : 

Red Clover 32 grains 

Queen's Root 16 grains 

Barberry 16 grains 

Prickly Ash Bark 4 grains 

Burdock Root 16 grains 

Poke Root 16 grains 

Honduras Bark 16 grains 

Iodide of Potash 8 grains 

This portion to each fluid ounce of the syrup. 

7, The following is good: 

Blue Cohosh Root \ 

Black Cohosh Root J 

Poke Root f 

Yellow Dock Root V it , . r u 

Blue Flag Root / ^^"^^ P^^^^ °^ ^^^• 

Prickly Ash Root 

Burdock Root 

Dandelion Root 



J 



Bruise them thoroughly or grind them coarsely, steep and make a 
tea and drink freely of it. If you wish you can take three to five 
grains of Iodide of Potash to each dose. This may in time disorder 
the stomach and you may then stop it for a time. All these can be 
used in muscular rheumatism also. The food should not be rich or 
highly seasoned. Spices are bad for such patients. Pickles, mustard, 
etc., are best let alone. 

MUSCULAR RHEUMATISM.— This is a very painful affection 
of the voluntary muscles, called also neuralgia, or according to its 
location, torticollis (stiff neck, wry neck), pleurodynia, lumbago 
(rheumatism in the back). 

Causes. — Predisposed to it by previous attacks, having a rheu- 
matic or gouty constitution (diathesis). It follows sudden exposure, 
hence it is most common in men. 

Symptoms. — Local pain in the muscles, sharp or dull, aching con- 
stant, or caused by certain movements and is usually relieved by 
pressure. It lasts from a few days to several weeks and frequently 
recurs. The common forms are: Lumbago. This affects the muscles 
of the back, and usually comes on suddenly with a sharp stich-like 
pain, and is chiefly seen in those who labor hard, often completely 
disabling them for a time. 

Torticollis (stiff or wry neck). — It is usually on the side or back 
of the neck. Comes from a draught of cold wind on the neck, etc. 

Pleurodynia, pain in the chest muscles, etc. — With pain in all 
movements of the chest, resembling intercostal neuralgia or pleurisy. 



324 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Diet for Rheomatisiii from the Head Nurse of a Promineiit 
Hospital : — 

May Take — 

Soups. — Mutton broth, chicken or beef tea, in small quantities. 

Fish. — Raw dams or oysters, fresh fish (whiter kinds) boiled. 

Meats. — Chicken, calFs head. swee::rti: .ripe, broiled fat bacon 
or broiled ham (all sparingly). 

Farinaceous. — AVhole wheat, com or brown bread, arrowroot^ rice, 
dry toast, milk toast. 

Vegetables. — ^Spinach, green peas or cabbage (well boiled), celery, 
lettuce, cresses, radishes. 

Desserts. — Milk, rice or arrowroot ouddin?. fall without sugar V. 
junket. 

Drinks — Tea (^ without sugar j, buttermi'- :t i:er. plain with 

lemon or lime juice (no sugar). 

Must Not Take— 



except fat baccr. :: i:r crabs, salmon, lobster, eggs, rich ..iir 
dishes, gravies, ; : : i ; t 5 .n. itoes, beans, asparagus, mnsh r : :rr r 
candies, rich pucir.^i :^s cistry, nuts, cheese, coffee, ader : :. : 
liquors, wines. 

Treatment for Stiff Neck.— Wry Neck, (torticollis).— VSLr:-::: 
applied either dry or moist as hot salt bag or fomentations of h::f. 
etc Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, now make a preparE:.:r. :i 'e: 
capsidne. This is very good for this trouble, rubbed on . .:: :_r 
as directed. It can be bought at most drug stores. It is if: ^1 
for headaches and neuralgias. The same line of treatmen: :r: 

cold applications, can be given for pain in the chest muscles : e : - 
dynia) and lumbago. 

A MOTHERS' REMEDY ic: S:Lt Neck — Hct Sa It and Oil cf 
Sassafras^ — ^"Tf troubled with sti— re;-: -.'.'. i :i^ ::r. r. :: 
sleep on it, or rub the neck " ' :-5:.:: - : : 

is aJso ex€:ellent for lumbar: i:i :: i^::-: : :- re:.- ^ ::. 

pains." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Rheumatisni.- Preventive- 
Avoid exposure as sts-ted lor otner rheuinatisni. rvest the chest by 
straining with adhesive plaster as in pleurisy. Porous plasters are 
good and liniments; sometimes help is obtained by rubbing freely 
with camphor. Hot dry or wet applications are frequently useful. 
Mustard plaster is very good when the space is not too great. Mix 
the mustard with the white of an egg and after it is taken off grease 
the part and keep on warm cloths. Hot foot baths and hot drinks of 
lemonade or teas, after which the person should go to bed and sweat 
and remain there for some hours. 



CONSTITUTIOSAL DISEASES 325 

Liniment. — 

Oil of VVintergreen J^ to 1 ounce 

Compound Soap Liniment 8 ounces 

Mix and rub on thoroughly. 
MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— Lumbago, Menthol Liniment for.— 
"Apply the menthol liniment, cover with a thick cloth and put the 
hot water bottle next to it and go to bed. If up through the day 
have a cotton batting sewed to cloth and keep aitected parts warm, 
using the liniment freely." The menthol liniment will be found an 
excellent remedy for lumbago. The menthol absorbs quickly and by 
applying the hot water bottle relief is sure to follow. 

\. Weak Back, Vinegar and Salt for. — "One tablespoonful of salt 
and one tablespoonful of vinegar to a quart of hot water. Bathe the 
back, then rub well with sweet oil and relief will soon follow." 

2. Weak Back. Simple Remedy for. — *''Aching may be relieved 
by taking a large pinch of buchu leaves, steep and drink. Sweeten 
if desired. Use a pint of water for steeping the leaves." This is a 
good remedy for a weak back, resulting from kidney trouble. The 
buchu leaves acts quickly on the kidneys and it is surprising to see 
how quickly the backache will disappear. You can purchase a two- 
ounce package for five cents at any drug store. 

8. Weak Back, Good Liniment for. — 

'Tincture of Aconite 1 ounce 

Tincture of Opium 1 ounce 

Tincture of Belladonna 1 ounce 

Tincture of Arnica 1 ounce 

Aqua Ammonia 2 ounces 

Mix and use as a liniment." 
This is a very good liniment. 

4. Lameness, Chloroform Liniment for. — ''Chloroform liniment is 
the best for all lameness and sore limbs." 

5. Lameness, Plantain Leaves and Cream for. — ''Make ointment 
from plantain laves, simmered in sweet cream or fresh butter. This 
is very cooling." 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— L Rheumatism, Saltpetre Good in 
Cases of. — "One ounce of saltpetre to one pint of water. Take one 
teaspoonful of the above in a large glass of water, about six times 
daily." The saltpetre acts on the kidneys, carrying off the impurities 
in this way. Care should be taken not to continue this treatment too 
long at a time, as continued use would result in injury to the kidneys. 

2. Rheimiatism, Rochelle Salts for. — '"'One teaspoonful rochelle 
salts in one-half glass water every other morning." This acts on the 
bowels and cleanses the system. 

3. Rheumatism. Flowers of Sulphur Will Relieve Pain of. — 
Sciatica is sometimes very much improved by wrapping the limb for 
one night with flowers of sulphur." 



326 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

4. Rheumatism, Three Simple Ingredient Liniment for. — "'One 
pint pure cider vinegar, one pint of turpentine, four fresh eggs, put 
the egg shells and all in the vinegar, let stand until the vinegar eats 
the eggs all up, then add the turpentine." This makes a fine liniment, 

5. Rheumatism, Sulphur Good for. — '"Cases of chronic rheuma- 
tism are often relieved by sulphur baths and sulphur tea. Dose : — 
Powder sulphur and mix with molasses. A teaspoonful three times 
a day." Sulphur is a good blood purifier and laxative. 

6. Rheumatism, Horse-Radish for. — ■"An excellent and well- 
known remedy for rheumatism is to make a syrup of horse-radish by 
boiling the root and add sufficient sugar to make it palatable. Dose: — 
Two or three teaspoonfuls two or three times a day." 

7. Rheumatism, Simple Remedy to Relieve Pain of. — 

"Teppermint , 1 ounce 

Oil of Mustard J4 ounce 

Vinegar 1 pint 

White of one egg. 

Beat egg; stir all together." 

8. Rheumatism, Liniment for Chronic. — 

"Olive Oil 1 pint 

Sassafras Oil 2 drams 

Camphor Gum 2 ounces 

Chloroform 3.2 ounce 

Dissolve the camphor in the oil and when dissolved add the 
chloroform and four ounces of turpentine or rosemary. Rub 
the parts well night and morning. If the limbs are ver>' 
sensitive to cold, add to the mixture two ounces of tincture 
of capsicum." 

9. Rheumatism, Herb Remedy for. — 

Tincture Colchicum Seed 4 ounces 

Gum Guaiacum 4 ounces 

Black Cohosh Root 4 ounces 

Prickly Ash Berries 4 ounces 

Iodide Potash 1 ounce 

Dose for adult, one teaspoonful three times a day in wine- 
glassful of water or milk." 

10. Rheumatism, Three Things that Will Help.— 

"Best Rye \\Tiisk>- 2 pints 

Ground Burdock Seed i/$ pound 

Poke Berry Juice i^ pint 

Mix, shake well before using. 

Dose for adults, one and one-half or two tablespoonfuls night and 
morning." In severe cases take three times a day. This is a thor- 
oughly tried remedy and is a very successful one. 

IL Rheumatism, Good Liniment for. — 

"Alcohol 1 ounce 

Laudanum 1 dram 



COSSTITUTIOSAL DISEASES 327 

Chloroform '> drams 

Gum Camplior ^ ounce 

Sulphuric Ether >^ ounce 

Oil of Cloves Yi dram 

Oil of Lavender 1 dram 

^^ix and apply externally for rheumatism and you will fmd 
it a very beneficial remedy." 

12. Rheumatism, Camphor and Alcohol for. — "Suak cotton batting 
in alcohol and camphor and apply on part." Application to the atTected 
parts will frequently give relief in some rheumatic patients, when in 
others no relief is obtained by this method, it being necessary to take 
something internally. 

13. Rheumatism, Sweet Fern Tea Excellent for. — "Sweet fern 
tea taken three times a day. Dose, one cupful. Father has used this 
successfully himself." 

14. Rheumatism, Well-known Celery Remedy for. — "Celery tea 
several times a day with plenty of celery cooked or raw as a regular 
table food. Cut the celery in pieces, boil until soft in water and let 
the patient drink the tea. then make a stew of the remaining bits. 
If fresh celery cannot be obtained, celery preparations can be found 
at the drug store. 

15. Rheumatism, Flowers of Sulphur Relieves. — "Rheumatism is 
effectually removed by enveloping the limb one night with flowers of 
sulphur." The flowers of sulphur can be purchased at any drug store, 
and will give great relief, especially in severe cases. 

16. Rheumatism, Poultice for. — "Apply belladonna ointment to 
seat of pain, poultices applied very hot. Sulphur applied to painful 
part is very effective, after which the parts should be enveloped in 
tlannel." The belladonna ointment acts like a fly blister, but not 
quite so severe. The ointment can remain on for some time without 
blistering. This treatment relieves by removing the inflammation 
from the sore parts 

17. Rheumatism, Novel Relief for. — "The best remedy is elec- 
tricity. It cured me ; I used medical battery." Electricity has been 
known to help in a great many cases, but should be applied by a 
competent person. 

18. Rheumatism, Snake Root and Lemons Good for. — "Make use 
of lemon juice freely. Use decoction of black snake root, one ounce 
to pint of boiling water ; a tablespoonful four times a day. Wti com- 
press renewed every two hours applied to painful joints." 

The black snake root is a remedy that was used by the early set- 
tlers for this trouble. The wet compresses are very soothing, but care 
should be taken not to wet the bed clothing, as the patient would 
then take cold. 



328 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

19. Rheumatism, Another Good Liniment for. — 

Alcohol 5 ounces 

Amber 30 drops 

Tincture of Pinoum 30 drops 

Hemlock Oil 30 drops 

Tincture of Iron 30 drops 

Aconite 30 drops'" 

DIABETES MELLITUS.— A disorder of nutrition in which sugar 
accumulates in the blood and is excreted in the urine, the daily amount 
of which is greatly increased. 

Causes. — Hereditary influences play an important role and cases 
are on record of its occurrence in many members of the same family. 
Men are more frequently affected than women, the ratio being about 
three to two. Persons of a nervous temperament are often affected. 
It is a disease of the higher classes. Hebrews seem especially prone 
to it. The disease is comparatively rare in the colored race ; women 
more than men in the negro, — nine to six. In a considerable propor- 
tion of the cases of diabetes the patients have been very fat at the 
beginning of or prior to the onset of the disease. It is more common 
in cities than in country districts. The combination of intense appli- 
cation to business, over-indulgence in food and drink, with a sedentary 
life, seem particularly prone to induce the disease. Injury to or disease 
of the spinal cord or brain has been followed by diabetes. It is much 
more frequent in European countries than here. Acute and chronic 
forms are recognized in the former. 

Symptoms. — The only difference is that the patients are younger 
in acute forms, the course is more rapid and the wasting away is 
more marked. The onset of the disease is gradual and either fre- 
quent passing of urine (six to forty pints in twenty-four hours) or 
inordinate thirst attracts attention. When it is fully established, there 
is great thirst, the passage of large quantities of sugar urine, a terrible 
appetite, and, as a rule, progressive emaciation. The thirst is one of 
the most distressing symptoms. Large quantities of water are re- 
quired to keep the sugar in solution and for its excretion in the urine. 
Some cases do not have the excessive thirst; but in such case the 
amount of urine passed is never large. The thirst is most intense an 
hour or two after meals. The digestion is generally good, but the 
appetite is inordinate. Pain in the back is common. The tongue is 
usually dr}', red and glazed, and the saliva is scanty. The gums may 
become swollen. Constipation is the rule. The skin is dry and harsh 
and sweating rareh^ occurs. The temperature is under normal. In 
spite of the enormous amount of food eaten a patient may become 
rapidly emaciated. Patients past middle life may have the disease for 
years without much disturbance of the health; on the other hand I 
have seen them die after that age. Progress is more rapid the younger 
the person. Death usually occurs from coma of diabetes. This is 
most common in young patients. 



CONSTITUTIOXAL DISILISES 3z') 

1. There is a sudden onset after exertion of weakness, feeble 
Hulse, stupor, coma, death in a few liours. 

2. Sudden headache, coma, death in a few hours. 

3. After nausea, vomiting or a lung complication, there are head- 
ache, delirium, abdominal ])ain, rapid labored breathing, sweetish odor 
oi the breath, stupor, rapid feeble pulse, coma and death within a few 
days. 

Recovery. — Instances of cure in true diabetes are rare. 

Treatment. Preventive. — The use of starchy and sugary articles 
of diet should be restricted in families with a marked disposition to 
this disease. Sources of worry should be avoided and he should lead 
an even quiet life, if possible, in an equable climate. Flannel and silk 
should be worn next to th-e skin, and the greatest care should be 
taken to promote its action. A lukewarm and, if tolerably rol)ust, a 
cold bath should be taken every day. An occasional Turkish bath is 
useful. 

Diet. — Let the patients eat food of easy digestion, such as veal, 
mutton and the like, and abstain from all sorts of fruit and garden 
stufl". In Johns Hopkins' Hospital these patients are kept for three or 
four days on the ordinary ward diet, which contains a moderate amount 
of carbo-hydrates, in order to ascertain the amount of sugar excretions. 
For two days more the starches are gradually cut oflf. They are then 
placed on the following standard non-carbohydrate diet. 

Breakfast : 7 :30, six ounces of tea or coffee ; four ounces of 
beefsteak, mutton chops without bone, or boiled ham; one or two 
eggs. 

Lunch: 12:30, six ounces of cold roast beef; two ounces celery, 
fresh cucumbers or tomatoes with vinegar, olives, pepper and salt to 
taste, five drams of whisky with thirteen ounces of water, two ounces 
of coffee without milk or sugar. 

Dinner: 6:00 P. M., six ounces of clear bouillon ; seven and a 
half ounces of roast beef; one and one-half drams of butter; two 
ounces of green salad with two and a half drams of vinegar, five drams 
of olive oil, or three tablespoonfuls of some well-cooked green vege- 
table ; three sardines ; five drams of whisky with thirteen ounces of 
water. 

Supper: 9:00 P. M.. two eggs, raw or cooked, thirteen ounces 
of water. 

The following is a list of articles which a diabetes patient may 
take as given by one of the best authorities in the world on diabetes: 

Liquids: Soups. — Ox tail, turtle bouillon and other clear soups. 
Lemonade, coffee, tea, chocolate and cocoa; these to be taken without 
sugar, but they may be sweetened with saccharin. Potash or soda 
water and appollinaris, or the Saratoga-vichy and milk in moderation 
may be used. 



33 J MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Animal Food. — Fish of all sorts, including crabs, oysters, salt and 
fresh butcher's meat (with the exception of liver), poultry and game, 
eggs, buttermilk, curds and cream cheese. 

Bread. — Gluten and bran bread, almond and cocoanut biscuits. 

Vegetables. — Lettuce, tomatoes, spinach, chickory, sorrel, radishes, 
asparagus, water-cress, mustard and cress, cucumber, celery and 
endives ; pickles of various sorts. 

Fruits. — Lemons and oranges, currants, plums, cherries, pears, 
apples (tart), melons, raspberries and strawberries may be taken in 
moderation. Nuts, as a rule, allowable. 

Must Not Take- 
Thick Soups and Liver. Ordinary bread of all sorts (in quantity), 
rye, wheaten, brown or white. All farinaceous (starchy) prepara- 
tions, such as hominy, rice, tapioca, arrowroot, sago and vermicelli. 

Vegetables: Potatoes, turnips, parsnips, squashes, vegetable- 
marrows of all kinds, beets, common artichokes. 

Liquids : Beer, sparkling wine of all sorts and the sweet aerated 
drinks. 

Medicines. Codeine. — A patient may begin with one-half grain 
three times a day, which may be gradually increased to six or eight 
grains in the twenty-four hours (under the doctor's care) ; withdraw 
it gradually when sugar is absent or reduced as far as possible. 

DIABETES INSIPIDUS.— A chronic affection characterized by 
the passage of large quantities of normal urine of low specific gravity. 

Causes. — It is most often found in young males and is probably 

of nervous origin. It may follow excitement or brain injury. 

Symptoms. — The onset is usually gradual. The urine is pale ; 
ten to twenty quarts a day. Thirst, dryness of the mouth and skin. 
Appetite and general conditions are usually normal ; sometimes there 
are feebleness and emaciation. Death usually occurs from some other 
disease. 

Treatment. — There is no known cure. Keep the general health 
in good condition according to the advice of your family physician. 

OBESITY. — An excessive development of fat; it may be heredi- 
tary. It occurs most frequently in women of middle age and in 
children. Its .chief cause is excessive eating and drinking, especially 
of the starch and sugar foods and malt liquors, and lack of exercise. 
The increase of fat is in all the normal situations and the heart and 
liver are often large and fatty. The condition in general may be good 
or there may be inactivity of the mind and body. Disturbances of 
digestion and symptoms of a fatty heart. There is less power to 
resist disease. Death may occur from fatty infiltration of the heart, 
resulting ii\ dilatation or rupture. 



COSSTlTUriOXAL DISEASES 33 1 

Treatment. — Must 1)C in regulating the diet. Tlie person must 
avoid all excess in food and drink, and avoid especially foods that 
contain starch and sugar. There must be regular and systematic 
exercise, hot baths and massages are helps. Medicines made from 
the poke berry are much used and are successful in some cases. 

Diet — The food of a fleshy person should be cut down gradually. 
Its bulk can be great, but its nourishing properties should be small. 
The diet for reduction of obesity should consist chiefly of bulky vege- 
tables, but not too much of any one article or set of articles. The 
following list is recommended by Dr. Hare of Philadelphia: 

For Breakfast. — One or two cups of coffee or tea, without milk 
or sugar, but sweetened with a fraction of a grain of saccharin. Three 
ounces of toasted or ordinary white bread or six ounces of brown 
bread ; enough butter may be used to make the bread palatable, not 
more than one ounce. Sliced raw tomatoes with vinegar, or cooked 
tomatoes without any sugar or fats. This diet may be varied by the 
use of salted or fresh fish, either at breakfast or dinner. This fish 
must not be rich like salmon or sword-fish, but rather like perch or 
other small fish. 

Noon Meal — Dinner. — One soup plate of bouillon , consomme 
julienne, or other thin soup, or Mosqueras beef-jelly, followed by one 
piece of the white meat of any form of fowl or a small bird. Some- 
times a small piece, the size of one's hand, of rare beef, or mutton 
but no fat, may be allowed, and this should be accompanied by string 
beans, celery (stewed or raw), spinach, kale, cabbage, beans, asparagus, 
beets and young onions. Following this, lettuce with vinegar and a 
little olive oil (to make a French dressing), a cup of black coffee or 
one of tea, and a little acid fruit, such as sour grapes, tamarinds and 
sour oranges, or lemons may be taken, and followed by a cigar, if the 
patient has such a habit. 

Supper. — This should consist of one or two soft boiled eggs, 
which may be poached, but not fried, a few ounces of brown bread, 
some salad and fruit and perhaps a glass or two of light, dry (not 
sweet) wine, if the patient is accustomed to its use. 

Before Going to Bed. — To avoid discomfort from a sensation of 
hunger during the night, the patient may take a meal of panada, or 
he may soak graham or bran crackers or biscuits in water and flavor 
the mess with salt and pepper. The reduction of the diet is generally 
best accomplished slowly and should be accompanied by measures 
devoted to the utilization of the fat present for the support of the 
body. Thus, the patient should not be too heavily clad, either day 
or night, should resort to exercise, daily becoming more severe, and 
should not drink freely of water, unless sweating- is established 
sufficiently to prevent the accumulation of liquid in vessels and tissues. 
Baths of the proper kind, cold or Turkish, should be used, if the 
patient stands them well. The bowels should be kept active by 



332 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

laxative fruit or purges. Salts are useful if drinks are thrown off 
rapidly. If proper exercise is impossible the rest cure with massage, 
electricity, passive exertion and absolute skimmed milk diet may be 
resorted to, particularly in those persons known as "fat anemics," 
who have not enough red corpuscles in their blood to carry sufficient 
oxygen to the tissues to complete oxidation. 

CANCER. — (In the following article on cancer we quote in part 
from material issued by the Public Health Department ci the State 
of Michigan;. 

Cancer is curable if it be operated upon in its early stages. — If it 
be left to grow and develop, cancer is always faial. It may be par- 
tially removed when in an advanced stage, and relief may be had 
for some time after operation ; but beyond the early stage, cancer 
cannot at present be permanently removed, nor permanently cured. 
Permanent cure of a cancer is possible if the afflicted person obtains 
an early diagnosis and receives early attention from a skilled surgeon. 
The only permanent cure for cancer known at the present time is 
early surgical operation. 

Have Operations Failed to Cure? — Very few persons die from 
operations performed by skilled surgeons for the removal of cancer. 
Where cancer operation is done by experienced surgeons the fatality 
in America for the past fourteen years is less than one case out of a 
hundred, or in other words, ninety-nine persons out of a hundred 
survive operation for cancer. Many persons have died from the return 
of the cancerous growth even after operation by a skilled surgeon, 
and this fact has led many persons to believe that operation for 
cancer is. therefore, unsuccessful, that it does not cure. This is not 
the fact. It is true that cancer often returns after operation, and 
that this method does not always effect a permanent cure ; but it is 
not true that ooerations are. therefore, useless. The reason that 
operations do not remove cancers permanently in a great number of 
cases is that such cases do not submit to operation soon enough. The 
majority of persons sultering from cancer seek surgical aid too late. 
If a house is on fire and one refuses to turn in an alarm until the fire 
has spread from cellar to garret, neither blame nor disparagement must 
be placed upon the fire deoartment if it failed to save the burning 
house. So with cancer : if the public refuses or neglects to operate for 
cancer at the time when it can be eradicated, the public cannot censure 
or belittle sureery. A cancer is like a green and ripe thistle. Pull uo 
the green thistle and you have gotten rid of it. But if you wait until 
the thistle is ripe, and the winds have blown away the seeds, there is 
no use of pulling up that thistle. Early operations are successful. 
Late ones are not. 

No reliable surgeon claims to save his patient or cure him of can- 
cer if the disease be in an advanced stage. But experienced suro-eons 
do recooTiize the fact that cancer in its earh' stage can be permanently 
removed and a permanent cure can be effected by surgical operation. 
No other means of permanent cure are known. 



COXSTITUTIOXAL DISEASES 333 

Caustic pastes applied to cancerous growths or sera, are sometime^ 
successful in obliterating the cancer for a time ; but they are not re- 
liable for effecting enduring cures, and usually are merely palliative. 
The fact that a cancer does not return for three years after removal is 
not sure proof that it will not return ; the return of a cancerous growth 
depends upon its state cf development and other conditions at the time 
•'){ removal from the cancer. In Johns Hopkins' Hospital forty-seven 
7>er cent of all patients with cancers of the breast operated upon re- 
mained well for three years or more, and seventy-five per cent of this 
forty-seven per cent were cured, being in the most favorable condition 
for cure at the time of the operation. But where conditions are not 
favorable at the time of the operation, many patients have a return of 
the cancer even after the three years of apparent cure have elapsed. 

What is Cancer? — A cancer is a growth of cancerous cells in a 
network of connective tissue. The cause of cancer is not known, it • 
has not been proved to be communicable and the majority of investi- 
gators of this subject believe that it is not caused by a germ. Nor is 
it thought to be inherited. Out of 8,000 cases of cancer at Middlesex 
Hospital, London, no evidence of heredity was found. Untii the cause 
of cancer is known, it cannot be prevented. The only safeguard lies in 
an early diagnosis of the condition and an immediate operation. Emi- 
nent investigators are carrving on extensive research and thousands of 
dollars are being spent annually to ascertain, if possible, what is the 
cause of this dread disease, and it is confidently believed that final 
success will crown this labor. 

When to Suspect Cancer and What to Do. — External or Exposed 
Cancer. — Cancer of the exposed or surface parts of the body, such as 
the skin of the lip. nose, cheek, forehead, temples, etc., is more readily 
recognized than internal cancer, and is therefore more liable to early 
operation and prompt cure. One rarely sees these forms of cancer in 
an advanced stage, because such cases are readily seen and recognized 
by physicians in the early stage of development, when operation can be 
sufl&ciently early to efitect a lasting cure. 

The least malignant of all cancers is that kind which first exhibits 
itself by a hardening of the skin, form.ing a nodule looking pimple or 
a mole and having a dark red color, due to tortuous blood vessels, upon 
the sides of the nose near the eyes, upon the cheek bones, forehead or 
temples. This form of epithelioma is called rodent ulcer, flat epitheli- 
oma or cancroid, and sometimes does little harm for many years, but 
should receive the attention of a physician familiar with cancer and its 
eradication. 

Deep or squamous cancer occurs on the lip, the tongue or the 
forehead or wherever the mucous membrane joins the skin, and is char- 
acterized by a hard, deep-seated sore formed upon any such part, grow- 
ing dov.n into the flesh and having a dark red or purplish-red color. 



334 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

If such a cancer is suspected of being present, the patient should 
at once seek diagnosis from a competent physician. Cancer of the lip 
is more frequent in men than in women, occurring usually in the under 
lip and called "Smoker's Cancer." Any hard persistent nodule in the 
under lip should cause suspicion and should be taken to a skilled sur- 
geon, as cancer of the under lip is easily removed when in its early 
stage of development. 

CANCER OF THE STOMACH.— The beginning of cancer of the 
stomach is very difficult to recognize and it is far safer and wiser, upon 
the appearance of the first suspicious symptom, to seek the aid of some 
physician skilled in cancer diagnosis than to ignore and neglect these 
early warnings of the disease. Although cancer of the stomach may 
occur in younger persons, it is usually met with in persons after forty 
years of age. Therefore, any person at this age who suffers from con- 
tinuous indigestion or characterized by retention and prolonged fer- 
mentation of food in the stomach, should at once consult a competent 
physician. In the early stages of the cancer of the stomach the patient 
loses weight, but in the later stages there is more or less pain. 

Whenever a physician finds that a patient has a pappy, insipid 
taste with a furred, pale, rarely dry and red tongue, and is suftering 
from continuous, dull sensations or pain in the region of the stomach, 
periodically increasing to paroxj'sms, often induced by pressure or in- 
creased by it, together with a sensation of weight, drawing pains of 
varying character, and frequent pain in the shoulder, loss of appetite, 
frequent belching of fetid gas from the stomach, severe and frequent 
vomiting, often periodical, often occurring before partaking of a meal 
but more often afterwards with slight indigestion, but vomitus being 
more or less watery and containing mucus and blood, usually decom- 
posed and recurring frequently, together with constipation of the 
bowels, the skin being sallow% yellowish, dry and flaccid, and losing 
weight and strength, he should suspect cancer of the stomach and 
where possible advise an immediate surgical operation for the removal 
of the cancer. 

CANCER OF THE UTERUS.— What women should know re- 
garding it. The menopause or change of life comes on gradually, rarely 
suddenly. It is not preceded by excessive flowing or discharge or pain 
in a healthy woman. 

By cancer period is understood those years after forty, although 
rarely it may occur earlier. The first symptoms of uterine cancer are : 

1. Profuse flowing, even if only a day more than usual. Flowing 
or spotting during the interval or after the use of a syringe or the 
movement of the bowels. 

2. W^hites or Leucorrhea. if not existing previously. If existing 
but getting more profuse, waterv'. irritating, or producing itching is a 
very suspicious symntc^. 



COSSTITUTIOSAL DISEASES 335 

3. Loss of weight, if no other cause is apparent. Pain in the re- 
gion of the womb, back or side. 

If any of the above symptoms occur after the age of thirty-five or 
forty, a woman sliould seek relief and insist on thorough investigation 
of the cause and prompt treatment. 

Cancer is always at first a local disease and can be removed if 
early recognized and an absolute, permanent cure brought about. 

CANCER OF THE BREAST.— Eighty-one per cent of all tumors 
of the breast are cancer or become so. \\'henever a woman feels a 
lump in her breast, particularly if she be at the cancerous age, she 
should consult a skilled physician at once and keep that breast under 
medical observation. If so advised by her physician or by a skilled 
surgeon, she should have an operation for the removal of the cancer, 
as it can be completely eradicated when operated upon in its early 
stages. If left to grow and develop it will get beyond the aid of even 
the most skillful surgeon. Early diagnosis plus surgery is the only 
hope for a cancerous person. Operation offers a most hopeful outlook 
for those afflicted with cancer. It is more important to make an early 
diagnosis in cancer of the breast than it is in appendicitis. 

CANCER (CARCINOMA).— This is very malignant. This kind 
is divided into two classes, Scirrhus and Epithelial. 

1. Scirrhus cancer. This is a hard, irregular growth of moderate 
size. Its special seat is the breast, the pyloric (smaller) end of the 
stomach and in few instances the glands of the skin. 

Soft Medullary or Encephaloid cancer. This type resembles brain 
tissue both in appearance and consistence. It appears quite soft and 
may be mistaken for an abscess. In form, it differs according to the 
organ attacked. Special seats: The testicle, liver, bladder, kidney, 
ovary, the eye and more rarely the breast. 

Colloid cancer; jelly-like substance. — The cancer cells have under- 
gone a degeneration in one of the preceding varieties. The material it 
contains is a semi-translucent, glistening, jelly-like substance. Its spe- 
cial seats are the stomach, bowel, omentum, ovary and, occasionally, 
the breast. 

Diagnosis. — This kind is very rare before thirty years of age and 
common after forty. They involve the gland early, contrary to what 
the sarcoma variety does. Innocent growths occur, as a rule, in 
younger patients, do not grow so rapidly, do not become adherent to 
neighboring parts and do not ulcerate. 

2. The Epithelial Cancer (Carcinoma). — These always spring from 
free epithelium-clad surfaces, as the skin, and mucous membranes or 
from the glands of the same. These growths appear with great fre- 
quency at the points of junction of mucous membranes and skin sur- 
faces, probably because these parts are subjected to more frequent and 
varied forms of mechanical and chemical irritation. Special seats: Skin 



336 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

surfaces, the nose, the lower lip, the penis and scrotum, the vulva, the 
anus (mucous surfaces), tongue, palate, gums, tonsils, larynx, pharynx, 
gullet, bladder, womb. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Cancer, Simple Remedy for.— 

"Give a teaspoonful of sarsaparilla tea four times daily, made with two 
ounces of sarsaparilla root and quart of water boiled to one pint and apply 
to cancer growth a poultice made of carrots scraped or mashed cran- 
berries." These simple remedies will relieve and often cure growths 
taken for cancers, but if it is really a cancerous growth no medicine 
will help and a physician should be consulted at once. 

2. Cancer, Nettles and Laudanum Will Help. — "Take the juice of 
common nettles inwardly and mix a little laudanum with the juice and 
rub the parts outwardly. Cancer has often yielded to this treatment." 
This remedy will no doubt help an ugly looking ulcer, repeatedly taken 
for cancer, by the patients themselves and frequently the doctor. It is 
always well to give this simple home remedy a trial, at least, for it is 
frequently admitted by the medical fraternity to-day that ugly ulcers 
are oft€n treated in this way as cancers, sometimes to the lasting detri- 
ment of the sufferer. Then why not try some efficient home remedy 
like the above until you are certain that it is a cancer? 

TUMORS. — A tumor is a new growth which produces a localized 
enlargement of a part, or an organ, has no tendency to a spontaneous 
cure, has no useful function, in most cas€S tends to grow during the 
whole of the individual's life. Clinically, tumors are divided into the 
benign and the malignant. 

A benign tumor is usually composed of tissues, resembling those 
in which it originates. 

A malignant tumor usually consists of tissues widely different from 
those in which it originates ; its growth is rapid and therefore often 
painful ; it infiltrates all the surrounding tissues, however resistant, 
even bone, because it is never encapsulated ; it thus early becomes im- 
movable ; the overlying skin is apt to become adherent, especially when 
the breast is involved. Sooner or later it usually infects the group of 
lymphatic glands intervening between it and the venous circulation and 
from these new centres, or directl}^ through the veins, gives rise to 
secondary deposits in the internal organs. 

Some varieties. 1. Fibrous tumors ; these consist of fibrous tissues. 
2. Fatty tumors (or lipomata) ; these consist of normal fat tissue. 3. 
Cartilaginous tumors ; consist of cartilage. 4. Osseous (bony) tumors. 
5. Mucous tumors (myxomata). 6. Muscular tumors (myomata). 7. 
Vascular tumors (Angeiomata). 8. Nerve tumors (Neuromata). 

Malignant Sarcoma (Sarcomata). — These are a variety of tumors. 
The result of these varies with the location of the tumor. If located 
in the jaw, an operation may cure it. If in the tonsil or lymphatic 
gland, it destroys lif^ rapidly. If in the sub-cutaneous tissue, it may 
be repeatedly removed, the system remaining free, or the amputation 
of the limb involved will probably cure the disease. 




CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 



CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 337 

TUMORS. — Diagnosis. It is uncommon under tliirty, quite com- 
mon after. Epithelioma of the lower lip is limited almost entirely to 
men. If. then, a man of from forty to seventy develops a small tumor 
in the lower lip which ulcerates early, it is likely to be the cancer. 
The same applies to some extent to the tongue. These growths and 
sores need attention early. 

Treatment. — The best treatment is early free removal of the entire 
growth before the glands are involved. 



DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 

HEART DISEASE, Emergency Treatment.— For collapse or 
fainting, loosen clothing, lie down, rub camphor on forehead, and keep 
quiet. 

To Revive When Fainting. — Smell of camphor or aromatic spirits 
of ammonia. Put one to two teaspoonfuls of whisky or brandy in 
eight teaspoonfuls of hot water, and give one or two teaspoonfuls at a 
time and repeat often. Some are not accustomed to stimulants and it 
may strangle them, so give it slowly. Pulse is w^eak in such cases, 
calling for stimulants. 

2. Pearls of Amylnitrite. Break one in a handkerchief and put 
the handkerchief to the patient's nose so that he may inhale the fumes. 

Stimulant. — A person with heart valvular trouble should alwa>s 
carry pearls of amylnitrite. Inhale slowly so as not to g^t too much 
of it at once. 

HEART FAILURE.— The pulse may be slow and weak or fast 
and weak. 

Digitalis. — Give five drops of the tincture in a little water. An- 
other dose can be given in fifteen minutes. Then another in an hour, 
if necessary. 

PALPITATION OF THE HEART.— Irregular or forcible heart 
beat action usually perceived by the person troubled. 

Causes. — Hysteria, nervous exhaustion, violent emotions or sexual 
excesses ; overdose of tea and cofTee, alcohol or tobacco. 

Symptoms. — There may be only a sensation of fluttering with that 
of distention or emptiness of the heart. There may be flushing of the 
skin, violent beating of the superficial arteries, with rapid pulse, diffi- 
cult breathing and nervousness. Attack lasts from a few minutes to 
several hours. 
22 



338 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Palpitation of the Heart, Tea of 
Geranium Root for. — "Make an infusion of geranium root, half an ounce 
in pint of boiling water, strain, cool, and give wine glass fall three or 
four times a day." The geranium root will be found to be an excellent 
remedy where female weakness has caused the palpitation of the heart. 

2. Palpitation of the Heart, Hot Foot Bath and Camphor for. — 

"Place the feet in hot mustard water and give two grains camphor 
every two or three hours, or two drops aconite every hour. This 
remedy is very good and is sure to give relief." 

3. Palpitation of the Heart, Valuable Herb Tea for.— "All excite- 
ment must be avoided. Where there is organic disease, all that can be 
done is to mitigate the severity of the symptoms. For this take the 
following herb tea : One ounce each of marigold flowers, mugwort, 
motherworth, century dandelion root, put in two quarts of water and 
boil down to three pints ; pour boiling hot upon one-half ounce of 
valerian, and one-half ounce of skullcap. Take a wineglassful three 
times a day. Let the bowels be kept moderately open and live prin^ 
cipally upon vegetable diet, with plenty of outdoor exercise." 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Heartburn, Home Remedy for.— "A 

few grains of table salt allowed to dissolve in the mouth and frequently 
repeated will sometimes give relief." People who have too little acid 
in the stomach will be much benefited by this remedy. 

2. Heartburn, Soda a Popular Remedy for. — ''One-half teaspoon- 
ful soda in glass of water. Everybody uses this in the neighborhood." 

3. Heartburn, Excellent Remedy for. — 

"Powdered Rhubarb ^ ounce 

Spirits of Peppermint 2 drams 

Water 4 ounces 

Bicarbonate of Soda J^ ounce 

Dose — One Tablespoonful after meals." 

The bicarbonate of soda relieves the gas and swelling of the stom- 
ach, while the rhubarb has a tonic action and relieves the bowels. The 
spirits of peppermint stimulates the mucous membrane. 

4. Poor Circulation, Remedy for Stout Person. — ''Ten cents worth 
of salts, five cents worth of cream of tartar; mix and keep in a closed 
jar. Take one teaspoonful for three nights, then skip three nights." 
This is an old-time remedy known to be especially good, as the salts 
move the bowels and the cream of tartar acts on the kidneys, carrying 
off the impurities that should be thrown off from these organs. 

PHYSICIAN'S TREATMENT FOR PALPITATION.— When 

caused by valvular trouble, digitalis can be given as above directed 
under heart failure. 

When Caused by the Stomach. — From gas or too much food, take 
salts to move the bowels. Hot whisky is good when caused by gas ; or 
soda, one teaspoonful in hot water is also good when gas causes palpi- 
tation. 



CIRCULATORY DISEASES 339 

Difficult Breathing. — If caused by gas, soda, hot whisky or brandy 
will relieve. If caused by too fast beating of the heart, give digitalis 
as above directed. If caused by dropsy, the regular remedies for 
dropsy. If the dropsy is due to scanty urine you can use infusion of 
digitalis, dose one to four drams; or cream of tartar and epsom salts, 
equal parts, to keep the bowels open freely. 

PHYSICIAN'S CAUTIONS:— Quiet the patient's mind and as- 
sure him there is no actual danger; moderate exercise should be taken 
as a rule with advantage. Regular hours should be kept and at least 
ten hours out of twenty-four should be spent in lying down. A tepid 
bath may be taken in the morning, or if the patient is weakly and 
nervous, in the evening, followed by a thorough rubbing. No hot 
baths or Turkish bath. Tea, coflfee and alcohol are prohibited. Diet 
should be light, and the patient should avoid overeating at any meals. 
F'oods that cause gas should not be used. If a smoker the patient must 
give up tobacco. Sexual excitement is very pernicious, and the patient 
should be warned especially on this point. Absolute rest for the dis- 
tressing attacks of palpitation which occur w^ith nervous exhaustion. 
In these cases we find the most distressing throbbing in the abdomen, 
which is apt to come after meals, and is very much aggravated by the 
accumulation of gas. 

Diet. — A person with heart disease should not bring on palpitation 
from over-eating or eating the wrong kind of food. Such a person dare 
not be a glutton. The diet must be simple, nutritious, but food that 
is easily digested. Any food that causes trouble must be avoided ; 
starchy foods, spiced foods, rich greasy foods, are not healthy for such 
a person. The stomach must be carefully treated by such a patient. 
The bowels should move daily. The kidneys should always do good 
work and pass enough urine and of the right color and consistency. 
Stimulants like alcohol, tea and cofTee are not to be used. \\'eak cocoa 
is all right in most cases. Hot w^ater, if any drink must be taken, at 
meals. Such a patient in order to live and live comfortably, must take 
life easy. He cannot afford to run, to over lift, or over exert, to walk 
fast upstairs, hurry or to "catch the car." He must not get angry or 
excited. Games of all kinds that have a tendency to make him nervous 
must be avoided. The same caution applies to exciting literature. In 
short, a patient with organic heart disease must be a drone in the hum 
of this busy, fast-rushing life, if he would hope to keep the spark of 
Jife for many years. Sleep, rest and quiet is a better motto for you 
than the strenuous life. 

The Heart. — The heart is the central organ of the entire system 
and consists of a hollow muscle ; by its contraction the blood is pumped 
to all parts of the body through a complicated series of tubes, termed 
arteries. The arteries undergo enormous ramifications (branchings) in 
their course throughout the body and end in very minute vessels, 
called arterioles, which in thair turn open into a close meshed network 
of microscopic (very minute) vessels, termed capillaries. After the 



340 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

blood has passed through the capillaries it is collected into a series of 
larger vessels called veins by which it is returned to the heart. The 
passage of the blood through the heart and blood vessels constitutes 
what is termed th^ circulation of the blood. 7^he human heart is 
divided by a septum (partition) into two halves, right and left, each 
half being further constricted into two cavities, the upper of the tw^o 
being termed the auricle and the lower the ventricle. The heart con- 
sists of four chambers or cavities, two forming the right half, the right 
auricle and right ventricle, and two forming the left half, the left auri- 
cle and 1-eft ventricle. The right half of the heart contains the venous 
or impure blood ; the left the arterial or pure blood. From the cavity 
of the left ventricle the pure blood is carried into a large artery, the 
aorta, through the numerous branches of which it is distributed to all 
parts of the body, with the exception of the lungs. In its passage 
through the capillaries of the body the blood gives up to the tissues 
the material necessary for their growth and nourishment and at the 
same time receives from the tissues the waste products resulting from 
their metabolism, that is, the building up and tearing down of the 
tissues, and in so doing becomes changed from arterial or pure blood 
into venous or impure blood, which is collected by the veins and 
through them returned to the right auricle of the heart. 

From this cavity the impure blood passes into the right ventricle 
from which it is conveyed through the pulmonary (lung) arteries to 
the lungs. In the capillaries of the lungs it again becomes arterialized 
by the air that fills the lungs and is then carried to the left auricle by 
the pulmonary veins. From this cavity it passes into that of the left 
ventricle, from which the cycle once more begins. The heart, then, is a 
hollow muscular organ of a conical form, placed between the lungs and 
enclosed in the cavity of the pericardium. It is placed obliquely in the 
chest. The broad attached end or base is directed upwards, backwards 
and to the right and extends up to the right as high as the second rib 
and the center of the base lies near the surface underneath the 
breast bone. The apex (point) is directed downwards, forward and to 
the left and corresponds to the space between the cartilage of the fifth 
and sixth ribs, three-fourths of an inch to the inner side, and one and 
one-half inches below the nipple, or about three and one-half inches 
from the middle line of the breast bone. The heart is placed behind 
the lower two-thirds of the breast bone and extends from the median 
line three inches to the left half of the cavity of the chest and one and 
one-half inches to the right half of the cavity of the chest. 

Size: In adults it is five inches long, three and one-half inches in 
breadth at its broadest part and two and one-half inches in thickness. 
Weight in the male ten to twelve ounces ; in the female eight to ten. 
It increases up to an advanced period of life. The tricuspid A'alve 
(three segments) closes the opening between the right auricle and right 
ventricle. Pulmonary semilunar valves guard the orifice of the pul- 
monary artery, keeping the blood from flowing back into the right 
ventricle. The mitral valve guards the opening to the left ventricle 



CIRCULATORY DISEASES 34 1 

from the left auricle. The semilunar valves surround the opening from 
the left ventricle into the aorta and keep the blood from flowing back. 
If any one of these valves becomes diseased it may not thoroughly 
close the opening it is placed to g^ard and then we have a train 
of important symptoms. 

PERICARDITIS. — This is an inflammation of the pericardium, 
the sac containing the heart. 

Primary or First Causes. — They refer in this disease to a peculiar 
constitution. Children that have a tuberculous constitution are more 
liable to this disease. Acute rheumatism or tonsilitis are the causes 
and this trouble follows or goes with them. Infectious diseases also 
cause it. 

Sjrmptoms. — Slight pain in the heart region, fever moderate. These 
subside or efitusion may set in and this usually occurs with acute rheu- 
matism, tuberculosis and septicemia. Sometimes these symptoms are 
absent. 

Treatment of Pericarditis. — The patient must res: quietly in bed 
and a doctor should be in artendance. An ice bag placed over the 
heart frequently gives relief and quiets the distress and pain. There 
is apt to be liquid in the sac (pericardium) and to lessen the tendency 
to this there should not be much drink or liquid food taken. There 
should be what is called a drv diet. fSee Nursing Department for 
this.) 

ENDOCARDITIS.— Inflammation of the lining of the heart 
chiefly confined to the valves ; it may be acute or chronic. 

Simple Kind, Cause. — Occurs at all ages, but most often in chil- 
dren and young adults. It most frequently comes with acute rheuma- 
tism, chorea, tonsilitis, scarlet fever, and pneumonia. The valves in 
the left heart are most often attected. the mitral simply swollen or 
bearing small growths. 

Symptoms. — If it is caused by acute rheumatism, there may be 
higher temperature, without increase of joint symptoms. Heart beats 
faster and is irregular. I: may run into chronic vahnilar disease. 

Treatment of Endocarditis. — Preventive. — Much can be done to 
prevent this disease by closely watching the patient having the disease 
that causes it. The heart should be closely watched. Acute iniiamma- 
tor>- rheumatism is a frequent cause and the heart must be watched 
continually in this disease. When the patient has this disease he must 
be quiet and in bed. This is essential. A doctor must be called, for 
the disease is serious and dangerous. 

Diet. — Should be liquid. Milk or preparations made with it is the 
usual diet. Care must be taken that the stomach and bowels be not 
disordered. Gas collecting in the stomach causes much distress to 
one who has endocarditis or valN*ular disease. 

Caution. — Avoid early exertion after getting well. 



342 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

CHRONIC ENDOCARDITIS.— Usually occurs in persons under 
middle age. Generally follows acute endocarditis. It may be caused 
b}- syphilis, alcoholism, gout, and prolonged over-exertion. The edges 
of the valve become thickened and then the thickened parts separate 
and cannot meet exactly and therefore fail to close the opening they 
are set to guard. 

CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE.— Results of valve lesions. 
Narrov^ing of a valve causes increased difficulty in emptying the cham- 
ber of the heart behind it. Insufficiency of a valve allows the return 
of the blood through the valve during the dilation of a chamber, thus 
increasing the am.ount of blood entering the chamber beyond the nor- 
mal. Either trouble causes dilation of the chamber and compensatory 
hypertrophy. Enlargement of its vvail must take place in order to 
perform the extra work demanded constantly, for the normal reserve 
force of the heart muscles can accomplish the extra task only tem- 
porarily. This enlargement increases the working power of the heart 
to above normal, but the organ is relatively less efficient than the 
normal hearty as its reserve force is less and sudden or unusual exer- 
tion may cause disturbance or failure of the compensation acquired by 
the enlargement. If this loss of reserve force is temporary, com- 
pensation is restored by further enlargement and by diminution, by 
rest, of the work demanded of the heart. Any valvular lesion, 
whether a stenosis (narrowing) of the outlet or Insufficiency from 
the moment of its origin, leads to certain alterations in the dis- 
tribution of pressure upon each side of the affected valve. If the body 
of the heart itself did not possess a series of powerful compensatory 
aids, that is, the power of making good a defect or loss, or restoring a 
lost balance, to improve this relation of altered pressure, then every 
serious lesion at its very beginning would not only cause serious gen- 
eral disturbances of circulation, but very soon prove fatal. Without 
compensation, of the power of making good the defect or loss, the blood 
in every valvular disease or lesion would be collected behind the dis- 
eased valve. The heart's reserve power prevents to a certain extent 
such a dangerous condition ; the sections of the heart lying behind the 
diseased valve work harder, diminish the blood stoppage and furnish 
enough blood to the peripheral arteries. The reserve force is used 
in stenosis to overcome the obstacle, whereas in insufficiency it 
must force more blood forward during the succeeding phase through 
the diseased valve. To effect this increased work permanently, anato- 
mic changes in the heart are bound to follow. The changes consist in 
hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart muscle) and dilatation of the 
different chambers. Under this head, compensation, is included the 
increased filling and increased work of certain heart chambers with 
their resulting dilatation and hypertrophy. But this compensation 
cannot last forever. It fails sometimes and certain symptoms follow 
as hereafter related. Therefore persons who have valvular disease and 
who have been informed that the heart has adapted itself to the condi- 
tion by enlarging of its walls and chambers and thus forming the con- 



CIRCULATORY DISEASES 343 

dition called compensation, should be very careful of their mode of 
living and not put any undue or sudden strain upon the heart that 
might destroy the conditions that make compensation continue. In 
ihe following pages symptoms are given showing what happens when 
compensation continues and when it fails. 

AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY OR INCOMPETENCY. — The 

valves arc not doing their work thoroughly. 

Symptoms. — They are often long absent ; headache, dizziness, faint- 
ness, flashes of light, difficult breathing, and palpitation on exertion, 
and pain in the heart region may occur early. The pain may be dull 
and localized, or sharp and radiating to the neck or left arm. When 
compensation fails, we have difficult breathing, which is worse at night, 
swelling of the eyes and feet, cough, anemia. Sudden death is more 
common in this than w^ith any other valvular disease. You can hear a 
soft blowing sound by listening with your ear. 

NARROWING (Aortic Stenosis). — Caused by chronic endocar- 
ditis, etc. Their valve segments are usually adherent to each other by 
their margins and are thickened and distorted. 

Symptoms. — When compensation is gone, diminished blood in the 
brain causes dizziness and faintness. 

MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY OR INCOMPETENCY.— This is 

the most common valvular disease. The segments of the valve may be 
shortened and deformed. There is often stenosis (narrowing) caused 
by this deformity. The effects are regurgitation, flowing back of blood 
from the left ventricle into the left auricle, which is also receiving 
blood from the lungs, causing dilatation of the auricle and its enlarge- 
ment to expel the extra blood ; dilatation and other enlargement of the 
left ventricle occurs on account of the large quantity of blood forced in 
by the auricle ; obstruction to flow of blood from pulmonary veins due 
to extra blood in left auricle, hence dilatation and enlargement of right 
ventricle which forces blood through the lungs ; dilatation and enlarge- 
ment of right auricle. 

Symptoms. — If compensation is slightly disturbed we have blueness 
(cyanosis), clubbing of the fingers, hard breathing on exertion, and 
attacks of bronchitis and bleeding from the lungs. If compensation is 
seriously disturbed we are likely to have the blueness (cyanosis) more 
marked, heart beat feeble and irregular, constant hard breathing, with 
cough and water or bloody sputum, dropsy in the feet first and going 
up and involving the abdomen and chest cavities. 

MITRAL STENOSIS.— This is the narrowing of the valve open- 
ing. It is most common in young persons, chiefly females. The nar- 
rowing of the valve opening may be due to thickening or liardening of 
the valve segments, adhesion of their edges, thickening and contraction 
of the tendinous cords of the valve ring. 

Symptoms. — Similar to mitral insufficiency, but they develop 
slower and those symptoms of venous congestion of the lungs, liver, 
etc., are more marked ; bleeding from the lungs is more common. 



544 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

TRICUSPID (VALVE) INSUFFICIENCY. — Cause, — UsuaUy 
due to di'iiation of the right ventricle m mirral disease or with long 

emphyseir.a or other obstruction to the lungs' circulation. 

TRICUSPID STENOSIS (NARROWING).— Rare except in cases 
from the time of birth. 

Recovery from the valvnlar disease, depends upon the d^;Tee nf 
compensation maintained and is best when this is acquired spontane- 
ously. This is to be judged by the heart action. The ;::c --is is 
poor in children. It is better in women than in men. 

Treatntent (a^ While Compensated. — Medicine is net necessary at 
: :5 :e :: T.e ziz-.zt.: f i.': it-.d a quiet, regulated, orderly life, 
free from ex:::r-~er.: :.:.i r: i .: the risk of certain death makes it 
necessary :::s: : .rst r fre: r^ : ;::. i iisease of the aorta should be 
especially war r e i - ^ 2. : f : : r r- r : : e r : : : : . i : : hurr\-. An ordinary heal- 
thy die t in m c i e : a : e :^ .: a r. : 1 : 1 e s s /. : u i - :e : ^ ken, tobacco and stimulants 
not allowed at alL 



The feelings of the patient most control the amonnt of 
so long as no heart distress or palpitation follows, moderate exerdse 
will be of g^eat help. A li h bath is good. No hot baths should be 
taken and a Turkish bath absolutely prohibited. For the full-blooded, 
fleshy patient an occasional dose of salts should be taken. Patients 
with a valvular trouble should not go into any very high altitudes; 
over-exertion, mental worry and poor digestion are harmful. 

(b^ The stage of broken compensation. Res:. Disturbed compen- 
51: :r r:?v be c:rr.ple:ely restored by res: :: :' e : : i; Ir. many cases 
v/::r. 5 = eiing :: :he ankles, moderate dila:a:::n :: :ne heart and irregu- 
larity- :: z'r.~ : hse :he rest in bed, a few doses of the compound tinc- 
ture :: :ar:in: n ^r i a saline :^urge suffice within a week or ten dajrs 
:: res ::e '.'.'.t ::n:Ter.5i: :n ?:r medicine a doctor must be consulted 
as each individuai case must be treated according to its peculiar 
symptoms. 

FATTY HEART.— This occurs often in old age, prolonged, infec- 
tious, wasting disease, anemia, alcoholism, poisoning by phosphorus 
and arsenic 

ANGINA PECTORIS.— True angina, which is ^ rare disease, is 
characterized by paroxysms of agonizing pain in the region of the 
heart, extending into the arms and neck. In violent attacks there is the 
sensation of impending death. Usually during the exertion and excite- 
ment, sudden onset of agonizing pain in the region of the heart and a 
sense of constriction, as if the heart had been seized in a vise. The 
pains radiate up the neck and down the arm. The fingers may be 
numb. The patient remains motionless and silent, the face usually 
pale or ashy with profuse perspiration. Lasts for several seconds or 
a minute or two. 



CIRCULATOR)' DISL.tSES 345 

Treatment. — Live an absolutely quiet lite, avoid excitement and 
sudden muscular exertion. During the attack, break a pearl of ainyl- 
nitritc in a handkerchief and inhale the fumes. These should always 
be carried. If no relief is had in a minute or two chloroform should 
be given at once. It is dangerous and you must look to your physician 
for advice and treatment. 

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS.— A localized or diffused thickness of the 
inner coat and then of the other coats of the arteries. Arteries look 
lumpy and are crooked, dilated with stiff, thin or calcified walls. All 
coats, especially the middle, show degeneration. It usually comes in 
later life. 

Treatment. — Regulate the mode of life, avoid alcohol, excess of 
eating, drinking, exertion, excitement and worry. Keep the bowels 
and kidneys acting regularly. There is no medicine for it. 

ANEURISM. — This is a local dilatation of an artery. A local 
tumor. 

Treatment. — Absolute rest, restrict fluids. There is always danger 
from rupture. 

MYOCARDITIS.— This is an inflammation of the muscle sub- 
stance of the heart. It may be acute or chronic. 

Causes. — Endocarditis and pericarditis in the course of rheuma- 
tism ; acute fevers like typhoid, etc. ; clots lodging in the heart arteries, 
coming from diseases such as septicemia and pyemia. 

Symptoms. — The heart is weak. The pulse is rapid, small and 
irregular, palpitation and fainty sensations come on suddenly during 
the course of diseases mentioned. The outlook is serious and life may 
end suddenly. 

Treatment. — The same as that given for endocarditis. Absolute 
rest is necessar}-. A good nourishing diet must be given and a doctor 
is always needed. 

PHLEBITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE VEINS.— Causes.— 

Some irritation of the vein, as a puncture or any other injury accom- 
panied by infection. 

Symptoms. — Pain and tenderness along the course of the vein with 
discolored skin and acute swelling (watery) below the obstruction. 
Pulse rapid, high temperature, chills, dry and brown tongue and pain. 

Treatment. — Absolute quiet is necessary, with the affected limb 
elevated. Lead and laudanum wash should be applied, or hot anti- 
septic fomentations if an abscess is forming. An abscess should be 
opened, keep up the patient's strength. 

VARICOSE VEINS (Varix).— This term means an enlarged, 
elongated, tortuous, knotty condition of the veins. The term "varicose 
veins" is restricted in general use to the veins of the extremities, and 
especially those belonging to the lower extremity. The disease begins 



346 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

with a slow dilation of the vein, which gradually becomes thickened 
and tortuous. The inner lining membrane or coat of the vein is al- 
tered, the valves are shortened and thus rendered insufficient to support 
the column of blood. The outer coat becomes thickened. The varicose 
conditions affect chiefly the superficial veins. 

Predisposing Causes. — They are most frequent in the female sex. 
The tendency increases as the age advances. Obstruction. Anything 
that obstructs the full return of blood in the veins, as tight garters 
below the knee, etc. Standing work may bring it on. 

Exciting Causes. — Tumors in the pelvis ; diseases of the heart and 
lungs; pregnancy. These all obstruct the full return of blood in the 
veins. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR VARICOSE VEINS.— 
Palliative. — Remove the cause if possible. Treat the heart and lung 
troubles. Remove the pelvic tumors. In pregnancy, the woman 
afflicted with this trouble should not be much on her feet, but should 
remain lying down in bed as much as possible. This position removes 
the weight of the pregnant womb from the veins and allows a free 
return of the venous blood. An elastic bandage, or a perfectly fitting 
elastic stocking, supports the veins, equalizes the circulation and turns 
the flow to the deeper veins, which do not, as a rule, become varicose. 
This silk stocking should be made to order. This treatment gives 
much comfort in chronic varicose veins. 



DISEASES OF THE EYE AND EAR 

The first thing we notice in looking at the eye may be the lids 
and at each edge are the eyelashes. When this edge becomes inflamed 
it is called Blepharitis Marginalis or inflammation of the margin of 
the eyelids. It is called thus from the name of the eyelid ''Blepharon;" 
Itis always means inflammation. 

If we turn down the lower lid and turn up the upper, we see a red 
membrane called the conjunctiva (connecting). This is the mucous 
membrane of the eye. It lines the inner surface of both lids and is re- 
flected over the fore part of the Sclerotic and Cornea — ^^two other coats 
of the eye. The palpebral or eyelid portion of the conjunctiva is thick, 
opaque, highly vascular (filled with blood vessels) and covered with 
numerous papillae. It turns back (reflects) over the Cornea, but it 
consists only of a very thin structure (epithelium) forming the anterior 
layer of the cornea and is, in health, perfectly transparent. Upon the 
sclerotic it is loosely attached to the globe. When the conjunctiva be- 
comes inflamed it is called (Conjunctiv(a)itis) conjunctivitis. The 



EYE AXD EAR 347 

sclerotic-cornea forms the external tunic (coat) of the eyeball, the 
sclerotic bein^ opaque and forming the posterior five-sixths of the 
globe; the cornea, which forms the remaining sixth (the front white 
part that is plainly seen) being transparent. The sclerotic (means 
dense and hard) serves to maintain the form of the globe, the eyeball. 

The cornea. — This is almost circular in shape. It is convex ante- 
riorly and projects forward from the sclerotic in the same manner that 
a watch glass does from its case. This layer covers what we call tlie 
pupil. 

The second tunic or coat (membrane) is formed from behind for- 
ward by the Choroid, the ciliary body and the Iris. The choroid is the 
vascular and dark coat covering the posterior five-sixths of the globe. 
The ciliary body connects the choroid to the circumference of the iris. 
The iris is the circular muscular septum (division) which hangs verti- 
cally behind the cornea, presenting in its center a large rounded open- 
ing, the pupil. 

The choroid is a thin highly vascular membrane of a dark brown 
or chocolate color and is pierced behind by the optic nerve and in this 
situation is firmly adherent to the sclerotic. 

The ciliary body comprises three muscles for Its make-up and con- 
nects the choroid to the circumference of the iris. 

The Iris (rainbow) has received its name from its various colors in 
diflFerent individuals. It is a thin, circular shaped, contractile curtain, 
suspended in the aqueous (watery) humor behind the cornea and in 
front of the lens, being perforated a little to the nasal (nose) side of 
its centre by a circular opening, the pupil, for the transmission of light. 
By its circumference it is continuous with the ciliary body, and its 
inner or free edge forms the margin of the pupil. The anterior surface 
of the iris is variously colored in different individuals and marked by 
lines w^hich converge toward the pupil. 

The Retina. — This is a delicate membrane, upon the surface of 
which the images of external objects are received. Its outer surface is 
in contact w^ith the choroid ; its inner, with the vitreous (glass) body. 
Behind it is continuous with the optic nerve; it gradually diminishes in 
thickness from behind forward. The retina is soft, semi-transparent 
and of a purple tint in the fresh state. Exactly in the centre of the 
posterior part o£ the retina corresponding to the axis of the eye. and at 
a point in which the sense of vision is most perfect, is an oval yellow- 
ish spot, called after its discoverer, the yellow spot or Macula lutea of 
Sommering. 

Refracting Media. — The aqueous humor completely fills the ante- 
rior and posterior chambers of the eyeball. The anterior chamber is 
the space bounded in front by the cornea; behind by the front of the 
iris. The posterior chamber is a narrow chink between the peripheral 
part of the iris, the ''suspensory ligament" of the lens and the "ciliary 
processes." 



34S MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The vitreous body forms about four-fifths of the entire globe. It 
fills the concavity of the retina and is hollowed in front, forming a deep 
cavity, for the reception of the lens. It is perfectly transparent and of 
the consistency of thin jelly. The fluid from the vitreous body resem- 
bles nearly pure water. The crystalline lens enclosed in its capsule is 
situated immediately behind the pupil, in front of the vitreous body. 
The lens is a transparent, double-convex body. It is more convex 
on the posterior than on the anterior surface. The rays of light go 
through this body and converge to a point at the back of the retina. 

BLEPHARITIS MARGINALIS.— This means a chronic inflam- 
mation of the margin or edge of the eyelids accompanied by congestion, 
thickening and ulceration of the parts and the formation of scales and 
crusts. 

Causes. — The underlying cause is often an inflammation of the 

conjunctiva where the proper care is not taken in cleansing the roots 
of the lashes when the discharge collects. 

Other causes are keeping late hours, smoke and dust. 

Symptoms. — The red swelling along the roots of the lashes is often 
the only symptom. This comes and goes at the least excuse, such as 
eye strain, late hours, dust and wind. Scales and dust form in the 
severe forms of the disease. It is most common in children, extends 
over many years and may finally result in the loss of the lashes, with 
the edge of the lid, thickened, reddened and turned out. 

Treatment. — This is tedious. Fit glasses if there is eye strain, re- 
form the mode of life and attend to any constitutional disease that may- 
tend to make it worse. 

Local treatment. — Keep the parts thoroughly clean. The edges of 
the lids should be washed carefully with soap and warm water or mild 
solution of borax or soda until the crusts are all cleaned off and then 
use at night an ointment composed of the following ingredients: 

Yellow oxide of Mercury 2^ grains 

Petrolatum 2J^ drams 

Mix and make an ointment and rub on the edge of the 
lids even,- night, first cleaning them. The conjunctivitis must 
be cured. 

STYE (HORDEOLUM).— This is a swelling beginning in a gland 
or glands at the edge of the lid and pus forms finally. 

Causes. — Inflammation of the edge of the lid, stomach trouble, run 
down condition, poorly fitted glasses, when glasses should be worn to 
relieve the eye strain. 

Symptoms. — Itching and burning feeling followed by a red swollen 
area (lump) at the edge of the lid. Later it comes to a point and 
discharges. 

Cause. — Styes usually run their course in a few days or a week; 
another frequently follows. When it does not reach the pus stage, it 
often leaves a hard swelling fblind stye). 



F.YE AS'D EAR 349 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. Stye.— Home Method to Kill.— 'To 
hasten the pointing of a stye api)ly hot comj)resses for fifteen minutes 
every two hours. As ill health may be the cause, a tonic may he 
needed ; glasses properly fitted should be worn and a boric acid eye- 
wash used until long after the stye has disappeared." Applying hot 
compresses will relieve the congestion and gives much relief. Ill health 
produces a poor circulation of the blood and a good tonic will be found 
beneficial. Styes are frequently produced by need of glasses. 

Treatment. — Treat the stomach and system if necessary. Ice or 
cold cloths against the stye may abort it. If it goes on, hot fomenta- 
tions will hasten it. It should then be opened up and scraped out. It 
will soon heal then and will not leave a lump. 

ACUTE CATARRHAL CONJUNCTIVITIS (Pink Eye).— Defi- 
nition. — This is an acute inflammation of the mucous membranes under 
the eyelids, and there is congestion (too much blood), swelling and a 
discharge of mucus and pus. 

Causes. — Exposure to wind, dust, smoke, or irritating foreign sub- 
stance, cinder, sand, etc. It may occur in epidemic form and then is 
contagious and is called "pink eye." 

Symptoms. — The lids appear stiff to the patient, the light causes 
discomfort and the patient fears it. Burning feeling as if there w^as 
some dirt, etc., under the lid, not much pain, but discomfort especially 
in the evening. 

The lids look swollen and red. The conjunctiva on the cornea is 
reddened and that on the lid is thickened, reddened and rough. The 
discharge collects at the roots of the lashes or lies on the conjunctiva. 
The lids are stuck together in the morning. The sight is slightly 
affected by the discharge on the cornea, which is otherwise clear. 
Sometimes little (minute) ulcerations are seen. 

Course. — It may run into a chronic conjunctivitis. One eye is 
usually attacked a few days before the other. The first stage lasts a 
few hours or a day and then the discharge follows which may last a 
few days or a week or more. 

Treatment. — First : Use gauze or cotton and dip in ice or cold 
water and apply to the eyelids. A wash of hot w^ater can be used to 
cleanse the eye or ten to sixty grains (one teaspoonful) of boric acid 
to an ounce of water can be used as a wash also. 

The following remedies are good in combination as follows : 

Alum .3 grains 

Sulphate of Zinc 2 grains 

Distilled Water 1 ounce 

Mix and drop one drop into the eye two or three times 
daily. 

A weak solution of tea can be used also as a wash. Anoint the 
lids at night with white (tube) vaselin. 



350 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE OF NEWLY BORN (OPH- 
THALMIA NEONATORUM).— This is a severe inflammation of the 
conjunctiva in the new born infant, usually due to a discharge from the 
mother and it is characterized by a discharge of pus. 

Causes. — Mild ' cases may come from a less violent form of infec- 
tion from the mother's discharge from the vagina, or from outside 
causes. The majority of the severe cases is due to a poison (the 
gonococcus infection). 

Symptoms. — The first symptoms are swelling and redness, usually 
of both eyes, usuall}^ occurring a few days after birth. Soon the dis- 
charge appears and shortly becomes creamy pus, which runs from the 
eyes when the swollen lids are partly opened. As the disease continues 
to advance, the membrane of the lid is thickened, red and velvety look- 
ing and the conjunctiva (membrane) in the eye is swollen, puffy and 
watery. 

The disease may last from two to six weeks or longer. 

If the pus is not cleaned from the eye, the cornea may look dim 
and ulcers may appear. If the ulcer eats through the cornea the iris is 
apt to be caught in the opening and in the scar resulting from the ulc€r. 
The cornea may later bulge and protrude or the disease may involve 
the whole eye in an inflammation which may destroy it. 

The result generally depends upon how soon treatment is begun. 
If attended to early the great majority of cases recover. It is serious 
to neglect early treatment for this disease. It causes a great many 
cases of blindness and generally the cases are neglected too long. 
Treatment must begin before the disease begins. Immediately at the 
birth of the child, when if there is any poison in the eye due to a dis- 
charge in the mother's vagina, it can be immediately cleansed. 

TREATMENT. PREVENTIVE. What to do first.— As soon as 
the child is born and before its eyes are opened the discharges should 
be carefully wiped away from the lids with small squares of cotton or 
gauze, pieces wrung out of a weak solution, three per cent (three parts 
to one hundred of warm, boiled, water) of boric acid. The eyes should 
not be exposed to the light. At the first both the eyes should be bathed 
and the same piece of linen should not be used for both eyes. 

As soon as any redness appears the eye should be frequently 
bathed with this warm, weak solution of boric acid and sometimes cold 
compresses should be used by taking squares of folded gauze or masses 
of absorbent cotton. Take them cold from a block of ice and lay them 
over the eyes, and keep constantly changing to keep them cold. This 
relieves the congestion and prevents a great amount of blood from 
flowing and settling (congestion) there. When pus appears in the eye 
it should be cleansed every half hour at least. You can do this by let- 
ting the solution run over it from a medicine dropper. After being 
allowed to trickle from the outer to the inner angle (corner) of the eye, 
it will then run down beside the nose and can be caught in a piece of 



EVE .L\D EAR 35 1 

absorbent cotton or sponge. If there is a great amount of pus in the 
eye, the eye may have to be washed out in this manner, every fifteen 
minutes, day and night, so that the cornea will be kept clean. If this 
must be done a small fountain syringe with a glass tube (eye-dropper) 
attached will cause a steady flow of the solution. The boric acid can 
be increased to five or ten grains to the ounce of water. If only one 
eye is diseased the other eye may be covered. 

All cloths, etc., should be burned at once and the basin which has 
held them, filled with carbolic acid solution of the strength of one part 
acid to twenty parts water. The nurse's hands should be thoroughly 
scrubbed in hot water and soap and disinfected in the same strength of 
carbolic acid solution, as the disease is very contagious and dangerous 
to adults. An attendant should not touch her face or hair with her 
hands unless they have been w^ashed quite clean. The conjunctiva 
should be brushed with a solution of nitrate of silver of two per cent 
strength (two parts to one hundred of distilled water) and then neu- 
tralized with a salt solution, not strong enough to burn. 

When the cornea is diseased one per cent solution of atropine may 
be necessary once or twice a day. 

Caution. — In the cities this disease is disastrous in its results to 
the sight of babies. This is due to the want of necessary care. Per- 
sons who must be with the patient should be very careful not to get 
any of the discharge upon their clothes or person, as it is very con- 
tagious. 

ULCER OF THE CORNEA.— Causes.— Poor general health is an 
underlying cause or the cornea itself may be poorly nourished. Ulcers 
are common among the poor classes. They often begin through a rub- 
bing of the cornea by a foreign body. They also come from diseases oi 
the conjunctiva. Weakly babies are easily atYected. 

Symptoms, — The light hurts the patient ; there is a feeling of 
something in the eye. When the ulcer is over the pupil the sight is 
impaired. The eyeball shows a ring of pink congestion about the cor- 
nea, with congestion of the conjunctiva. The form of the ulcer may be 
irregular, circular, etc. 

Course. — The simple ulcers heal in a week or two. Infected ulcers 
may spread, or they may sink deeply into the substance of the cornea 
and eat through. The danger to the sight depends upon the kind and 
severity of the ulcer. There is apt to be more or less film over the 
eye for some time and if the ulcer eats through it may destroy the 
.sight. 

Treatment. Preventive. — When the cornea has been injured and 
there lias been some rubbing ofT of its tissue (abrasion) a mild antiseptic 
solution in the form of eye drops should be used. Boric acid, as much 
as will dissolve in warm, distilled water and some drop|>ed in the eye 
three or four times a day. If there is a foreign body in the cornea. 
clean instruments should be used to remove it. The cocaine used to 
render the eye painless must be pure. 



352 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

General Treatment. — If the patient is ''run down" the general sys- 
tem should be built up. 

Local Treatment. — One to two per cent solution of Atropine 
should be put into the eye three to six times a day to keep the pupil 
dilated and prevent it from adhering to the cornea. Hot fomentations 
repeated according to the severity of the case and the amount of ''eas- 
ing" they give. A three per cent solution of boric acid should be used 
for cleansing purposes. The bowels should be regular. The patient 
should remain in one room. 

FILM ON THE EYE PTERYGIUM.— This is a growth begin- 
ning near the inner or outer corner and extending with its point to- 
wards the center of the cornea. 

Symptoms. — The patient only complains when it has advanced to- 
ward the center of the cornea and the vision is lessened or cut off. It 
occurs more often from the inner corner. It keeps growing for many 
years and may cease advancing at any time. 

Treatment. — Surgical treatment is often necessary. Dr. Ailing 
says : ''Dissect off the growth from the cornea and sclera coats, leav- 
ing the base attached (toward the corner of the eye) and bury its point 
under the undermined conjunctiva below. If the growth is dissected 
off the cornea, which may readily be done, and then cut off (towards 
its base) it would recur." 

IRITIS. (Inflammation of the Iris.) — This is an inflammation of 
the iris, characterized by congestion, small pupil and posterior 
synechia. 

Causes. — It occurs in the second stage of syphilis, second to eigh- 
teenth month, from rheumatism, diabetes, gout, injury, and without 
any known cause (idiopathic). 

Symptoms. — More or less severe pain in the eye, forehead and 
temple, worse in the night and early morning especially. There is fear 
of the light and the eyes water very much. The sight is affected and 
there may be some fever. On examination the lids are found sw^ollen 
and red, the eyeball shows congestion in the cornea and ciliary body, 
with some congestion of the conjunctiva. The cornea looks hazy. The 
anterior surface of the iris looks muddy and does not look so fine and 
delicate. The pupil is small and the light does not make it contract 
readily. If atropine is put in the eye (one per cent solution) the pupil 
will not dilate regularly, because at dift'erent points the pupillary edge 
of the iris is held to the lens by an exudate that lightly holds it. 

Course and Recovery. — The disease may occur at any age, bat it 
is most common in children. It may last from one to six weeks. 

Chances of recovery are good if treatment is begun early. There 
is a tendency to recurrence. 



EYE AND EAR 353 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. — 1. Iritis. — Sensible Remedy for.— 

"Doctor the blood with sulphur and lard, a teaspoonfui three times a 
day. Refrain from using the eyes. This disease is said to be brought 
on by rheumatic fever, and rheumatism is a disease of the blood." This 
is a very serious disease and a physican should be called. 

Treatment. What to do first. — Confine the patient in a darkened 

room and if the attack is severe in bed. 

Local Treatment. — Dry or moist heat should be applied, according 
to the ease they give. Leeches are good in severe cases placed near 
the outer corner of the eye. Atropine usually made of about the 
strength of two to four grains Atropine to an ounce of water; or one 
per cent (1 to 100) may be used, and it should be dropped into the eye 
from three to six times a day. The pupil must be dilated and kept so 
from the beginning to keep the adhesions from forming between the 
iris and lens. If too much is used the throat and tongue will feel dry, 
face will flush, and there will be dizziness and a rapid pulse. Stop it 
until that effect is gone and then cautiously use it again. The bowels 
should be kept open. 

The diet should consist of milk to a great extent. Water of course 
can be taken freely. Soups, broths, gruels, etc., can be used if desired; 
but meats should be withheld for a time unless the patient runs down. 

Caution. — If a person has any of the special symptoms above men- 
tioned it would be prudent to begin treatment at once. The great 
danger is permanent adhesion of the iris to other parts, especially the 
lens, and the dilating and contracting power may be lost. 

INJURIES OF THE IRIS.— Concussion of the eyeball may pro- 
duce an irregular dilation of the pupil. This is due to paralysis of the 
sphincter muscle of the pupil, but it generally disappears. The edge of 
the pupil may be torn in the form of one or more rents, or the iris may 
be separated from its root at its circumference, leaving a clear space, or 
it may be entirely torn from its attachment. 

Perforating wounds are accompanied by injury to the lens and 
other structures; when the cornea is wounded it is often complicated 
by falling of the kns. When a small foreign body passes through the 
cornea and iris a small opening may be seen. The greatest danger 
from wounds is due to infection and if it reaches the iris, it may pro- 
duce violent iritis. If the lens is displaced or absent the iris being 
without support, will tremble with every movement of the eye. In 
some cataract operations, if there is a loss of the "Vitreous" body a 
part of the iris may be folded upon itself, thus enlarging the pupil in 
that point. 

CATARACT. — This is an opacity of the crystalline lens or its 
capsule. The lens is not clear and bright and keeps the light from 
going through it. Then it is called opaque. 
23 



354 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

SENILE CATARACT.— The vast majority of these cataracts are 
found after the age of fifty. They simply come without any known 
cause. Of course, injury can cause a cataract and it is then called 
traumatic cataract. 

Symptoms of Senile (Old Age) Cataract. — Blurred vision, flashes 
and streaks of light, dark spots, double vision. There is no pain. Eye 
strain due to imperfect sight. Sometimes the first symptom is ability 
to read without glasses (second sight). This is due to the increased 
refractive power of the lens from swelling. The lens looks a little 
whitish through the pupil opening and looks more so as time goes on. 

Course. — The progress is slow. It usually takes a number of 
years before it is "ripe" for operation. They may remain in the same 
condition sometimes. In this kind of cataract both eyes are affected 
sooner or later, although one eye may be fully matured before the 
other is much changed. 

The result of an operation depends upon the condition of the eye. 
The eye should be free from evidence of disease. "The anterior cham- 
ber should be of normal depth. The pupil should react to light. There 
should be a homogeneous (all alike) white or gray opacity immediately 
back of the pupil, with no shadow from the edge of the pupil (except 
in cases of sclerosis, already mentioned). A candle carried on all sides 
of the patient while the eye is fixed, should be properly located by him. 
The tension of the eyeball should be normal." 

The operation is very frequently done and it is very successful. 
The patient should be ready and willing to place himself in the charge 
of the operator and do as he says. 

SYMPATHETIC INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE.— (Sympa- 
thetic Ophthalmia.) — A condition in which the healthy eye becomes the 
seat of a destructive inflammation transferred from the other eye which 
has been the subject of a similar inflammation usually following a per- 
forating injury of the eyeball. The injured eye is called the exciting 
eye ; the other, the sympathetic eye. 

This is a rare disease, but it may occur when one eye is injured or 
diseased and on the first indication of trouble in the injured eye the 
other eye should be closely watched for symptoms of sympathetic 
trouble so that it can be removed. 

S5niiptoms in the Exciting Eye. — This is more or less congested 
and painful ; when pressure is made upon the upper lid, it shows ten- 
derness. The tension is not as strong; the pupil may be blocked with 
an exudate. 

In the Sympathizing Eye. — There is an inflammation involving the 
choroid, ciliary body and iris. There is pain, tenderness, small blocked 
pupil and sight is poor. 



EYE AND EAR 355 

Course. — It usually appears between the third week and the sixth 
month after the original injury. **The extreme limits are two weeks 
and twenty years." The sound eye is likely to be attacked when the 
exciting eye is in a state of active inflammation. 

Treatment. — The ''exciting eye" should be enucleated (taken out) 
before any signs of sympathetic inflammation appears in the healthy 
eye. If it has appeared, enucleation will be of no value; at all events 
if there is vision in the exciting eye, the operation should not be done 
then. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE RETINA FROM BRIGHT'S DIS- 
EASE (Albuminuric Retinitis). — The retina is a very delicate structure 
and we are often able to diagnose Bright's disease from the peculiar 
eflfect it produces upon the retina. 

Causes. — The cause is usually Bright's disease,(nephriti3)and usu- 
ally the chronic Interstitial variety. Pregnancy causes it sometimes. 
Interference of the vision, sight, is what the patient complains of. This 
may be very slight, when you consider the great changes occurring in 
the retina. Such patients are subject to attacks of temporary blindness 
of uremic origin. The vessels of the retina are swollen and tortuous. 
Bleeding and shining white patches are scattered through the back 
part of the eye and a peculiar arrangement of glistening white dots 
around the yellow spot. This disease shows itself late in Bright's dis- 
ease and the patient is not likely to live more than two years after the 
appearance of this ey-e lesion. 

Treatment. — It sometimes occurs during pregnancy. Then the 
question of inducing premature labor arises. There is no local treat- 
ment that can be of any use when it is caused by Bright's disease. 

FITTING GLASSES.— This is done by lenses and prisms, etc. 

Lens. — A lens is made of glass and prisms graded in strength, one 
surface curved, and has the power of refracting or changing the direc- 
tion of the rays of light. A prism is wedge-shaped and bends rays of 
light towards its base. A great many people are troubled with their 
eyes, much more than years ago. We even see little children wearing 
glasses. It is unfortunate, but true, that even more children and 
grown people should wear them. Fitting glasses is an art in itself. It 
takes more ability to fit glasses well than it does to operate well. 
Poorly-fitted glasses are not only annoying to the wearer, but danger- 
ous. Glasses rest the eyes, not tire them. When the eyes water and 
feel tired or strained, even after using them but little, glasses are 
needed. Headaches are frequently caused by the eye strain. When 
glasses are needed it does not pay to put off getting them and the per- 
son needing them should go to one competent to properly fit them. A 
great many eyes are hard to fit, and they need not only ability to fit 
them well, but time and attention must be given to fitting them 
properly. 



356 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

SQUINT OR STRABISMUS.— Both lines of sight are not di- 
rected towards the same object of fixation. 

Internal or Convergent Squint. — Where one eye is turned inward 
toward the nose. 

External or Divergent Squint. — One eye turns outward toward the 
temple. Squinting upward and downward are uncommon. 

Causes of Convergent (Internal) Squint. — It generally appears be- 
tween two and five years ; at first periodically, later constantly. The 
patient is generally far-sighted. 

Treatment. — Internal squint in very young children may be treated 
by covering the well eye and forcing the child to use the oth^r. When 
the child is old enough, proper glasses should be worn. Operation can 
be done when needed and is generally successful. 

External (Divergent) Squint. — This may appear at any age and is 
often associated with near-sightedness. An operation is necessary and 
the tendons on both sides must generally be cut and properly placed. 
Parents should always attend to a child who has this trouble. The 
operation is not difficult to perform and it will not only, as a rule, give 
the child good sight, but better looks. Parents who are able to have 
an operation or glasses fitted when needed, and who neglect their 
children, should be punished ; they are guilty not only of neglect, but 
cruelty. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Inflammation of the Eye. 1. Chick- 
weed a Relief for. — "The juice of chickweed is good for inflammation 
of the eyes, when dropped into them." 

2. Inflammation of Eyes, Sassafras, Excellent Remedy for. — 

"Take sassafras bark and make into a tea. Apply this externally to 
the eyes, and it will be found very beneficial for this trouble." This 
is a very good remedy, on account of its oily soothing nature. 

3. Inflammation of Eyes, Tried Remedy for. — 

"Boric Acid 10 grains 

Camphor Water (not spirits) i/^ ounce 

Water ^ ounce 

Apply this with a soft cloth. 

This trouble usually results from or is associated with constitu- 
tional disease and requires treatment for same, but the above wash is 
good for local applications. This prescription was given me by an 
oculist." 

4. Inflammation of Eyes, Common Potato Will Cure. — "Scrape 
raw potato and apply to the temple until relieved." This helps to 
draw the blood away and relieves the inflammation. 

5. Inflammation of Eyes, Milk Curd Relieves. — "Make a curd of 
sweet milk; that is, set it on the stove till it forms a curd; then add 
quite a little alum and wash eyes." The milk is very soothing and 
the alum acts as an astringent. Care should be taken in using this 
remedy that none of the mixture gets into the eyes. 



EYE AND EAR 357 

6, Inflammation of Eyes, Wild Hairs Cause. — "A few years ago, 
I had trouble with my eyes. They felt as though there was some- 
thing in them scratching the eye-ball. I went to an eye specialist, 
and he gave me two little vials of medicine to drop into my eyes six 
times a day. I doctored with him several months, and while the 
medicine reduced the inflammation largely, it did not relieve the 
scratching sensation in the eyes. Then I was away from home for 
about ten days and did not use the medicine, and when I returned my 
eyes were very much inflamed, and very painful. I visited the doctor 
again, and he said I had a little ulcer on the eyeball, and he pulled 
out several hairs or winkers from the eyelid. I asked him if wild 
hairs were the cause of the ulcer and he admitted they were. After 
a few days' more treatment by the doctor I learned of a neighbor who 
understood a little about wild hairs in the eyelid and had him examine 
my eyes. He pulled out more wild hairs, and my eyes got well. 
Ever since then, when my eyes begin to hurt me as though there was 
some foreign substance in them, I go to my neighbor and he pulls 
out the wild hairs, and that was the trouble with my eyes. My experi- 
ence in obtaining this knowledge cost me twenty dollars in fees to the 
eye specialist, which I could have saved by going to my neighbor at 
first." 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— Sore Eyes. 1. Rose Leaves Rest.— 

"Steep rose leaves and apply often." Apply the leaves as a fomenta- 
tion and relief will soon follow. This is very soothing and very easily 
applied. 

2. Sore Eyes, Soothing Remedy for. — "Use a wash of borax and 
water. One-half teaspoonful to a cupful of water." This is very good. 

3. Sore Eyes, Slippery Elm Excellent for. — "This is a very sooth- 
ing dressing for the eyes. You can buy a small package of the slip- 
pery elm at any drug store, and prepare it by making a tea and using 
externally. 

4. Sore Eyes, Common Remedy for. — "Us€ a wash night and 
morning of common table salt and water." This is often sold by drug- 
gists for 10 or 15 cents an ounce under a medical name. 

5. Sore Eyes, Elder Berry Flowers Relieve. — "In a severe case 
of inflammation of the eyes apply a poultice of elderberry flowers; 
bathe the eyes with warm water and witch-hazel." This remedy was 
given by a mother who tried it a great many times and always had 
success. 

6. Sore Eyes, Borax and Camphor Good Wash for. — "Borax one 
teaspoonful, spirits of camphor fifteen drops, distilled water one-half 
cupful. This makes a fine wash for sore eyes, and is perfectly harm- 
less." 



358 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

7. Sore Eyes, Tested Eye Wash for.— 

"Hydrastis (Golden Seal Root) ^ ounce 

Best Green Tea ^ ounce 

Sulphate of Zinc, Pulverized 1 dram 

Steep the root and tea for a few minutes In a pint of boiling water; 
while cooling add the sulphate of zinc; when cold strain well and 
bottle. Use as an eye wash three times a day. In severe cases a 
poultice is useful, made of pulverized slippery elm and warm milk 
and water. All eye washes should be used with caution and especi- 
ally those containing belladonna or caustic solutions." 

8. Sore Eyes, Borate of Soda and Camphor Water Relieves. — 

"Borate of Soda 2 grains 

Camphor Water (not spirits) 1 ounce 

Mix, drop one or two drops in the eye four times a day. 

Camphor water is made by allowing the gum to dissolve in water 
instead of alcohol, also saturate lint in this mixture and apply on the 
eyes." 



EAR AND ITS DISEASES. 

The external ear is called auricle or pinna. It is an oval funnel- 
shaped organ. The canal leading in to the membrane (drum) is called 
the external auditory meatus. It extends inward about one and one- 
quarter inches and terminates in a membrane. 

Membrane Tympani (drum) which separates the external ear 
from the tympanic cavity. To examine the drum, you must pull the 
ear backward and outward to make the canal straight. 

Membrane Tympani (the drum) Membrane. — This is situated at 
the inner end of the canal and separates it from the tympanum or 
middle ear. It is placed like the membrane in the telephone. It is 
pearly gray in color. This membrane not only serves as a protection 
to the delicate structures within the tympanum, but also receives the 
sound vibrations from without and transmits them to the ossicular 
(bony) chain of the middle ear. 

The Tympanum or Middle Ear. — This cavity just beyond the 
drum, which forms the greater part of its outer wall, is an irregular 
cavity, compressed from without inward and situated in the petrous 
bone. The mastoid cells lie behind. It is filled with air and com- 
municates with the nose-pharynx (naso-pharynx) by the eustachian 
tube. The upper portion of this cavity, the attic, lies immediately 
below the middle lobe of the brain, separated from it by a thin layer 
of bone, which forms the roof of the cavity. This cavity is separated 
from the internal ear. 



EYE AND EAR 35^ 

The Eustachian tube. — This is the channel through which the 
middle ear communicates with the pharynx. With an opening in the 
anterior of the middle ear, a bony canal passes from this point, inward, 
forward, and downward through the petrous bone, when it merges into 
a cartilaginous canal, which terminates in a funnel-shaped protuber- 
ance, with a slit-like orifice, located in the nose pharynx. This is the 
eustachian tube. It is lined wnth mucous membrane like the throat. 
The air goes up from the throat, through this canal to the middle ear. 
Th€ mucous membrane of the middle ear is continuous with that of 
the nose-pharynx through the eustachian tube. So you can readily 
understand how easy it is for an inflammation of the throat to extend 
to the middle ear through the eustachian tube. 

The posterior wall which has the greatest height, reveals in its 
upper portion a passage (antrum) through w^hich the vault of the 
tympanum (attic) communicates with the cells of the mastoid process, 
situated posteriorly. From this description you see how near to each 
other these parts are placed and when one becomes diseased the dis- 
ease can extend to the other part or parts. The brain is separated 
from some of these cavities by a very thin shell of bone, and the dis- 
ease can soon affect the brain through infection or breaking through 
the thin structures that separates the parts. 

Diseases of the middle ear and the mastoid are always to be con- 
sidered serious, and should be very closely watched. A child with a 
running ear is in danger, for it may at any time become closed up and 
serious. 

ECZEMA OF THE EXTERNAL EAR (Auricle).— This is an 

inflammatory disease of the skin, and in the poorer classes it is very 
frequent. It is quite a common disease in old age. It develops in 
other parts of the body at the same time in a certain percentage of 
cases. 

Causes. — Soaps, alkalies, foreign bodies in the ear, removing ear 
wax and a chronic discharge from the middle ear. There is a tendency 
to it in some families ; stomach trouble, improper food are also causes. 

Symptoms. — Itching, — and this is very pronounced,^ — burning feel- 
ing. The part is somewhat reddened, fluid oozes out, crusts form, the 
skin thickens, and scales. Sometimes it swells very much. 

Treatment. — Regulate the bowels, give a simple easily digested 
and proper food for children and adults. Cleanse the inflamed skin 
gently with castile soap and tepid water once a day. Cloths dipped 
in some cooling lotion, such as the lead and opium wash, or in plain 
water to which has been added a little alcohol or eau de cologne, 
should be wrapped around the inflamed ear during the acute stage 
and they should be kept wet. Clean vaselin, etc., is good to put on 
the scabs. The ear should be covered as before directed to keep dirt, 
dust, etc., out. 



360 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

HARDENED WAX OR IMPACTED CERUMEN— This mass 

may be mixed with foreign bodies or be made up of "wax" alone. 

S5miptoms. — A large mass of wax may remain in the ear for many 
years without causing any special loss of hearing so long as the plug 
does not rest against the drum and there remains a passage between 
the mass so that the sound-waves can strike the drum. Generally the 
hearing gradually grows less. Loss of hearmg may take place sud- 
denly, as after washing the head, or after a general bath, or after an 
attempt to clean the ear with the end of a towel. Patients will often 
say the dullness of hearing appeared suddenly. This no doubt was 
due to the fact that the mass of wax was displaced against the drum 
suddenly by an unusual movement of the head or the jaws, or the 
mass became swollen through fluids getting into the canal. If the 
canal is filled there will be more or less deafness, ringing in the ear, 
and there may be piercing pain produced by the hardened mass, espe- 
cially if the jaws are moved from side to side. If the mass is thor- 
oughly and carefully removed, the hearing may entirely return if it 
was caused by this wax. 

Treatment. — The mass is best removed by syringing the hardened 
plug and softening it gradually. Removing it with a currette and 
forceps without softening it may do injury to the parts. The syringe 
and hot sterilized, boiled water should be used for some time, and the 
patient asked occasionally if there is any faintness or dizziness caused 
by it. It often comes in a lump after the water has been used for 
some time. A strong solution of bicarbonate of sodium is also good 
to use. 

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EAR.— These are not of frequent 
occurrence. In the case of children these bodies may comprise such 
objects as pebbles, beads, beans, pieces of rolled paper, fly, bed-bug; 
insect of any kind may get into ear of adults. If they reach the drum 
a very unpleasant sensation is produced by the attempt to escape. 
Sometimes a layer of wax may gather around the dead object. These 
bodies should be removed, for their presence may produce a swelling 
or soreness in the canal. If the object is a dried pea or bean the 
syringe should not be used. The object must be carefully removed. 
Sometimes an operation is necessary to remove the object. 

DISEASE OF THE MIDDLE EAR.— The ordinary cold in the 
liead rarely runs its course without one of the eustachian tubes at 
least is involved to some extent. 

SIMPLE INFLAMMATION OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE.— 
Causes. — Acute colds, inflammation of the nose and pharynx, tonsilitis. 

Symptoms. — The ear may feel full and numb, roaring in the ear 
m.ay occur. There may be pain on swallowing, shooting up through 
the tube. 



EYE AND EAR 361 

Treatment. — Remove the cause. Treat the nose and pharynx. 
Spray and gargle with solutions advised for throat trouble. If it con- 
tinues the throat should be examined for adenoids, enlarged turbinate 
bones and so on. 

ACUTE CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION OF THE MIDDLE 
EAR. Causes. — Acute coryza, acute pharyngitis, influenza, scarlet 
fever, inflammation of the eustachian tube, gargling, bathing, employ- 
ing th€ nasal douche or violently blowing the nose. 

Inflammation of the eustachian tube is, in many cases, simply the 
first stage or onset of this disease. The congestion extends beyond 
the tube and involves to a greater or less degree this cavity. If it 
continues for a few hours or an entire day, the watery elements of the 
blood will begin to escape from the distended vessels into the tissues 
of the mucous membrane and ooze out upon its free surface. If this 
is copious enough pressure may be developed within the cavity, middle- 
ear, to cause pain. These cases vary much in severity. In the mildest 
ones there may be a few twinges of pain in the affected ear, but noth- 
ing more; and even in the most severe cases the pain does not last 
longer than a few hours, although it may return on several successive 
days. Very many of the earaches of young children, from two to ten 
years of age, are due to this disease. The pain is very likely to come 
on late in the afternoon or during the night, while earlier in the day 
the child may be free from pain. In the milder forms the condition 
of the drum is similar to that existing in inflammation of the eustach- 
ian tube. It is not then much changed from normal. There may be 
more congestion than in this condition. In a fairly severe case the 
membrane (drum) a few hours after the onset presents a most striking 
change. It is a picture of obstructed venous (dark blood) circulation 
of a high degree. In some cases one or more of these distended veins 
may rupture and form a blood tumor in the external ear canal. The 
drum is red and more or less swollen. 

Treatment. — Very little is needed for this kind, except care and 
watching. Use the simple hot water in the ear carefully or poulticing 
when there is pain with onions, bread and milk, and puncture of the 
drum if it bulges or is too tense. Hot water for gargle, steaming of 
the pharynx. Keep the patient in a room with an even temperature. 
The patient must not take cold as it might extend farther. 

Recovery. — The outcome is usually good in this disease if proper 
care is taken. Generally in a few weeks the inflammation is gone and 
the hearing is restored. 

SEROUS MUCOUS EXUDATION INTO THE MIDDLE EAR. 

The disease just described is often associated with an (exudation) 
watery oozing of fluid into the middle ear, but the following condition 
is diflferent. Sometimes a comparatively normal middle ear is found 
to contain a variable amount of either fluid or mucus, or a fluid which 
repiresents a combination of both. The failure of the fluid to absorb 



362 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

is due first to the fact that the drainage through the eustachian tube 
is still obstructed ; second, that the absorbing process in the cavity 
is not acting normally. 

Symptom. — Sudden change from somewhat poor to good hearing 
and the reverse. It is due to the changing in the position of the fluid. 
The hearing may be normal when the head is thrown far backward, 
for the fluid then escapes into the antrum, or when the chin is resting 
upon the chest. 

Another symptom that is peculiar is a feeling of something mov- 
ing in the ear. This is only felt when the head is moved suddenly. 
Sometimes the patient says : 'T went in bathing, and got some water 
into my ear, and I am unable to get it out." He thinks the water 
went into the ear by the way of the external ear canal. It w^as due 
to the chilling of the surface of the body, or the water accident^ en- 
tered into the ear through the mouth, or nose, throat, and eustachian 
tube, and this caused an exudation of fluid to take place in the middle 
ear. Hearing gurgling sounds in the ear during coughing, sneezing 
and swallowing is an important symptom. The drum on being exam- 
ined varies greatly. The simplest case is seen when fluid contained in 
the cavity is small in quantity and consists of a thin serum. The 
upper level of this fluid can then be seen like a hair crossing the drum 
in a more or less horizontal direction. It retains its horizontal position 
when the patient moves his head backward and forward. 

Treatment. — The fluid can be evacuated by an opening made into 
the drum, but it usually accumulates again. The proper treatment is 
to treat the diseased condition of the nose and throat, as described in 
other parts of this book. 

CHRONIC CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION OF THE MID- 
DLE EAR. — The expression, acute inflammation of the middle ear, is 
rightly employed when it is applied to a case in which the underlying 
cause is of a temporary nature, as for example, a cold in the head, 
and mild attack of influenza, perhaps also in an attack of hay fever. 
But when the causes are of a more permanent character and the mid- 
dle ear continues for an indefinite period to be the seat of all sorts of 
disturbances the combination of these different diseased phenomena 
receives the name of chronic catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear. 

Causes. — Troubles (lesions) located in the upper pharynx, the 
naso-pharyngeal (nose-pharynx) vault and the nasal passages. Aden- 
oids may cause it. 

The course of this disease has of recent years been growing more 
favorable, because the causes are being removed more and more. 

S5miptoms. — Symptoms of the acute inflammation would be pres- 
ent, and impairment of hearing which sometimes comes so gradually 
as not to be noticed by the patient. It will be better and then worse. 
A harrassing, hissing, blowing, ringing, usually accompanies it. Pains 
soon or later add to the discomfort. One side is usually affected first. 



EYE AXD EAR 353 

Treatment. — It must be devoted to removing the causes just 
mentioned. Restore the general health. Abstain from alcohol, tobacco 
and excess of all kinds. Active outdoor exercise, horseback riding, 
mountain climbing, rowing, walking, etc., are great health producers. 

ACUTE SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE MID- 
DLE EAR. — This inflammation of the middle ear is one in which, at 
an early stage of the disease, the free liquid poured out assumes a 
pus-like character. At the onset the mucous membrane of the eusta- 
chian tube and middle ear becomes first congested and afterward 
cedematous (watery swelling;. Then a serous or a bloody-serous fluid 
is poured out into the middle ear ; and finally this assumes all the out- 
ward characteristics of pus. In a few exceptional cases this pus fluid 
will find a sufiicient passage through the eustachian tube ; but in the 
gjeat majority of cases this passageway becomes closed almost at the 
very beginning of the attack, and then the free exudation, under an 
ever increasing pressure and on account of the softening and breaking 
down of the tissues of the drum forces an opening for itself directly 
through the drum membrane. 

Causes. — The same causes that produce the acute variety will pro- 
duce this variety of the disease. It occurs more frequently during the 
spring and fall months as the result of changes in the climate. Acute 
and chronic catarrh of the nose and pharynx are causes. It frequently 
occurs in connection with scarlet fever and measles. It complicates 
nose and pharyngeal diphtheria. 

Symptoms. — Pain in the ear is the most striking symptom noticed 
by the patient. In infants and young children of two or three years 
of age it may appear and not be recognized until a slight discharge 
appears at the opening of the external ear. The child is feverish, fret- 
ful and peevish, seemingly suffering great pain, and the parents think 
it is not very sick or has only an earache. Sometimes physicians fail 
to recognize the trouble until the discharge appears in the external ear. 
The symptoms are more severe at night. Any physical or mental 
exertion increases the pain. The pain is sometimes very severe, and 
a spontaneous or artificial rupture of the drum eases the suffering very 
quickly in some cases, and a bloody, serous, pus-like discharge escapes 
into the external ear canal. Often a patient will say: 'T felt some- 
thing give away in the ear, a watery discharge apeared, and the pain 
soon subsided." In many cases the rupture of the drum gives little 
or no relief from suffering. This is due in some cases to the small 
and insufficient size of the opening in the drum. If the pain persists, 
after a free opening has been made, it may indicate that pressure exists 
in some cavity or cavities other than the middle ear proper. A sen- 
sation of fullness and sometimes of throbbing or pulsation in the 
afiFected ear; roaring, singing, whistling, etc.: impairment of hearing; 
increased pain, when the jaws are opened and shut, are symptoms of 
minor importance. If there are no complications after free discharge 
Sets in the pain disappears, the fever gradually returns to the normal 



364 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

point, and the patient drops to sleep. In the course of a week or two 
the discharge subsides and if the rupture is not too extensive the 
wound will close and the patient will soon be well. Frequently, how- 
ever, on account of disease of one or more of the bony parts, the wall 
of the middle ear or the mastoid cells, the discharge continues for 
\veeks and may become chronic in its character. 

Treatment. — Apply heat or cold first. Open the bowels. 

How to apply heat. — With the patient lying on his sid^ with the 
affected ear turned upward, fill the external ear canal with hot water 
(about 105° F.). then place immediately over the affected ear a hot 
flaxseed meal poultice, five or six inches square and one-half inch 
thick, and spread a folded blanket or shawl over the whole to keep it 
warm as long as possible. Bread and milk with catnip, or onions will 
do if flaxseed is not at hand. The flaxseed holds the heat longer. 
Water is a good conductor of heat, and that which fills the external 
auditory (ear) canal may rightly be considered as an arm of the poul- 
tice which extends down to the drum itself. 

Leeches also can be applied in front and below the tragus (front 
of the opening). If the symptoms do not improve under this treat- 
ment and especially if the drum is bulging, an opening should be made 
at the bulging point of the drum. The canal is now^ syringed with a 
warm antiseptic solution — like one part listerine, etc., to twenty parts 
of warm boiled water, with a clean syringe, or warm boiled water can 
b€ used alone. If there is any odor carbolic acid one part, to fifty or 
sixty of water can be used. A strip of sterile gauze is put into the 
canal for drainage and protection. This syringing can be done from 
two to four to five times a day, and gradually decrease the number of 
times as the discharge lessens. It must be syringed and dressed often 
enough to allow a free discharge and produce cleanliness. 

Recovery. — The result of this disease cannot be told at the outset. 
The majority of such attacks end favorably, with care and treatment; 
this in persons of good constitution and health. It may run ten days 
to three to six weeks. In tuberculous patients the result is not so 
favorable. Recovery follows as a rule in this disease following scarlet 
fever and measles, but not so quickly, and there may be a discharge 
for some time, due to chronic disease of the ears, etc. 

Complications and results. — In the majority of cases, in ordinarily 
healthy persons, this disease runs its course without doing any great 
amount of damage to the organ of hearing, and without involving any 
structure lying outside of the middle ear proper. In scarlet fever, 
measles, la grippe, or nasal diphtheria, actual destruction of tissue 
often takes place in some part of the middle ear before it is recog- 
nized. Sometimes it results the same way even when it is discovered 
in time. 

Caution. — A person who has had this disease should be very 
careful not to take cold. The patient should take plenty of time to get 
well and strong. The diet should be liquid mostly. 



EYE AND EAR 355 

CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE MID- 
DLE EAR. — An inflammation that forms pus; hence called suppura- 
tive. This is an inflammation that has become chronic (continued) 
and has one characteristic at least that is very noticeable, and that is 
the discharge. This may last for an indefinite period. The acute 
suppurative (pus-forming) inflammation just described in the forego- 
ing pages, may have inflicted various kinds and degrees of damage 
upon the mucous membrane which lines the cavities, and as a result 
of the conditions thus established there will be a discharge which may 
last an indefinite time. 

Causes. — Improper or lack of treatment for the acute suppurative 
inflammatory attack. This is the chief cause. The first attack may 
have been caused by scarlet fever, measles, etc. They are prone to 
become chronic, especially if not recognized early and treated 
properly. 

Symptoms. — The main symptom Is the discharge from the ear. 
This may be abundant or scanty. It may stop for a time and begin 
again. The hearing may be slightly or seriously impaired. Such 
patients are not accepted by life insurance companies. 

Treatment. — Cleanliness of the parts and perfect drainage must be 
secured. Syringing with one to fifty carbolic acid solution (acid one 
part, warm water fifty parts) is good treatment. The opening in the 
drum should be made large enough to give free discharge to the pus 
in the middle ear. 

The patient's strength must be built up if necessary. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE MASTOID CELLS. (Acute or 
Chronic Mastoiditis). — This disease represents one of the most serious 
terminations of an acute or a chronic suppurative inflammation of the 
middle ear. This is fortunately a comparatively rare event. There 
are, however, quite a good many cases of this terrible disease. 

Causes. — It occurs as a primary or secondary disease. The first 
condition is rare and the result from injury, exposure to cold and 
dampness, or from syphilis or tuberculosis. Secondary disease is catar- 
rhal or pus-like in form. This results from an extension of middle ear 
disease through the antrum, as a rule. The disease may develop at 
any time and endanger the life of the sufiferer. 

Symptoms. — Dull constant pain behind the ear and tenderness on 
pressure, more severe at night, the tenderness is very apt to be fol- 
lowed in a short time by redness and swelling of the skin in the same 
region. The pus may drain from the mastoid into the middle ear cavity. 
If this does not happen it may swell behind the ear and break through 
some other place. It may involve the structures within the brain. If 
meningitis develops, the patient has headache and later it becomes very 
severe. Lights hurts the eyes. The patient is restless, sleepless, may 
have nausea and vomiting and a constant high temperature. The 



366 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

neck is stiff and rigid. If there is more brain involvement (phlebitis) 
there will be sudden rise of temperature, followed by a rapid fall of 
temperature and attended by profuse sweating and chills, — a danger- 
ous condition. There can be abscess of the brain also. 

In abscess of the brain symptoms are less severe and localized; 
the rigid neck and fear of light and vomiting are absent. 

Treatment. — If seen early it may be aborted. If an examination 
of the drum shows bulging, an incision of the drum head should be 
made. If an opening is there it should be enlarged, if necessary. Cold 
applications are valuable and should be applied directly over the mas- 
toid behind the ear. Sometimes hot applications are better, hot poul- 
tices, cloths, etc., syringing the canal with hot water. These applica- 
tions, etc., should be constantly used for a day or so, unless unfavor- 
able symptoms set in, when if a marked improvement, especially in 
the local tenderness and pain, has not occurred, an operation should 
be done and the mastoid opened. 

The diet should be liquid (milk), nourishing and sustaining. 
Bowels should be kept open. 

This disease must be carefully watched. It is not only dangerous 
to life, and very quickly, but it is full of disagreeable and dangerous 
possibilities, lifelong discharge from the ear, an external fistulous 
opening, a permanent paralysis of the facial nerve, abscess in the 
brain. Brain symptoms, paralysis and pus symptoms do not now pre- 
clude an operation on the mastoid for mastoid disease. The patient 
should be closely watched and an operation performed as soon as 
called for. 

I have given a longer description of the diseases of the ear than I 
intended when I began this part of the work. Diseases of the ear are 
becoming quite frequent, and the subject is important. I did not give 
much general medical treatment because I consider the local treat- 
ment is of more importance in a work of this kind. In treating the 
baby, I shall give more medical treatment. I shall treat the disease 
also, especially in relation to the baby. There can be more local 
applications used than those given. If the hot treatment is thought 
best, not only hot water and poultices of many kinds can be used, but 
fomentations of hops, etc., and hot water cloths alone. The intent of 
such treatment is to keep hot moist applications to the part continu- 
ally. The use of laudanum in poultices used for ear trouble is not 
recommended because its soothing power may obscure symptoms 
that might appear and be dangerous in themselves and need quick 
and thorough treatment. The syringing of hot water into the external 
canal is often of great help. Five to ten grains of boric acid can be 
used in an ounce of water. If there is much odor to the discharge, 
you can use one part of carbolic acid to fifty parts of boiled water. 
The water should not be used too hot. One teaspoonful of the acid 
to fifty teaspoonfuls of water, or that proportion. After using the hot 



EYE AND EAR 357 

water, the canal should b€ filled with gauze for protection and drain- 
age. For the fever, the first twenty-four hours, one-tenth to one drop 
of aconite can be used every one to three hours. By putting one drop 
in ten teaspoonfuls of water you get one-tenth of a drop at a dose. 

DEAFNESS. — This is usually the result of a disease and is 
merely a symptom. Diseas-es of the middle ear, rupture of the drum 
membrane, and large ulceration of this membrane cause it. Ear wax 
causes temporary deafness. Diseases of the throat and nose cause it 
very often, and deafness frequently accompanies catarrh of the nose. 
Ad-enoids cause it sometimes, especially in children. 

Treatment. — The only way to prevent this trouble is to treat the 
disease that causes it. Discharge from the ear, due to ear disease 
should be treated from the first or it may cause permanent deafness in 
that ear. Many cases of scarlet fever leave deafness behind in one 
ear at least. This trouble should be closely watched during an attack 
of scarlet fever, and in other infectious diseases and proper treatment 
given. 

Chronic deafness is hard to cure ; so often some of the deeper parts 
of the ear are diseased. When a person recognizes that his hearing is 
growing less acute he should have his ear examined. People often 
let the trouble go too long before beginning treatment. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Deafness. 1. Quick and Effective 
Remedy for. — "Five or ten drops of onion juice put in the ear several 
times a day is very good. If there is any pain in the ear, add a drop 
or two of laudanum, or you may just use two or three drops of gly- 
cerin with the other ingredients. In about an hour after treating the 
ear in this manner, syringe it well with warm castile soap suds or 
warm milk." 

2. Deafness, Often Tried Remedy for. — "Take one dram each of 
tincture of lobelia, tincture of gum myrrh, oil of sassafras, tincture of 
opium and olive oil, mix and apply lint wet w4th the liniment in 
the ear, night and morning, then syringe out with warm water and 
castile soap." 

3. Deafness, My Mother, in Gait, Found Mullein Good for. — 
"Small blossom.s of mullein, fill bottks and cork, hang in sun till oil 
forms, drop three drops every third day in the ear for three or four 
weeks. We tried this successfully in our family." 

EARACHE. — The general belief exists that earache is something 
which is quite harmless and entirely different from a genuine inflam- 
mation of the ear. This belief is strengthened by the fact that the 
great majority of earaches subside w^ithout inflicting any harm upon 
the ear. As soon as a discharge appears, in many cases, there is 
relief. If a discharge appears, the earache was the result of an inflam- 
mation in the ear. So-called earache lasts but a short time, and can 
be reKeved by either hot or cold applications ; but when th-e earache 



36S MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

continues for a day or more it is an indication of more than pain in 
the ear and if a thorough examination is made there will, no doubt, be 
found disease of the ear that is causing the earache. Then the disease 
proper should be treated. 

Treatment — Hot or cold applications are of benefit. With the 
patient lying upon the well ear, fill the canal with hot water (105° 
F.). Then place over the ear a flaxseed poultice or a roasted onion 
poultice, four to five inches square and one-half inch thick and spread 
over all a folded shawl. Bread and milk makes a good poultice also. 
A hot bran bag or a hot salt bag is good. The heat must be con- 
tinuous. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Earache, Hot Raisin for— "Hot 
raisins sometimes relieve earache. Soak them in hot milk and change 
frequently.'' This is an excellent remedy. The raisins should be 
placed in the ear canal, and they are sure to give relief. 

2. Earache, Flax and Cornmeal for. — ''Flaxseed and commeal in 
oil." Take equal parts of flaxseed and cornmeal and mix together, 
then add enough sweet oil to moisten this mixture. This should be 
applied hot and kept so by repeating as each poultice is cold. This 
will be found very beneficial. 

3. Earache, Soothing Home Remedy for. — "Glycerin and lauda- 
num heated and dropped in the ear. Hot poultice of hops inclosed in 
cotton bag and applied to the ear is ver\- soothing." The glycerin and 
laudanum will give temporary relief and the hops poultice retains the 
heat, which is one of the essential things in earache. 

4. Earache, Horse-radish Leaves for. — "Steaming the face and 
ear with crushed horseradish leaves will give relief and soothes one to 
sleep." When through steaming the face the horseradish leaves 
should be applied to the face and ear as a poultice. This is very 
soothing. 

5. Earache, Onion Sure Cure for. — "The heart cf an onion." 
Roast the heart of an onion and put in the canal of the ear. Then 
apply heat to the outside of the ear and relief will soon be obtained. 

6. Earache, Temporary Relief for. — 

"Taudanum 1 dram 

Olive Oil 5^ ounce 

Glycerin ^ ounce 

Mix and drop in ear.'' 
This is gccd to relieve, but should not be continued, as this oily 
substance lodges in the ear and may cause trouble. 

7. Earache, Sweet Oil and Pepper for. — "Take a piece of cotton 
batting, cover with sweet oil, then cover that with black pepper, in- 
serting into ear.'' This is a good remedy. 

8. Earache, Steaming With Hot Water for. — '"Steam the ear and 
side of the head with cloths wrung out of hot water ; put feet in hot 
mustard water; do not put anything in the ear but keep steaming it 
and you will find relief in a few hours, even if it is a gathering.*^ 




SKELETON. 



DEFORMITIES 359 

9. Earache, Castor Oil for. — 'Tut a drop of castor oil in the ear. 
Fill hot water bag and warm the ear that aches/" 

10. Earache, Fresh Warm Milk for. — ''The Avarm milk from a 
cow will cure earache and has also been known to cure deafness." 
While still warm from the cow drop a little in the ear. 



DEFORMITIES. 

HARE-LIP. — This is due to the fact that the flesh or bony parts 
do not quite properly unite. It may form a single or double hare-lip,, 
or complicated, or it may involve the soft parts, or the hard (bony) 
and soft parts at the same time. It is always to one or the other side 
of the middle line. It is double hair-lip in about one-tenth of the 
cases, and when double it is frequently complicated with cleft palate. 

Sjmiptoms. — Upon examination you notice that there is a split in 
the lip, either partly through the lip or entirely, so that the bone is 
exposed ; or the slit goes not only through the lip, but also through 
the bone. 

Operation. — This is necessary, and it is quite successful. The 
best time is between the third and sixth month, especially when it is a 
simple case. In some cases of double hair-lip, when the child cannot 
take the breast and has to be fed, early operation should be done if 
the child is strong. The operation for a simple hare-lip is very easily 
and quickly done. For complicated cases it takes longer, and of course 
is not without some danger. It should be done, for a child is a piti- 
able sight with this deformity. When grown up it is a source of great 
annoyance and shame. 

CLEFT PALATE.~The bones that form the hard palate do net 
unite in the median line and a longitudinal opening is left in the roof 
of the mouth. This is called Cleft Palate. 

Symptoms. — Of course, upon examination this split is seen. It 
may involve not only the hard palate, but also the soft palate and 
uvula. It is then generally accompanied by single or double hare-lip. 
When the severe forms occur they cause great trouble. Fluids pass 
freely into the nose, and unless the child is carefully fed by hand it 
will soon die, as it is unable to suck. In the less severe forms the 
child soon learns to swallow properly, but when he learns to speak he 
cannot articulate properly and his voice is nasal. 

Treatment. — For this reason an early operation is advisable, not 
so early as for hare-lip, but before the child has learned to speak, say 
between the age of three and four when faulty speech (articulation) 
may be overcome by successful closure of the palate. When the oper- 



370 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ation is done late, the patient will not be able to overcome the bad 
habits of articulation acquired in his childhood. 

Operation. — The angesth-etic is necessary. The end of one-half of 
the cleft palate is seized with an instrument and the edge freely pared 
with a thin bladed sharp knife ; same with the other half. Then the 
stitches are put in of silk worm, gut or wire. The patient is fed on 
liquid food for three or four days, and afterwards on soft food until 
the stitches are removed. They are removed about the sixth or eighth 
day, and the wound should be completely healed. 

CROOKED FEET. Talipes.— There are many varieties. The 
treatment should be begun, under the instructions of a physician, and 
continued from infancv and manv a 2:ood foot can be obtained. 

KNOCK KNEE. (Genu Valgum).— This is due to an over- 
growth of the internal knuckle (condyle) on the knee joint, and curv- 
ing inward of the shaft of the thigh-bone (femur) in its lower parts, 
w^ith relaxation and lengthening of the ligaments of the knee joint. 

It usually shows itself soon after the child begins to walk, but 
may not do so until puberty, — rarely later. It is due in the child to 
rickets ; in the latter form, it is caused by an occupation that requires 
continued standing, by a person of feeble development of the muscles 
and ligaments. "Flat-foot" is often associated with it and, at times, 
may be the real cause. It may affect one or both knees, may be so 
slight as to escape detection, except upon a very careful examination, 
or so severe as to separate the feet very widely and render walking 
difficult and wabbling. In children other symptoms of rickets can gen- 
erally be found. If not severe it may often get better spontaneously 
as the rickets condition improves and the general strength increases. 
This result is common in the cases occurring later, from standing if 
the general condition improves. 

Treatment. — Should be begun early and both general and local 
treatment should be given. The quicker the treatment is begun, the 
quicker will be the recovery and the deformity will be less. The ordi- 
nary medical and hygienic treatment should be given for rickets. 

Local Treatment. — This is mechanical, supplemented by baths, 
rubbing, friction, electricity and preceded, if necessary, by attending to 
the bones. If the rickets is still active, and the bones are soft and 
yielding, standing and walking should be forbidden, the limb should 
be straightened by manipulation and the correct position secured and 
maintained by an outside splint and bandage. Sometimes operative 
measures are needed. 

BOW LEGS. (Genu Varum).— This is the opposite of knock- 
knees, and the deformity usually affects both limbs, the knees being 
widely separated. The disease begins in early childhood; the cause is 
rickets, and the deformity is the direct result of the weight of the body 
and muscular action. 



DEFORMITIES 37I 

Treatment, — Spontaneous recovery occurs ; but if the case is at all 
severe, and the child is young enough that the bones have not become 
firmly set in the abnormal curves, mechanical treatment should be 
employed to bring the limbs to a better position. This may be done 
by plaster of Daris or braces. This must be used intelligently and con- 
tinuously. Children should not be allowed to walk so early, especially 
those of slow development. 

CLUB FOOT (Talipes) .—Varieties: 

1. The heel may be drawn up and the foot extended (Talipes 
Equinus). 

2. The foot may be flexed, bent up, (Talipes Calcaneus). 

3. The foot may be drawn inward, adducted, (Talipes Varus). 

4. The foot may be drawn outward, abducted, (Talipes Valgus) ; 
or, two may be combined, extended, and drawn inward ( Equino Varus). 

In the congenital (born with it) variety the displacement is almost 
always one of adduction, that is. drawn inward, \Vith commonly some 
elevation of the heel. It generally affects both feet, but it may be 
confined to one and if only one is affected, the right is oftener affected 
than the left. The deformity varies. At the time of birth and for 
some months afterwards the deformity can usually be corrected by 
proper manipulation, but later, if left to itself, it becomes in greater or 
less measure fixed, because of the muscular contraction, and developed 
changes in the shape of the bones. 

Cause — It :s not known. 

Treatment is successful if it is begun early. Each case should be 
treated as it needs. The treatment should be varied to suit each case. 
Bandaging or adhesive straps properly applied has been used with suc- 
cess. Sometimes the leg must be kept motionless by plaster of Paris 
or gutta-percha bandages. They must be frequently removed and 
reapplied. In older cases the tendons must be cut and braces applied. 
Parents are careless who neglect such a case for even one month. 



INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES 

ALCOHOLISM. Acute Symptoms.— The face is flushed, the 
breath has the odor of liquor, the pulse is full and bounding with deep 
respiration. Reason, memory, judgment and will are first stimulated 
and then blunted. The drinker's peculiarities are exaggerated, the per- 
son becom.ing affectionate or quarrelsome. There is a loss of coordi- 
nation as shown by the staggering, swinging, the relaxation of the 
muscles, and finally deep sleep, with snoring breathing. The person 



372 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

is unconscious, but can be partly aroused and will mutter when ques- 
tioned or disturbed. The pupils are contracted or dilated, and they 
will dilate when the face is slapped. The urine is increased, but it is 
often retained. 

CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM.— This results from protracted or 
periodic "sprees." 

Symptoms. — The face is red. the capillaries are dilated, eyes are 
watery, conjunctiva is congested. There is chronic inflammation of 
the stomach, which is characterized by morning vomiting ; there is 
often hardening of the liver, trembling of the hands and tongue ; the 
memory is weakened and judgment and will as well, especially until a 
stimulant has been taken : often the person is irritable,, careless, with 
loss o f moral sense and in extreme cases dementia. Peripheral neu- 
ritis is more common in men than in women. It begins with sharp 
pain and tingling in the feet and hands ; paralysis affects the lower 
extremities, then the upper, and is most marked in the further muscles 
of the limbs. The pain may be xtry severe, with great tenderness. 
There is Arteriosclerosis (hardening of walls of the arteries) ; often 
heart dilation. 

DELIRIUM TREMENS.— This is a brain manifestation of 
chronic alcoholism occurring in steady drinkers after excessive drink- 
ing or sudden withdrawal of alcohol, or after sudden excitement or 
accident, pneumonia or other illness, or lack of food. 

Symptoms. — There are restlessness, insomnia (sleeplessness), men- 
tal depression, then active delirium with great restlessness, talking, 
muttering, hallucination of sight and hearing. He thinks he sees 
objects in the room such as rats, mice, or snakes, and fancies that 
they are crawling over his body, has them in his boots, etc. The 
terror inspired by these imaginary objects is great, and has given the 
popular name of "horrors" or ''snakes'' to the disease. You must 
watch the patient constantly, or he may try to jump out of the window 
or escape. The patient may think he hears sounds and voices, threats 
of imaginary enemies. There is much muscular ''shakings,'' the ton- 
gue is coated with a thick white fur and, when protruded, trembles. 
The pulse is rapid and soft, sleeplessness is a constant feature. Fav- 
orable cases improve in the third or fourth day. the restlessness abates, 
the patient sleeps and the improvement sets in. The shakings per- 
sist for some days, the hallucinations disappear gradually, and the 
appetite returns. In '^he more serious cases, the sleeplessness (insom- 
nia) persists, the delirium is incessant, the pulse becomes more fre- 
quent and feeble, the tongue dry, the prostration is extreme and death 
takes place from gradual heart failure. 

Treatment. — In acute alcoholic cases special measures are seldom 
required, as the patient sleeps off the effect of his "spree." If there is 
deep profound alcoholic coma, it may be proper to wash out the stom- 
ach and if symptoms of collapse occur, the limbs should be rubbed, 
and hot applications made to the body. 



INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES 373 

Chronic Alcoholism. — This is different; withdraw the alcohol and 
substitute strychnine, one-thirtieth of a grain three or four times a 
day, nourishing food, confinement in a sanitarium if necessary. Give 
the bromides for the restlessness and sleeplessness. Drugging of the 
liquor with apo morphine or tartar emetic. 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. Drunkenness. 1. Effective as Cure for.— 

"Arsenious Acid 19 grains 

Bromine Water sufficient 

Tribromide of Gold 14 grains 

Distilled Water sufficient 

Ten drops of this solution for injection, which equals one thirty-second 
grain of gold tribromide." This is an active tonic, powerful sedative 
and destroys the appetite or cravings for alcoholic stimulants ; the 
niedicin-e is to be taken regularly four or five times a day for several 
weeks until the alcohol is out of the system even though he may appear 
cured. This is a good remedy, but should be given under the super- 
vision of a doctor. 

Treatment. — The patient must be put into a bed and carefully 
watched ; withdraw alcohol at once unless the pulse is too feeble. 
Procure rest and sleep for the patient. How? In mild cases, 
thirt}'- grains (one-half dram) of bromide of potassium, com- 
bined with tincture of capsicum five to ten drops, may be given every 
thr-ee hours. Call a doctor for the rest. One hundredth grain hyo- 
scine hypodermically is sometimes good ; one-fourth grain morphine 
nypodermically is sometimes given. For heart weakness: Aromatic 
spirits of ammonia. 

MORPHINE HABIT. (Morphinomania— Morphinism).— This is 
usually acquired by the repeated use of the hypodermic syringe for 
pain. It is also used by the mouth or opium smoking. 

Symptoms. — ^At first it causes a sense of well-being and exhilar- 
ation, but it must be gradually increased to produce the result; when 
the effect wears oft, the person feels weary, mentally and physically; 
has nausea, slight distress in the stomach region or pain like intes- 
tinal colic. Another dose relieves these feelmgs, eventually the per- 
son becomes thin, his face is sallow, the pupils are dilated or unequal, 
except when he is under the influence of the drug. His appetite is 
poor with indigestion. Sometimes itching of the skin, restlessness; 
irritable, disturbed sleep, and a tendency to lie about everything. 

Treatment.= — The patient must be taken from home and friends 
and be constantly watched. The drug should be withdrawn gradually 
and nourishing food given at stated intervals. 

COCAINE HABIT.— The drug Is taken as a snuff, hypodermic- 
ally, or in sprays and often the habit is formed when given as sprays, 
etc., in disease. 

Symptoms.^ — Large doses cause great excitement, sometimes con- 
vulsions, followed by weak heart and respiratory weakness, general 
prostration, convulsions and coma. 



374 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The cocaine habit causes emaciation, anemia, disturbances of the 
stomach, etc., disordered heart action, weakness of the body and mind, 
nervous and great depravity. 

Treatment. — Same as for the morphine habit. 

CHLORAL HABIT. Symptoms.— After a slight primary exhil- 
aration there is depression of the mind and body ; skin eruptions, bad 
breath, spongy gums, poor appetite, indigestion, bad nutrition, permanent 
dilation of the cutaneous (skin) blood vessels, intermittent pulse, 
blunting of the higher mental faculties, restlessness, sleeplessness, 
irritability, sometimes dementia. 

Treatment. — Same as for morphine. 

LEAD POISONING. (Plumbism-Saturnism). Causes.— It is 

common in lead smelters and grinders, painters, glaziers, and ptlumb- 
ers, whose hands are not washed before eating. The lead is absorbed 
by the mouth, skin and lungs. It may be taken into the system by 
drinking water, cider, etc., in new lead pipes, or from hair-dyes or 
cosmetics containing lead. 

Symptoms of Acute Case. — These develop rapidly from continued 
exposure. There is rapidly progressing anemia, with acute neuritis, 
epilepsy, convulsions or delirium or with severe stomach and bowel 
symptoms. 

Chronic Cases. Symptoms. 1. — Anemia, lead line on the gums, 
paralysis, colic, and brain symptoms. 

2. Blue-black line of lead in the gums near the teeth. 

3. This is preceded by an obstinate constipation. It resembles 
severe intestinal colic. There may be vomiting. 

4. Paralysis. This is the result of peripheral neuritis, localized 
or generalized. 

Wrist drop and many other symptoms of local and general par- 
alysis. 

TREATMENT. Prevention.— The hands and finger nails of the 
lead workers should always be thoroughly cleaned before eating. Use 
respirators if lead is present in the form of dust. 

For chronic poisoning remove the cause. Potassium iodide, five 
to ten grains three times a day. Not to be given in acute cases or 
when the symptoms are very severe, until what is in the bowels is 
removed. 

Constipation. — For this give a half ounce of epsom salts before 
breakfast Avhen needed, or repeat in small doses. 

For pain. — Heat over the abdomen and give morphine, if neces- 
sary. 

FOOD POISONING. (Bromototoxismus).— Food may contain 
the specific organisms of disease, as of tuberculosis or trichinosis; milk 
and other foods may become infected with typhoid bacilli, and so con- 



INTOXICANTS AND SUN Sl^ROKES 375 

vey the disease. Animals (or insects or bees) ma}' feed on substances 
that cause their flesh or products to be poisonous to man. Meat pois- 
oning. Eating sausage or pork pie or headcheese has caused poison- 
ing. Poisoning from impure milk, shell fish, pellagra, from using 
altered maize, etc. 

Symptoms. — Acute inflammation of stomach and bowels, with 
great prostration, ending in collapse. In shell fish poisoning, there 
are numbness, weakness, dilated pupils, rapid and feeble pulse, tem- 
perature under the normal and collapse. 

Treatment. — In all cases empty the stomach by emetics or stom- 
ach tube and the bowels by cathartics. Stimulate if necessary. 

HEAT STROKE.— Called also heat exhaustion; thermic fever; 
coup de Soleil. A condition produced by exposure to excessive heat. 

Heat Exhaustion. — This is caused by continued exposure to high 
temperatures, especially while working hard. 

Symptoms. — Prostration with cool skin, temperature often below 
normal, 95-96, pulse is small and frequent, sometimes restlessness and 
delirium. The person need not necessarily be exposed to the direct 
rays of the sun, but the condition may come on at night, or while at 
work in close, confined rooms. 

Treatment of indoor heat exhaustion. — Aromatic spirits of am- 
monia one to two drams and strychnine ; avoid alcohol. If the tem- 
perature is below normal, (98.6) a warm bath can be given. Rest in 
bed in a well ventilated room. 

SUNSTROKE. Heat Stroke, Thermic (heat) Fever.-— This occurs 
in persons chiefly who, while working very hard are exposed to the 
sun. Soldiers who are marching with their heavy accoutrements are 
very liable to be attacked. In large cities the most of the cases are 
confined to workmen who are much exposed and at the same time, 
have been drinking beer and whisky. 

Symptoms. — ^The patient may be struck down and die very soon 
with symptoms of failure of the heart, difficult breathing and coma. 
This kind is most frequent in soldiers. In ordinary cases there may be 
failure to perspire, premonitory headache, dizziness, sometimes nausea 
and vomiting, colored or poor sight (vision) ; insensibility follows, 
which may be temporary or increased deep coma. The face is flushed, 
the skin is dry and hot, the pupils are temporarily dilated, then usually 
greatly contracted, the pulse is rapid and full, and the temperature 
ranges from 107° to 110° or higher. The breathing is deep, labored 
and snoring (stertorous). Usually there is complete muscular relax- 
ation, with twitchings, jerkings, or very rarel)^ convulsions may occur. 
In fatal cases, coma (deep sleep) deepens, the pulse becomes more 
frequent and feeble, the breathing becomes more hurried, shallow and 
irregular and death may occur within twenty-four to thirty-six hours. 
In others, the consciousness returns, the temperature falls, the pulse 



376 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

and breathing become normal and recovery may be complete or leave 
bad results. The patient may be predisposed to future attacks or 
suffer from weakness or headache, and disturbance of the mind when- 
ever the weather is warm. 

Prognosis. — The death rate is higher when treatment is delayed, 
and when alcohol has been used as a beverage. 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. Sunstroke, Quick Method to ReUeve.— . 
"Apply alternately hot and cold applications to forehead and base 
of the brain or back of the neck, place the feet in warm mustard 
water, and apply mustard to the stomach and calves of legs. This 
remedy was tried by my brother's wife, who is a trained nurse. She 
says it is very effective." The hot and cold applications help to draw 
the blood from the brain. Placing feet in warm mustard v/ater will 
help to give relief. 

Treatment. — Avoid exposure and alcohol. For a mild case — Rest 
in a cool place, cool sponging, aromatic spirits ammonia or strychnine 
if needed for the prostration. 

For severe cases. — The temperature must be reduced as rapidly as 
possible. Pack the patient in a bath of ice. Rubbing the body with 
ice is an excellent procedure to lower the temperature rapidly. Ice 

v.'ater enemata (injections in boweH may also be emoloyed. If ice 
cannot be obtained strip the patient and sprinkle him with water until 
the temperature is reduced. Use a thermometer to see it does not go 
too low. Ice cap or cold water to the head. Keep working for hours. 

Medicine. — Gloncin, 1/100 to 1/200 grain is oi idp in severe cases. 



ACCIDENTS, EMERGENCIES AND POISONS 

COLLAPSE.— 1. Place the patient ilat on his back. 

2. Raise the feet and lower his head, unless bluenes- of the face 
occurs. 

3. Make the patient warm by applying warm coverings and hot 
water bottles, bricks or wood. 

4. Enema of strong coffee. 

5. If necessary- the legs and arms can be bandaged beginning at 
the feet and hands and then bandage up. Use above in order given. 

FAINTING. — Place the patient on her back, with the head low and 
feet raised unless the face is flushed. The face is generally pale. 
Loosen the clothing about the waist, throat, etc. 
Plenty of air and no crowding around the patient. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 377 

Cold water on the face with cloths. It is not necessary to wet her 
all over. Ammonia or camphor near the nostrils to inhale. Lie still 
for some time and do not attempt to rise while still feeling dizzy or 
faint. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES.— 1. Sea Sickness, Red Pepper and 
Molasses Relieves. — ''A teaspoonful of red pepper mixed with molasses 
and taken in one dose is considered one of the best remedies for this 
trouble." 

2. Sea Sickness, Peppermint an Excellent Relief for. — "A tea- 
spoonful of essence of peppermint put in a tumbler of hot water, sipped 
occasionally, is both a preventive and cure for sea-sickness." 

Sea Sickness. — Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia, says: "The bromides 
should be used in the dose of five to ten grains three times a day for 
several days before the patient sails to quiet the vomiting center.*' 
After sea sickness begins the following combination is good : 

(a) Citric Acid 2 drams 

Distilled Water = 4 ounces 

Make a solution. 

(b) Bromide of Potash 1 dram 

Bicarbonate of Potash 1 dram 

Distilled Water 4 ounces 

Make a solution. 

Then a tablespoonful of each of these solutions should be added to one 
another and taken during eiiervescence. Lemon iuice can be used in 
place of citric acid in the first combination. 

DOG BITES (Not Rabid).— Treat the same as for any torn 
wound, wash out thoroughly with hot water and an ounce of salt in a 
pint of water. There is no danger of hydrophobia from the bite of a 
dog, cat or any animal unless that animal has hydrophobia. No one 
can take hydrophobia from an animal that does not have it. (See 
Hydrophobia). 

POISONEfD WOUNDS. Mosquito Bite.— Remove the sting in 
the wound. Diluted vinegar applied to the bites is sometimes of help. 
Camphor is also good. 

Snake Bite. — Naturalists have discovered twenty-seven species of 
poisonous serpents and one poisonous lizard ; eighteen species of these 
are true rattlesnakes; the remaining nine are divided between varieties 
of the moccasin copperhead or the viper. The poisonous lizard is 
the Texan reptile known as the "Gila Monster." In all these serpents 
the poison fluid is secreted in a gland which lies against the side of 
the skull below and behind the eye, from which a duct leads to the 
base of a hollow tooth or fang, one on each side of the upper jaw ; 
which fang, except in the case of vipers, is movable and susceptible of 
erection and depression. When not in use the fang hugs the upper 
jaw and is ensheathed in a fold of mucous membrane. In the vipers 
the fang is permanently erect. In the case of biting the contents of 
the poison sac are forcibly ejected through the hollow fang. 



378 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Symptoms of a Snake Bite. — The symptoms are similar in bites of 
poisonous snakes. Pain in the wound, slight at first, but becoming 
more severe, with rapid swelling and spotted discoloration in the 
vicinity of the wound. Symptoms of heart and lung depression soon 
show themselves by feeble and fluttering pulse, faintness, cold sweat- 
ing, mental distress, nausea and vomiting and labored breathing. Death 
may occur very soon in intense poisoned cases, but more frequently the 
struggle extends over a number of hours. 

Treatment. — First thing to do. — When the bite is on a limb, tie 

the limb above the bite toward the body and twist the ligature so tight 
that the circulation is cut oit, or checked. Then cut the w'ound open 
very freely. When the bite is on the body, make a free cut, and when 
this cannot be done suck the wound vigorously, which can be done 
without danger, if there are no cracks or abrasions of the lips or mouth, 
as the poison is harmless when taken into a well mouth. If a hot iron 
is at hand apply it freely within the wound and this may take the place 
of the knife or suction. Salt put in the cut wound will be of help, or 
fill the wound with permanganate of potash and inject a solution of 
the same, diluted three-quarters with water, around the w^ound. Strych- 
nine one-fifteenth of a grain every two hours until the symptoms are 
better. This is not given until the symptoms of snake poisoning have 
shown themselves. 

If such agents are not at hand, brandy or whisky should be given 
freely. The pulse will show when the patient has had enough. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. INSECT AND OTHER BITES.— 

1. Simply Use Pepper for Dog Bite. — "My son had his hand bitten 
by a dog and it was over a week before it was brought to my notice. 
The sore was then filled with green pus and the pain w^ent up to his 
jaw, so we were afraid of lockjaw. I had him cleanse it thoroughly 
in a basin of warm saleratus water, then filled and thickly covered it 
with black pepper. The pain stopped almost instantly. It seems as 
though pepper would smart a cut terribly, but it does not." This is 
a good remedy and worth trying: The black pepper did not smart the 
wound because the flesh was dead. 

2. Bites, Tobacco Good for Dog. — 'Immediately wash the parts 
with clear water ; then take leaf or cut tobacco and bind over the part 
bitten, changing it two or three times a day for a week. This effect- 
ually absorbs the poison. It is a good prevention of any future 
trouble." 

3. Bites, Ammonia Good for Insect. — "Rub the affected parts 
with ammonia, which will draw out the poison. For mosquito bites 
have often used baking soda. This always gives relief and is very 
cooling." 

4. Bites, Baking Soda for Insect. — ''Cover the affected parts with 
baking soda and keep moist." A mud poultice is an old tried remedy. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 37c 

5. Bites, Hartshorn Old Time Remedy for. — "Apply hartshorn 
or spirits of ammonia to part which neatializes the formic acid, the 
active principle of the poison." This is an old-time remedy and will 
always give relief if applied immediate^. 

6. Bites. Carbo'lc Acid Draws Poison fron:. — "'"?^:'vr : re :-.:•;:-. :"!■•' 
in a weak sclu::::: : i^r^alic add. The :ir; : : 1: i r = er; ^ 1 
remedy and se i:r:. nils to cure, but i: : j :: :. : 1: tn to have the 
acid, use vinegar in 1 It will have prE::::i'' : r fin t einect. 

7. Bites. Alum and Vinegar Good Renr.edy ::r. — ■"Alum and 
vin^^ar. F.:::: ise he :e: :- :rth of powderei ihnn in: lissolve 
in a pint c: ne^i: ini 1 ; ireelj. TTiis is 1 er g :; 1 remedy." 

8. Bites. Salt Water for Mosquito. — "Take sai: and -.vater in a 
little dish and kee; erring the bite f:r a re minrenrs Thi= wiii 
soon destr : r ir e z ::s:r.." This wiii h e f : n n i 1 e r s nr : i e but 
effecrive renre: es: riiiiy in children :r snrih :r: ef if e nrthers 
all kn:.v n : v very mn yingr a mosqmr : : re f :: rhien Tne salt 
water will remove lii me piison ani ir r 7 fir.r r nre rei e r rhe 
itching^ and swelling. Care should be r air en n:r r: nrai-re ir re: smng 
for a small baby. 

9. Bites. Spirits c: Amn-.cnia for Snake. — "Smnc ffirirs :f inr- 
monii apciied ra rhe rvmnif :: snine ::re^ :r rihrd aniniali is zrrrer 
tha n ; 1 : f ric It neutraliz e s r :r e ; : : s : n Z n : ugh of the amnr : 
should be used to irritate rhe parrs. Ir is ninnrles? treatmenr md 
should be used freely. 

STINGS. MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Leaves of Geranium 
Good for Bee or Wasp. — ' Zruise rhe ieir'es ;: reriniunr md bind or. 
rhe inerrei parr Ths his pried m ex:e iienr ririu^h simple 

2. Stings. Simple Remedy for. — "Tike 1 dresser key :r my vrith 
a good f ze: h:ie mi rress : er rhe srinr I: used very sijd this 

will renr:-.-e rhe snn^er, men rr-.-rr vhrh ver salt." 

DISLOCATIONS.— A ::s:::ir::n is rhe onttingr otitj^f joint some 

General Causes. — Blows, sudden cm.rriction of rhe nmscles; also 
due to some iseises :f rhe joints. 

General Srnnptcm.s. — There is 1 derhrnriry ir rhe ;:inr. pain and 
sometimes ir f nr rssii^ r: nrike lii rhr ni: nr; enrenrs 

General Treatm.ent. — Of cmrse ir is r: repiize z'r.z : me. is srm 

DISLOCATION OF THE JAW.— Ir is n:r mssihie r: cirse rhe 
mcuth. The chin is rrc fir f:r-.vard. The ji>v may rum mward rhe 
other side in one-si ie: ii izirim. 



380 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Treatment. — Hold something hard between the teeth in front so 
that when the jaw snaps in place your thumbs will not be bitten. A 
piece of wood as thick as your fingers will do. Stand in front of the 
patient, who should be sitting in a high chair. Put your thumbs in 
the mouth upon the lower jaw two-thirds of the length backwards, 
and your forefingers directly underneath the jaw; with the thumbs 
press down and with the fingers pull forward. 




Oblique Bandage of Jaw. Medi- 
cated Cotton can readily be ap- 
plied with this style of Bandage. 



Bandaging and Photograph by Dr. W. E. Ziegenfuss, of Detroit. 
Done expressly for this book. 

Sometimes it is necessary to hold the jaw in place for some days. 
For that purpose the bandage for a broken jaw can be used. 

SHOULDER JOINT DISLOCATION.— There is a depression of 
the skin over the cavity. The shoulder is flattened. The bone of the 
arm points to where the head of the bone is. 

Ireatment. — Carry the elbow to the side, with ihe ^orearm at right 
angles to the arm ; turn the arm around uniil the forearm points away 
from the body. Then carry the arm up from the body until it is level 
with the shoulder. In this position gradually rotate the arm again and 
then bring the arm to the side, with the forearm across the chest, hand 
pointing lo the other shoulder when it should be bandaged by pieces 
of bandages three inches Avide passing around the arm, elbow and body. 
A pad should be placed under the hand to keep it from making the 
flesh sore. 

FINGER OR THUMB DISLOCATION.— If the joint is dislo- 
cated forward pull the front part forward and backward. If it is dis- 
located backwards, pull the front part of the finger forward and upward. 
If reduced immediately this needs no bandaging. 

FRACTURES. — They are simply broken bones or cartilage, usu- 
ally applied popularly to a oroken bone. 

Varieties, — ^Simple fracture means a break of the bone only. 

Compound iracture is where the broken bone sticks out through 
the skin. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 381 

Comminuted is where the bone is broken into small parts. 

Impacted is where one part of the broken bone is driven into th€ 
other part. 

Green stick break. This is not really a break, but only a bending 
of the bone, seen mostly in children. 

Bandages for fractures can be made of muslin. They should be 
six to eight to twelve yards long for large bones. 

Width. For a finger one inch. 

For arm or head two and one-half inches. 
For the leg three to four inches. 
For the body six to eight inches. 

An old sheet can be used and the ends of the strips S€wed together 
and then wrapped tight in a roll, with the ravelings from the sides 
removed. The bandage should be started from the end of the limb, 
wrapped towards the body. They should not be wrapped so tightly as 
to shut off circulation. 

Padding. — This should be of cotton. In case of necessity, hand- 
kerchiefs, towels, pieces of muslin, cloths ; hay or grass can be used 
temporarily. 

Splints. — In emergencies splints can be made from shingles, paste- 
boards or even bark. 

How to Take Hold of a Broken Leg or Arm. — Never take hold of 
it from above, but slip the hands underneath, and then take a firm but 
gentle hold at two points a short distance from the break on each side, 
and all the while making slight extension with the hand on the end 
part (distal part) so as to keep the ends from rubbing together, and 
lift with both hands at the same time slowly and evenly until the limb 
is in the required position. Then apply the emergency treatment. This 
is to help keep the broken parts in place until proper care can be given, 
or to assist in safely and comfortably moving the patient to th-e place 
desired. Support the broken limb with something smooth and stiff, 
such as a thin narrow shingle, three inches wide perhaps, or thin board, 
stout pasteboard, or the bark of trees, and padded with something 
soft, such as cotton, wool, hay, straw, leaves, which can be held by 
bandages of required width, or handkerchiefs folded in triangular 
shape, or by strips of linen, muslin, ribbon or anything with which 
the splint can be temporarily held fast. 

For the Forearm. — Two padded splints three to four inches wide 
and long enough to take in the hand also, should be applied, one to 
the thumb, and the other to the back of the forearm, slight extension 
being made by pulling on the patient's hand. This pulls the broken 
end in place. Tie on the splints over the hand, wrist and just below 
the elbow. Two or three wraps of adhesive plaster or five or six 
wraps of a bandage or handkerchief or towel folded and pinned will 
temporarily hold the limb in place. Put on a sling reaching from the 
finger tips to beyond the elbow. 



382 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

For the Arm. — Put on two padded splints from the shoulder to 
the elbow, one in front and the one behind, and bind on at the bottom 
and top. Then place the forearm on the chest pointing to the well 
or sound shoulder and bind the arm with bandages or a long towel 
to the body. 

For a Broken Leg. — Pull on the foot gently to make slight exten- 
sion, and lift the leg on a pillow or some sort of pad, and tie this 
firmly about the leg; or broad strips of wood may be padded and 
placed on either side of the broken leg and securely tied. 

For a Broken Thigh, Upper Leg. — The splint should extend from 
under the arm to the ankle, padded and bound to the. body and to the 
leg by means of long towels or pieces of sheeting applied six inches 
apart. If the patient is in a wagon and no splint can be had, bags of 
dirt or sand applied around the thigh will hold some. But there is 
always something at hand to use as a splint and to bind the splint 
to the leg. 

For a Broken Collar Bone. — Place the patient on his back if he 
is to be moved and put a firm pad in the arm pit and bind the arm to 
the side with the forearm across the chest; or if you have a roll of 
adhesive plaster two or three inches wide, after putting a pad in the 
arm pit (sometimes this is not necessary) put the adhesive strip 
around the arm midway to the shoulder. The arm should be lifted 
up and a little back. Run the strip of adhesive plaster around the 
body and fasten to the first part. Then put another strip fast to the 
band around the arm and run this down around the bent elbow and 
over the forearm placed on the chest, the fingers pointing to the sound 
shoulder. This strip can pass over the sound collar bone and fasten 
to the strip about the body. If it is put on properly, the injured part 
will feel comfortable. 

Broken Ribs. — Put on a towel, about eight to twelve inches wide. 
This should go around the body and be pinned tightly; or, if you have 
a roll of adhesive plaster, two and one-half to three inches wide, use 
this. Start at the backbone, at the lowest point necessary, about two 
ribs below the broken one, and carry it straight across the chest to 
the breast bone ; put on about eight of such strips, lapping each about 
one-half inch. Fasten the ends with a strip running up and down 
one-half on the fiesh and the other half on the strip. This is tc keep 
the strips from slipping any. The arms* should be held up while the 
strip's are being applied. 

A Broken Jaw. — Take a strong piece of muslin, long enough to 
reach around the neck and eight inches longer. Split this through 
the center to within about seven inches of the center of the band. 
Put this unsplit part above, over and under the chin. Tie the upper 
tails around the neck and run the under tail pieces up in front of the 
ear to the crown of the head. Tie each end on the back part of the 
head to the pieces left over after tying back of the neck. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 383 

Broken Nose. — Put the parts in place by pressure and moulding-. 
It is easily done. Do not hurry. Put a strip of adhesive plaster 
across the bridge of the nose over the break reaching to the cheek. 

If the injury causes bleeding, the wound should be washed with 
clean linen and boiled water and covered with clean linen. To wash 
the wound, one teaspoonful of salt to one pint of boiled water. Salt 
is usually at hand. 

If an artery is cut, this bleeding must be stopped. The blood 
spurts out. Press your hands hard on the back of the thigh towards 
the body of the wound. Another should tie some cloth around 
the thigh above th^ wound tightly. It can be made tighter by 
putting a stick under the band and twisting it around as much 
as possible. Raise the leg high up and put the head low. If the 
cut is below the knee or on the foot, bend the leg back. First put a 
pad or your fist in under the knee joint and bend leg over the pad or 
your fist. Sometimes the spurting artery can be caught or pressed 
upon with your finger. If the arm is injured, bandage as for the 
thigh. If the forearm, the same as for the leg. 

If a finger is cut clean off, pick the piece up and wash it and the 
stump clean and then place the cut off part against the stump and 
tie on, or stick on with adhesive plaster. It sometimes grows fast. 

SPRAINS. — Sprains or wrenches of the joints are caused by a 
twist or a blow. The injury consists in the tear or rupture of a 
number of the fibres of the ligaments. 

Symptoms. — Severe pain, the joint is practically useless for a 
time ; swelling, heat and later the joint discolored from effusion of the 
blood into the tissues. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. — 1. Sprains, Ointment for. — "The 
bark of bittersweet with chamomile and wormwood simmered in fresh 
lard make an excellent ointment for sprains and swellings." 

2. Sprains, Vinegar and Bran Poultice for. — "Make a poultice 
with vinegar and bran only, or with the addition of oatmeal, or bread 
crumbs. As the poultice becomes dry it should be moistened with 
vinegar." 

3. Sprains, Turpentine Most Common Remedy for.^ — "Rub the 
injured part with turpentine and keep warm and you will find this 
remedy to be one of the best to keep proud flesh out that has ever 
been used. I always have turpentine in my home and find that I 
have to use it often, and it always does as I said above, if once used 
you will never be without it." 

4. Sprains, Quick Relief for. — "Bathe the parts with hot water 
as hot as one can bear it and relief comes at once." This is an old 
tried remedy, but if hot water does not give relief use cold water. 

5. Sprains, Relieves Pain of. — "Put warm woolen cloth over 
sprain, drip hot water as hot as can be borne on cloth for half hour. 
Bathe with spirits of camphor." 



384 



MOTHERS* REMEDIES 




Method of applying Bandage to the Ann, 




Spiral Bandage of the Finger. 



Simple Method of applying Band- 
age for Sprained Ankle. 



Budagiag and Photograp*as by D«. W. E. Zibcxstvss, of Detroit. 
Done expressly for this book. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 385 

6. Sprains, Quick Application for. — 'A poultice of stiff clay and 
vinegar.''' Add enough vinegar to the clay to make a nice moist poul- 
tice. The clay is exceptionally good for swellings and sprains. 

7. Sprains, Turpentine Liniment for. — "Equal parts of spirits of 
turpentine and vinegar and the yolk of one tgg make a valuable lini- 
ment in cases of sprains, bruises and rheumatism poultice. Take 
common salt, roast it on a hot stove till dry as possible. Take one 
teaspoonful each of dry salt, Venice turpentine and pulverized castile 
soap. Excellent for felon, apply twice daily until open." This is a 
very good liniment and if applied often will draw, which is one of 
the essential things for a felon. 

8. Sprains, Old English White Oil.— 

"Akohol K pint 

Turpentine Ya pint. 

Hanshorn ^ ounce. 

Oil Origanum 1 ounce. 

For sprains and rubbing around sores.'" 

9. Sprains, Arnica Much Used for. — "Tincture of arnica." This 
should be diluted with water about one and one-half for adults and 
one and three-fourths for a child. This is one of the best known 
remedies for sprains that can be obtained. Apply freely to the bruise 
or sprain. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sprains.— Rest for a time (for 
some weeks). The parts should be raised to lessen the blood supply. 
Hot applications, through fomentations, or cold evaporations, lotions, 
massage later, and support with a pad and a firm bandage, in some 
cases. When there is not much swelling, a plaster of Paris bandage 
is sometimes applied at once in order that absolute rest can be secured. 

1. Tincture of Arnica. — This is an excellent remedy for sprains 
When the part is much swollen and looks bluish is when it is espec^ 
ially beneficial. It can be used full strength by saturating cloths and 
applying either hot or cold, or diluted to half strength. 

2. Hot Water. — Applied with soaked cloths on the part is very 
grateful in some cases. It should be kept hot and plenty of water on 
the part all the time. This should be applied for hours. Between 
the soakings, the parts should be dressed with the lead and laudanum 
w^ash, and rubbed with ichthyol ointment or camphor and laudanum 
liniment. 

3. Cold Applications. — Cold water. — Some patients are more bene- 
fited by the cold applications. The part should be elevated and a 
cloth wrung out of ice cold water, or an ice bag should be kept on 
the part. 

4. Lead and Laudanum Wash. — This should not be used if the 
skin is broken. Then the laudanum, three-fourths water, can be used 
alone. Composition of lead and laudanum wash, proportions four parts 
of undiluted lead water, diluted with sixteen parts of water to one of 
laudanum. This can be made stronger in the laudanum. 



386 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



5. Fomentations of hops, or smartweed or wormwood, etc., are 

also good. 

6. Vinegar and Hops — Turpentine Liniment. — This can b« used 
later, for stimulating purposes. 





Most efi&cient way of Bandaging Eyes 
showing how Bandage may be lifted from one eye. 




■\,. 




Usual Spiral Reverse Bandage of the Arm. 

Bandaging and Photographs by Dr. W. E. Ziegenfuss, of Detroit. 
Done expressly for this book. 

The following is a liniment made by an old gentleman I used 
to know. I was well acquainted with him vv'hile he was living, and 
I know he w^as a good, competent man. Following is the recipe: 

"Oil of Amber 1 ounce. 

Oil of Wormwood 1 ounce. 

Oil of Tansy 1 ounce. 

Camphor Gum 2 ounces. 

Ammonia 2 ounces. 

Oil of Spike 1 ounce. 

Small piece castile soap. 

Spirits of Wine 1 pint. 

Rub in thoroughly. In some cases it should be diluted one-fourth 
to one-half strength. Full strength for much pain. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 387 

BURNS. SCALDS.— 

A Burn is caused by dry heat. 

A Scald is caused by moist heat. 

A superficial burn, upon a young child, that involves the third of 
the body will almost certainly prove fatal, while a very deep burn, 
provided it is localized, may not be so serious, unkss important nerves 
and blood vessels have been destroyed. 

Burns may be divided into three degrees: 

First degree are those burns that only affect the outer or super- 
ficial layer of the skin, producing a redness with some small vesicles. 

Second degree burns : These extend through the true skin and 
blisters result. 

Third degree burns : This goes down underneath and involves 
the deeper tissues. Charring and destruction of tissue takes place. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Burns, Linseed Oil for.— "Quick 
application of linseed oil.." The oil forms a coating and is very sooth- 
ing. 

2. Bums, Common Soda for. — "There is nothing better than 
common baking soda for burns and scalds ; apply a thick coating of dry 
soda. Bind a cloth over it, and keep on until the pain ceases, after 
which any good healing salve will do." 

3. "Apply crushed onion poultice; cover to keep out the air. 
This will soon extract the heat and pain." Onions seem to possess 
many medicinal properties. They are very soothing, and in a case of 
scalds keep out the air and relieve the pain. 

4. Bums, Molasses Takes B^n from. — "Apply New Orleans 
molasses to the burn and cover with flour. This forms a coating over 
the afiFected parts, keeping the air from it. thereby relieving the burn- 
ing. This is an excellent remedy and one easily prepared." 

5. Burns, Butter a Relief for. — "Spread butter on the affected 
parts and bandage well. This is one of the remedies our grandmoth- 
ers used to use and is a good one." 

6. Bums, Oil of Peppermint Draws Fire Out of. — "Apply oil of 
peppermint ; it will take the fire out almost immediately.'' 

7. Bums, Sweet Oil and Cotton Batting Relieves. — "Saturate 
cotton batting in sweet oil and cover the burns and keep covered until 
the fire is out. I had my hand burned with steam until the skin 
peeled off, and this remedy relieved the smarting." 

8. Bums, Vinegar Prevents Blistering from. — "Vinegar applied 
every few minutes will keep it from blistering." This is a remedy 
always at hand, and will do just what it says. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Scalds, Elder Berries Soothing 

for. — "The flowers of the black elder berries and the bark all possess 
yaluabk medicinal properties. An ointment made by stirring the fresh 



38t MOTHERS' REMEDIES,. 

flowers into melted lard or vaselin and occasionally stirring it, will be 
found an excellent remedy for scalds or burns." It is not only sooth- 
ing, but forms a coating thereby keeping the air out. 

2. Scalds, Alum for Slight. — "Put a teaspoonful of alum in a pint 
of water, and bathe the parts frequently. Keep the parts well wet 
with this solution which extracts the heat in a remarkable manner and 
soothes the patient into a calm and refreshing sleep." This remedy is 
most always at hand and will relieve if the case is not too severe. 

S. Scalds, Scraped Potatoes will Relieve. — "A few raw potatoes 
scraped or grated and beaten in a bowl, then add a dram of laudanum; 
apply to the affected parts as you would a poultice." 

4. Scalds, Crackers and Slippery Elm as Poultice for. — "Apply a 
poultice of cracker and slippery elm, made of raspberry leaf tea. 
Guard against taking cold." Use enough of the raspberry tea to make 
a soft mixture. This is very soothing, and keeps the air from the 
scald which is one of the essential things in order to get relief. 

5. Scalds, Raisins and Lard with Tobacco Helps. — 

"One pound Raisins, chopped. 

One pound Lard. 

Five cent package of Chewing Tobacco. 
Mix all together and let this simmer about three hours 
slowly, strain it and put in a jar." 

6. Scalds, Sweet Oil Soothing for. — "I know of nothing better 
than equal parts of sweet oil and lime water." This is very good and 
should be applied freely. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Superficial Bums.— Exclude 
the air; protect and treat the parts is the theory of treatment. 

Superficial Burn. — When the skin is not broken, bicarbonate of 
soda may be sprinkled thick over the burn, then wrap the part in moist 
gauze, lint or linen, and over this a layer of common cotton, and hold 
in place with a bandage. Flour can be used in place of the soda. Oat- 
meal flour, rice flour, etc., v/ill do also. The objection to all powders 
is that the moist gauze, etc., will make the flour form cakes and make 
removal painful and difficult. Applications in liquid form are therefore 
better. 

Liquid Forms. — If the blisters are large, open them with a clean 
(sterile-boiled) instrument (scissors or knife) and absorb the fluid 
with a clean gauze. Then dissolve bicarbonate of soda in water — a 
saturated solution. This term means as much soda as the water will 
dissolve. Then gauze, lint or linen pads may be wrung out of this 
solution or the same strength of boric acid solution and applied. Put 
over this a layer of clean cotton and hold in place by a bandage or 
strip of adhesive plaster. (Keep parts always moist). Baking soda 
will do about as well as bicarbonate of soda. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 389 

Oil and ointments are also very beneficial. Spread the ointments 

or oil over the burn thick and cover with lint or soft linen, and change 
frequently to keep from smelling badly. 

1. Carron oil made of equal parts of lime-water and linseed oil 
is good. 

2. Carbolized oil or simple pure sweet oil is good. 

3. Cosmoline, Vaselin, Pineoline (salves) are all good; they cover 
and protect. 

4. Cold cream is very good. 

5. Thick lather from any good pure soap spread over the part 
thick and then covered with the cloth dressing. This is very good 
and is always at hand. 

6. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, very strongly recommends the follov/ing 
simple remedy: One teaspoonful of common salt to one pint of 
boiled water, used comfortably warm. Old clean muslin or gauze 
cloths of several thicknesses should be dipped in this solution and 
spread evenly over the sores in several layers and over this oiled 
paper or paraffine paper should be applied to prevent evaporation or 
drying and bind all with a bandage. The covering should not be too 
thick or it might make the part too warm. This should be avoided in 
all dressings. 

This salt water dressing can be moistened and changed when 
necessary. 

7. Beeswax ointment. (Dr. Douglas). — 

"Benzoinated Lard 6 ounces. 

Yellow Beeswax "I^. 1 ounce. 

Salicylic Acid 20 grains." 

Mix the wax in a tin cup. then add the lard, when all is melted 
remove from the fire and stir till cool, then add the salicylic acid and 
continue stirring until cold. This makes an excellent covering, ex- 
cludes the air. 

8. Ointment of Oxide of Zinc is very good. The following are 
the ingredients : 

"Oxide of Zinc 2 drams. 

Lanoline 5 drams. 

Alboline 1 dram. 

Salicylic Acid 10 grains. 

Mix, and make ointment and apply." 

The following is not very pleasant to think about, but farmers 
have frequently used it: Cow manure as a poultice. 

Another: The inner bark of elder boiled in cream. Use the salve 
resulting. This is good for burns and sores. 

Another: Slippery elm bark tea boiled down so it will be thick 
and oily, is very good. 



390 MOTHERS REMEDIES 

Some claim that immersing the part in milk and keeping it so is 
a very good remedy. We know that cream is, but it will soon become 
rancid. 

Remedies must be of an oily covering nature to do good, or else 
do it by their antiseptic qualities like salt, boric acid, etc 

Another: 

**Picric Add To grains. 

AkoiK^ 2J^2 ounces. 

Distilled Water 2 pints. 

Mix and ^ply." 

Qeanse the bums of dirt and charred clothing and then soak strips 
of clean gauze in this solution and apply to the part. Place over this 
a pad of dry absorbent cotton which can be fastened by a light band- 
age or adhesive straps. The dressing dries rapidly, and may be left 
in place for several days. Then moisten it with the same solution so 
as to soften the dressing and remove it. Then apply a fresh dressing 
of the same kind and leave on a week. This dressing soon relieves 
the pain, prevents the formation of matter (pus), hastens healing and 
leaves a smooth surface. The dressing stains the hands so it is best 
applied with rubber gloves. This is good for all d^;ree bums. 

For Severe Case. — ^There may be and is shock and great weak- 
ness after some bums. The patient should be put to bed and given 
strong black coffee, or if you have it one teaspooirhil of aromatic spirits 
of anuncmia in a glass of water. Hot water bags and jars should be 
applied to the feet and one teaspoonful of paregoric may be given to 
an adult for the pain. Give the patient ice to hold in his mouth, as 
he is very thirsty. Q)ld water and milk to drink also. If the bum is 
severe put oil cloth or rubber on the bed to protect the bed from the 
wet dressing. Do not put a night-shirt or pajamas on him. as it 
pains to remove and renew the dressings, if such are used as need 
frequent removal and renewal. Cover warmly, but keep covers lifted 
so that their weight will not give unnecessary pain. The bowels can 
be kept open with soap-suds enemas. Watch carefully, especially a 
man, if urine is passed and enough in quantity. It must be drawn if 
it is not passed within twelve hours. 

For Third Degree Bums. — In this kind there is a great shock. 
Stirr :!2:e :he ratient with whisky, etc. Put one ounce in a glass 
cre-ha": :.:'! :: .vater. and give two teaspoonfuls frequently, dependent 
i:?:r. ': : ^ ~v. :'- 5: ~ ^ant the patient has ever used; or an enema of 

czt :ur-:e ;: :;: ::±ee can be given. 

The first dressings may be the same, but when the patient is 
stronger others should be used. 

Waim Batlis are now used when the deep tissues are burned, and 
the slousrhs and charred material are removed. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 391 

When convenient, begin with a warm tub bath, with boric acid 
added to the water — handful to the tub. This is good for stimulating 
purposes, and also to relieve pain and for cleansing the surfaces before 
the applications of the dressings, these can be of those recommended. 

When the air passages have been scalded by hot steam or hot 
liquids, the steam of lime-water, not too hot, may soothe. 

Bums from Acid. — Soda, chalk, whiting, sprinkled over the sur- 
face of the skin and covered with moist coverings of gauze. Egg 
albumen is also good applied on the part. 

Bums from Alkali (like potash or strong ammonia). — Vinegar 

poured over the part, or dress with a mild solution of boric acid. One 
teaspoonful to four ounces of water. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Bruises, Cold Water Prevents Col- 
oring. — "Bathe the parts in cold water, prevents turning black and 
blue." 

2. Bruises, Kerosene Relieves the Pain of. — ''Bathe freely with 
kerosene.*' 

3. Bruises, Turpentine to Keep Proud Flesh from. — "Rub the in- 
jured part with turpentine and keep warm, and you will find this 
remedy to be one of the best to keep proud flesh out and gangrene that 
has ever been used. I always have turpentine in my home, and find 
that I have use for it often. If once used you will never be without it." 

4. Bruises, Bread and Vinegar Quick Remedy for. — ''Apply a 
poultice made of hot vinegar and bread." A girl bruised her fingers 
with some iron rings in a gymnasium. She applied this poultice at 
night, and they were well in the morning. Since then I always use 
it for a bruise." 

5. Bruises, Good Liniment for. — ''Where inflammation is under 
the thin covering of the bone, dissolve chloral and camphor gum to- 
gether. They dissolve each other by putting together, and looks like 
glycerin. Apply very little with tip of finger, put absorbent cotton 
on and bind up with pure gum rubber band to keep it from evaporating 
as it is very volatile. Rubber band must not be too tight, as it will 
cut off the circulation." 

6. Bruises, Liniment Used in Ohio for. — "Five cents' worth 
spirits ammonia, five cents' worth spirits turpentine, whites of two eggs 
beaten, one cup cider vinegar, two cups rain water." This gentleman 
from Ohio says he has used the liniment for many years, and his 
neighbors have used it with the utmost success. He recommends it 
as the best he ever used. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. Bruises.— 1. Tincture of Arnica 

applied from one-half to full strength is very good. 



392 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



2. Alcohol about two-thirds strength is also very good, gently 
rubbed in the parts. 

3. Cold or hot water applied with cloths. 

4. Raw beefsteak (lean) is excellent. Place it on the bruise. 

5. Lead and laudanum wash if the skin is not broken. 

Of course bruises usually disappear in time. The above remedies 
will help. 

Heat applied at some distance from the- parts relaxes the sur- 
rounding vessels and promotes absorption of the blood in the bruise. 

CUTS. WOUNDS.— They are named cut (incised) ; contused, 
such as made by a blunt instrument. 

Lacerated or torn, when the tissues are torn or ragged. 

Punctured, stab-wounds, when made by a pointed instrument. 

Treatment. — There may be pain, gaping (opening) of the edges 
and bleeding. In order to gape, the cut must pass through the deep 
skin. Cuts or wounds that do not go deep leave little or no scar. 
Such require only a little antiseptic dressing like this remedy : 

"Boric Acid ^ ounce. 

Boiled Water 1 pint." 

Wash the cut thoroughly and cover with gauze or clean linen. 
Cuts or wounds should always be washed first with boiled water, 
cooled enough to use. Do this with absolutely clean muslin, absorb- 
ent cotton or gauze and boiled water. After being thoroughly cleansed 
and washed with hot water and cloths, a thick pad of muslin, absorbent 
cotton or gauze thoroughly soaked with the boric acid solution, 
(strength one-half ounce of boric acid to a pint of boiled water) should 
be applied on the, wound, and for an inch or two around it. Over this 
lay a thick layer of absorbent cotton or muslin, bandage all securely 
with a bandage or adhesive strap, so the dressing cannot slip. 

Gaping Wounds generally need stitches. These should be put in 
deep enough to draw the deep edges together. If that is not done, a 
pocket will be left where the parts are not together and "matter" may 
form there. Plaster will not draw the deeper parts of wounds together. 
They should then be covered the same way as superficial wounds; of 
course the wound should be thoroughly cleansed in the same way 
before the stitches are put in. Such wounds unless they are large, 
need not be dressed for a day or two. unless there is soreness or pain. 
If the wound is sore and throbs it should be redressed immediately. 
Some discharge will no doubt be found penned in, and needs a drain 
through which to escape. This does not usually happen, and if it 
does, the wound was infected (poisoned) and then needs dressing once 
or twice a day, and full vent given to any discharge that may be pres- 
ent. The dressing immediately over the wound should then be thick 




HAND ARTERIES. 



ACCIDEXTS AXD POISOXS 393 

and soft so as to absorb the discharge that may be present. The 
stitches are usually removed in small wounds the third or fourth day. 
This is easily done, with a sharp pointed scissors or knife ; put one 
point underneath the stitch next to the knot, cut it off and with the 
forceps take hold of the knot and pull it out gently. It comes away 
easily as a rule. 

Tom Wounds should be trimmed. That is, cut away the torn 
pieces and then stitch together as for other wounds. Of course all 
the tissue possible should be saved and only ragged flesh should be 
cut away. This would die anyway, and prove a foreign body, and 
would be very apt to cause pus. These wounds should be dressed the 
same way as previously directed. 

Sometimes bleeding may cause trouble. Usually, hot water con- 
stantly applied will stop it. Pressing above the part will often stop 
bleeding. If an artery is cut it will spurt red blood. The artery 
should be tied and pressure made upon the limb above the cut toward 
the body; or tying the limb tight. If a finger or toe is cut and bleeds 
much, press on each side. The arteries are there. Put the limb high 
and the head low. Bandaging a limb tight, beginning at the end,. 
often stops bleeding. Stimulants are sometimes necessary for a time. 

Punctured Wounds. — From a sharp pointed instrument, nail, etc. 
The first thing to do is to cleanse the wound thoroughly with hot- 
water and about one-half ounce of salt to a pint of water. Keep this 
up constantly for one-half hour. Then if it is from a nail, put on a 
bread and milk poultice hot, and keep changing it every ten minutes 
to keep it good and hot. Keep this going for at least an hour. Salt 
pork can then be put on and kept on; or a cloth dipped in hot salt 
water can be applied, and kept on for a few hours when it can be 
dressed as other wounds are. There should be no throbbing pain the 
next day. A wound of this kind should be dressed every day, with 
great care in the matter of cleanliness. It is lack of cleanliness that 
usually causes trouble, either the poison that gets into the wound at 
the time of injury or that is allowed to get in and infect the wound 
afterwards. Clean hands, tools, basins, dressings and boiled water are 
essential to a quick healing. 

Rusty Nail Wound, Simple Guard Against Serious Results from.— 

"Every little while we read of someone who has run a rusty nail in 
his foot or some other part of his person, and lockjaw has resulted 
therefrom. All such wounds can be healed without any fatal consequences 
following them. It is only necessary to smoke such wounds or any 
wound or bruise that is inflamed, with burning wood or woolen cloth. 
Twenty minutes in the smoke will take the pain out of the worst case 
of inflammation arising from any wound I ever saw." Put on a poul- 
tice of bread and milk, changing every five or ten minutes. After this 
bind on salt pork and keep on for several days. 



394 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Cuts, Iodoform and Vaselin Salve 
for Barb Wire. — 

"Iodoform 1 teaspoonful. 

Vaselin 1 ounce." 

Before applying the above salve it is very necessary to cleanse 
the affected parts with a solution made of one teaspoonful of salt to 
a pint of water. If the iodoform is offensive to some people, you may 
use the vaselin alone, although the iodoform is known to be one of the 
best healing remedies that can be obtained. 

2. Cuts, Turpentine Good in Small Quantities for. — "For cuts 
and any open wound pour turpentine in and put a piece of absorbent 
cotton on and soak well with the liniment, tie up, and leave it so until 
dry, then pour on some more." Care should be taken in using turpen- 
tine, not to put too much on the wound, as it may cause proud flesh in 
some people ; a little of it is very healing and effective. 

3. Cuts, Tincture of Myrrh for Fresh. — "Use freely of the tincture 
of myrrh by saturating a cloth and applying to the parts aft'ected," 
This tincture of myrrh may be purchased at any drug store, and is a 
very effectual remedy for fresh wounds of any description. It is 
slightly contracting, and has great healing qualities. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Bleeding, Unusual Way to Stop.— 

*'If fresh, sprinkle full of black pepper. It will not smart, and is soon 
healed. If not fresh, clean with a weak solution saleratus and cover 
while wet with pepper. This has been tried many times in our home 
and has never failed." 

2. Bleeding, Cobwebs to Stop. — "Make a pad of cobwebs and 
apply to cut. I have never found anything to equal this remedy." 
This simple remedy has been known to save many lives, and can 
always be obtained. As most housekeepers know, cobwebs are easily 
found in every home, and perhaps after reading this remedy they will 
not seem such a pest as heretofore, if we stop to think that at some 
future date our baby's life might be saved by using them. 

3. Bleeding, Powdered Alum and Hot Water Stops. — "A heaping 
teaspoonful of powdered alum, placed in a teacup of water will stop 
the flow of blood in ordinary wounds, where no large artery has been 
cut. This will be found very beneficial for children, when their finger 
has been cut and bleeding badly." Alum is something that should 
always be kept in the home., using it in a case of emergency when 
there is no time to run to the drug store. 

4. Bleeding, Salt and Flour Successful Remedy for. — "Equal parts 
of fine salt and flour placed on cut. I have seen this tried and it 
proved successful." The salt will stop the bleeding by its astringent 
action and mixed with flour forms a coating over the cut. 

5. Bleeding, Boracic Acid Excellent for. — "Bind up in boracic 
acid powder." The boracic acid is very healing and a good antiseptic, 
which is one of the important things to be attended to in a bad cut or 
wound. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 395 

6. — Bleeding, Tobacco Will Stop. — "Bind in tobacco." Very few 
people know that the nicotine in tobacco is very healing, and by apply- 
ing it to a cut, not only stops the flow of blood, but heals. 

THINGS IN THE EAR; Buttons, Beads, etc.— The bent hairpin 
is good to use for removing these objects, unless it is too far in. 
Sometimes the object can be washed out with a stream of water. 
This will kill and destroy insects. A small stream from a pitcher will 
do, if there is no fountain syringe handy. Water should not be used 
for corn, peas or beans, for if they are not removed the water will 
cause them to swell up and enlarge. A competent person should then 
be called, but no injury will be done for a few hours. 

GAS from wells, cisterns, mines, illuminating gas and coal gas. 

Treatment. — Fresh pure air. Open all windows in the house and 
remove patient from a house filled with coal gas. Artificial respira- 
tion: Inject salt enemas; teaspoonful of salt to one pint of warm 
water. 

FITS. (Convulsions). — Loosen all clothing. Put something hard 
between the teeth to keep the patient from biting his tongue. Allow 
plenty of sleep afterward. 

IN-GROWING TOE-NAILS. Causes.— Pressure from improp- 
erly fitting shoes, or a wrong way of cutting the nails. The flesh 
along the nails becomes inflamed. Toe-nails should be cut straight 
across, and not trimmed too closely at the corners. 

Treatment. — Wear broad-toed shoes with low heels. The high 
heels push the toes against the shoe and besides are unhealthy and 
dangerous in walking. 

Hot poultices will relieve the inflammation and pain. Soak the 
toe in hot water and push the flesh back from the nail. Cotton under 
the edge and corner of the nail helps to keep it away. Dust a boric 
acid powder, mixed with an equal quantity of starch flour, on the 
parts. Mennen's borated talcum powder is good. 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. In-growing Toe-Nail, Popular Rem- 
edy for. — "Shave a little common laundry soap and mix with a little 
cream and pulverized sugar, work to the consistency of salve and 
apply to the affected part night and morning. It will take off the 
proud flesh in about ten days and then heal. This is a good salve for 
bed-sores or cuts, that have dirt in them, and will also draw out a 
splinter. To prevent in-growing toe-nails, scrape the center of the 
nail very thin and cut a V in the top. This will allow the nail to bend 
and the corners will have a chance to grow up and out. Avoid short 
shoes and stockings." Anyone suffering from this dreaded thing will 
be willing to try anything that will give relief. The above treatment 
is always at hand, and has been known to cure in severe cases. 



396 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

FALLS. — If one has had a severe fall and is wholly or partially 
conscious, move as little as possible, in case of broken bones. Remain 
in a comfortable position until proper aid can be given. If unconscious 
stimulation may be necessary. 

FIRE in Clothing. — Keep quiet, and away from a draught. Wrap 
anything handy around him and roll him. Leave only the head and 
face uncovered. Keep mouth closed. 

CHOKING. (Foreign bodies in the larynx). — Produce vomiting. 
Give an emetic, warm water, melted lard, vaselin or one teaspoonfui 
of mustard in one-half glass of warm water and drink. Tickle the 
throat with your finger or a feather. For a child, sometimes by taking 
hold of the feet with the head down and give a few slight jerks fre- 
quently expels the foreign body. Slap patient's back. The last resort 
is an operation, — tracheotomy. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Choking, Fish Bone to Stop.— "A 

fish bone stuck in the throat can often be dislodged by swallowing a 
raw egg or raw oyster." 

2. Choking, Simple Remedy to Stop. — "Hold both hands high 
above the head. If necessary tap gently between the shoulders." 

3. Choking, Pennyroyal Tea and Lard Relieves. — *T«nnyroyal 
tea and hog's lard ; drink hot." The pennyroyal may be purchased at 
any drug store for ten cents. Make a tea of this, then add the hog's 
lard. As we all know, that this will produce vomiting and relax the 
tissues so that any foreign matter will come out 

4. Choking, Grease and Meat Common Remedy for. — "Warm lard, 
or any kind of grease, and give the patient. Have seen it used with 
success." The warm grease will usually cause vomiting, and in that 
way remove the foreign matter. 

In the Gullet. — An emetic is good to give if the body cannot be 
reached with the hand. Doctors use forceps or another instrument 
called a probang. Pennies will go down into the stomach and pass 
out through the bowels and usually cause no trouble. Fish bones can 
generally be reached with the finger or crochet hook. This is also 
good for foreign bodies in the nose, such as beans. 

THINGS IN THE NOSE. Com, Peas, Beans, Buttons, etc.— 

Children frequently get such things in their nose and also ears. They 
should be removed soon and then there will be no harm done. They 
have been known to remain for years, and they have been the cause 
of catarrh. A small curved hair-pin makes a good instrument to use 
and is always handy. Also a crochet hook, though not so good, for it 
will not bend as well as the hair-pin. The mother should sit facing a 
window or open door. The child should be placed on its back with its 
head resting between the mother's limbs and an assistant holds the 
child's hands. Its legs will be hanging down. The light now shines 
into the nostril and the bent hair-pin can be slipped over the foreign 



ACCIDEXTS AXD POISOXS 397 

body and easily hooked out. The head must be held quiet by the 
mother. The mother can do this herself, with one hand holding the 
head quiet and with the other can introduce the hair-pin and remove 
the object. But the position of the child must be reversed with the 
head between her knees and the light shining in the nose; or place 
the child on a bench or cradle or buggy, head on a pillow, and to the 
light. Hold the head and legs quiet; by kneeling by the child's side, 
you can easily see the object and remove it. If they are too far back, 
they can be "pushed over into the throat, but parents should never 
attempt to remove an object in the nose they cannot see. Sometimes 
causing sneezing with a feather or pepper will expel the object. 

TREATMENT OF THE DROWNED, SUFFOCATED OR 
ELECTRICALLY SHOCKED. Accidents, etc.— The one action of 
first importance in the treatment of the drowned, the suffocated or the 
electrically shocked is to restore breathing. This must be done by 
expelling from the lungs the poison or water which has caused the 
trouble, and by establishing artificial respiration. Avoid delay. One 
moment may lose or save a life. 

Schaefer Method of Effecting Artificial Respiration In Case of 
Drowning. — After an investigation and comparison of the different 
methods of artificial respiration, Schaefer suggests one which is by far 
the simplest and easiest and at the same time one of the most effective 
and least injurious to the patient. In describing it he says: "It con- 
sists in laying the subject in the prone posture, preferably on the 
ground, with a thick folded garment underneath the chest and epi- 
gastrium, (region above the stomach). The operator puts himself 
athwart or at the side of the subject, facing his head (see plate) and 
places his hands on each side over the lower part of the back (lowest 
ribs). He then slowly throws the weight of his body forw-ard to bear 
upon his owm arms, and this presses upon the thorax of the subject 
and forces air out of the lungs. This being effected, he gradually 
relaxes the pressure by bringing his own body up again to a more erect 
position, but without moving his hands." These movements should 
be repeated regularly at a rate of twelve to fifteen times per minute, 
until normal respiration begins or until hope of its restoration is 
abandoned. Some claim there is no hope of restoring respiration after 
half an hour of artificial respiration. Others claim there is a chance of 
saving the patient even then, and say that artificial respiration should 
be kept up for two or three hours. 

TO RESUSCITATE THE DROWNED.— First: Lose no time 
in recovering the body from the water. Always try to restore life ; 
for while ten minutes under the water is usually the limit, still persons 
have been resuscitated after being under water for thirty or forty min- 
utes. Do not lose time by taking the body to a place of shelter — 
operate immediately. 

Second: Quickly lay the person prone, face downward, with 
stomach resting on a barrel or roll of clothing, so the head will be 



398 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 




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ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 399 

lower than rest of the body and the water will run out from the throat 
and lungs. Wipe dry mouth and nostrils. Wrap the corner of a 
handkerchief about the forefinger and clear the mouth of all^ mucus 
and slimy substance back as far as the top of the throat. Rip open 
the clothing on chest and back and keep the face exposed to the air. 
Separate the jaws and keep them apart with a cork, stone, or knot in 
a handkerchief. 

Third: Remove the roll of clothing from underneath the stomach 
of the patient. Kneel by the side of or across the patient. Place your 
hands over the lowest ribs. Lean forward and put your weight 
straight over the lowest ribs. Exert this pressure for three seconds. 
To count three seconds, say: "One thousand and one, one thousand 
and two, one thousand and three." 

Fourth : Do not remove the hands from the ribs ; but release the 
pressure from the ribs for two seconds, by squatting backward. To 
count two seconds, say: "One thousand and one, one thousand and 
two." 

Fifth: Again exert pressure straight over the lowest ribs for three 
seconds. Alternate thus (three seconds pressure and two seconds 
release), about twelve times a minute, until breathing is restored. 
This method of resuscitation at once expels water and produces the 
identical results of normal breathing. 

Sixth: If another person is at hand to assist, let him do every- 
thing possible to keep the body warm, by sheltering it from the wind, 
rubbing hands and soles of feet, making hot applications. Warm the 
head nearly as fast as the other parts of the body to avoid congestion. 
Camphor or ammonia may be applied to nostrils to excite breathing. 

Seventh: Do not give up too soon. Any time within two hours 
you may be on the point of reviving the patient without there being 
any sign of it. Send for a physician as soon as possible after the 
accident. Prevent friends from crowding around the patient and ex- 
cluding fresh air. 

AFTER-TREATMENT.— After breathing is restored, remove the 
patient to a warm bed where there is free circulation of fresh air. 
Administer in small doses stimulants (hot coffee, ginger tea, hot 
sling) being careful not to let the patient choke or strangle. There is 
danger that the patient may suffer congestion of the lungs and have 
great difficulty in breathing. When this occurs, a large mustard plas- 
ter should be placed over the lungs. 

HOW TO KEEP FROM DROWNING.— To keep from drown- 
ing it is advisable, but not necessary, to know how to swim. The 
human body in the water weighs little more than a pound ; so that one 
finger placed upon a piece of board, an oar or a paddle, will easily 
keep the head above water, and the feet and the other hand can be 
used to propel the body toward the shore. It is all important for the 
person in the water to breathe and k^ep a cool head, and the mouth 
closed. 



400 MOTHERS" REMEDIES 

HOW TO FIND DROWNED PERSONS.— Make a board raft, 
ten or twelve feet square. Cut a round hole in the center, eight or 
ten inches in diameter. Lie down on the raft with the face over the 
hole^ covering the head with a coat or shawl, to exclude the light. By 
this contrivance the rays of the light are concentrated directly under 
the raft, and objects of any size can be seen a considerable distance 
below the surface. Tow the raft over the place where the drowned 
person is supposed to be. If the body has just gone under and no raft 
can be provided at once, dive or drag the bottom with line and hooks. 
The important object is to rescue the body at the earliest possible 
moment. If the body is not rescued, it will rise to the surface within 
a week or ten days. 

Three hundred lives are lost in Michigan every year from drown- 
ing. If by studying and learning how to carry out the directions in 
this article, you can be a life saver at some critical moment, the few 
Inoments sp^nt in careful reading \\\\\ be w^ell repaid. Master the 
directions so that you will be able to do everything possible in case of 
accident. 

ELECTRIC SHOCK, ETC.— In suiTocation by smoke or any pois- 
onous gas, as also by hanging if the neck is not broken, and in sus- 
pended breathing from effects of chloroform, hydrate of chloral, or 
electric shock, remove all obstructions to breathing, instantly loosen 
or cut apart all neck and waist bands, taking special pains to keep the 
head very low, and placing the body face downward, to prevent clos- 
ure of the windpipe by the tongue falling back. Then proceed to 
induce artificial respiration the same as in drowning, described above. 

BATHING IN SEWAGE POLLUTED WATERS IS DANGER- 
OUS. — ^^Cases have been reported where typhoid fever has been con- 
tracted by bathing in streams below cities and villages. Probably this 
occurred through accidentally or carelessly taking the infected water 
into the mouth. No person should bathe in an ordinary stream just 
below any city or village, or other source of sewage or privy drainage, 
or in any harbor or lake near the entrance into it of a sew^er or the 
drainage of a privy. 



POISONS 

An antidote is something given that counteracts poison, such as 
soda, chalk, magnesia, soap, whiting, milk mixed with magnesia, soda 
diluted, etc., followed by whites of eggs and bland drinks such as 
flaxseed tea, slippery elm tea, quince seed tea. and sweet or castor oil 
given after regular antidote. 

For Shock, inject hot black coffee into the rectum. 

Emetic is some medicine given to produce vomiting. The simplest 
emetic is mustard and warm v/ater. If one does not know what poison 
has been taken, the best thing to do is to give an emetic first. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 401 

Mustard. — One-half ounce or four teaspoonfuls for an adult, one 
to two teaspoonfuls for a child, of mustard to a cup of warm water 
may be given and repeated every ten or fifteen minutes until free 
vomiting is produced. 

Salt and warm water may be used in the same way. Tickling the 
throat with a finger or a feather produces vomiting. 

Goose grease, lard, lard drippings, vaselin, all in large amounts. 

Other medicines: Sulphate of zinc, ten to twenty grains at a 
dose, in a cup of warm w^ater; or fluid extract of ipecac fifteen to 
thirty drops, or syrup of ipecac one teaspoonful. 

Poisons may be divided into corrosive and irritant. 

Corrosive poison: This is a poison that is likely to eat or burn 
through organic tissue immediately. 

Irritant poison acts more slowly and produces inflammation which 
later may result in suppuration and perforation. 

An emetic or stomach pump cannot be used in some poisons, such 
as sulphuric acid, because the tissues are quickly injured by the acid 
and the emetic and pump would only injure farther. 

ACONITE. Symptoms. — Sudden collapse; slow, feeble, irregular 
pulse, and breathing; tickling in the mouth and the extremities, giddi- 
ness, great muscular weakness ; pupils generally dilated, may be con- 
tracted; mind is clear. 

Antidotes: Solution of tannic acid, twenty drops to a glass of 
water, to wash out the stomach. 

Treatment. — Stimulants, whisky or brandy; digitalis, artificial res- 
piration, warmth and friction of the body. Lie in recumbent position. 

ALCOHOL. Symptoms. — Stupid, confused, giddy, staggers, 
drowsy, but can be aroused ; full pulse, deep snoring, respiration, in- 
jected eyes, dilated pupils, low temperature. 

Emetics. — Strong hot coffee, inhale amyl nitrite ; hot and cold 
douches. 

AMMONIA. Symptoms. — Intense inflammation of the stomach 
and bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue 
swollen; violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor. 

Antidotes. — Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and 
half. 

Treatment. — Milk, soothing drinks ; sw^eet oil or castor oil, bland 
drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. 
The oil should be used last. 

ANTIMONY. Symptoms. — Metallic taste, violent vomiting, be- 
coming bloody, feeble pulse ; pain and burning in the stomach. Vio- 
lent watery purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, 
thirst, great weakness; sometimes prostration, collapse, unconscious- 
ness. 
26 Antidotes. — Tannic acid, twenty drops to a glass of water. 



402 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Treatment. — .Soothing drinks, milk, white of egg and water, flax- 
seed tea, etc. ; external heat. 

ARSENIC. Symptoms. — Violent burning in the stomach, nausea, 
and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, suppressed 
urine, cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse. 

Antidotes. — Jeaunel's antidote. 

Treatment. — Emetics freely, mustard water, salt and warm water, 
goose grease, etc. White of egg and milk, and then sweet oil or 
castor oil. 

ARSENICAL POISONING. Chronic Cases. Causes.— Inhaling 
arsenic from dyes, in wall-paper, carpet, etc. Taking it in by the 
mouth in handling dyed paper, artificial flowers, etc., and in many fab- 
rics employed as clothing. The glazed green and red papers used in 
the kindergartens also contain arsenic. The drug given in repeated 
and excessive doses causes poisoning sometimes. 

S5miptoms. — Dry throat, watery swelling of the eyelids, sometimes 
coryza, nausea, burning vomiting, and burning watery diarrhea; skin 
eruptions, falling off of the hair, paralysis of the arms and legs, with 
wasting and numbness, but little pain. The legs are most affected, 
causing steppage gait. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause in these chronic cases and treat 
the symptoms. It may be best for a physician to prescribe treatment. 

ATROPINE. Symptoms.— Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing 
head, pulse fast, dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat,, dilated pupils, 
scarlet rash on the skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so. 

Antidotes. — Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water. Emetics 
to produce vomiting, such as mustard water, salt and warm water, 
goose grease, vaselin, etc. 

Stimulants. — Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration. 

BELLADONNA. Symptoms. — Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing 
head, pulse fast, dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat, dilated pupils, 
scarlet rash on the skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so. 

Antidotes. — Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water. 

Treatment. — Emetics to produce .vomiting, such as mustard water, 
warm salt water, goose grease, vaselin, etc. 

Stimulants. — Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration. 

BLUE STONE. Symptoms. — Vomiting and purging, taste of 
metal, severe pains, dizziness and headache and sometimes insensibility. 

Treatment. — Emetics such as mustard water, warm salt water, 
goose grease, vaselin. etc. Then white of eggs, followed by milk and 
soothing drinks, flaxseed tea, etc. 

BLUE VITRIOL. Symptoms. — Vomiting and purging, taste of 
metal, severe pains, dizziness and headache and sometimes insensibility. 
Antidote. — ^Jeaunel's antidote. 



ACCIDEXTS AXD POISOXS 403 

Treatment, — Emetics such as mustard water, warm salt water, 
goose grease, vaselin. etc., then white of eggs, followed by milk and 
soothing drinks, flaxseed tea. etc. 

CARBOLIC ACID. Symptoms. — Immediately burning pain from 
mouth to stomach: giddiness, loss of consciousness, collapse, partial 
suppression of the urine ; characteristic odor and white color of lips, etc. 

Antidotes. Epsom salts or glaubers salts, and water ver^' freely 
to drink : drink a pint of flaxseed tea. Later strong coffee or whisky 
and water as stimulants. 

External. — If burned externally by carbolic acid, apply immedi- 
ately some oil — sweet oil, olive oil or any good oil at hand — or wash 
freely with baking soda water. Should the acid get into the eye con- 
tinue application of oil or soda water and send for a physician. Hold 
lower lid down to prevent acid getting into pupil until you are sure all 
the acid is oft of the lids. 

CHLORAL. Symptoms. — Deep sleep, livid look, pulse weak, 
breathing slow, pupils contracted during sleep, but dilated when awake, 
temperature low. 

Antidotes. — Permanganate of potash, four to five grains every half 
hour. 

Treatment. — Emetics at first, if seen early, such as mustard water, 
and warm salt water, vaselin. goose grease, etc. Keep person awake 
by walking, slapping and cold applications ; give strong coffee enemas. 

COPPER. Symptoms. — Intense corrosion of the mouth and 
stomach, bleeding and cramps in the bowels. 

Treatment. Emetics. — Mustard water, warm salt water, lard. 
vaselin, etc. Then milk and eggs, black coffee enema. 

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. Symptoms.— Burning heat in 
stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhea, with bloody stools, tongue 
white, shriveled, suppressed urine, gums sore, salivation. 

Antidote. — Milk or white of eggs; one egg for four grains of drug; 
milk, flour paste. 

Treatment. — Cause vomiting after the antidote has been given, and 
follow with soothing drinks, castor oil. 

CHEESE, Spoiled. Symptoms. — Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, 
weakness, cold hands and feet. 

Treatment. — Emetics, such as warm water and salt until patient 
vomits freely; or mustard water, lard, vaselin, tickle throat with 
feather, etc. Enema to empty lower bowel ; stimulants, such as strong 
coffee or whisky. 

DEADLY NIGHT-SHADE. Symptoms.— Flushed face, red 
eyes, throbbing head, pulse fast, dizzy, staggering, hot and dr\- throat, 
dilated pupils, scarlet rash on the skin. Patient may be delirious and 
wildly so. 



404 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Antidotes. — Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water. Emetics 
to produce vomiting, such as mustard water, salt and warm water, 
goose grease, vaselin, etc. 

Stimulants. — ^Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration. 

FOWLER'S SOLUTION. Symptoms.— Violent burning in the 
stomach, nausea and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and 
mucus, suppressed urine, cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse. 

Antidote. — ^Jeaunel's antidote. 

Treatment. — Emetics freely, mustard water, salt and warm water, 
goose grease, etc., then white of tgg and milk and follow with sweet 
oil or castor oil. 

HYDROCHLORIC ACID. Symptoms.— The stomach and bow- 
els are irritated and inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed; swal- 
lowing is difficult; "coffee grounds" vomiting; pulse feeble, clammy 
skin. 

Treatment. — Usually the first thing to do is to give an emetic. 
Send for a doctor and give an emetic. Then give chalk or, if neces- 
sary, take plaster from the wall, mix it with a glass of water. Also 
three or four eggs (raw) in a glass of milk can be taken. 

HELLEBORE, WHITE AND GREEN. Symptoms.— Pain and 
burning in the bowels, vomiting and diarrhea, slow weak pulse, pupils 
dilated usually. 

Treatment. — Emetics, such as mustard water, warm salt water, 
goose grease, vaselin, etc. ; stimulants, strong coffee, brandy, whisky. 
Keep patient quiet and warm. 

IODINE. Symptoms. — Pain In throat and stomach, vomiting is 
yellow from the iodine, or blue if starch is in the stomach; color and 
odor of iodine on lips and in mouth. 

Antidote. — Starch or flour mixed into a paste with water, should 
be given and followed by emetics. 

Treatment. — Emetics, something to cause vomiting, warm salt 
water, mustard water, etc. Then sweating drinks, such as hot flaxseed 
or hop tea, etc. 

LYE. Symptoms. — Intense inflammation of the stomach and bow- 
els, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and, tongue swollen; 
violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor. 

Antidotes.— Lemon juice and water; vinegar and water, half and 
half. 

Treatment. — ^Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland 
drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of tgg) water. 
The oil should be used last. 

LAUDANUM. Symptoms. — Excitement at first, soon weariness, 
weighty limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow 
and strong, patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, 
snoring breathing. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 405 

Treatment. — This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should 
be used. Emetics, such as mustard and warm water or warm salt 
water or vaselin, etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, 
artificial respiration, etc. 

MERCURIC CHLORIDE. Symptoms.— Burning heat in stom- 
ach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhea, with bloody stools, tongue white, 
shriveled, suppressed urine, gums sore, salivation. 

Antidote. — ^Milk or white of eggs ; one egg for four grains of drug, 
flour paste. 

Treatment. — Cause vomiting after the antidote has been given, 
then give soothing drinks and dose of castor oil. 

MORPHINE. Symptoms. — Excitement at first, soon weariness, 
weighty limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow 
and strong; patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible; 
snoring breathing. 

Treatment. — This is a dangerous poison. A stomach piump should 
be used. Emetics, such as mustard and warm water or warm salt 
water, or vaselin, etc. Keep patient awake ; stimulants, coffee enemas, 
artificial respiration, etc. 

NUX VOMICA. Symptoms. — Appear quickly. Terrible convul- 
sions, in paroxysms, devilish grin, the body is curved backward, jaw set: 

Treatment. — ^^Cause vomiting with warm salt water, warm mustard 
water, lard, vaselin, etc. ; sixty grains of bromide of potash and thirty 
grains of chloral hydrate by the rectum. Dark quiet room. 

NITRIC ACID. Symptoms. — The stomach and bowels are irri- 
tated and inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed ; swallowing is dif- 
ficult. ''Coffee grounds" vomiting. Pulse feeble, clammy skin. 

OXALIC ACID. Symptoms. — Hot acrid taste; burning, vomit- 
ing, collapse, numb and stupid. 

Antidotes. — Lime or chalk. 

Treatment. — Medicines, soothing drinks, flaxseed tea, etc. 

OPIUM. Symptoms. — Excitement at first, soon weariness, weighty 
limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and 
strong, patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, snoring 
breathing. 

Treatment. — This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should 
be used. Emetics, such as mustard water, or warm salt water or vase- 
lin, etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial res- 
piration, etc. 

PARIS GREEN. Symptoms. — Violent burning in the stomach, 
nausea, and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, 
suppressed urine, cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse. 



406 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Antidotes. — Jeaunel's antidote. 

Treatment. — Emetics freely, mustard water, warm salt water, 
goose grease, etc. White of tgg and milk first, and then sweet oil or 
castor oil. 

PAREGORIC. Symptoms. — Excitement at first, soon weariness, 
weighty limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow 
and strong, patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, 
snoring breathing. 

Treatment. — This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should 
be used. Emetics such as mustard and warm water or warm salt 
water, or vaselin. etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, 
artificial respiration, etc. 

PHOSPHORUS MATCHES. Symptoms.— Vomiting and pain, 
the vomit may be luminous in the dark, characteristic odor, after sev- 
eral days deep jaundice, blood in vomited matter and bloody stools, 
pulse is rapid and weak. 

Treatment. — Emetics to cause vomiting such as warm salt water, 
warm mustard water, etc., followed by epsom salts in large doses; 
five to ten drops of turpentine. 

POTASH, CAUSTIC. Symptoms.—Intense inflammation of the 
stomach and bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips 
and tongue swollen; violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor. 

Antidotes. — Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and 
half. 

Treatment. — Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland 
drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen water, white of tgg 
water. The oil should be used last. 

POISONOUS PLANTS. Symptoms.— Vomiting, terrible weak- 
ness. 

Treatment. — Emetics such as warm mustard water, warm salt 
water, goose grease, vaselin, lard, etc.; strong coffee, brandy; heat to 
extremities, artificial respiration. 

ROUGH ON RATS. Symptoms.— Violent burning in stomach, 
nausea, and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, 
suppressed urine, cramps in legs, intense thirst, collapse. 

Antidote. — Jeaunel's antidote. 

Treatment. — Emetics freely such as warm mustard water, warm 
salt water, goose grease, etc. White of tgg and milk first, and then 
sweet oil or castor oil. 

SALTPETRE. Symptoms. — Intense inflammation of the stomach 
and bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue 
swollen; violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor. 

Antidotes. — Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and 
half. 



ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 407 

Treatment. — Milk, soothing drinks ; sweet oil or castor oil, bland 
drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. 
The oil should be used last. 

SANTONIN. Symptoms. — Object looks blue, then yellow, ring- 
ing ears, dizziness. 

Treatment. — Emetics such as warm mustard water, warm salt 
water, goose grease, lard, etc. ; stimulants, brandy, strong coffee. 

STRYCHNINE. Symptoms.— Appear quickly. Terrible convul- 
sions, in paroxysms, devilish grin, the body is curved backward, jaw 
set. 

Treatment. — Cause vomiting, with warm salt water, warm mus- 
tard water, lard, vaselin, etc. ; sixty grains of bromide of potash and 
thirty grains of chloral hydrate by the rectum. Dark, quiet room. 

SPOILED FOODS. Symptoms. — Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, 
weakness, cold hands and feet. 

Treatment. — Emetics such as warm salt water until patient vomits 
freely ; or mustard water, lard, goose grease, vaselin, tickle throat with 
feather, etc. 

SULPHURIC ACID. Symptoms.— The stomach and bowels are 
irritated and inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed ; swallowing is 
difficult. "Coffee grounds" vomiting. Pulse feeble, clammy skin. 

Treatment. — Usually the first thing to do is to give an emetic. 
Send for a doctor and give an emetic. Then give chalk or, if neces- 
sary, take plaster from wall, mix it with a glass of water. Also three 
or four eggs (raw) in a glass of milk can be taken. 

TARTAR EMETIC. Symptoms.— Metallic taste, violent vomit- 
ing, becoming bloody, feeble pulse ; pain and burning in the stomach. 
Violent watery purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, 
thirst, great weakness ; sometimes prostration, collapse, uncon- 
sciousness. 

Antidotes. — Tannic acid, twenty drops to glass of water. 

Treatment. — Soothing drinks, milk, white of tgg and water, flax- 
seed tea, etc., external heat. 

TOBACCO. Symptoms. — Vomiting, terrible weakness. 

Treatment. — Emetics, such as warm salt water, warm mustard 
water, goose grease, lard, vaselin, etc. ; then stimulants such as strong 
coffee, brandy ; heat to extremities, artificial respiration. 

WINE OF ANTIMONY. Symptoms.— Metallic taste, violent 
vomiting, becoming bloody, feeble pulse ; pain and burning in the 
stomach. Violent watery purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the 
extremities, thirst, great weakness; sometimes prostration, collapse, 
unconsciousness. 

Antidotes. — Tannic acid, twenty drops to glass of water. 

Treatment. — Soothing drinks, milk, white of tgg and water, flax- 
seed tea, etc. ; external heat. 



HERB DEPARTMEMT 



OVER ONE HUNDRED (100) MEDICAL HERBS 

PartisJly Illustrated, with Full and Detailed Explanation as 

to Their Internal and External Uses, Part to Be Used, 

When to Gather, Time of Flowering, Where 

Found, Preparation for Medicine, Teas, 

Etc*, and Full Directions for Using. 



In preparing this department we have been governed by two 
essential observations. First, that the tendency in American and 
Canadian homes is to the return to the good old home remedies that 
mother and grandmother used so successfully. AVe have, therefore, 
tried to choose in this list of over one hundred herbs, the most com- 
mon ones, on-es that could be prepared at home easily and quickly and 
which would be perfectly safe for the average person to administer as 
medicine. 

Second, upon a close examination of the herb departments of 
practically all of the medical works or receipt books sold for family 
use today we discovered that only general information and directions 
were given. In this connection, we have endeavored, and we believe 
successfully, to supply what other books have neglected, — definite 
directions for the preparation, dose, etc. Should a physician leave a 
bottle of medicine at your home without directions you would not 
think of using it, and it is just as useless and indiscreet for a young 
mother to attempt to use herbs from the field without explicit direc- 
tions for their preparation and administration. 

AVe give below a few important directions for gathering, keeping 
and preparation of herbs, etc., for reference when using herbs not in 
this list. Those in the list are explained under their respective 
headings. 

Drying and Preserving Roots, Herbs, Barks, etc. — Gather herbs 
when the weather is fin-e, when there is no dew upon them, when the 
flowers are in full bloom or the seeds are ripening. By gathering the 
herbs yourself you are assured of their being fresh although, if living 
in the city, you can purchase them ready prepared in ounce packages 
for about five cents at any drug store. Should you gather them your- 

408 




BLOODROOT. 




ELDER FLOWERS. 




PLEURISY ROOT. 







SNAKE HEAD. 




_J 



SENECA SNAKE ROOT. 




GINSENG. 




MANDRAKE OR MAY-APPLE. 




WAHOO. 




SCOURING 
RUSH. 



BONESET. 




ROCK ROSE. 



TANSY. 




BEARBERRY 




ST. JOHN'S .WORT. 



WORMWOOD. 




TRUE CHAMOMILE. 



INDIAN TOBACCO 
OR LOBELIA. 




CANADA FLEABANE 



MARSH MARIGOLD 




AMERICAN 
WORMSEED. 



ELECAMPANE, 




MUSTARD. 



PARTRIDGE BERRY. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 409 

self dry them in the shade, after which they should be kept from 
exposure to the air by wrapping up in paper or keeping in paper bags, 
tied and hung up in the attic or other dry place. If hanging exposed 
in your home for a long time watch them that moths do not gather 
in them and make their nests. 

Roots should be dug in the spring when the sap is rising if you 
wish to make extract; or they may be gathered in autumn when they 
have ceased to vegetate. To dry for winter use they should be sliced, 
dried and kept from the air. 

Barks should be stripped when the tree is in full leaf and dried 
in the shade. The bark of the roots should be taken in the fall, when 
the sap has descended. 

Flowers and Seeds. — Flowers should be gathered when in full 
bloom and free from the dew and should be kept from exposure to 
the air. Be sure that seeds have fully matured ; dry them also in a 
shady place and keep ready for use. 

Preparation of Herbs for Medicine. — There are many dift'erent 
methods of preparing herbs for medicine, — Infusion, Decoction, Fomen- 
tation, Ointment, Plaster. Poultice, Powder, Essence, Tincture, etc. 
Only five of these. Plaster, Poultice, Fomentations, Decoction and 
Infusion are commonly used. An infusion is mor€ commonly called 
"tea." 

Infusion or Tea, to make. — Usually about one ounce o{ the herb 
to a pint of water is used for an infusion. Sometimes cold water is 
poured over the herb, but the most common method is to pour boiling 
water over the herb and let stand for a short time, just as you would 
make common tea for the table. Sometimes a little sugar may be 
added to make the tea more palatable. An infusion or tea should be 
used while fresh. 

Decoction,' to make. — Make same as for infusion and boil for some 
time, just as you would make coffee. 

Essence, to make. — Take about an ounce of the essential oil of 
the herb and dissolve in a pint of alcohol. 

Fomentations, to make. — Dip cloths or heavy towels in the in- 
fusion or decoction, wring out and apply locally to part +hat you wish 
to cover. 

Ointments or Salve, to make. — An easy method to make a salve 
or ointment is to take about eight parts of vaselin or lard or any like 
substance and add two parts of the remedy you wish to use. Thus, 
if you were to make a sulphur salv^ you would use eight ounces of 
vaselin and two ounces of sulphur; stir and mix well while hot and 
when cool you would have a regular sulphur salve or ointment. 

Plasters, to make. — Bruise the leaves, root, -or other part of the 
plant and place between two pieces of cloth, just as you would a 
mustard plaster, and apply to the surface you wish to cover. 



410 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Poultices, to make. — Poultices are used to apply heat (moist 
heat), to soothe or to draw. Usually a soft substance is used, such 
as soap and sugar, bread and milk, mustard, etc. Some cause a 
counter-irritation, some draw the blood from a congested part and 
thus relieve pain. In the chapter on nursing many different poultices 
are given with methods of preparing them. 

Powder, to make. — The part to be used is crushed, pounded, or 
ground until it is made very fine. It is best to have substance dry if 
to be prepared for powder. 

Syrups, to make. — After preparing the substance for a tea bqil 
for some time, then add considerable sugar and stir until all is nicely 
dissolved. To each pint of this syrup add one ounce of glycerin and 
seal up in bottles or cans as you would fruit. 

Tincture, to make. — Take one ounce of the powdered herb and 
add 4 ounces of water and 12 ounces of alcohol, let stand for two 
weeks. A dram of glycerin may be added. After standing for two 
weeks pour off liquid and bottle for use. If it is necessary for you 
to use a tincture we would advise that you buy it at a drug store, 
as it is not often made properly at home. The above is a safe method 
for making a tincture and would not be especially strong. Should 
the herb used have a very weak medicinal power one to four ounces 
of the herb may be used for the above amount of water and alcohol. 

ALDER, SPOTTED.— Snapping Hazelnut. Winterbloom. Witch 
Hazel. Hamamelis. 

Internally used for. — Falling of the womb, sore mouth, falling of 
the bowel, piles, bleeding diarrhea. 

Externally used for. — ^Sore eyes, ulcers, sores, enlarged veins, 
sprains, bruises and ivy poisoning. 

Part used. — Leaves and fresh bark. 

Gather. — In the fall. Flowers (when). — From September to 
November. 

Grows (where). — In all sections of the United States, especially 
in damp woods. 

Prepared (how). — As a poultice, ointment, decoction. Make a 
decoction by using one and one-half ounces of the fresh bark or leaves, 
boiled in a pint of water. The medicine can be bought at any drug 
store. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For sore mouth, throat, leucorrhea, falling 
of the womb and bowel, use the decoction strong locally. It should 
not cause any pain. For falling bowel, use a full strength injection 
and apply locally with cloths on the sore bowels. Used locally for 
bleeding from the nose or from pulling teeth. For piles, an ointment 
can be made by using strong decoction and cosmoline mixed. Apply 
decoction locally on varicose veins or varicose ulcers. It is often used 



HERB DEPARTMENT 4H 

in the form of *Tond's Extract." For diarrhea one to three ounces every 
three hours. Good also appUed locally for burns, old sores, eczema, 
ivy poisoning, bruises. 

BALMONY. Snakehead. Fish Mouth. Turtlebloom. Bitter 
Herb. Salt Rheum Weed. Chelone Glabra. 

Internally used for. — Dyspepsia, weak digestive organs, jaundice. 
Part used. — Leaves are best for medical use. 

Gather. — In the fall. Flowers (when). — From July to late Autumn. 
Grows (where). — Found in the United States in wet grounds. 
Prepared (how). — Leaves made into a powder or tea. One ounce 
of the leaves to a pint of boiling water to make the tea. Let steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the powder, for above-named 
diseases, one-half to one even teaspoonful, four times a day. Dose 
of the tea for the above diseases, one to two ounces three or four times 
a day. The tea is the best to use. Gentian can be added to this 
remedy, if desired, when a more active bitter tonic is wanted. Use 
same amount of each and make into a tea. Dose of combination, one 
to two ounces before meals. 

BAYBERRY. Wax Myrtle. Waxberry. Candleberry. Myrica 
Cerifera. 

Gather. — Collect it late in the fall, dry without exposure to mois- 
ture, pound with a hammer to separate the bark, powder and keep in 
dark, sealed vessels. 

Grows (where). — In damp places in United States, especially in 
New Jersey. 

Prepared (how). — As a powder, poultice, decoction. To make 
decoction use one ounce of the bark to a pint of water and boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For jaundice, use the decoction, one to three 
ounces, every two to five hours. For diarrhea and dysentery one-half 
ounce every two hours. For blood diseases and scrofula, take two 
ounces four times daily. Poultice for scrofulous tumors and ulcers, 
alone, or with elm. For sore throat, mouth and gums gargle freely 
with the decoction. A plaster can be made and used on ulcers. Dose 
of powder: twenty to thirty grains, three times a day. 

BEARBERRY. Upland or Wild Cranberry. Mountain Box. 
Red Berry. Arbutus Uva Ursi 

Internally, used for. — Its special use is in kidney and bladder trou- 
bles. It may be used in diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhea, but as stated 
it is better for cystitis, urinary trouble, etc., gonorrhea. 

Part used. — The leaves. 

Gather. — In autumn, and use only the green leaves. 

Grows (where). — On mountains and dry land in United States, 
Europe and Asia. 



412 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Prepared (how). — As a powder or decoction. For decoction use 
one ounce of the leaves and boil in one and one-half pints of distilled 
water. Boil down to a pint. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — One to three ounces every two to four hours 
for gonorrhea, with bloody and mucous discharges and pain in the 
bladder. For cystitis one ounce every two hours. For kidney troubles 
one ounce four times a day. If taken long or in too large doses it 
irritates the kidneys. 

BEECHDROPS. Cancer Root. Epipegus Virginiana, 

Internally, used for. — An astringent for bleeding from the bowels 
and womb, and for diarrhea. 

Externally, used for. — Erysipelas and skin eruptions, ulcers, and 
also good as an injection in leucorrhea. 

Part used. — Roots and tops. 

Flowers (when). — In August and September. 

Grows (where). — All parts of North America. 

Prepared (how). — As a powder, decoction, and poultice. To make 
a decoction take one ounce of th-e root to a pint of water and boil. 
Keep adding water to make a full pint. 

Diseases, Doses, etc. — The decoction has been used in erysipelas, 
one-half to one ounce every two hours. Same dose for bleeding and 
diarrhea. Dose of powder ten to fifteen grains, four times a day. 
Decoction can be used locally in erysipelas. This is also good for 
ulcers and wounds, and for skin affections applied locally; or a poultice 
can be used. A poultice of this remedy, poke and white oak, equal 
parts, is very good for old sores. Useful locally also for sore mouth 
and throat, and as an injection for leucorrhea. 

BETHROOT. Birth Root. Ground Lily. Lambs Quarter. Wake 
Robin. Indian Balm. Three-Leaved Xight-Shade. Trillium Pur- 

pureu'fH. 

Internally used for. — Astringent, tonic, antiseptic. For bleeding 
from lungs, kidneys and womb, for leucorrhea and for confinement. 
Also for diarrhea, nose-bleed. 

Externally. — The root is used as a poultice for tumors, lazy ulcers, 
buboes, carbuncles, stings of insects. 

Part used= — The root. This contains volatile oil, tannic acid, etc. 

Gather. — In autumn. Flowers (when). — In May and June. 

Grows (where). — In middle., western and southern states. 

Prepared (how). — As a poultice, powder and infusion. Use one to 
one and one-half ounce of root to a pint of boiling water for infusion. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For female weakness, bleeding, leucorrhea, 
and bearing down particularly, bloody urine, two to four ounces, of 
the strong" tea. four times dailv, and also used as an iniection in leu- 



HERB DEPARTMENT 413 

corrhea, once daily. For bleeding from the lungs, one ounce every 
hour for a few doses. For dysentery and diarrhea boil one ounce in a 
pint of milk and use two ounces every two to four hours. Powdered 
root, given in hot water, may be used in doses of one-half to one tea- 
spoonful three times a day, instead of infusion. Taken after confine- 
ment, use the infusion four times a day, smell of the red bethroots. 

BLACKBERRY. Dewberry or low blackberry. Red Raspberry. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic and astringent, diarrhea, bleeding from 
the bowels and womb, injection for leucorrhea. 

Externally, used for. — Gonorrhea, gleet. 

Part used. — Leaves of the raspberry and the bark of the other two. 

Flowers (when). — Spring. Grows (where). — Almost everj^-here. 

Prepared (how). — Use one ounce of the leaves of raspberry or 
bark of either of the others, to a pint of water and boil to make a 
decoction. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For diseases mentioned, such as diarrhea, 
take one tablespoonful every four hours. For injection use the decoc- 
tion. This is used once dail}' for leucorrhea, gleet, gonorrhea, falling 
of the womb and bowel. Internally it is also used as a diuretic. 

BLACK HAW. Viburnum Pninifolium. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic, astringent, diuretic and alterative. 
Tonic for the womb, for threatened abortion and prevention of mis- 
carriage. Good for severe after-pains, and for bleeding from the womb. 

Part used. — Bark of the root. Flowers (when). — From !^Iarch to 
July. 

Grows (where). — ^Most abundant in the middle states and southern. 

Prepared (how). — As an infusion and tincture (or fluid extract). 
Prepare infusion by adding one ounce of bark of the root to a pint of 
boiling water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For threatened abortion or miscarriage use 
infusion three or four times daily, in two teaspoonfuls doses, a week 
or two before it usually has occurred ; or the tincture in ten to twenty- 
drop doses five times daily. For bleeding from the womb take ten to 
twenty drops, four times daily, a few days before the time for the flow. 

BLOOD ROOT. Red Puccocn. Red Root. Sanguimria Cana- 
densis. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic, emetic, and for sick headache. 

Externally, used for. — Ulcers, ring^vorms and warts. 

Part used. — Root and should be kept dry. Flowers (when) — ^Ap- 
pears early in March and April. 

Grows (where). — Most parts of United States in woods, groves, in 
shaded banks, in rich light soil. 



414 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Prepared (how). — An infusion and powder. For an infusion one 
ounce to one pint of vinegar. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of powder as an emetic, ten to twenty 
grains. Dose of infusion as an emetic one to four teaspoonfuls. For 
ringn,vorm. tetter and warts, it is applied locally, freely. Applied to 
ulcers and growths, it often cures, and removes the growths. As a 
tonic for the stomach, the dose should be small, one to one and one-half 
teaspoonful of the infusion four times daily, and for sick headache it 
should be half as much and not repeated oftener than twice, a half 
hour apart. 

BLUE FLAG. Flower de Luce. Flag Lily. Snake Lily. Liver 
Lily. Iris Versicolor. 

Internally, used for. — Chronic liver troubles, sick or bilious head- 
ache, cathartic, catarrh of the upper bowel, jaundice, round worms, 
indigestion, chronic rheumatism. 

Part used. — The root. Make a tincture immediately or dry it 
quickly before the fire, clean, powder, and bottle tight for use. 

Gather. — In the fall. It must be kept fresh. Flowers (when). — 

May or June. 

Grows (where). — Found in all parts of the L'nited States, growing 
in wet places, in meadows and borders of swamps. 

Prepared (how). — In powder, tincture or fluid extract. They can 

all be bought. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — As a cathartic, five to twenty grains of powder. 
If it nauseates, mix with it a few grains of capsicum or ginger. Dose of 
saturated tincture, ten to sixty drops. Fluid extract, twenty to sixty 
drops. For sick headache one drop doses every hour. For chronic 
liver troubles, five to ten drops of tincture, four times daily. Same 
dose for all chronic diseases. For round worms, large doses must be 
used, enough to move the bowels. Following is good for indigestion 
and biliousness: Fluid extract of blue flag and golden seal each, one- 
half ounce, simple elixir, one ounce. Take a dessertspoonful in hot 
water, before meals. 

BONESET. — Thoroughwort. Fever Wert. Sweating Plant. Cross 
Wort. Indian Sage. Ague Weed. \'egetable Antimony. Eupator- 
ium Perfoliatum. 

Internally, used for. — Ague, malarial fevers, influenza, colds, tonic, 

cathartic. 

Externally, used for. — A fomentation. 

Part used. — The top and leaves. Gather. — When at its best in 
early autumn. 

Flowers (when). — In August and Seotember. Grows (where). 

All over the L'nited States. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 415 

Prepared (how). — Powder. Infusion, one and one-halt ounces to 
a pint of water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For malarial fever, a hot strong infusion 
taken freely as hot as possible. Teacupful at a time often enough to 
produce sweating. Same way for colds and influenza. Use the cold 
infusion as a tonic and laxative. As a tonic it is useful after fevers, 
etc. Dose of powder ten to twenty grains. Dose of infusion two ^o 
four ounces. It can be combined with tansy and hops and makes ' 
splendid fomentation, 

BROOKLIME. Veronica Beccahunga. 

Internally, used for. — Scurvy and for the menses, obstructed me ' 
struation. 

Part used. — Leaves and top. Gather. — Early autumn. 

Flowers (when). — From April to August. 

Grows (where). — Eastern and northern states, and grows in small 
streams and near watercourses. 

Prepared (how). — As a decoction, and it may be used freely. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For scurvy used to purify the blood. It is 
used in decoction to regulate menstruation, and should be taken freely 
and warm and begun a day before the menstrual period. 

BUCHU. A South African plant of the genus Barosma. 

Internally, used for. — Bladder troubles. In irritable bladder and 
urethra, due to increased sand in the urine, inflammation. 

Part used. — Leaves. Gather. — Buy in drug store. 

Grows (where). — In Africa. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion; make it by putting one ounce of the 
leaves to a pint of boiling water and let it steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose is two to four ounces, three or four 
times a day in chronic cases of bladder trouble, or one ounce every 
two or three hours in acute cases. It is very good when the urine is 
not free or is painful to pass. In acute and chronic inflammation, but 
more especially in the acute form. If it injures the stomach it can be 
used in alternation with pumpkin seed tea. 

BURDOCK. Arctium Lappa. 

Internally, used for. — Kidney troubles, rheumatism, syphilis, skin 
diseases. Must be used a long time. 

Externally, used for. — Can be used as an ointment. 

Part used. — Roots and seeds. Gather.— In the spring. 

Grows (where). — Almost everywhere. 

Prepared (how). — As a decoction, two ounces to a pint of water 
or fluid extract can be bought. 



416 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of decoction: This should be used 
freely as it is not strong, one pint can be taken in twenty-four hours. 
Used as an ointment for skin diseases ; the juice, of the leaves, is mixed 
with lard, cream or vaselin. This remedy is used frequently in com- 
bination with other blood remedies, for the above named diseases and 
is very beneficial. 

CARROT. Wild Carrot. Bird's Nest. Bee's Nest. Daucus Carota. 

Internally, used for. — Dropsy, chronic kidney troubles and gravel. 

Externally, used for. — Ulcers, as a poultice. 

Part used. — Roots and seeds. Garden carrot, only the root is used. 

Flowers (when). — June to September. 

Grows (where). — In neglected fields and by roadsides. 

Prepared (how). — In infusion (tea) by using one ounce to a pint 
of boiling water and allow it to steep, but not to boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose, two to four ounces of the infusion, 
three or four times a day, for diseases mentioned. When the infusion 
is made from the seeds the dose is only about one-third of a teaspoonful 
four times daily. For external use for troublesome ulcers, scrape or 
grate the root and apply to the ulcers. 

CATNIP. Catmint. Catwort. Nepeta Cataria. 

Internally, used for. — Sweating, nervous troubles, colic and tonic. 

Externally, used for. — Poultices and fomentations. 

Part used. — Leaves and top. Gather. — Early autumn. 

Flowers (when). — June to September. 

Grows (where). — ^Grows in dry neglected places, about old build- 
ings and fences. 

Prepared (how). — The infusion should be prepared by adding one 
ounce of the plant to a pint of boiling water. Do not let it boil, but 
only steep ; stand only a few minutes ; when wanted as a tonic, use it 
cold. When used for sweating purposes, etc., it must be used hot. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Drink as freely as the stomach will permit. 
It is frequently used for colic in babies, in doses of half to one tea- 
spoonful, w^arm. To produce sweating it should be used hot and freely 
taken. A combination of catnip, lady's slipper and skullcap, equal parts, 
either in the infusion or fluid extract, one dram doses, is good for 
nervous headache, hysteria, chorea. Leaves are used as a fomentation. 
The expressed juice of the plant is good for amenorrhea in one to two 
teaspoonful doses five times daily. 

CELANDINE.— Tetter Wort. Chelidonhmi Majus. 

Internally, used for. — Liver and skin troubles. 

Externally, used for. — Warts, corns, salt rheum. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 417 

Part used. — Herb and root. Latter is the best. Flowers (when). 
— Throughout the summer. 

Grows (where). — In the United States in waste places. 

Prepared (how). — It is best used internally in the tincture, pow- 
dered root, or fresh juice. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For liver disease, it is especially good where 
the pain is under the right shoulder blade. Use the tincture in ten- 
drop doses three times a day. Externally rub the juice on the corn 
or wart. Make an ointment from the root and rub this on the skin for 
salt rheum. It is said to be good for piles also. Dose: — Powdered 
root ten to twenty to thirty grains. Tincture, ten to twenty drops, and 
of the juice ten to twenty drops. 

CHAMOMILE. Roman Chamomile. Anthemis Nobilis. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic in small doses, dyspepsia, colic, cramp, 
diarrhea, dysmenorrhea. 

Externally, used for. — Fomentation, boiled in vinegar and applied 
to painful swellings. 

Part used. — Leaves and herb. Gather. — When in bloom. 

Flowers (when). — Summer. 

Grows (where). — Native of Europe. It grows wild in the United 
States. 

Prepared (how).— -As an infusion use a half ounce to a pint of 
boiling water, steep and take freely. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Use cold infusion in dyspepsia; warm infu- 
sion for colic and cramps, and for diarrhea in children, especially of 
the green kind of stools. Dose : — One teaspoonful every two or three 
hours. Good for nervousness in teething children. An oil also is used, 
two to five drops on sugar. This is given for colic, cramps, and in 
painful dysmenorrhea. 

CLEAVERS. Goose Grass. Catch Weed. Clivers. Bed Straw. 
Galium Aparine. 

Internally, used for. — Suppression of the urine, gravel, inflamma- 
tion of the kidneys and bladder, and for scalding urine in gonorrhea. 

Externally, used for. — Freckles. Part used. — The plant. 

Gather. — Early autumn. Flowers (when). — From June to Sep- 
tember. 

Grows (where). — Common in the United States, growing on cul- 
tivated grounds, moist thickets, and along fences and hedges. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion. Use one and one-half ounces of the 
herb in a pint of warm water and allow it to steep for two hours. 

2^ Diseases, Dose, etc.— Take two to four ounces of the infusion three 



418 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

or four times a day, when it is cold. The dose can be lessened and 
taken oftener. It may be sweetened with sugar when taken for the 
diseases named above. Also equal parts of cleavers, maidenhair, and 
elder blows, steeped in warm water for two or three hours and drank 
freely when cold forms an excellent drink in erysipelas, scarlet fever 
and measles. An infusion made with cold water is good to remove 
freckles ; wash the parts several times daily for two or three months. 

CLOVES. Caryophylliis. 

Internally, used for. — Flatulent colic, diarrhea, cholera morbus, 
toothache, (oil of cloves). 

Gather. — Collect flowers in October and November, before they 
are fully developed and dry quickly. 

Grows (where). — In tropical climate. 

Prepared (how). — Boil two or three teaspoonfuls of the ground 
cloves in a half pint of milk. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Two to four teaspoonfuls every twenty to 
thirty minutes for gas colic, or diarrhea where the bowels need tone. 
The oil can be used in three to five-drop doses. Also good to place in 
hollow teeth. Put a little of the oil on cotton and insert into the tootli. 
It is also good to add to other medicines to stop griping and nausea. 

BLUE COHOSH. Squaw Root. Papoose Root. Blue Berry. 
Caulophyllum Thalictroides. 

Internally, used for. — Nervous affection, rheumatism, womb trou- 
bles, such as amenorrhea, leucorrhea ; used previous to labor it is ben- 
eficial and also good for afterpains. 

Externally, used for. — Sore throat. Part used. — Root. 

Gather. — Latter part of summer or in autumn. 

Grows (where). — All over the United States in low moist rich 
grounds, near running streams, in swamps, etc. 

Prepared (how). — As an infusion or decoction. It can be bought 
in the fluid extract form. Make a tea by adding one ounce of the 
root to a pint of boiling water. Decoction is made by allowing it to 
boil some length of time. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of fluid extract fifteen to thirty drops. 
Dose of tea, two to four ounces, three or four times daily. Dose of 
decoction, one-half the amount. When used in acute disease, the dose 
should not be more than one-fourth as much and given every one or 
two hours. For rheumatism it is especially valuable, when small 
joints like the fingers and toes are involved. It is very good in the 
chronic womb diseas-es named above. It should be used in small doses 
several weeks prior to labor. It is said to assist in making labor e?.«?»er. 

BLACK COHOSH. Rattle Root. Black Snake Root. Squaw 
Root. Rich Weed. Chnicifuga Racemosa. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 419 

Internally, used for. — Chorea, dependent upon rheumatism ; rheu- 
matism, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leucorrhea, afterpains. 

Part used — Root. Gather. — Early in the autumn and dry in the 
shade. 

Flowers (when). — In June and July. 

Grows (where). — Native of United States. Grows in shady and 
rocky woods, rich grounds and on sides of hills. 

Prepared (how). — Powder; decoction, one ounce to a pint of water; 
and tincture. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of decoction half to one ounce ; of pow- 
der ten to twenty grains. For chorea, use powder, twenty grains, three 
times a day. Use tincture or fluid extract or the decoction for womb 
affections. Dose of tincture, thirty to sixty drops three times daily. 
Fluid extract, ten to thirty drops three times daily; for afterpains give 
half as much about every three hours. In making the decoction you 
can make it stronger by boiling longer. The dose m.ust then be less, 
according to the strength. This is a very useful remedy. For rheu- 
matism, especially the chronic kind, it is often beneficial. 

COMFREY. Healing Herb. Gum Plant. 

Internally, used for. — An astringent and soothing agent in diar- 
rhea, dysentery, coughs, lung affections, female weakness, leucorrhea, 
and urinary diseases. 

Externally, used for. — Bruises, ruptures, fresh wounds, sore breasts, 
ulcers and swellings. 

Part used. — Root. Flowers (when). — May or June. 

Prepared (how). — It is boiled in water or wine or it can be made 
into syrup. For external use bruise the root and apply it to the dis- 
eased part. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the syrup one to four ounces, two 
or three times a day. For the diseases named it is best to take it in 
smaller doses and oftener, say four teaspoonfuls every hour or two; 
children in proportion. 

CORN SILK. Zea Mays. 

Internally, used for. — Diuretic, quieting to the urinary passages. 
Congested kidney, dropsy from heart disease, chronic nephritis, sup- 
pression of the urine, renal colic, haematuria, cystitis. 

Prepared (how). — Make a tea and drink freely. Fluid extract can 
be bought. 

Disesases^ Dose, etc. — Dose: One to two teaspoonfuls of fluid 
extract three or four times a day, or drink freely of tea for above dis- 
eases. 



420 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

CRANBERRY iHigh). Cramp Bark. Viburnum Opulus. 

Internally, used for. — Cramps and spasm*; of all kinds, asthmat 
hysteria , cramps in the legs, especially during pregnancy, or at labor. 

Part used — Bark. Gather. — Early autumn. 

Flowers (when). — In June. 

Grows (where). — In Canada and northern United States, in low 
rich lands, woods, borders of fields. 

Prepared (how). — Use an ounce of the bark, powdered, to a quart 
of wine. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Take half a wineglassful four times a day 
for continued use. For hysteria attacks, asthma spasms, less should 
be used and taken oftener for a few doses. The following combination 
is effective for the spasmodic attacks, above named : Cramp bark two 
ounces, scullcap and skunk cabbage one ounce each, cloves one-half 
ounce, capsicum two even teaspconfuls. Powder all. and bruise and 
add to them two quarts of good native wine. Dose : one or two 
ounces two or three times a day ; oftener and smaller doses for hysteria, 
etc. It should be taken for two or three months during pregnancy. 

CRAWLEY. Dragon's Claw. Coral Teeth. Fever Root. Chicken 
Toes. Albany Beechdrops. Corallorhiza Odontorhiza. 

Internally, used for. — Sweating purposes in fevers and inflamma- 
tony' diseases, acute erysipelas, pleurisy, low stages of fevers, amenor- 
rhea and dysmenorrhea, in afterpains, and suppressed lochia. 

Part used.— The root. Gather.— In the fall. 

Flowers (when). — In July. Xo leaves. 

Grows (where). — Found on barren hills and shady uplands in 
northern states and Canada. 

Prepared (how). — Powder and keep it in well closed bottles. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of powder, from ten to twenty grains 
in hot water and repeated everA- hour or two as needed. Combined 
with blue cohosh, it is very beneficial in amenorrhea, etc., as above 
stated. In fevers, Culver's root can be added to it, if the bowels need 
regulating. It is also good for flatulent colic in twenty-grain doses. 
Some combine pleurisy root with it in pleurisy. It should be given in 
acute diseases even.' one to two hours as needed. 

CRANESBILL (spotted). Crowfoot. Tormentil. Storkbill. Alum 
Root. Geranium Maculafum. 

Internally, used for. — Second stage of dysentery, diarrhea in an 
infusion cf milk; in bleedings, sore mouth, leucorrhea, gleet, menor- 
rhagia and excessive mucous discharges, nose-bleed, bleeding from 
extracted teeth, piles, bleeding after labor, sore throat. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 421 

Part used. — The root. Gather. — Collected in late autumn. 

Flowers (when). — From April to June. Grows (where). — In 
United States in open woods, thickets and hedges. 

Prepared (how). — Powder. Use one and one-half ounces of the 
root and boil it in a pint of water or milk. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose: one to two tablespoonfuls. Use the 
watery decoction as a gargle for sore mouth and throat. For piles : — 
Inject a strong decoction and retain as long as possible; or apply an 
ointment of two ounces of the root to tobacco ointment seven ounces, 
and apply three or four times a day. Nose-ble^d and bleeding from 
teeth extraction: — Apply the powder or strong decoction to the part. 
Bleeding from the womb: — Inject strong decoction or apply on gauze 
or cotton to inner womb. Decoction, two parts to one part blood root, 
forms a good injection for leucorrhea and gonorrhea. Good in latter 
stages of diarrhea and dysentery of children, boiled in milk, given in 
teaspoonful doses, every one to three hours. 

CULVER'S ROOT. Veronica. Black Root. Culver's Physic. 
Tall Speedwell. Leptandra Virginica. 

Internally, used for. — A laxative, bilious fever, dyspepsia due to 
inactive liver and bowels. 

Part used. — Root. Age impairs its virtues. The dried root is 
safest to use, if not too old. 

Gather. — In the autumn. Flowers (when). — In July and August. 

Grows (where). — In limestone lands and in rich moist places, 
woods, thickets, and barrens. 

Prepared (how). — As a powder, extract and infusion. Fluid 
extract can be bought. To make decoction, use one ounce of the pow- 
dered root to one pint of water and let boil. If you use the green root 
put one ounce in cold water, and let it remain there for one hour. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the powder of dry root, one small 
teaspoonful as a cathartic. This will bring away a black tarry dis- 
charge. Then it is better to use the decoction, one to two teaspoonfuls 
every two hours. Dose of extract is one-fourth of a grain. This is a 
good form to give, when the liver is acting badly. Good also for indi- 
gestion, in this form when due to inactive liver and costive bowels. 

DANDELION. Leontodon Taraxacum. 

Internally, used for. — Liver when it is torpid and engorged. It is 
also laxative and tonic. 

Part used. — Root. The green plant is good to use in the form of 
greens. Milky juice is also good when fresh. 



422 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Gather. — July, August and September. Flowers (when). — During 
spring and summer. 

Grows (where). — Everywhere, it seems. 

Prepared (how). — Juice is used, also infusion, extract and fluid 
extract. Infusion, two ounces of root to the pint of water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion one to two ounces. Juice, 
ten drops to one-half teaspoonful. Extract, ten grains. Fluid extract, 
one to two teaspoonfuls. It should be taken often enough, when the 
liver is torpid, to move the bowels once or twice a day. If the infu- 
sion is used, begin with a half ounce and take every three hours ; in- 
crease or decrease as necessary. The extract is pleasanter and less 
bulky, and best to use in winter. Take two or three grains every 
three hours more or less. 

DEVIL'S BIT. False Unicorn Root. Drooping Starwort. Blaz- 
ing Star. Helonias Divica. Somewhat similar to true unicorn root. 

Internally, used for. — Used mainly in womb troubles, strengthens 
the womb and prevents miscarriages. Good also for leucorrhea, amen- 
orrhea and dysmenorrhea. 

Part used. — Root. Root is two to two and a half inches in length. 

Gather. — In autumn. Flowers (when). — June and July. 

Grows (where). — In low grounds in United States and Canada. 

Prepared (how). — Powdered root and decoction. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — It is a tonic to the womb and should be used 
for two months before the time the miscarriage usually occurs. For 
the other womb troubles, it should be taken four times a day. The 
fluid extract can be bought at any drug store, and can be used. Dose : 
Fifteen drops, four times daily. Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. 
Decoction, one to two ounces. 

ELDER (Sweet). Black-berried Elder. Sambucus Canadensis. 

Internally, used for. — Erysipelas, kidneys, for sweating purposes, 
blood diseases and scarlet fever. 

Externally, used for. — Burns, scalds, ulcers, skin diseases and 
weak eyes. 

Part used. — Flowers and berries. Bark of the root also is used. 

Gather. — Gather when in flower and when berries are ripe. 

Flowers (when). — ^In summer. 

Grows (where). — Grows in all parts of United States and Canada. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 



423 



Prepared (how). — Infusion, one ounce of the flowers or root to a 
pint of boiHng water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Use warm infusion for sweating and for 
erysipelas, half teaspoonful every three hours. Too much taken will 
move the bowels and also cause vomiting. Same for scarlet fever in 
adults. Infusion of the bark of the root may be taken in doses of half 
ounce twice daily, to act as a cathartic. Local, use inner bark of the 
limbs and steep with cream and apply freely and often for burns, 
sores, etc. For weak eyes make a tea from the flowers and use as an 
eye wash for children. 

ELECAMPANE. Inula Helenium. 

Internally, used for. — For sweating, expectorant, bronchitis, dys- 
pepsia and dysmenorrhea. 

Part used. — Root of the second year. 

Gather. — Autumn. Flowers (when). — In July and August. 

Grows (where). — In Europe and Japan. Cultivated in United 
States and grows in moist places and about houses. 

Prepared (how). — Use half ounce of the powdered root to a pint 
of boiling water and boil to make a decoction. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For bronchitis, dyspepsia and dysmenorrhea, 
take half ounce doses four times daily. For sweating and painful 
menses take two teaspoonfuls of the hot decoction every two hours 
until relieved. 

FLEABANE. Pridewood. Blood Staunch. Mare's Tail. Colt's 
Tail. Fire weeds. Erigeron Canadensis. 

Internally, used for. — Diarrhea, dysentery, gravel, painful urina- 
tion, piles, bleeding from the womb and bowels. 

Part used. — The whole plant. Gather. — Collect while in flower. 

Flowers (when). — July and August. 

Grows (where). — In United States and Canada. In fields and 
meadows, by roadsides, etc. 

Prepared (how). — Powder, oil and infusion. To make infusion, 

use one ounce to pint of boiling water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — ^The infusion, one to two ounces, should be 
used three or four times daily; powder, ten to twenty grains, the 
same. The oil is more effective in bleeding and dysentery and bleed- 
ing piles. Oil is very good, in doses of one to five drops every three 
hours for acute diseases, or three times a day for chronic cases. Put 
on sugar. 

GARLIC. Allium Sativum. 

Internally, used for. — ^Nervous children, coughs, colds, hoarseness, 
worms, croup, nervous vomiting. 



424 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Externally, used for. — Poultice. Part used. — The bulb. 

Gather. — When ripe. 

Grows (where). — Native of Asia and Egypt; now cultivated. 

Prepared (how). — Juice, syrup, powder, or may be taken whole. 
Juice or syrup is the best form. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For coughs, bronchitis and worms, should 
be taken five times daily; croup, every half hour for a few doses. 
Nervous cough and vomiting only a few doses. Local. — Bruise bulbs 
and appl}^ warm as a poultice in bronchitis, croup and tumors. For 
retention of urine, place a poultice in the perineum or over bladder on 
the abdomen. Dose of juice, twenty to thirty drops. Dose of syrup, 
ten drops to one teaspoon; this is very destructive to round worm. 

GENTIAN. Gentiana Lutea. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic appetizer, dyspepsia, ammenorrhea. 

Part used. — Root used and imported. Grows (where).— <In the 
Alps. 

Prepared (how) .—Powder, tincture and infusion. To make in- 
fusion, use one ounce of the root to a pint of boiling water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. 
Tincture, one teaspoonful. Infusion, one to two ounces. Taken before 
meals for dyspepsia and loss of appetite. It should not be taken 
when the stomach is irritable. It is a good bitter tonic. 

GINSENG. — Red Berry. Five Fingers. Panax Quinqite folium. 

Internally, used for. — Gravel, general weakness, poor appetite. 

Part used. — Root. Flowers (when). — In May. 

Grows (where). — ^In United States, in rich soil and in shady places. 

Prepared (how). — Powder. Infusion is made by adding one 
ounce to a pint of boiling water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — It should be taken three or four times a day 
for gravel or general weakness. As an appetizer it should be taken 
before meals. Dose of powder, ten to sixty grains. Dose of infusion, 
one to three ounces. 

GINGER. Zingiber Officinale. 

Internally, used for. — To increase gastric juice secretions, stimulat- 
ing tonic, diarrhea, dysentery, flatulency, cramps and nausea. 

Externally, used for. — Ulcers. .Grows (where). Native of Asia. 

Prepared (how). — Powder. Infusion made by adding half ounce 
of the powdered or bruised root to a pint of boiling water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For diarrhea, dysentery and cholera infantum, 



HERB DEPARTMENT 425 

mix it with rhubarb, equal parts, or take alone. If with rhubarb it 
should be stopped if it becomes too laxative. Used alone for want of 
tone of stomach, flatulency, cramps and colic. It tonnes up the stomach 
and bowels temporarily, but should not be used long or frequently. 
Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. Dose of infusion, one to two 
ounces. 

GOLDEN SEAL. -. Orange Root. Yellow Puccoon. Ground Rasp- 
berry. Turmeric Root. Hydrastis Canadensis. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic in dyspepsia, chronic stomach and 
bowel trouble. Torpid liver, sore mouth; gonorrhea (injection), leu- 
corrhea, gleet. 

Part used. — The root. Gather. — In autumn. Flowers (when).— 

In May or June. 

Grows (where). — United States and Canada. 

Prepeired (how). — Powder, infusion, tincture, fluid extract. Use 
half ounce of root to a pint of boiling water for infusion. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Of the powder, five to ten grains ; of infusion, 
one ounce ; of tincture, half to one teaspoonful and of fluid extract, five 
to twenty drops. When it is called for, the tongue is generally coated 
whitish; it will soon^ clear that. Diarrhea, etc., due to stomach and 
bowel troubles are benefited by it. Two parts of the decoction of 
golden seal and one of crnnesbill used as an injection is good for 
gonorrhea, gleet, and leucorrhea. Same is good for chronic cystitis. 
If too strong, weaken it. Good in this form, mixed with cranesbill, 
for diarrhea and dysentery^ taken in two teaspoonful doses every three 
hours. 

GRAVEL PLANT. Gravel- Weed. Mountain Pink. Ground 
Laurel. May Flower. Trailing Arbutus. Epigea Repens. 

Internally, used for. — Gravel and irritable bladder, causes more 
urine to flow, just as buchu does. 

Part used. — The leaves. Gather. — In summer. 

Flowers (when). — Appear in April and May. 

Grows (where). — Canada and United States, on sides of hills with 
northern -exposure. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion, and fluid extract which can be bought. 
Use one ounce of the leaves to one pint of boiling water and let it 
steep to make an infusion. ^ 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose : One to two teaspoonfuls. For gravel, 
take one teaspoonful every three hours. For irritable bladder take 
half teaspoonful every three hours. 



426 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

HOPS. Humulus Lupulus. 

Internally, used for. — Nervousness, sleeplessness, hysteria, in after- 
pains, to prevent chordee. 

Externally, used for. — Used as a fomentation in many inflarnma- 
tory diseases. 

Part used. — Cones. Gather. — In the fall or when fully ripe. 

Grows (where). — Native of North America and Europe. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion, tincture and fluid extract lupulin. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion, two to four ounces : tinc- 
ture one to four drams. Fluid extract, five to twenty drops. For 
nervous troubles, take one ounce of the infusion, or one dram tinc- 
ture, every hour or two until quiet : same for sleeplessness. In delir- 
ium tremens, infusion drank with some red pepper in it settles the 
stomach and quiets the craving for drink. Following is good for 
chordee, etc.: 

Lupxilin 1 dram. 

Camphor monobromate 1 dram. 

Cocoa Butter, sufficient. 

?Jake twelve suppositories and insert one in rectum every three or 
four hours. Take at the same time, the infusion or tincture every two 
or three hours. Fomentations are good in pleurisy and many other 
inflammations. Inhale steam in throat and chest troubles. 

HORSE CHESTNUT. Aesculus Hippocastanum. 

Internally, used for. — Rheumatism. Used especially for piles. 
Part used. — Bark and fruit which contains tannin. 
Gather. — Late autumn. 

Flowers (when). — In May and June, and fruit ripens late in 
autumn. 

Grows (where). — Native of Asia. Naturalized here. 

Prepared (how). — Powder of the rind of the root or powdered 
fruit. Decoction made of the bark by using one and one-half ounces 
to a pint of water and boiling. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose: For rheumatism two ounces, three 
times a day. For piles, make an ointment of the powdered nut and 
apply. This is ver^- good. 

HOARHOUND. AVhite Hoarhound. Marrubium Vulgare. 

Internally, used for. — Coughs, colds, bronchitis, chronic asthma, 
sweating, hoarseness. 

Part used — Whole herb. Gather. — When fresh. 

Grows (where). — Naturalized in United States. Grows in dry 
sandy fields, waste grounds, roadsides, etc. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 427 

Prepared (how). — Infusion hot and cold by adding one ounce to 
pint of water : fluid extract. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion, two to four ounces; fluid 
extract, one to two teaspoonfuls. A syrup is also made : dose, two 
ounces. Infusion used hot for sweating, freely and often : cold and 
chest troubles about ever\' two to four hours ; or use fluid extract. 
The hot infusion should be used in asthma, amenorrhea, and hoarse- 
ness. 

JUNIPER. Juniper Communis. 

Internally, used for. — Dropsy, and to increase flow of urine in 
kidney troubles. Part used. — Berries. 

Gather. — August. Flowers (when). — In May and June and ripe 
in August. 

Grows (where). — Grows in United States and Canada, in dry 
woods and hills. 

Prepared (how). — In infusion or oil. For infusion, use one ounce 
of the berries to a pint of boiling water. It can be made more euec- 
tive by adding half ounce of cream of tartar to the infusion. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — It should be used within the twenty-four 
hours for above troubles, dropsy, etc. The oil can be bought and used 
in doses of five to twenty drops, three or four times a day. 

LADY'S SLIPPER. American Valerian. Yellow Umbel. Nerve 
Root. Yellow Moccasin Flower. Xoah's Ark. Cypripedium Pubes- 
cens. 

Internally, used for. — Hysteria, chorea. nen.-ous headache, ner- 
vousness, delirium, hypochondria. 

Part used. — The root. 

Gather. — In autumn, cleanse from dirt and dry in the shade. Vir- 
tue impaired by boiling. 

Flowers (when). — In May and June. 

Grows (where). — Most parts of L'nited States in rich woods and 
meadows. 

Prepared (how). — In infusion, powder and tincture. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of powder, thirty to sixty grains in 
hot water. Tincture, one to two teaspoonfuls. Infusion, one to four 
ounces. For chronic cases large doses three or four times daily. For 
acute cases half as much ever\- two or three hours. For ner\'ous head- 
ache two doses, half hour apart. Following is a good preparation for 
nervous or sick headache : catnip, scullcap and lady's slipper, in pow- 
der, of each one-half ounce. Pour on a pint of boiling water and steep 
for fifteen minutes, and take half ounce every half hour, for three or 
four hours. 



42'g MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

LIFE ROOT. Rag- Wort. Squaw Weed. Female Regulator. 

Senecio Gracilis. 

Internally, used for. — Mainly for menstrual disorders, when sup- 
pressed or too profuse, dysmenorrhea. 

Part used. — Root and herb. Gather. — In autumn. 

Flowers (when). — May or June. 

Grows (where). — Northern and western United States on banks of 
creeks and in low marshy grounds. 

Prepared (how). — In infusion, by adding half ounce to a pint of 
boiling water and let steep and take throughout twenty-four hours. 
Take four or five days before menstruation is expected. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea it may 
be combined in equal parts with savin and wild ginger, and take one 
to two ounces four times a day some days before menstruation. In 
monorrhagia — too much flow — cinnamon and raspberry leaves can be 
combined with it. Dose, two to four ounces four times a day. 

LOBELIA. Wild or Indian Tobacco. Emetic Herb. Puke 
Weed. Asthma Weed. Lobelia Inilata. 

Internally, used for. — Asthma, emetic for croup (but very weaken- 
ing), and lung diseases. 

Part used. — Leaves and seeds. Dry carefully in the shade. Keep 
whole or powdered. 

Gather. — August or September. Flowers (when). — ^July to Sep- 
tember. 

Grows (where). — ^Very common, growing in fields and roadsides. 

Prepared (how). — As an infusion, one ounce to pint of water, 
steeped ; also tincture. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the tincture, five to ten drops. In- 
fusion, one to two teaspoonfuls. It should not be used strong enough 
to produce vomiting, as it is too weakening. In small doses and given 
often in infusion it produces sweating and relaxation of the tissues, 
thus helping in asthma and lung diseases. For asthma, dose: — Ten 
drops of tincture every ten minutes at the onset until better or until 
there is a little nausea, and then lengthen the interval. 

MAIDENHAIR. Adiantum Pedatum. 

Internally, used for. — Expectorant, tonic and cooling uses, in fev- 
ers, erysipelas, and pleurisy, coughs, hoarseness, influenza 

Part used. — Part abovo the ground. Gather. — In autumn. 

Grows (where).— In United States in deep woods, on moist rich 
soil. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 429 

Prepared (how). — As a decoction or syrup. Take an ounce of the 
herb to a pint of boiling water and boil to make a decoction. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Use freely. For feverish conditions use on-e 
to two ounces every two hours. In coughs and hoarseness, take four 
to five times daily. For influenza and pleurisy enough to produce 
perspiration. 

MANDRAKE. May Apple. Wild Lemon. Indian Apple. Rac- 
coon Berry. Podophyllum Peltatum. 

Internally, used for. — A cathartic, alterative action in liver troubles, 
in chronic hepatitis; in blood diseases as syphilis, rheumatism; clears 
liver; for constipation. 

Part used. — Root. Gather. — In autumn soon after fruit has rip- 
ened. 

Flowers (when). — May and June and fruit ripens in September. 

Grows (where). — In* all parts of the United States, in damp and 
shady woods and sometimes in dry and exposed places. 

Prepared (how). — In powder and tincture. To make tincture: 
Gather the fresh root before the fruit is ripe, chop and pound to a 
pulp, and weigh. Then take two parts of alcohol by weight, mix the 
pulp thoroughly with one-sixth of the alcohol and then add the rest 
of the alcohol. Stir all, pour into a well stoppered bottle, let stand 
eight days, in a cool place. Pour off, strain, filter. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — The resin, called podophyllin, can be ob- 
tained, and is used in one-fourth to one-eighth grain as a laxative ; one- 
sixteenth of a grain can be taken four times a day for chronic liver 
trouble. Take ten drops of tincture four times a day for chronic dis- 
eases. Some can take more. For blood diseases,, rheumatism, etc. 

MARSHMALLOW. Mortification Root. Altheae Omdnalis. 

Internally, used for. — Hoarseness, gonorrhea, irritated bladder, 
acute dysentery, and diarrhea, blood in urine and gravel. 

Externally, used for. — Poultice for painful swellings, bruises, 
scalds, burns, poisons. 

Part used. — Root. Gather. — Autumn. Flowers (when). — July to 
September. 

Grows (where). — Europe and this country. 

Prepared (how). — Poultice; cut up finely and apply hot. Decoc- 
tion half ounce to two pints of boiling water and boil down to one pint. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Take one to three ounces four times a day 
for chronic diseases, and one ounce every two hours for acute troubles 
mentioned above. It is a mild soothing drink and medicine. 



430 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

MARIGOLD. Calendula Omdnalis. 

Externally, used. — As a local remedy for cuts and wounds, applied 
constantly, it is the best remedy I know. 

Part used. — Leaves and flowers. Gather. — When in full bloom. 
Grows (where). — Well-known garden plant. 

Prepared (how). — Make a tincture of the flowers and leaves, or 
buy it. To make tincture: Take the fresh leaves at the top of the 
plant with the blossoms and buds, chop and pound to a pulp, enclose 
in a piece of new linen and press. Shake the expressed juice, with an 
equal part of alcohol by weight, allow it to stand eight days in a well 
stoppered bottle, in a dark cool place and then filter. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Use freely on clean linen or gauze on wounds, 
cuts, etc. 

MILKWEED. Also called Silkweed. Asclepias Syriaca. 

Internally, used for. — Dropsy, retention of urine, scrofulous and 
rheumatic troubles. 

Part used. — Root. Plant gives out a milky juice when wounded. 

Gather. — In autumn. Flowers (when). — July and August. 

Grows (where). — Common in United States and grows in sandy 
fields, on the roadsides and on bank of streams. 

Prepared (how). — Powder, decoction and tincture. Decoction is 
made by using three ounces of the root to one quart of water, and boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Take as directed four times a day. Dose of 
tincture, ten to thirty drops four times a day. Can be bought. Dose, 
of the powder, ten to twenty grains. Decoction, two to four ounces. 

MOTHERWORT. Leonurus Cardiaca, 

Internally, used for. — Menstrual disorders, nervousness, cramps, 
amenorrhea from colds, suppressed lochia, hysteria, pains peculiar to 
women, disturbed sleep. 

Externally, used for. — Used as a fomentation over womb in dys- 
menorrhea. 

Part used. — Tops and leaves. Gather. — Early autumn. 
Flowers (when). — May and September. 
Grows (where). — In fields and pastures. 

Prepared (how). — Decoctions, use two ounces of dried herb to a 
quart of water and boil down to a pint. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — One to two tablespoonfuls every two hours. 
Smaller doses can be used for nervous women every hour, and when 
there are painful menstruations, suppressed lochia, hysteria, sleepless- 
ness, etc. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 43I 

MUSTARD. Sinapis Alba. 

Internally, used for. — As an emetic, condiment, hiccough. 

Externally, used for. — ^Counter-irritation. 

Part used. — The seeds or leaves. 

Gather. — While fresh, so the leaves can also be used. Seeds when 
used should be ripe. 

Grows (where). — Almost everywhere. 

Prepared (how). — In many ways, poultices, plasters, etc. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Mustard leaves dampened with cold water 
are good for pleurodynia, lumbago, neuritis, cramps in legs, inflamma- 
tions, croup, etc., applied locally. For apoplexy and convulsions, mus- 
tard poultices of the seeds to feet, and mustard foot baths, handful of 
ground mustard to hot water. Same is good in colds, sleeplessness, 
dysmenorrhea, headache. Mustard water is good for poisoning as an 
emetic. Hiccough: Teaspoonful of mustard in four ounces of boiling 
water, steep for twenty minutes, and take in four doses. 

OAK BARK. (Red and White). Quercus Alba. 

Internally, used for. — Leucorrhea, piles, diarrhea, sore throat and 
mouth. 

Externally, used for. — Sores on man or beast. 

Part used. — The bark; white oak is more astringent. 

Prepared (how). — Decoction. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — This decoction is used as an injection in leu- 
corrhea, piles and as a gargle in sore mouth, etc. Its astringent prop- 
erty is due to the tannic and gallic acid it contains. 

ONION. Allium Cepa. 

Internally, used for. — Coughs, catarrh, croup, laxative. 

Externally, used for. — Poultice for boil, inflammation, earache, etc., 
raw and roasted and used locally. 

Part used. — Bulb. It contains many constituents, such as citrate 
of lime, allyl sulphide, volatile oils, sulphur. 

Gather. — In autumn. Grows (where). — Native. 

Prepared (how). — As a poultice, raw; when boiled volatile oil is 

cast off. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — ^Juice mixed with sugar is good for colds, 
coughs, catarrh, croup, chronic bronchitis. Roasted Spanish onion is 
good, eaten at bedtime, as a laxative ; fried in lard and applied locally 
it makes a splendid poultice. Roasted in coals it makes a good poul- 
tice for earache, toothache, sore throat and sore chest. 



432 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PARSLEY. Rock Parsley. Petroselinum Sativum. 

Internally, used for. — Dropsy, especially following scarlet fever, 
retained urine, painful urination, gonorrhea. 

Externally, used for. — Seeds and leaves sprinkled on the hair, in 
powder, destroy vermin. Bruised leaves applied as a fomentation, cure 
the bites or stings of insects. 

Part used. — Root, seeds and leaves. Gather. — In autumn. 

Grows (where). — Cultivated. 

Prepared (how). — Infuse the whole plant, or a decoction can be 
made of the root and seeds. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Drink freely of the infusion or decoction. 
Dose, two to four ounces three times a day, or less dose and oftener. 
The oil can be bought and used, two to three drops three or four 
times, daily. 

PARTRIDGE BERRY. Squaw Vine. Checker Berry. One 
Berry. Winter Clover. Deerberry. Mitchella Repeats. 

Internally, used for. — Dropsy, suppressed urine, tonic and altera- 
tive action on womb. 

Externally, used for — Cure for sore nipples. 

Part used. — The vine. Gather. — During the season. 

Flowers (when). — ^June and July. 

Grows (where). — In United States and Canada; in dry woods, 
among hemlock timber and in swampy places. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion, tincture, fluid extract, decoction. In- 
fusion, one ounce to pint of boiling water. Tincture: chop fresh plant 
and pound to a pulp and weigh. Then take two parts, by weight, of 
alcohol; mix pulp with one-sixth part of it thoroughly and rest of 
alcohol added, stir all well, pour into a well stoppered bottle and let 
stand eight days in a dark cool place; pour off, strain and filter. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of tincture, one-half to one teaspoonful. 
For chronic diseases take one to two ounces of infusion four times a 
day. For suppressed urine take half ounce every two hours. Dose of 
infusion, from one to two ounces every three hours. To tone the womb 
and make labor easier, the Indians used to take it several weeks before 
confinement. For sore nipple: two ounces (fresh, if possible) and 
make a strong decoction in a pint of boiling water. Boil down thick 
and apply on nipple after each nursing. 

PEACH TREE. Amygdalus Persica. 

Internally, used for. — ^Constipation, tonic to the stomach and 

bowels, leucorrhea, worms, inflammation of stomach and bowels, irri- 
table bladder, haematuria. dysentery. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 433 

Part used. — Leaves and kernels. Gather. — When ripe. 

Grows (where). — ^Cultivated. 

Prepared (how). — By infusion; put ounce of leaves in one pint of 
cold water and let it steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For inflammations take one tablespoonful of 
the cold infusion every hour or two. For bladder and urinary troubles 
and leucorrhea, put four ounces of the kernels in a quart of brandy; 
dose, — teaspoonful three or four times a day. For bowel troubles use 
half ounce of the flowers and half ounce of the kernels to a pint of 
water; boil to make a decoction and sweeten; dose, — ^teaspoonful 
occasionally, until relieved; for teething children and for worms use 
about five doses. 

PENNYROYAL. Squaw Mint. Tickweed. Hedeoma Pulegoides, 

Internally, used for. — Stimulant, sweating, menstrual troubles, 
suppressed lochia, suppressed menses, flatulent colic in children. 

Part used. — The herb. Gather. — In fall. Flowers (when). — June 
to October. 

Grows (where). — In dry sterile places in calcareous soils. In all 
parts of the United States, etc. 

Prepared (how). — An infusion, one ounce to a pint of boiling 
water and only steep, not boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Use infusion freely. Dose of oil two to 
five drops. For menstrual troubles, checked lochia and perspiration, 
take a hot foot bath in bed and drink freely of the tea until sweating 
occurs. It is frequently taken at bedtime for painful menstruation, etc. 

PEPPERMINT. Mentha Piperita. 

Internally, used for. — Tone stomach, colic, spasms, or cramps in 
stomach, to check nausea and vomiting. 

Externally, used for. — ^Fresh herb bruised and laid over the abdo- 
men, to allay sick stomach and diarrhea of children. 

Part used. — The whole herb. Gather. — Early autumn. 

Flowers (when). — July to September. 

Grows (where). — Native of England, cultivated here and grows 
wild in wet places. 

Prepared (how). — Essence, oil; infusion made by adding one 
ounce of herb to a quart of boiling water and steep. 

Disease, Dose, etc. — One to two ounces of infusion at a dose. The 
fcest form is the essence or oil. Dose of the essence five to ten drops ; 
of oil one to five drops. It should be used carefully. 



43*^ MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PLANTAIN. Plantago Major. 

Externally, used for. — It is better used externally; the bruised 
leaves are good for poisonous wounds, bites of snakes, spiders and 
insects, ulcers, sore eyelids, salt rheum, erysipelas, poisoning from ivy 
and other skin affections. 

Part used. — Roots and tops. Flowers (when). — From May to 
October. 

Grows (where). — Well known and grows in rich moist places. 

Prepared (how). — Tincture, infusion, bruised leaves for external 
use. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Some claim the infusion is good for snake 
bites or the expressed juice can be used. This, to my mind, is doubtful 
and I would advise the usual remedies first. The tincture is good for 
some kinds of toothache, in one to two drop doses. The bruised 
leaves or the tea may be used for other diseases mentioned as poultice 
or wash. 

PLEURISY ROOT. Butterfly Weed. Wind Root. Tuber Root. 
Orange Swallow Wort. Asclepias Tuberosa. 

Internally, used for. — Pleurisy, pneumonia, catarrh, acute rheu- 
matism, diarrhea, dysentery, sweating and expectorant, falling womb. 

Part used. — Root. Gather. — Autumn. Flowers (when). — July and 
August. 

Grows (where). — In gravelly and sandy soils. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion, one ounce to a pint of boiling water 
and let steep. Tincture ; buy powder. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of powder, ten to thirty grains three 
times a day in womb diseases. For falling womb use one ounce 
pleurisy root and one-half ounce unicorn root (true), mix powder and 
give in twenty to thirty grain doses three times daily; and an injec- 
tion of the same, in infusion, may be given once a day. For pleurisy, 
etc., in first stage give the warm infusion to promote sweating. 
Dose, — Four teaspoonfuls every half hour, until sweating is produced. 
Following is good for diarrhea and dysentery: Tincture pleurisy root 
two ounces, brandy one ounce,, syrup of raspberry three ounces. Half 
to one teaspoonful every one or two hours. 

POKE. Garget. Coakum. Pingeon Berry. Scoke. Phytolacca 
Decandra, 

Internally, used for. — Chronic rheumatism, syphilis, sore throat, 
sore, inflamed breasts, scrofula. 

Externally, used for — For fat people. Caked breasts, felons and 
Uimors. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 435 

Part used. — Root, leaves and berries. 

Gather. — Root late in November, cut in thin transverse slices and 
dry with moderate heat. Berries, when ripe. 

Flowers (when). — ^July to September. 

Grows (where). — Native of United States along fences in newly 
cleared spots, in cultivated fields, roadsides, etc. 

Prepared (how). — Juice of plant. Powdered root, poultice, fomen- 
tation. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — One to five grains of powdered root as an 
alterative in chronic blood diseases, syphilis, etc. Juice of plant, half 
teaspoonful three times a day, for same diseases can be used. For 
caked breasts one to three drops of the tincture every one to three 
hours, at same time applying the root (roasted in ashes until soft) 
mashed and applied as a poultice; good also for a felon or can apply 
a hot fomentation of the leaves instead. 

PRICKLY ASH. Toothache Tree. Xanthoxylum Fraxineum, 

Internally, used for. — Chronic rheumatism, syphilis, skin affections, 
dysmenorrhea. 

Externally, used for — Decoction used as a wash or gargle in sore 
throat. 

Part used. — Bark and berries. 

Gather. — Autumn or earlier in some climates. Flowers (when). — 
April and May. 

Grows (where). — United States in woods, thickets and moist shady 
places. 

Prepared (how). — Tincture. Powder. Decoction of root one 
ounce to a pint of water and boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose, — half ounce every four to five hours. 
Tincture of the berries is also used for nervous diseases, dysmenorrhea, 
etc., in ten to thirty drops every two to four hours. Good also in 
blood diseases, four times a day. Powder for same troubles in doses 
of five to ten grains four times a day. 

PRINCE'S PINE. Wintergreen. Ground Holly. Pipsissewa. 
Rheumatism Weed. Chimaphila Umbellata. 

Internally, used for. — Kidney and bladder troubles, chronic rheu- 
matism, syphilis, scrofula, gout, gleet. 

Part used. — Whole plant. Gather.— In autumn or late summer. 

Flowers (when). — ^June and July. 

Grows (where). — United States, etc., under the shade of woods 
and prefers a loose sandy soil enriched by decaying leaves. 

Prepared (how). — Decoction and tincture; put a pound of the 



436 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

dried herb into a quart of water and three quarts of spirits; let stand 
for twelve days, and then turn off the liquid. This makes a tincture. 
To make decoction use one ounce of plant to a pint of boiling water 
and boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Take one to two ounces of the decoction 
three or four times a day; fluid extract can be bought, dose fifteen 
drops four times daily. Dose of tincture, one-half to one teaspoonful. 

PUMPKIN. Cucurbita Pepo, 

Internally, used for. — For tape worm and for urinary troubles, 
suppressed or retained urine. 

Gather. — When ripe. Grows (where).— ^Common. 

Prepared (how). — A tea can be made of the seeds, or an oil gath- 
ered from them. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — A tea strong or weak as the age and case 
demand, may be given freely and is very effective. Do not bruise 
the seeds, as the virtue resides in the covering. An oil can be gathered 
from the seeds and is good for same purpose. Dose. — Six to twelve 
drops several times daily or three drops every two hours. For Tape 
worm, see article on another page. If it is best to take it as an 
emulsion get druggist to make it. Taken at night with fasting. In 
the morning take dose of salts. Watermelon seed tea is also good 
for kidney trouble. 

QUEEN OF THE MEADOW. Purple Boneset. Gravel Root. 
Trumpet Weed. Joe-Pye Weed. Eupatorium Purpureum. 

Internally, used for.— -Gravel stone in the bladder, kidney or stone 
colic, or other urinary troubles. 

Part used. — The herb. Gather. — Autumn. Flowers (when). — 

August to November. 

Grows (where). — In wet places in United States. 

Prepared (how). — Fluid extract; or an infusion, one ounce of the 
dried leaves or plant in a quart of boiling water and steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Half teacupful of the infusion may be taken 
every hour or two as hot as possible. This is a splendid remedy. 
Drug stores keep the fluid extract, which can be bought and given in 
(doses of fifteen to thirty drops every three or four hours. Some claim 
it relieves the pain in the kidney stone colic ; the Indians used it for 
that purpose. 

QUEEN'S ROOT. Queen's Delight. Yaw Root. Cock-up-Hat. 

Stillingia Sylvatica. 

Internally, usedi for. — Secondary syphilis, scrofula, chronic skin 
diseases. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 437 

Part used. — The root. Gather. — Autumn. Flowers (when). — 
April to July. 

Grows (where). — In United States, etc. 

Prepared (how). — An infusion of the fresh root, or use the tincture 
or fluid extract. One ounce of root to pint of water for infusion. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion one to two ounces. Tinc- 
ture ; dose, twenty to sixty drops. Extract ; dose, ten to thirty drops ; 
smaller doses given every two or three hours ; larger dose three or four 
times daily. This is a good remedy. It can be g^ven with other 
remedies like poke root, sarsaparilla, etc. 

RED CLOVER. Trifolium Pratense. 

Internally, used for. — Blood diseases and is often used with other 

remedies; good drank warm in whooping cough. 

Externally, used for. — Ulcers. Part used. — Blossoms. 

Gather. — When fresh. Flowers (when). — Throughout summer. 

Grows (where). — Common. 

Prepared (how). — In infusion and salve. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Use blossoms to make tea and drink freely; 
tea boiled down thick makes a good salve for ill-conditioned looking 
sores. 

ROCK ROSE. Frost wort. Frost Plant. Cisius Canadensis, 

Internally, used for. — Scrofula and blood diseases. 

Part used. — The herb. Gather. — In autumn early. 

Flowers (when). — From May to July. 

Grows (where).— In United States in dry sandy soil. 

Prepared (how). Infusion. Fluid extract. Decoction, use four 
ounces of the dried leaves to one quart of boiling water and boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion or decoction, one ounce 
three times a day. Fluid extract is the best form, can be bought and 
given in doses of half to one teaspoonful three or four times a day. 
The following combination is good one for secondary syphilis: Rock 
rose, turkey corn, queen's root, equal parts ; either the infusion, decoc- 
tion or fluid extract. 

SAGE. Garden sage. Salvia OMcinalis. 

Internally, used for. — To stop sweating in consumption, used cold ; 
and used warm to sweat. Gargle in sore throat, colds, coughs, etc., 
alone or combined with sumach berries or vinegar, or honey or alum. 

Part used. — The leaves. Gather. — In early autumn. 

Flowers (when). — In June. Grows (where). — Cultivated. 



438 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Prepared (how). — As an infusion cold or hot; half ounce of leaves 
to a pint of boiling water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc.^Dose, an ounce or two. To produce perspir- 
ation give warm. To check perspiration give cold, in smaller doses 
and oftener. For sore mouth, sore throat, tonsilitis and quinsy, use 
hot infusion strong as a gargle. 

SCOURING RUSH. Horse Tail. Shave Grass. Equisetum 
Hyemale. 

Internally, used for. — Dropsy, suppression of the urine, blood in 
the urine, gravel, gonorrhea and gleet. 

Part used. — The stalk. Gather. — Matures in June and July. 

Grows (where). — In wet grounds in river banks, hill-sides, and 
borders of woods in United States. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion, one ounce to the pint of water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For above diseases drink in half ounce doses 

every two hours. 

SASSAFRAS. Laurus Sassafras. 

Internally, used for. — Syphilis, scrofula, skin eruptions,, bland drink 
after poisoning. 

Part used. — The bark of the root. Gather. — In autumn. 

Flowers (when). — April and May. Grows (where). — Common. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion of the bark, one ounce to a pint of 
water; as a mucilage made by using two parts of the pith to one 
hundred of water. Do not boil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion, one to two ounces. Oil, 
flve to ten drops on sugar for menstrual pain, and in painful urination. 
The mucilage is good for chest disorders, bowels, kidneys and for 
inflammation after poisoning, as a bland demulcent drink. 

SENECA SNAKE ROOT. Mountain Flag. Milk Wort. Seneka 

or Senega. Polyagla Senega. 

Internally, used for.— .Second stage of bronchitis in aged people, 
bronchial asthma, coughs. 

Part used. — ^The root. Gather. — In autumn. 

Flowers (when). — June to August. 

Grows (where). — In United States in woods and on hillsides. 

Prepared (how). — ^Powdered root. For decoction use one ounce 
of the dried root to a pint of boiling water and let boil. You can buy 
the syrup and fluid extract. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the decoction, half to one ounce 
three or four times a day. Dose of the syrup, one to two teaspoonfuls. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 439 

Dose of the extract, ten to tw-enty d'rops. This remedy is frequently 
used with other remedies for bronchitis and cough. 

SHEEP SORREL. Rumex Acetosa. 
Internally, used for. — Scurvy. 

Externally, used for. — Good for wens, boils, tumor, ulcers. 
Part used. — Plant. Gather. — Autumn. Grows (where). — Well- 
known plant. 

Prepared (how). — Decoction; poultice made of roasted leaves. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Decoction, freely drank for scurvy. Poultices 
should be applied to above troubles. 

SKUNK CABBAGE. Swamp Cabbage. Meadow Cabbage. Pole- 
cat Weed. Fetid Hellebore. Dracontium. Ictodes Fcetida, 

Internally, used for. — Asthma, whooping cough, nervousness, hys- 
teria, convulsions of pregnancy. 

Part used. — Root. Gather. — In autumn or early spring and dried 
carefully. 

Flowers (when). — March and April. 

Grows (where). — Various parts of United States in moist places. 

Prepared (how). — Powder. Tincture. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose: Five to ten grains of powder three 
times a day. A saturated tincture of the fresh root is much better, of 
which half a teaspoonful can be given every one to four hours for above 
diseases. 

SKULL CAP. Madweed. Hoodwort. Blue Pimpernel. Scutellaria 
Lateriflora. 

Internally, used for. — Chorea, delirium, convulsions, neuralgia, 
restlessness, insomnia. 

Part used. — The whole herb. Gather. — Late summer while in 
flower. 

Flowers (when). — July and August. Grows (where). — In moist 
places. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion, one ounce to the pint. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — The infusion may be drank freely. Fluid 
extract, dose, half to one teaspoonful, every two or three hours. 

SLIPPERY ELM. Red Elm. Ulmus Fulva. 

Internally, used for. — As a mucilage for stomach and bowel and 
urinary troubles when a mild, soothing demulcent drink is needed ; in 
diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, painful urination, constipation. 

Externally, used for. — As a poultice. Part used.— Inner bark. 



440 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Gather. — Early fall. Flowers (when). — In April. 

Grows (where). — In United States, in open elevated situations in 
rich firm soil. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion of two ounces to pint of water. Mu- 
cilage made by using six parts of the dried bark to one hundred of 
water and allow to steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — The infusion and mucilage may be taken 
freely. The infusion can be injected for dysentery, diarrhea, gonor- 
rhea, gleet and leucorrhea. Mucilage is taken after poisoning to allay 
inflammation of the membranes, etc. Eat bark or take prepared tablets 
for constipation. 

SPEARMINT. Mentha Viridis. 

Internally, used for. — Nausea and vomiting, internal and external 
scalding urine. For fever is superior to peppermint. 

Externally, used for. — For piles. Part used. — The herb. 

Gather. — Just as the flowers appear in dry weather, and dry in the 
shade. 

Flowers (when). — ^July and August. Grows (where). — United 
States in moist places. 

Prepared (how). — ^Warm or cold infusion. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Warm infusion, a handful of the herb to a 
quart of water and used freely to allay fever in inflammations, colds, 
etc. Cold infusion is good in highly colored or scalding urine. Local, 
saturate cotton with the strong infusion or diluted tincture, and apply 
to piles ; use it hot. 

SPIKENARD. Spignet. Pettymorrel. Pigeon-weed. Aralia 
Racemosa. 

Internally, used for. — ^^Coughs, colds, chronic rheumatism, syphilis. 

Part used. — Root. Gather. — In autumn. 

Grows (where). — In dry rocky woods in United States. 

Prepared (how). — Decoction. Syrup. 

Diseases, Dose, etc.— Decoction, used freely in above diseases. It 
is an old home remedy. A syrup can also be made of it. 

SMARTWEED. Water Pepper. Polygonum Punctatum. 

Internally, used for. — Suppressed menstruation, to wash out the 
bladder, good for gravel, colds and coughs. 

Externally, used for. — Fomentations. Part used. — The whole herb. 
Gather. — Autumn. Flowers (when). — August and September. 
Grows (where). — About brooks and streams. 
Prepared (how). — An infusion or a tincture made from the fresh 



HERB DEPARTMENT 441 

plant. Use cold water to make infusion. Fomentations, simmer in 
water and vinegar. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion, one to three ounces. Tinc- 
ture, one to two teaspoonfuls. Apply fomentations for colic, bloating 
of abdomen ; used often with other plants externally. For menstrua- 
tion give half teaspoonful of the tincture four times a day a week be- 
fore menstruation. Use small doses for other troubles. 

SNAKE ROOT, VIRGINIA. Aristolochia Serpentaria. 

Internally, used for. — Sweating for feverish conditions where erup- 
tions are tardy in coming out. 

Externally, used for. — For snake bites. 

Part used. — Root. Gather (when). — May and June. 

Grows (where). — Hill-sides, in rich shady woods. 

Prepared (how). — Powdered root. Infusion made by using four 
teaspoonfuls of the powdered root to a pint of water and let steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Take two to three tablespoonfuls of the hot 
infusion every three to four hours. Dose of powdered root, ten to 
twenty grains in hot water. 

SOLOMON'S SEAL. Convallaria MulMora. 

Internally, used for. — Female weakness, leucorrhea, menorrhag^a, 

Externally, used for. — Poultice for piles. 

Part used. — Root. Gather. — Autumn. Flowers (when). — May 
and August. 

Grows (where). — In United States and Canada, sides of meadows, 
high banks, woods, and mountains. 

Prepared (how). — Decoction, use one ounce of the root to pint of 
water and boil. Poultice, bruise the root. 

Diseases, Dose, etc.— -Dose of the decoction, one to two ounces. 
Take less when it is taken oftener, as much as the stomach will bear. 
Make a poultice of the bruised root for piles and local inflammation. 

STONE ROOT. Horse Balm. Rich Weed. Knob Root. Hard 
Hack. Collinsoma Canadensis. 

Internally, used for. — Cramps, colic, dropsy, bladder troubles, 
gravel, leucorrhea. 

Externally, used for. — Poultice for bruises, blows, wounds, strains. 

Part used. — The plant. Gather. — Autumn. 

Grows (where). — United States and in Canada. 

Prepared (how). — In infusion and poultice, steep the root in a 
covered dish. 



442 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the infusion half to one ounce, three 

or four times a day. 

STRAWBERRY. Fragaria Vesca. 

Internally, used for. — Gravel, gout, irritable bladder, nettle rash, 
eruption. 

Part used. — Fruit, roots, and leaves. 

Gather. — When ripe. Flowers (when). — Spring; April, May and 
June. 

Prepared (how). — As an infusion. 

'Diseases, Dose, etc. — Leaves are astringent and good in infusion 
for sore mouth, diarrhea, and dysentery. Infusion of the root is a 
good diuretic and is effective in difficult urination and gonorrhea. 
Drink freely. 

STRAMONIUM.. Thorn- Apple. Stink Weed. Jimson Weed. 
Apple Pern. Datura Stramonium. 

Internally, used for. — Used mainly for asthma. 

Externally, used for. — Piles. Part used. — Leaves. 

Gather. — When leaves are green and when flowers are in bloom. 

Flowers (when). — July to September. 

Grows (where) .—Along roads, etc. 

Prepared (how). — Ointment. The leaves should be dried for smok- 
ing. It is rather dangerous. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For asthma, the leaves are mixed with to- 
bacco leaves and smoked. It must be done carefully as it is poisonous. 
The leaves are good to cure piles when rubbed on them, or made into 
an ointment and used locally. 

SUMACH. Rhus Glabra, 

Internally, used for. — Sore mouth and throat, quinsy, diarrhea, leu- 
corrhea, gonorrhea, suppressed urine. 

Part used. — Bark and fruit. Gather. — Autumn. Berries earlier. 

Flowers (when). — ^June and July. 

Prepared (how). — Make an infusion as usual. Use either bark or 
berries. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Fluid extract can be used and is safer; in 
doses of ten drops three times a day. The infusion will do as a gargle 
and a wash. 

SWEET FLAG. Calamus. Flag Root. Sweet Rush. Acorus 

Calamus. 

Internally, used for. — Disorders of the stomach, flatulency, dysen- 
tery, colic. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 443 



Part used. — Root. 



Gather. — Late autumn or early spring, wash clean and dry Avith 
moderate heat. 

Grows (where). — Borders of small streams, ponds, wet meadows, 
swamp. 

Prepared (how). — Infusion made by scalding one ounce of the 
root in a pint of water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose: One to three ounces, warm, for gen- 
eral troubles ; give hot for colic. One-third to a teaspoonful of the 
root can be taken. 

ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hypericum Perfoliatum. 

Internally, used for. — Suppressed urine, chronic urinary affections, 
diarrhea, menorrhagia, hysteria, etc. 

Externally, used for. — Fomentations for caked breasts, hard tumors, 
bruises, swellings, stings and wounds. 

Part used. — Tops and flowers. Gather. — When fresh. 

Flowers (when). — From June to August. 

Grows (where). — In this country. 

Prepared (how). — Ointment. Infusion of powder or blossoms. 
Infusion one ounce to one pint of boiling water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion, one to two ounces, three 
or four times daily or less. Powder; dose, thirty to sixty grains can 
be put in hot water and drank. Children's dose : Half to one teaspoon- 
ful. It should be taken three or four times daily in regular full doses 
for chronic diseases, and in half doses every two or three hours for 
acute diseases. Local. — Make an ointment of the tops and flowers, or 
boil down the infusion until thick, and make an ointment. First way 
is the best. 

TANSY. Tanacetum. (Sometimes called double tansy). 

Internally, used for. — Womb troubles and sweating, amenorrhea, 

dysmenorrhea, hysteria. 

Part used. — The whole herb. Gather. — In the summer. 

Flowers (when). — ^July to September. 

Grows (where). — Cultivated and also grows wild. 

Prepared (how). — As an infusion and fomentation. The oil can 
be bought. To make infusion use one ounce of the plant to one pint 
of boiling water and let steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the infusion one to two ounces. Oil, 
half to one drop. This oil is dangerous, so it must be taken carefully. 
For dysmenorrhea, take half ounce of infusion every hour or two. 



444 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Same for hysteria. For amenorrhea, two ounces three times daily. 
For sweating, it should be taken in one to two-ounce doses and hot. 
Fomentations should be used hot and are good placed on the abdomen, 
over the womb, in painful menstruation. 

TURKEY CORN. Wild Turkey Pea. Stagger-Weed. Corydalis 
Formosa. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic, diuretic and alterative, for syphilis 
and scrofula. (Eclectics esteem this a great remedy). 

Part used — Root, small round ball. 

Gather. — While the plant is in flower. Flowers (when). — In March. 

Grows (where). — In rich soils, on hills and mountains, etc. 

Prepared (how). — Tincture. Infusion, four teaspconfuls of the 
powdered bulb to one pint of boiling water and let steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of the infusion, one to three ounces 
three or four times daily. Tincture, half to one teaspoonful. Tincture 

can be bought at a drug store. 

TURNIP, INDIAN. Jack-in-the pulpit. Wild Turnip. Dragon 
Root. Arum Triphyllum. 

Internally, used for. — Expectorant and sweating purposes in chest 

troubles. Also good for sore mouth and sore throat if given in honey 
or syrup. 

Part used. — Root. Gather. — In autumn. Flowers (when). — From 
May to July. 

Grows (where). — Common in South America in all moist and 
damp places. 

Prepared (how). — Dry the root and powder it and give in honey 
or make into a syrup or given in powder. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — For sweating use powder in hot water, ten 
grains three times a day or smaller dose oftener. For bronchitis, etc., 
use in syrup or in honey, three or four times a day, five to ten grains 

at a dose. Same way for sore mouth and throat. 

TRUE UNICORN ROOT. Star Grass. Colic Root. Ague Root. 
Crow Corn. Aletris Farinosa. 

Internally, used for. — Its tonic influence upon the womb to prevent 
a tendency to miscarriage, for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, falling, also 
for chlorosis. 

Part used. — The root. Gather. — In autumn. 

Flowers (when). — June and July. 

Grows (where). — Most parts of United States, usually in dry sandy 
soils and barrens. 



HERB DEPARTMEXT 445 

Prepared (how). — Powdered root. Tincture. Fluid extract. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Powdered root, five to ten grains three times 
a day. Saturated tincture, two to five drops, three times a day. Fluid 
extract, five to ten drops. Tincture and fluid extract can be bought at 
any drug store. For the above diseases it should be taken r-egularly 
four times a day. The fluid extract is the best form in which to take 
it and is often given by doctors. 

WAHOO. Indian Arrow Wood. Burning-Bush. Spindle Tree, 
Enonymus Atropurpureus. 

Internally, used for. — Dyspepsia, torpid liver, laxative, tonic. 

Part used. — The bark of the root. Gather. — Autumn. 

Flowers (when). — In June. Grows (where). — In woods and 
thickets. 

Prepared (how). — Powder. Tincture. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains; satur- 
ated tincture, one to two teaspoonfuls ; extract, one to five grains. This 
is a good remedy ; smaller doses can be given every two hours for 
dyspepsia and liver complaint. It is often combined with remedies, 
like dandelion, yellow dock, burdock. 

WILD CHERRY. Prunus Virginianus. 

Internally, used for. — Tonic, dyspepsia, scrofula. 

Part used. — The bark of the root. 

Gather. — In autumn. 

Flowers (when). — In May. 

Prepared (how). — Powdered bark or infusion.* One ounce of bark 
to one pint of cold water to make infusion, allow it to stand for a few 
hours. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Take of infusion one to three ounces four or 
five times a day. Dose of powdered bark, one to two teaspoonfuls in 
hot water. For tonic action and for dyspepsia it should be taken 
oftener and in half the given doses. 

WILD YAM. Colic Root. Dioscorea Villosa. 

Internally, used for. — Bilious colic. Part used. — Root. 

Gather. — In autumn. Flowers (when). — ^June and July. 

Grows (where). — United States and in Canada, twining over 
bushes and fences, thickets and hedges. 

Prepared (how). — Decoction of the root. Pour a pint of boiling 
water on two ounces of the bruised root, let steep slowly for half hour, 
strain. 



446 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Diseases, Dose, etc.— Give half cupf-al of decoction every twenty 
minutes for bilious colic. Some have given half a pint at once in a 
severe case. 

WORMWOOD. Artemisia Absinthium. 

Internally, used for. — Worms, jaundice, dyspepsia, amenorrhea 
and leucorrhea. 

Externally, used for.— -Bruises, local inflammations. 

Part used. — Tops and leaves. Flowers (when). — In July and Aug- 
ust. 

Grows (where). — United States. 

Prepared (how). — Fomentations. An infusion is made by adding 
thirteen of the herbs to a pint of cold water. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Dose of infusion one to four teaspoonfuls. 
Use fomentations for bruises and local inflammation. 

WORMSEED. Goose Foot. Stinking Weed. Chenopodium An- 
thelminticum. 

Internally, used for. — Worms, round worms. Part used. — Seeds 
and herb. 

Gather. — In late autumn. Flowers (when). — July to September. 

Grows (where). — United States, in waste places. 

Prepared (how). — Oil. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — Four to eight drops of oil to be given night 

and morning, for four or five days, and then followed by a purgative. 
Combination : Oil of wormseed one ounce, oil of tansy one ounce, 
spirits of turpentine one and one-half ounce, castor oil one ^int. Dose 
for a child, a teaspoonful every hour until it operates ; for an adult 
one tablespoonful. Powdered herb: Dose, half to one teaspoonful. 

YARROW. Milfoil. Thousand Leaf. Achillea Millefolium. 

Internally, used for. — Bleeding from the lungs, kidneys, piles, 
dysentery, menorrhagia. 

Part used. — The herb. Flowers (when). — Nearly whole summer. 

Grows (where). — Europe and America in fields, woods, pastures. 

Prepared (how).— Decoction, half ounce of plant to six ounces of 
water and boil down to three ounces. Juice of the herb is also used. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — In menorrhagia either can be used, as well 
as in other diseases. Tablespoonful of decoction every hour. The ex- 
pressed juice in two or three tablespoonful doses may be taken three 
times a day. 



HERB DEPARTMENT 447 

YlELrLOW DOCK. Rumex Crispus. 

Internally, used for. — Skin disease, scrofula, syphilis, scurvy. 

Externally, used for. — Fresh root bruised in cream is good applied 
to ulcers, tumors and itch. 

Part used. — The root. Gather. — Early autumn. 

Flowers (when). — ^June and July. Grows (where). — In pastures, 
dry fields, etc. 

Prepared (how).— One ounce root to a pint of boiling water. Let 
steep. 

Diseases, Dose, etc. — One or two ounces, three times a day; or 
half ounce every three hours. This is a good remedy. Some people 
should commence with smaller doses. 



HOMEOPATHY 



THE TREATMENT OF ABOUT ONE HUNDRED TWENTY 
DISEASES ACCORDING TO HOMEOPATHY 



In cities and in most towns Homeopathic medicine will be found 
in drug stores in their special preparations. Some drug stores handle 
Homeopathic medicines exclusively. 

MEDICINES. — Homeopathic medicines should be kept in a diy 
cool place. Do not leave them standing open among odors or exposed 
to bright lights. The following are among those common for home 



use 



List of Remedies. 



Aconitum 
Antimonium 


crudum 


Colocynthis 
Cuprum metallicura 


Phosphorus 
Pulsatilla 


Antimonium 


tartaricum 


, Gelsemium 


Rhus toxicodendron 


Apis 

Arnica radix 
Arsenicum 




Hepar sulphuricum 

Hyoscyamus 

Ipecacuanha 


Sanguinaria 

Sepia 

Silicea 


Belladonna 

Bryonia 

Chamomilla 




Lycopodium 

Mercurius 

Natrum muriaticum 


Spigelia 
Spongia 
Sulphur 


China 




Nux Vomica 


Veratrum album 


Cina 

Cinchona (see China) 


Opium 
Phosphoric acid 








Fluid for External Use, 




Arnica. 




Calendula. 



Care of Medicine in the Sick Room. — Use a clean tumbler and 
when not using cover the tumbler with a small saucer or piece of card- 
board. Set it in a cool place and where it is free from odors, as liquid 
medicines exposed are likely to take up such impurities. 

DIRECTIONS FOR USING HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES. 

They are prepared in two forms, Dilutions and Triturations (pow- 
dered form). From the triturations tablets are made. When we write 

448 



HOMEOPATHY, 449 

"3X dil." that means 3X dilution; when we write "3X trit." that means 
3X trituration. The 3X means or indicates the strength of the medi- 
cine. We have different dilutions and triturations, as IX, 2X, 3X. 4X, 
etc., according to the strength of the medicine used and we say dil. or 
trit., for dilution or trituration, depending upon the form to be used. 
Tablets are handier to use than the triturations or powder. In this 
book when I write trituration I shall always expect you to use it in 
the form of tablets. Instead of giving directions in every disease how 
to prepare the medicine, I will giv-e it here. 

When you use the medicine in the dilution (liquid) form, you put 
ten to fifteen drops of the dilution (say the 2X or any one) in a glass 
half full of water and give one to two teaspoonsful every one-half to 
one to two or three hours, as the case may be, according to the age of 
the patient, etc. This is for acute cases. 

For chronic cases. — You give medicine three or four times a day, 
one to two teaspoonfuls at a time. When you use it in trituration 
(tablet) form, you give one to two tablets at a dose every one-half to 
one, two or three hours, etc. In chronic cases three or four times a 
day, one or two tablets. 

For the beginning of a common cold. — Aconite 2X dil. Put ten 
drops in a glass half full of water and take two teaspoonsful every one- 
half hour for three doses, then every three hours for twelve hours. 
Tincture of camphor in drop doses is also good. 

If throat feels raw and sore. — I give three tablets of Mercurius bin. 
2X trit. (tablet form) in alternation with the Aconite for three doses. 
Then stop it. 

LA GRIPPE.— Gelsemium IX dil. Put ten drops in a glass half 
full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls every one-half to two 
hours. Feels sick, achy and bad all over; generally good at the 
beginning. 

Belladonna 3X dil. if throat is raw and sore, throbbing, beating 
arteries, tickling annoying hard cough. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). When throat is sore with much 
saliva, sticky sweat which does not relieve. 

Bryonia 2X dil. Grip with cold on chest, hurts to cough. 
Phosphorus 3X dil. In bronchial tubes under breast bones. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) stopped nose, watery burning 
discharge; feverish, thirsty and restless; chills and fever. 

STOMATITIS. — Meaning a simple inflammation of the mouth. 

Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one to two every 
one to three hours, according to the case. 

APHTHAE (Thrush) in Children.— 1 Mercurius sol. 3X trit. 
(tablet form). Indicated when it extends downward and produces 
diarrhea. Give one tablet every four hours for a few days. 



450 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

2. Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one tablet every two 
to four hours, when the parts look bluish and livid, with great weak- 
ness, much thirst and restlessness, with burning watery diarrhea. 

In Adults. — Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give about two 
tablets every three hours when the edge of the tongue is ulcerated and 
whitish with violent burning pains. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Give two tablets every three 
hours, when the ulcerated gums discharge a fetid matter; loose teeth 
or teeth feel long, much sticky saliva in mouth. 

GLOSSITIS. Inflammation of the tongue. 

Aconite 2X dil. if there is much fever, fast pulse, dry skin. Pre- 
pare : — Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give one to two 
teaspoonfuls every one to three hours. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) indicated in most cases. Take 
two tablets every two to four hours. 

DISEASES OF THE TEETH.— Chamomilla IX dil. Put ten 
drops in one-half glass full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls 
every one to three hours. This is especially good in cross, nervous, 
teething babies. 

Aconite 2X dil. Prepared and given as above stated. When there 
is much fever, dullness and stupor. 

Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form). When the teeth are sore 
and feel too long; one to two tablets every one to three hours. 

DISEASES OF THE GUMS.— Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet 
form) is good when teeth are ulcerated and decayed. Take one to 
two tablets every three hours. Or use, 

Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form) if there is much saliva in the 
mouth and teeth feel too long. 

UVULA, INFLAMMATION OF.— Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops 
of this in a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls 
every one to three hours, when there is fever, furred tongue, dry and 
hot skin. 

Belladonna 3X dil., prepared and given same as Aconite, instead 
of Aconite when the parts are red, congested and painful. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Good when the parts are much 
swollen, sore and very sensitive, darkish, with much sticky saliva in 
the mouth. 

THROAT, INFLAMMATION OF.— Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops 
in a glass one-half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every one 
to three hours, in the first stage attended by fever, hot and dry skin. 

Belladonna 3X dil. Is better in second stage, when there is some 
sweating, parts are red and swollen that interfere with swallowing. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Given when there is much saliva 
with pain, soreness and difficulty in swallowing. 



HOMEOPATHY. 451 

PHARYNGITIS, Inflammation of the Pharynx.— 
Aconite 2X dil., Belladonna 3X dil., and Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet 
form) according to symptoms given above. 

TONSILS, TONSILITIS AND QUINSY.— Aconite 2X dil. In 

the first twenty-four hours when there is fever, full pulse and dry skin. 

Belladonna 3X dil. instead, when th-ere is much redness and swell- 
ing of the parts with much trouble in swallowing, great pain. Pre- 
pared as above directed and given. 

Hepar Sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every 
one to two to three hours when suppuration is threatened and where 
there is constant throbbing and pain in the tonsil. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one 
to three hours, when the trouble continues after suppuration, parts 
are dark red and much thick sticky saliva and foul breath. 

ENLARGED TONSIL (Chronic).— Baryta Carb. 3X trit. (tablet 
form). Take one to two tablets daily for some time. 

DIPHTHERIA.— Antitoxin is the best remedy. 

Belladonna 3X dil. Ten to fifteen drops in one-half glass of 
water and give two teaspoonfuls every one to two hours when there 
is fever, marked inflammation of the tonsils, no spots as yet, red face 
and throbbing arteries. 

Kali bichrom 2X trit. (tablet form). Put ten to fifteen tablets m 
a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls every 
one to two hours, when the discharge is thick and stringy. 

Mercurius protoid 2X trit. (tablet form). Prepare and give same 
way as Kali bichrom when membrane is dark, foul odor, tongue thick 
and pasty. 

ESOPHAGUS, INFLAMMATION OF.— Aconite 2X dil. if there 
is much fever. 

Belladonna 3X dil. If there is much local pain. 

GASTRITIS, ACUTE INFLAMMATION.— Aconite 2X dil. Put 
ten drops or fifteen drops in a half-glass of water and give when there 
is active and violent inflammation wnth full and rapid pulse, shivering 
and bilious vomiting. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one to two tablets every 
one to three hours. Where there is great soreness and burning, much 
thirst, vomiting, dry, red and cracked tongue. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one 
to three hours. When there is a dull pain and nausea, but no active 
vomiting; especially good in cases from drinking. 

CHRONIC GASTRITIS.— Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form), 
one to two tablets four times a day when there is much emaciation 
and when there is much desire to vomit. 



452 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets after 
meals when it is caused by intemperance, eating too highly seasoned 
food, too much tea and coffee. Bowels are generally constipated. 

Pulsatilla 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets after meals, 
when it is caused by rich, greasy foods, such as cakes, pies, puddings, 
pork and greasy gravies. 

Carbo veg. 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets after meals when 
there is much wind (gas) in the stomach. 

Bryonia alb. 2X dilution, ten drops put in a glass half full of water 
and take two teaspoonfuls after every meal and before retiring, when 
the stomach is sore to touch, food feels like a load in the stomach, 
with sour water coming up. 

HEART-BURN.— Nux vomica 3X trit. (tablet form), Mercurius 
vivus 3X trit. (tablet form), Bryonia alb. 2X dil. are main remedies. 

GASTRALGIA (Cardialgia).— Pains in the stomach. 

Nux vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) with pressure and cramps in 
the stomach, more particularly if the patient uses coffee, tea and 
liquors, or is troubled with piles, constipation, with indoor life and 
headaches, two tablets every half hour until better. 

Ignatia 3X trit. (tablet form) especially for morose, nervous 
females, same dose as Nux Vomica, and same way. 

Pulsatilla 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets every half hour 
until better. When brought on by rich food, as pork, pies, cakes. It 
is especially good in blonde women with scanty and painful menstru- 
ation. Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every one to three 
hours. It is especially good in brunette type with irregular and 
painful menstruation. 

VOMITING.— Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). For acid vom- 
iting, one tablet dry on the tongue every fifteen minutes. 

Ipecac 3X trit. (tablet form) for bilious vomiting. 

Cocculus 2X dil. for vomiting from riding. Ten drops in a half 
glass full of water; take one teaspoonful every ten minutes until 
better. 

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every ten min- 
utes until better when the vomit is watery, burning liquid, patient is 
very restless and thirst)'. Generally found in disease. 

ENTERITIS. — Acute inflammation of the small intestines. 

Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and 
give one to two teaspoonfuls every one to three hours. When it is 
at the commencement, caused by cold, with dry skin, dry tongue and 
fever. 

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every 
one to two hours, when the pains are burning, tearing, cutting in the 
bowels, restless and anxious, vomiting and thirsty. ■> 



HOMEOPATHY. 453 

Belladonna 3X dil. Prepare and give as usual. When the ordin- 
ary symptoms are accompanied by delirium or spasms with throbbing 
head. 

Chamomilla IX dil. For children during teething, with foul green 
diarrhea. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one 
to three hours with usual pains, pasty, coated tongue, foul breath, 
painful diarrhea with it. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every 
one to three hours. Caused by sudden suppression of piles, especially 
in drinkers and high livers, with lazy habits. 

LARGE INTESTINE, INFLAMMATION.— Aconite 2X dil. at 

the beginning. Chilly, fever, hot dry skin, usual symptoms and dose. 

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every 
one to three hours, with retching, vomiting, intense thirst, great 
prostration. 

Mercurius viv. 3X trit. (tablet form) same dose as Arsenicum. 
Stools are green and watery, with much pain before and after stools. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) constipated bowels, nausea and 
vomiting. 

DYSENTERY AND DIARRHEA.— Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet 
form). One to two tablets every one to two hours when there is pain 
before stool and relieved by the passage. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) same dose, etc. When there is 
pain and it is not relieved by the passage, stool is sometimes slimy, 
bloody and very little in quantity. 

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every 
one to three hours. The person is very restless, thirsty, anxious, 
vomiting, and burning watery stool. 

Podophyllum 3X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water; 
take two teaspoonfuls every hour or two; especially good in children 
with large watery mealy stools of so large quantity of mealy liquid 
that the mother wonders where it all comes from. 

Mercurius corr. 3X trit. (tablet form) instead of Mercurius 3X 
trit. (tablet form) when the bladder also is affected. 

CHOLERA INFANTUM.— Chamomilla IX dil. in teething chil- 
dren, with sour mucous vomiting, frequent greenish stools. 

Mercurius vivus 3X trit. (tablet form). For mucous, painful slimy 
stools, child strains at every stool, sometimes mixed with blood. Pain 
is not relieved by a stool. 

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every one to 
three hours, for watery burning vomiting and same kind of stools, 
very restless, thirsty and drawn looking. 



454 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

CHOLERA MORBUS.— Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). 
One to two tablets on tongue every fifteen minutes until better, when 
there is watery burning vomiting, with terrible thirst, great pros- 
tration. 

Veratrum alb. ^X dil. in water, etc. When there is vomitmg with 
g^reat prostration, cold hands and feet, cold sweat. 

APPENDICITIS.— Aconite 2X dil. at the beginning. 
Belladonna 3X dil. after the first twenty-four hours. 
Bryonia alb. 2X dil. Pains are sharp, shooting, better quiet. Can 
alternate with Aconite or Belladonna. 

Mercurius Viv. 3X trit. (tablet form) given later. 

CONSTIPATION.— Correct diet and habits. 

Bryonia 2X dil. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). 

Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form). 

Opium 6X dilution. Taken 4 times daily. 

COLIC. — Colocynthis IX dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full 
of water and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes until better. 
When the pains are cutting, pinching, cramping, as if the bowels 
were pierced with knives in the region of the navel and when the 
patient bends forward. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every 
half hour until better. When there is constipation, acid vomiting, 
distended abdomen. 

Chamomilla IX dil. Colic in stomach region and is caused by 
bad food. Face flushed, in teething children. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every hour, when 
the pain is in the liver, patient vomits much bile and has a diarrhea, 
both bilious and fecal, with straining. 

Podophyllum 3X dil. Ten drops in a half glass of water, two 
teaspoonfuls every hour when the liver is too active, too much bile, 
colic is aggravated by the bilious vomiting — ^jaundiced skin, bitter taste 
in the mouth. 

PAINTER'S COLIC— Opium 6X dil. As usual, prepared, and 
given every one to two hours, when the constipation is obstinate, hard 
abdomen, with intense pain, griping and pinching. 

Belladonna 3X dil. same way. When bowels feel constricted or 
seem as if grasped by the finger nails. 

PILES.— Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet after 
each meal and before retiring. Constipation with pain in the lower 
back and in the lower part of the rectum; piles may protrude and 
be sore. 



HOMEOPATHY. 455 

Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) Tablet at night in connection with 
Nux Vomica in the morning. 

Aloes 3X dil. One drop of it four times a day when the piles are 
very painful, and in th^ lower part of the bowels, and lots of them. 

BOWEL FALLING (Prolapsus ani).— Tincture Cina is good 
when caused by worms, one-tenth to one drop of the tincture every 
two hours. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet iorm) when caused by dysentery or 
loose bowels. 

Mercurius Corr. 3X trit. (tabkt form) when caused by dysentery. 
Last two use 3X; one to two tablets every two hours. 

WORMS. — Tincture of Cina from one-tenth drop to two drops 
four times a day for pin (seat) (thread worms) and round worms. 

Symptoms. — Boring of the nose, livid, semi-circle under the eyes, 
restless sleep, cross, etc. 

CHOLERA ASIATIC— Aconite first stage. 

Tincture Camphor in drop doses second stage every fifteen n»in- 
utes. — Follow with Arsenicum, Veratrum alb. 
Carbo veg. 3X trit. (tablet form) third stage. 

PERITONITIS.— Aconite 2X dil. at first. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet from) when patient is thirsty, very 
restless. Dose every hour. 

Bryonia alb. 2X dil. Prepare. Pains worse from motion, — cutting 
shooting ; constipated. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) Later, skin yellow, coated pasty 
tongue. 

DROPSY.— After scarlet fever. Apis Mel. 3X trit. (tablet form). 
One tablet every two hours. 

In feet, ankles, and abdomen. — Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet 
form). One tablet every three hours. 

LIVER, INFLAMMATION (Hepatitis) Bryonia 2X dil Pre- 
pare as usual and give, etc. When some fever; lies on affected side. 
Severe pains when moved. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every two to four 
hours, after first remedy, when heavy odor from the breath, dry 
mouth, bitter taste, yellow (pasty) coated tongue, yellow color of skin. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form), etc. When severe pains in 
region of liver extending to the back; nausea, vomiting and constipa- 
tion. 

LIVER, ENLARGED.— Phosphorus 3X dil. Prepare and give 
two teaspconfuls every four hours. 



456 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

BILIOUSNESS, LIVER.— With vomiting of bile and mucus use 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) one every three hours, also from 
stimulants and over feeding. 

Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) when associated with piles. One 
tablet nig-ht and morning. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets four times a day, 
when associated with white costive stools and depression of spirits. 

BILIOUS DIARRHEA.— Give Podophyllum 3X dil. one drop 
every three hours. 

BILIOUS ATTACKS.— In children brought on by teething, cold 
or anger give one drop of Chamomilla IX dil. every three hours. 

Chelidonium 3X dil. Is good for chronic liver disease, when there 
is a thick yellow coating on the tongue, pains, aching under right 
shoulder blade, also constipation. Give two drops four times a day 
of 3X dil. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). Liver troubles of drinkers. 
Use two tablets every three hours. 

JAUNDICE. — Aconite 2X dil. Beginning from taking cold. 
Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). Constipation prominent. 
Chamomilla IX dil. From fright, anger, teething. 

DISEASE OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.— Coryza, cold 
in the head. 

Aconite ZX dil. Prepare as usual. Use first twenty-four hours. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every hour for 
burning watery discharge from the nose ; nose stopped up, discharge 
makes nose sore. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to 
three hours, for thick mucous discharge. 

CATARRH, CHRONIC— Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form). Use 
tablets; take about four times a day. 

Kali Bich 3X trit. (tablet form) thick crusts from ulcers in the 
nostrils, one tablet four times a day. 

LARYNGITIS, (Inflammation of the Larynx) .—Aconite 2X dil. 
In first twenty-four hours ; give one to two drops every hour. 

Belladonna 2X dil. (second day) after aconite; give same way. 
Kali Bich 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one 
to three hours when hoarseness is present. 

CHRONIC LARYNGITIS.— Belladonna 3X dil. 

Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form). 
Phosphorus 3X dil. 



HOMEOPATHY. 457 

CROUP. — Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of 
water, and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes in alteration 
with Spongia 3X trit. (tablet form) one at a dose. If there is no fever 
the Spongia can be used alone. Cough is hard, rasping, barking, 
sawing. 

Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form). This can be used in place of 
Spongia in light haired children. Cough may be a little looser than 
the spongia cough. 

BRONCHITIS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC—Aconite 2X dil. Ten 
drops, etc. One to two teaspoonfuls every one to three hours in first 
stage for the fever, etc. 

Belladonna 2X or 3X dil., etc., same. Chilly, dry throat and dry 
cough, soreness, and rawness beneath the breast bone, pain in the head. 

Phosphorus 3X dil. etc. Constant cough, pressing feeling under 
breast bone, a little mucus expectorated. 

Tartar Emetic 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every four hours. 
Better for old people and chronic cases, when the cough is loose and 
much rattling from mucus. Also good in children for capillary 
bronchitis. 

INFLUENZA. — Gelsemium IX dil. generally at the beginning 

twenty-four hours one drop every hour. 
Belladonna 3X dil. for sore throat. 
Phosphorus 3X dil. for bronchitis. 
Bryonia 2X for the lungs. 

WHOOPING-COUGH. (Pertussis).— Belladonna 2X or 3X dil. 
Ten drops in a glass half full of water and two teaspoonfuls given 
every one to three hours for sudden tight, violent cough, with sore 
throat, headache and nose bleed. 

Cuprum Met. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every 
hour, for the violent forms causing convulsions. 

Hyoscyamus IX dil. Ten drops in a half glass of water; a 
dessertspoonful after each paroxysm until they get better. This is 
indicated when the paroxysms are frequent but not so violent, and 
when they are worse at night; no fever, mucus of a thick greenish 
color ; and when the cough produces a sparkle or spots before the eyes. 

PNEUMONIA, Inflammation of the Lungs.— Aconite 2X dil., etc. 
every hour for first twenty-four hours. 

Bryonia 2X dil., etc. Given same way, when the patient lies quiet- 
ly, hurts to move, stitching pain in chest when coughing and attended 
by a pain in the head. Goes well after Aconite. Aconite and Bryonia 
are frequently alternated every hour. 

Phosphorus, 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every one to three 
hours. Tight cough, with little mucus. 



458 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PLEURISY, Inflammation of the Pleura.— Aconite 2X dil., etc., 
one to two teaspoonfuls every hour, for the chill and fever, dry hot 
skin, full bounding pulse, shortness of breath. First stage. 

Byronia 2X dil. One to two teaspoonfuls every hour. Head 
aches as if it would split open, sharp stitching pain in the affected 
side. Constipation. 

PLEURODYNIA, (Intercostal Neuralgia).— Belladonna 3X dil. 
Bryonia 2X dil. 

ENDOCARDITIS. — Inflammation of inner lining of the heart. 

Aconite 2X dil. 
Spigelia 3X dil. 
Cactus 3X dil. 

ANGINA PECTORIS.— Cactus 2X dilution. 

Spigelia 3X dil. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). 

PALPITATION.— Aconite 2X dil. One drop. Arising from ex- 
citement. 

Chamomilla IX dil. and Nux Vomica 3X dil. (tablet form) caused 
from anger. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) for palpitation from indigestion. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. (light haired people). 

PULSE INTERMITTENT.— Give digitalis, spigelia 2X dil. 
Gelsemium 2X dil. 

VEINS VARICOSE.— Hamamelis locally is good. 
Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) for varicose ulcers. 

SPLEEN, ENLARGEMENT.— Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) 

two tablets three times a day. 

China 3X dil. Two drops four times a day. 

Bryonia 2X dil. One drop four times a day. Worse on motion 
and on touch. 

KIDNEY (NEPHRITIS). (Inflammation of the Kidneys).— 

Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops in a glass half full of water and two tea- 
spoonfuls every one to two hours, when there is much fever. 
Belladonna 3X dil. can follow. 

BRIGHT'S DISEASE.— Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). One 
tablet four times a day. 

DIABETES MELLITUS.— Phosphoric acid 3X dil. Two drops 
four times a day. 

Uranium nitrate 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet three times 
a day. 



HOMEOPATHY. 459 

CYSTITIS (Inflammation of the Bladder). — Acute and chronic. 
Aconite 2X dil. One drop every one to two hours first twenty-four 
hours. 

Cantharis 3X dil. For painful urination, and small amount; one 
to two drops every two hours. 

RENAL CALCULI. — Sand in the urine. Lycopodium 3QX trit. 
(tablet form). One tablet three times a day, for red sand. 

Sarsaparilla 2X dil. Two drops three times a day for white sand. 

Berberis Vulgaris (tincture). One drop four times a day for thick 
urine, pain in the back running down to the bladder. 

HEMATURIA.— (Blood in the urine). Aconite 2X dil, etc., begin- 
ning, when there is fever. 

Cantharis 3X dil. Ten drops every two hours. Urine pains in 
passing little at a time. 

Terebinth 3X dil. When the urine has a good deal of blood in it. 

RHEUMATISM.— Acute inflammatory. Aconite 2X dil. At first, 
and when new joints are attacked. 

Belladonna 2X or 3X dil. When the parts throb and beat, and 
are swollen a bright red. 

Bryonia 2x dil. Pains are cutting, lancinating. Worse on least 
motion and touch; better by rest. 

Rhus tox 6X dil. Parts sore and stiff, but better, for a time, when 
moved a little. Opposite to Bryonia. 

GOUT.— Aconite 2X dil. At first for the fever. 
Colchicum 3X dil. every two hours. 

For chronic and muscular Rheumatism; above remedies are good 
but given four times a day. 

ERYSIPELAS.— Belladonna 3X dil. Bright red color, pain in 
head and eyes ; full throbbing, bounding pulse. 

Rhus tox 6X dil. When swelling is dark and in the form of 
vesicles. 

Apis Mel 2X trit. (tablet form) for puffy swollen kind. Urine is 
generally light yellow color and lessened. Give a tablet generally 
every hour. 

ACNE. — Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). When caused by menstru- 
ation in dark haired women. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. For blondes, and when caused by rich foods. 

HIVES.— Apis Mel. 2X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets 
every two hours. 

ITCH.— Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form). One tablet four times 
daily and sulphur ointment. 



460 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ECZEMA.— Graphites 6X trit. (tablet form). 
Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form). 
Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form). 
Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). 

PEMPHIGUS.— Cantharis 3X dil. Dose every two hours. 

PSORIASIS.— Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Rhus tox 6X 
tablet. 

IMPETIGO.— Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Rhus tox 6X, 
Graphites 6X. 

BOILS.— Belladonna 2X dil. Hepar sulph 3X tablets. 

CARBUNCLE.— Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). 

SCURVY.— Carbo Veg. 3X trit. (tablet form). 
Mercurius 3X tablet. 

SCARLET FEVER.— Belladonna 3X dil. Put ten drops in a glass 
half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every two hours for usual 
kind. 

Apis Mel. 2X trit. (tablet form). One to two every three hours 
when the kidneys secrete less and there is some dropsy. 

MEASLES.— Aconite 2X dil. in the beginning. 
Belladonna 3X dil. for sore throat, dry spasmodic cough, headache 
delirium. 

Bryonia 2X dil. When lungs are sore and hurts much to cough. 

CHICKEN POX.— Aconite 2X dil. for fever stage. Rhus tox 6X 
trit. (tablet form). Tablet every three hours. 

SMALL POX.— Aconite 2X dil. for fever. 

Tartar Emetic 3X trit. (tablet form). 2 Tablets every two hours 
after fever is low. 

FEVER, INTERMITTENT, AGUE, ETC.— Arsenicum 3X trit. 
(tablet form). 

Natrum Mur. 30X trit. (tablet form) especially after Quinine has 
failed. 

INFANTILE REMITTENT FEVER.— Aconite 2X dil. 

Belladonna 3X dil. 
Mercurius 3X tablet. 

INFLAMMATORY CONTINUED FEVER.— Aconite 2X dil. for 
the fever. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One every two to three hours 
for the stomach. 



HOMEOPATHY. 461 

TYPHOID FEVER.— -G^lsemium IX dil. Ten drops in a half 
glass, etc., 2 teaspoonfuls every hour, generally good in beginning stage. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two every one to three 
hours, later when there is sunken countenance and eyes ; dry, cracked, 
tongue, burning thirst, restless, burning and involuntary diarrhea. 

Rhus tox 3X dil. Delirium, nose bleed, sordes on teeth, brown 
dry tongue, wants to change position often, muttering, drowsy sleep, 
picking at things. 

YELLOW FEVER.— Tincture Camphor drop doses every hour 
followed by Belladonna and Arsenicum. 

CONGESTION OF BRAIN.— Aconite 2X dil. Prepare, and give 
one to two teaspoonfuls every one to two hours. 

Belladonna 3X dil. Prepare and give one to two teaspoonfuls 
every one to two hours.When head bounds and throbs much. 

Bryonia 2X dil. Aggravated by motion; more fullness fn the fore- 
head; bilious temperament. 

BRAIN, INFLAMMATION OF.— Aconite 2X dil. at beginning. 

Belladonna 3X dil. This follows well after Aconite. 
Chamomilla 2X. Good in teething children. 

CORD, INFLAMMATION OF (Myelitis).— Aconite 2X dil. At 
beginning. 

Belladonna 3X dil. and 
Bryonia 2X dil. following. 

SPOTTED FEVER (Cerebro- Spinal Meningitis).— Aconite 2X dil. 

Belladonna 3X dil. 

Bryonia 2X dil. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). 

APOPLEXY.— Belladonna 3X dil. When arteries beat violently 
at first. 

WATER ON THE BRAIN (Acute Hydrocephalus).— Helleborus 
nig. 3X dil. 

HEADACHE (Cephalalgia).— Belladonna 3X dil. One to two 
drops every half hour until better. Pounding throbbing headache, eyes 
red, and pain. 

Bryonia, 2X dil. same way. Stomach trouble, headache, worse on 
motion, in forehead, full forehead, bilious feeling. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two every one-half 
to two hours. Begins in morning after eating, nausea, especially when 
from too much coffee, liquor, etc. 

Gelsemium 2X dil. For nervous headache. 



462 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

SICK HEADACHE.— Bryonia 2X dil. Vomiting (bilious) worse 
from motion. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. Blondes with menstrual troubles. 

Iris vers. 2X dil. Ten drops in water. Bilious sick headache, 
frequent nausea and vomiting. 

Sanguinaria 2X dil. Ten drops, etc. Dose every fifteen minutes to 
an hour. Stomach sick headache. Nausea and vomiting of stomach 
material, sick waves from stomach to head. 

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form) for brunettes; bilious jaundiced ap- 
pearance. 

Spigelia 2X dil. Neuralgic headache, one sided, in one eye, heart 
palpitates. 

CONVULSIONS, IN CHILDREN.— Belladonna 3X dil. Ten 
drops in a half glass of water, one teaspoonful every half hour to one 
hour. Flushed face with wandering look, half open, staring eyes. 

Chamomilla 2X dil. Spasms during teething, screaming, tossing, 
restless sleep, irritable cross children. 

Cina IX dil. Two drops every half hour. When caused by 
worms. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). When caused by indigestion, 
from a hearty meal ; constipated bowels. 

ST. VITUS* DANCE (Chorea).— Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) 
emaciated, tired girls, weak. 

Belladonna 3X dil. suited to rugged looking girls, with rush of 
blood to the head. 

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) constipated, stomach bad. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. For blonde girls, menstrual troubles. 

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). For brunettes, menstrual troubles. 

NEURITIS (Inflammation of the Nerves).— Aconite 2X dil. when 
caused from cold or congestion. 

Belladonna 3X dil. sore to touch and movement. 

Arnica 2X dil. when caused by injury. 

Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form) when caused by stram. 

NEURALGIA or pain in the nerves, (Tic douloreux infra-orbital. 
Facial, intercostal, sciatic, etc. 

Aconite 3X dil. when caused by cold, fever, hot dry skin. 

Belladonna 3X dil. Beating throbbing pain, red parts, faceache, 
pain in the eyeballs, bright eyes. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. tablet form. Periodical in character, burning 
pain, relieved temporarily by heat, aggravated by cold. 

TOOTHACHE.— Aconite 2X dil. Fever, heat, and from cold 

or wet. 



HOMEOPATHY. 453 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) when cold brings on a paroxysm 
or aggravates the pain. 

Belladonna 3X dil. Throbbing pain, great in extent, aggravated 
by heat. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Hollov^ teeth, ulcerated, feel too 
long. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. Persons of blonde type, menstrual troubles. 

SCIATICA.— Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form). Pains better on 
motion, must move. 

Bryonia 2X dil. must keep quiet. 

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) restless, burning, shooting pains. 

LUMBAGO.— Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form). 
Bryonia 2X dil. 

PALPITATION OF THE HEART.— Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tab- 
let form) from over eating, drinking, sedentary life. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. Blondes who have menstrual troubles also 
when caused by fat greasy foods. 

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). Brunette type, womb troubles. 

EYES, Simple Inflammation of. — Aconite 2X dil. First stage. 

Belladonna 3X dil. Second stage. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when there is a thick discharge. 

EYES, weak and watery. — Ruta 3X dil. (may need glasses). 

EYES, stye on lids. Pulsatilla 3X dil. Four times daily. 

EARS, boils in the canal. — Belladonna 3X dil. hourly doses. 
Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form) when suppuration (pus forma- 
tion) appears. 

EAR, inflammation of. — Aconite 2X dil. First stage, followed by 

Belladonna 3X tablet; then 

Hepar sulph. 3X trij:. (tablet form) or 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). 

DISEASES OF WOMEN. 

METRITIS, (inflammation of the womb)— Aconite 2X dil. fol- 
lowed by 

Belladonna 3X dil. when the skin is moist. 

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when there is a thick discharge. 

MENSES, suppression of.— Aconite 3X dil. when caused by cold. 
Caulophyllum 3X dil. can alternate this with aconite every hour. 



464 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

OVARY, inflammation of.— Aconite 2X dil. 

Apis Mel 2X trit. (tablet form). These can be alternated. 

DYSMENORRHEA, Painful Menstruation.— Cocculus 2X dil. 
Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls 
every fifteen minutes. 

Caulophyllum 3X dil. can be used if Cocculus fails. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. used in blondes. 

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form) used in brunettes. 

MENORRHAGIA (too much flow).— Sabina 3X dil. pains be- 
tween sacrum and pubic bones most, bright red blood. 
Ipecac 3X dil. especially when there is much nausea. 
China 3X dil. especially when it is a chronic case. 

WHITES, Leucorrhea. Pulsatilla 3X dil. In blondes. 

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). In brunettes. 

China 3X dil. When it follows loss of blood, long sickness, 
malaria, etc. 

MUMPS.— Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Tablet every one to 
three hours. 

Pulsatilla 3X dil. When it goes down. Give every hour. 

NIGHT SWEATS.— China 2X dil. and Phosphoric acid 3X dil. 
These can be used alternately, giving each one three times a day. 



PATENT MEDICINES 

AND SECRET FORMULAE 



About One Hundred and Twenty Medicines in Common Use, 
How to Prepare Them and Their Approximate Cost. 



In giving the following recipes and formulae to the public, we 
wish to offer a word of explanation. Many, in fact, most of the above 
are the exact formulae. Others were secured from analysis by reliable 
institutions and you need entertain no doubt whatever as to their 
reliability as far as chemical analysis could determine their ingredients. 
Some of the patent medicines are changed a trifle from time to time 
to conform with the Pure Food Laws, etc. We can supply many 
others not in this list and will be pleased to do so to our subscribers 
at any time upon request. 

ALLEN'S WORLD'S HAIR RESTORER. 

Sulphur VA drams 

Plumbi Acetatis 2 drams 

Glycerin 3 ounces 

Water, flavored to make 6% ounces 

Dissolve the plumbi acetatis in the water then add the 
glycerin and sulphur. Any aromatic water may be used for 
making the restorer. 

The above amount would cost about 20 cents. 

RELIEF FOR ASTHMA. 

Powdered Lobelia 1 ounce 

Powdered Stramonium Leaves 1 ounce 

Powdered Saltpeter 1 ounce 

Powdered Black Tea 1 ounce 

Mix and sift. Burn and inhale the fumes. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

ANTI-CONSTIPATION PAD. 

Podophyllum 3 ounces 

Aloes, powdered H ounce 

Extract Colocynth compound, powdered J^ ounce 

Croton Oil 1 dram 

30 ^^^ 



466 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Oil of Sassafras 1 dram 

Black Root j^ ounce 

Lady's Slipper _ j4 ounce 

Mix. Wear pad directly below pit of stomach. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

BLOOD AND LIVER REGULATOR. 

Potassii lodidi 5^ ounce 

Fluid Extract Senna 5^ ounce 

Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 5^ ounce 

Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla }4 ounce 

Fluid Extract Stillingia 5^ ounce 

Simple syrup to make 8 ounces 

Dose : One teaspoonful three times daily. 

This is conceded by all to be one of the finest combina- 
tions for regulating blood and liver known. 

The above amount would cost about 75 cents. 

AVER'S CHERRY PECTORAL. 

Acetate of Morphia 3 grains 

Tincture Sanguinaria 2 drams 

Wine Antimony 3 drams 

Wine Ipecac 3 drams 

Syrup Wild Cherr>' 3 ounces 

Mix. 

The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

SALVE FOR BOILS AND OLD SORES. 

Rosin 1 ounce 

Beeswax 1 ounce 

Mutton Tallow 4 ounces 

Copper Acetate 1 dram 

Melt the rosin, tallow and wax together, then add the 
copper acetate, stir until cool. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

AVER'S HAIR VIGOR. 

Plumbi Acetate 3 drami 

Flowers of Sulphur 2 drams 

Glycerin 14 drams 

Water enough to make 1 quart 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

BURNS AND SCALDS. 

Raw Linseed Oil 3 ounces 

Lime Water 3 ounces 

Acidi Carbolid 15 drops 

This preparation for burns is used In all hospitals and is pre- 
scribed every day by the best physicians in the United States. 
The above amount would cost about 20 cents. 



PATENT MEDICINES 467 

AYER'S SARSAPARILLA. 

Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla 3 ounces 

Fluid Extract Queen's Root 3 ounces 

Fluid Extract Rumex Crispus 2 ounces 

Fluid Extract Mandrake 2 ounces 

Sugar 1 ounce 

Iodide Potassium 90 grains 

Iodide Iron 10 grains 

The above would cost about $1.00. 

FOR AGUE, CHILLS AND FEVER. 

Quinine 2 drams 

Tincture Chloride Iron 6 drams 

Simple Syrup 2 ounces 

Fowler's Solution Arsenic 128 drops 

Glycerin to make 8 ounces 

Mix. Dose : Teaspoonf ul three times a day in chronic ague. 
The above amount v^ould cost about 60 cents. 

ROYAL CATARRH CURE. 

Muriate of Berberine 65 parts 

Acidi Carbolici 1.35 parts 

Common Salt 98.00 parts 

Total (parts by weight) 100.00 parts 

The above amount would cost about 15 cents. 

FOR CATARRH OF LONG STANDING. 

Menthol 10 grains 

Gum Camphor 10 grains 

Chloroform 10 drops 

Oil Petrolatum 8 ounces 

This prescription is used by the most successful specialists and 
physicians. You can have this filled for about 25 cents and the 
aboline atomizer, which is used in administering the medicine, can be 
bought cheaply. 

BARKER'S BONE AND NERVE LINIMENT FOR MAN OR 

BEAST. 

Cures rheumatism, sprains, bruises, chilblains, etc. We have 
made an examination of the foregoing liniment and find it to be 
essentially a liquid petroleum product, containing large quantities of 
camphor and turpentine, and with smaller quantities of oil of tar 
and probably oil of thyme. The bottle is square and deeply paneled 
and holds two fluid ounces of a dark colored fluorescent liquid. The 
following formula, according to H. W. Snow, makes a preparatioa not 
to be easily distinguished from the original: 

Camphor 70 grains 

Oil of Tar H fluid dram 

Oil of Thyme 1 fluid dram 

Oil Terebenthene 2 fluid drams 

Franklin Oil (Black oil, lubricating oil) suf- 
ficient to make 2 fluid ounces 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 



468 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

CATARRH OINTMENT. 

Eucalyptol 4 drops 

Terebene 8 drops 

Menthol 4 grains 

Cosmoline to make 1 ounce 

Mix. Good 
This ointment will cure any ordinary catarrhal trouble of the nasal 
cavities unless too far advanced. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

LAXATIVE BROMO-QUININE TABLETS. 

Aloin 1/9 grain 

Podophyllin 1/9 grain 

Sodii Bicarbonatis 1 grain 

Quinine Sulphate 1 grain 

Acetanilid 2 grains 

Mix. The above makes one capsule. 
Would cost about 25 cents for 25 capsules. 

CATHARTIC AND SURE CURE FOR CONSTIPATION. 

Fluid Extract Rhamnus Purshiana 1 ounce 

Syrup Rhubarb 1 ounce 

Simple Syrup 2 ounces 

Mix. 
Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day. Is a sure cure for consti- 
pation and the very best cathartic and laxative. 
The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

BRINKERHOFF SYSTEM OF TREATING PILES AND OTHER 
DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. 

There have been so many inquiries of late concerning the above 
treatment that we deem it a duty to tell our readers, as nearly as 
possible, of what the alleged specific treatment consists. The follow- 
ing is the Brinkerhoff secret pile remedy or injection: 

Carbolic Acid 1 ounce 

Olive Oil 5 ounces 

Zinci Chloridi 8 grains 

Mix. 

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. Inject into the 
largest piles, eight drops ; into the medium sized piles from four to six 
drops ; into small piles from two to three drops ; into club-shaped piles 
near the anal orifice two drops. He directs hot sitz baths for cases 
where violent pains follow an injection. He recommends an interval 
of from two to four weeks between each injection. 

COUGHS. 

Hydrochlorate Ammonia 1 dram 

Syrup Pruni Virginani 1 ounce 

Syrup Squills 1 ounce 

Tincture Opii Camphor 54 ounce 



PATENT MEDICINES 469 

Syrup Tolu J4 ounce 

Syrup Rock Candy to make 4 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: Teaspoonful every three to four hours. 

This cough remedy is simple, but very effective remedy for 
coughs, such as are generally experienced after catching a severe cold. 
Keep bowels open with good cathartic. 

The above amount would cost about 45 cents. 

COLIC, CHOLERA AND DIARRHEA. 

Laudanum 2 drams 

Oil Cloves 15 drops 

Oil Cassia 15 drops 

Compound Tincture Catechu 4 drams 

Alcohol to make 4 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: Teaspoonful every ten minutes to produce vomiting. 

This prescription is said to be one hundred years old, and has 
cured thousands of dysentery and diarrhea, as well as other bowel 
troubles. 

The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

LYDIA PINKHAM'S COMPOUND. 

High Cranberry Bark ^ pound 

Partridge Berry Vine H pound 

Poplar Bark ^ pound 

Unicorn Root M pound 

Cassia % pound 

Beth Root 3 ounces 

Sugar 3 pounds 

Alcohol 1 pint 

Water, sufficient quantity. 

Reduce the six first named ingredients to Number Forty 
powder, add boiling water enough to cover, let stand till cold, 
and then percolate with water until two and one-half gallons 
of liquid are obtained. To this add the sugar, bring to a 
boil, remove from the fire, strain, and when cold add the 
alcohol. 

The above amount would cost about $2.70 or about 40 cents per 
pint. 

CROUP. 

Powdered Alum 2 drams 

Honey Strained 5^ ounce 

Syrup Simple 1 ounce 

Mucilage Acacia to make 2 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose : Take one teaspoonful as required. 

The above amount would cost about 30 cents. 



470 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

SMITH'S ELECTRIC OIL. 

Chloroform 1 ounce 

Sassafras Oil 2 ounces 

Linseed Oil 8 ounces 

Cotton Seed Oil 1 pint 

Mix. 

The above, nearly two pints, would cost about 60 cents. 

EARACHE. 

Tincture Opium 1 dram 

Olive Oil H ounce 

Glycerin Yz ounce 

Mix. 
This is another prescription you should have made up and keep 
on hand, as children are very subject to earache, especially in the 
winter. 

The above amount would cost about 15 cents. 

BULL'S BLOOD SYRUP. 

Potas. lodid 12 drams 

Red Iodide of Mercury 2 grains 

Tincture of Poke Root 3 drams 

Compound Syrup of Stillingia 6 ounces 

Simple Syrup to make 1 pint 

Mix. 

The above, about three 8-ounce bottles, would cost about $1.1^5. 

SORE EYES. 

Acetate Lead 2 grains 

Sulphate Zinc 2 grains 

Glycerin 1 dram 

Pure Water 1 ounce 

Mix. Good. 
Drop a few drops in the eye, once or twice daily. For inflamed 
or granulated sore eyes there is no better remedy. 
The above would cost about 25 cents. 

CALIFORNIA LINIMENT. 

Tincture Myrrh 1 ounce 

Tincture Capsici 1 ounce 

Sweet Spirits Nitre 1 ounce 

Sulph. Ether 1 ounce 

Chloroform Vz ounce 

Tincture Arnica 1 ounce 

Oil Spearmint 2 drams 

Oil of Wintergreen 2 drams 

Oil Lobelia 1 dram 

Aqua Ammonia Yz ounce 

Alcohol to make 1 quart 

Mix. 
The above, about four 8-ounce bottles, would cost about $1.50. 



PATENT MEDICINES 47 ^ 

CONSTIPATION. 

Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 1 ounce 

Fluid Extract Wahoo 1 ounce 

Neutralizing Cordial S ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: One-half teaspoonful three times a day (more or 
less). 

This prescription is one of Dr. John Pitzer's of St. Louis, dean 
of the faculty of the Missouri Medical College. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

CANCER PASTE. 

I will tell you how I made it for the last twenty-three years. Take equal parts 
(by weight) of chloride of zinc, pulverized bloodroot, and wheat flour; mix well, 
add enough water to form a paste; spread the paste, just the size of the sore, on a 
rag and apply, put olive oil around the ulcer before applying, in order to protect the 
sound tissues. Leave the paste on as long as the patient can bear it. Then remove 
and if convenient apply a mild poultice or salve. In six or eight days the cancer will 
come out ; if it leaves a smooth and healthy surface, all is well ; if not, repeat the 
application until all diseased tissue is removed. This has never failed me, but re- 
member that many so-called cancers are not cancers at all ; then again, some are so 
malignant that this paste and all others will not cure, but all the cases I have had for 
twenty-three years were healed. One that I have on hand now, on the lower lip 
of a man thirty-four years old, is stubborn, but I hope it will finally yield. I will 
be pleased to furnish any further information in my power. — Jer. Hess, M. D., in 
Med. World. 

Arsenic 2 ounces 

Sulphur 2 ounces 

Zinc Sulphate 2 ounces 

Rochelle Salts 2 ounces 

Of each equal parts ; add yolk of one egg, till of the consis- 
tence of paste; bake with slow heat, until dry, and then 
pulverize. When desired for use mix again with egg, and 
apply as paste or on cloth. 

The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

COLIC IN INFANTS. 

Dewee's Carminative 1 ounce 

Dose : , One week old, three to five drops ; one month 
old, five to ten drops ; three months old, ten to twenty drops. 

One ounce would cost about 15 cents. 

LOMBARD SECRET CANCER REMEDIES. 

Dr. J. L. Horr says in Boston Medical and Surgical Journal : "Hav- 
ing without solicitation on my part, become possessed of the knowl- 
edge of the 'secret remedies* employed by the late Doctor Lombard, 
the 'famous cancer doctor' of Maine, I feel it my privilege, as a mem- 
ber of a scientific profession that has only for its object the advance- 
ment of knowledge and the relief of suffering to make a simple state- 
ment of the remedies and methods which were employed in the so- 



472 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

called 'treatment of cancer.' The remedy employed, if the cancer 
was small, was the inspissated juice of leaves of the phytolacca decan- 
dra (garget) which was applied in the form of a plaster until slough- 
ing took place. The after treatment was some dressing like simple 
cerate. If the tumor had attained considerable size, Dr. Lombard 
first used a paste composed of chloride of zinc and pulverized san- 
guinaria until an eschar was produced and then the same plaster as 
before was applied until the mass sloughed away. The knowledge of 
these remedies was given to me by Dr. Lombard himself, while I was 
attending him during his last illness and a few days before his death/' 

CORNS. 

Salicylic Acid 1 dram 

Muriate Ammonia 1 dram 

Acetic Acid ^ dram 

Lanoline 1 dram 

White Wax 1 dram 

Lard to make 1 ounce 

Mix. Excellent remedy. 
The abov€ amount would cost about 25 cents. 

CARTER'S LITTLE LIVER PILLS. 

For headache, torpid liver, constipation, and the complexion take 
one pill every night. As a purgative take four to eight. Weight 
of twelve pills about seven and one-half grains of which probably two 
to two and one-half grains is sugar coating. They contain podophyllm 
and aloes made into a pill and coated with sugar. On the above we 
deduce the following formula as closely resembling the original: 

Podoph (resin) 1% grains 

Aloes ( Socotrine) 3}^ grains 

Mucilage of Acacia sufficient 

Mix ; divide into twelve pills and coat with sugar. 
The abov« amount would cost about 25 cents. 

FOR DIARRHEA, FLUX AND DYSENTERY. 

To one teaspoonful of Epsom Salts add eight drops of 

laudanum in one-fourth glass of water. An excellent med- 
icine. 

The above amount would cost about 5 cents. 

CASTORIA. 

Senna 4 drams 

Manna 1 ouncft 

Rochelle Salts 1 ounce 

Fennel Seed 1^ drams 

Sugar 8 ounces 

Oil of Wintergreen sufficient 

Boiling Water, enough to make 8 fluid ounces or a half-pint. 



PATENT MEDICINES 473 

Pour the water over the ingredients, then cover and macer- 
ate until cool, after which strain, add the 8 ounces of sugar 
and dissolve by agitation ; add enough oil of wintergreen for 
suitable flavoring. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

DYSPEPSIA TONIC. 

Tincture Gentian Compound 2 ounces 

Tincture Rhubarb 2 ounces 

Tincture Ginger J/^ ounce 

Essence Peppermint 2 drams 

Sodium Bicarbonate ^ ounce 

Water to make 8 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose : Teaspoonf ul after meals. 

For acute cases of indigestion where the stomach and 
bowels are full and distended, or sour stomach and spitting 
up of food, this will relieve at once ; and with continued 
use relieve entirely. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

MADAME RUPERT'S FACE BLEACH. 

Analysis assigns the following composition to this cosmetic : 

Corrosive Sublimate 1 grain 

Tincture of Benzoin 7 grains 

Water 10 ounces 

Mix. 

The above amount would cost about 15 cents. 

TO REMOVE BLOTCHES AND PIMPLES FROM THE FACE. 

Acidi Carbolici 20 drops 

Powdered Borax 1 dram 

Listerine 1 ounce 

Alcohol 1 ounce 

Aqua Rose to make 8 ounces 

Mix. 

For young ladies, this will prove more beneficial than any face 
preparation on the market. It is very refreshing and will remove 
black heads, tan and blemishes, leaving the skin clear and smooth. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

CHAMBERLAIN'S COLIC, CHOLERA, AND DIARRHEA REMEDY. 

Tincture Capsici 2^^ ounces 

Tincture Camphor 2 ounces 

Tincture Guaicum 1^ ounces 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 



474 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

FEMALE REGULATOR. 

Carbonate Iron 1 otince 

Tincture Gentian Compound 2 ounces 

Powdered Rhubarb 1/2 ounce 

Powdered Cinchona 1 ounce 

Mix. Add to one pint Sherr\' Wine. 
Dose: Teaspoonful three to four times a day. 
AVe warrant this to be one of the best tonics that can be procured 
for general female weaknesses. 

The above amount exclusive of pint of sherry wine, would cost 
about 50 cents. 

CUTICURA OINTMENT. 

The much advertised "Cuticura Ointment" has been found 
to consist of a base of petroleum jelly, colored green, per- 
fumed with oil of bergamot and containing two per cent of 
carbolic acid. 

Four ounces would cost about 25 cents. 

FLUX. 

Prepared Chalk 2 drams 

Tincture Catechu ^ ounce 

Tincture Opii J^ ounce 

Aqua Cinnamon to make 8 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful everj- three hours. 
For adults, only. 

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 

CUTICURA RESOLVENT. 

This preparation is said to be : 

Aloes, Socot 1 dram 

Rhubarb Powdered 1 dram 

Potas. lodidi 36 grains 

Spirits Frumenti 1 pint 

Macerate over night and filter. 
The above amount exclusive of whisky would cost about II cents. 

FOR FEVER. 

Quinia Sulp 50 grains 

Capsicum 6 grains 

It will make twent\'-five capsules. Mix. 
Dose; One every three hours. 
This has been used for years. You should keep the bowels opea 
to remove the cause. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

ELY'S CREAM BALM. 

This is a proprietary article, largely advertised in the Eastern 
states, and meets vrith rapid sales and is used for catarrh. The direc- 



PATENT MEDICINES 



475 



tions are to dip the little finger into the balm and insert up the nostrils, 

giving two or three inhalations. It is as follows: 

Thymol 3 grains 

Bismuth Carbonatis 15 grains 

Oil of Wintergreen 2 minims 

Vaselin to make 1 ounce 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

FOR SORE THROAT. 

Listerine 2 ounces 

Glycerin i/^ ounce 

Pure Water to make 4 ounces 

Mix. Use as a gargle. 
This will cure any ordinary case, but do not mistake sore throat 
k>r diphtheria. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

FELLOW'S HYPOPHOSPHITES. 

Glucose 1 lb. 

Simple Syrup 1 pint 

Hypophosphite Calcium 128 grains 

Hypophosphite Potassium 48 grains 

Ferri Sulp 48 grains 

Sulphate Manganese 32 grains 

Sulphate Quinine 14 grains 

Sulphate Strychnine 2 grains 

Water sufficient 

Dissolve the calcium and potassium hypophosphites in two 
fluid ounces of warm water. Add to one ounce of water 
three fluid ounces of the syrup and dissolve in the mixture, 
by the aid of heat, the remainder of the salts. Mix the 
solutions and set by a few hours, covered, to deposit the 
sulphate of calcium which is formed. Filter into bottle con- 
taining the remainder of the syrup, wash the residue with 
an ounce of boiling water, mix filtrate and washings with 
the syrup ; dissolve the glucose in the mixture, and add 
through the filter enough water to make two pints. The 
formula would be improved by substituting for the glucose 
a refined extract of malt like that prepared by Gehe, in 
Germany. The proportion of the medicinal ingredients in 
the syrup it is true is small ; I shall not warrant it to per- 
form miracles of cure. It is simply offered as a substitute 
for Fellow's Hypophosphites ; whatever therapeutic efficiency 
that nostrum has, we may count upon obtaining equally from 
this syrup. 

The above, about four pints, would cost about $1.00. 

GENERAL TONIC. 

Citrate of Iron and Quinine 2 drams 

Simple Syrup 2 ounces 

Pure Water 2 ounces 

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day. 

This tonic is good to build up the system and to make 
rich, new blood. People who feel tired and do not rest well 
at night cannot use a better remedy. 
The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 



476 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

GENUINE WHITE OIL LINIMENT. 

Carbonate of Ammonium 19 drams 

Camphor 20 drams 

Oil of Turpentine 21 drams 

Oil of Origanum 20 drams 

Castile Soap 19 drams 

Water to make 1^ pints 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 60 cents. 

HEADACHE. 

Acetanilid 160 grains 

Citrate Caffein 1 dram 

Sodae Bicarbonatis 15 grains 

Tartaric Acid 5 grains 

Simple Elixir to make 4 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose : One-half to one teaspoonful half hour apart for 
two doses. 

Two doses of this remedy will generally relieve any head- 
ache. Be careful of this. It is good but all these are some- 
times dangerous. 

The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

GOOD SAMARITAN LINIMENT. 

Oil of Sassafras 2 drams 

Oil of Hemlock 2 drams 

Spirits of Turpentine 2 drams 

Tincture of Capsicum 2 drams 

Tincture of Myrrh 1 ounce 

Laundanum 2 drams 

Oil of Origanum 2 drams 

Oil of Wintergreen 1 dram 

Gum Camphor J^ troy ounce 

Chloroform 3 drams 

Alcohol, to make 1 pint 

Mix. 
The above amount, about twentv ounces, would cost about 9^ 



cents. 



HEARTBURN. 



Tincture Nucis Vomicae 1 ounce 

Dose : Take five drops three times a day before meals. 
This is good. 
The above amount would cost about 15 cents. 

GRANDMOTHER'S OWN COUGH REMEDY. 

One green paneled bottle contains seven and one-half fluid ounces 
of a brownish-yellow, semi-clear, very sweet, thickish liquid, of a tarry 
odor, and pronounced taste and smell of chloroform. From a close 
examination we have ascertained that an exactly similar preparation 
is easily made in the following way : 



PATENT MEDICINES 477 

Rub well together: — 

Liquid Tar 5 grains 

Fluid Extract Hemlock 1 fluid dram 

Powdered White Sugar 2 ounces av. 

and add 

Alcohol ^ fluid ounce 

Aquae 114 fluid ounces 

Molasses 3' ounces av. 

Fluid Extract Ipecac 8 minims 

Mix well and add finally 
Chloroform 1 fluid dram 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

HEART DISEASES, FLUTTERING, PALPITATION, ETC. 

Tincture Digitalis 2 drams 

Elixir Valerian 1 ounce 

Simple Syrup to make 4 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: Teaspoonful at once. In ten minutes another, and 
afterward every four hours for twenty-four hours or less. 

When there is fluttering or palpitation of the heart, do not get 
excited but use the above, it is the best thing you can use in this 
trouble. 

The above amount would cost about 30 cents. 

GREEN MOUNTAIN SALVE. 

Resin 1 pound 

Burgundy Pitch 1 ounce 

Beeswax 1 ounce 

Mutton Tallow 1 ounce 

Oil of Hemlock 2 drams 

Balsam Fir 2 drams 

Oil Origanum .- 2 drams 

Oil of Red Cedar 2 drams 

Venice Turpentine 2 drams 

Oil Wormwood >^ dram 

Copper Acetate 2 drams 

Melt the first articles together, and add the oils ; having 
rubbed up the copper acetate with a little oil. put it in with 
the other articles, stirring well ; then put into cold water 
and work until cold enough to roll. 

The above amount, over thirty-six ounces,, would cost about 50 
cents. 

IRON TONIC BITTERS. 

Elixir Calisay and Iron 4 ounces 

Alcohol 1 ounce 

Pure Water 2 ounces 

Syrup Simple 1 ounce 

Mix. 

Dose: One teaspoonful four times a day. 
The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 



478 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

GUNN'S RHEUMATIC LINIMENT. 

Oleum Olivi 1 ounce 

Oil Cedar 1 ounce 

Oil Amber 1 ounce 

Take camphor gum one-half ounce; rub in a mortar 
with alcohol or sulphuric ether till pulverized, and while 
damp add 

Oleum Olivi Yz ounce 

Turpentine Yz ounce 

Laudanum Y2 ounce 

After which add the first three articles. 

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 

ITCH OINTMENT. 

Lac. Sulphur 160 grains 

Naphthaline 10 grains 

Oil Bergamot 4 drops 

Cosmoline 1 ounce 

This is good. 

Rub Lac. Sulphur into fine powder, sift it into the melted cosmo- 
line and stir until nearly cool, then add napthaline and oil bergamot. 
Stir until cool. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

HAINES'S GOLDEN SPECIFIC FOR OPIUM HABIT. 

Myrica Cerif 8 ounces 

Ginger Powdered 3 ounces 

Capsicum, powdered Y2 ounce 

Mix. 

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 

KIDNEY AND LIVER CURE. 

Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 1 ounce 

Fluid Extract Uva Ursi 1 ounce 

Fluid Extract Buchu 1 ounce 

Tincture Gentian Compound Y2 ounce 

Syrup Simplicis to make 16 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose : Teaspoonful four times daily or less dose if bowels 
move too freely. 

The above amount would cost about 80 cents. 

DR B. W. HAIR'S ASTHMA CURE. 

Potassii lodidi 1 ounce 

Tar Water 16 fluid ounces 

Carmel sufficient to color light brown or about 30 grains 

The above amount would cost about 60 cents. 



PATENT MEDICINES 479 

LINIMENT. 

Chloroform 3 drams 

Oil Cloves 1 dram 

Tincture Opii 1 ounce 

Oil Sassafras 2 drams 

Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 2 drams 

Alcohol to make 6 ounces 

Mix. This is excellent. 

This liniment is for household use ; in sprains, bruises, 
cuts, and bites from insects it cannot be excelled. It is a 
very fine liniment to keep on hand. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

HALL'S HAIR RENEWER. 

Sulphur Precipitated J^ dram 

Lead Acetate ^ dram 

Sodium Chloride 1 dram 

Glycerin 4 ounces 

Bay rum 1 ounce 

Jamaica rum 2 ounces 

Water enough to make 8 ounces 

The above amount, nearly pint, would cost about 35 cents. 

LINIMENT. 

Camphor Gum J/^ ounce 

Tincture of Capsici Yi ounce 

Oil of Turpentine % ounce 

Water Ammonia, U. S. P 5 ounces 

Alcohol enough to make 12 ounces 

Dissolve camphor gum and turpentine in alcohol and add 
balance of ingredients. Do not use internally. 

Tke above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

HAMBURG DROPS. 

Powdered Socotrine Aloes IJ/^ ounces 

American Saffron 5^ ounce 

Tincture Myrrh 16 ounces 

Macerate for fourteen days and filter through paper. 
The above amount would cost about $1.00. 

LIVER PILLS. 

Aloin 5 grains 

Podophyllin 10 grains 

Capsicum Powder 5 grains 

Extract Nux Vomica 10 grains 

Henbane 1 grain 

Mix. Make fifty pills. 
Dose: Take one or two at night. 
This little pill is one which you can always depend on and in old 
chronic cases, torpid liver and constipated bowels, these pills if kept up 
will make a permanent cure. 

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 



480 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

HAMLIN'S WIZARD OIL. 

Alcohol 1 pint 

Gum Camphor 1 ounce 

Oil Sassafras l/^ ounce 

Tincture Myrrh H ounce 

Tincture Capsicum }/2 ounce 

Chloroform ^/i ounce 

Mix. 

I consider this recipe as harmless (and useful too) as Hamlin's 
famous Wizard Oil, and I believe it is as perfect an analysis as we 
can get. 

The above amount would cost about 60 cents. 

NEW YORK SUN CHOLERA CURE. 

Essence Peppermint 1 ounce 

Laudanum 1 ounce 

Tincture Rhei 1 ounce 

Tincture Camphor 1 ounce 

Tincture Capsicum 1 ounce 

Mix. 

Dose : Teaspoonful every ten minutes for three doses if 
necessary. 

This preparation has a national reputation, and is certainly the 
very best preparation you could keep on hand for immediate relief 
from cramps, colic, and diarrhea, and no family should be without it. 
This preparation alone is worth the price of the book. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

HINKLEY'S BONE LINIMENT. 

Oil of Wormwood 40 minims 

Oil of Hemlock 2 drams 

Oil of Thyme 2 drams 

Oil of Turpentine 4 drams 

Fluid Extract Capsicum 1 dram 

Alcohol to make 4 ounces 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

NERVOUSNESS. 

Tincture Chloride of Iron 1 ounce 

Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 1 ounce 

Compound Spirits Lavender 1 ounce 

Mix. Good when run down. 

Dose : Fifteen drops four times a day. 

People suffering from nervousness, fainting spells or shortness of 
breath, can obtain relief from a few doses of this medicine. 

The above amount would cost about 30 cents. 



PATENT MEDICINES 48 1 

HOLLOWAY*S OINTMENT. 

The formula for this preparation is said to be: 

Yellow Wax 2J/^ drams 

White Wax 2^ drams 

Terebinth 6 drams 

Lard 13 drams 

Sweet Oil 19 drams 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 

NEURALGIA. 

Acetanilid 160 grains 

Sodium Bicarbonate 15 grains 

Tartaric Acid 5 grains 

Simple Elixir 4 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: Teaspoon ful at a dose. Should not take more 
than two doses. Shake bottle. 
The above amount would cost about 30 cents. 

KELLOG'S RED DROPS. 

Spirits of Camphor 1 ounce 

Spirits of Origanum 1 dram 

Oil of Sassafras 1 dram 

Oleum Terebinth 2 drams 

Color Tincture (about) 2 ounces 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

PAIN KILLER—EXTERNAL. 

Chloroform 3 drams 

Tincture Opii 3 drams 

Tincture Camphor 3 drams 

Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 3 drams 

Spirits Vini Gallici 4 ounces 

Mix. Do not use internally. Good liniment. 
The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

KICKAPOO INDIAN OIL. 

Camphor Gum J/4 ounce troy 

Oil Turpentine 1 fluid dram 

Oil Peppermint J^ fluid dram 

Oil of Wintergreen y^ fluid dram 

Tincture Capsicum J^ fluid ounce 

Alcohol sufficient to make 1 pint 

The above amount would cost about 60 cents. 

POISON OAK AND IVY. 

Zinci Oxide 1 dram 

Bismuth Sub. Nit 1 dram 

Carbolic Acid 10 drops 

Glycerin 2 ounces 

Mix. This is excellent. 

There are a number of remedies, but this is the best 
known for poison oak. 

The above amount would cost about 20 cents. 
31 



482 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

RHEUMATISM, INTERNAL USE. 

Iodide Potash ^ ounce 

Fluid Extract Phytolacca Decandra 1 ounce 

Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla to make 8 ounces 

Mix. For Chronic Rheumatism. 
This is the oldest rheumatism remedy known. Rheumatism being 
a blood disease, requires constitutional treatment. 
The above amount would cost about 80 cents. 

MITCHELL'S EYE SALVE. 

Saxoline Snow White 175 grains 

White Wax 65 grains 

Zinc Oxide 22>4 grains 

Oxide of Mercury 2^/^ grains 

Oil of Lavender 5 drops 

Melt the white wax and saxoline together, and stir con- 
stantly while cooling. As soon as the mass begins to solidify 
incorporate the oxides and oil of lavender. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

SCROFULA. 

Iodide Potash 192 grains 

Fluid Extract Queen's Root 1 ounce 

Fluid Extract Prickly Ash Bark H ounce 

Fluid Extract Yellow Dock 1 ounce 

Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla 8 ounces 

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day. 

We do not claim this remedy will cure every case of scro- 
fula, but will give relief, and if continued for several weeka 
will generally produce a cure. 

The above amount would cost about 75 cents. 

MOTHER SIEGEL'S SYRUP. 

Cone. Decoction of Aloes (1 to 4) 60 m. 

Borax ! 1.3 gm 

Capsicum, Powdered 0.13 gm 

Gentian, Powdered 2.3 gm 

Sassafras Oil 0.3 gm 

Wintergreen Oil 0.12 gm 

Rectified Spirits 7.5 gm 

Fluid Extract Taraxici 7.5 gm 

Syrup 125. gm 

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 

SCALD HEAD. 

Acidi Boracici 2 drams 

Salol 2 drams 

Balsam Peru 1 dram 

Carbolic Acid 20 drops 

Vaselin 1 ounce 

Lanoline 2 ounces 

Mix. This is excellent. 
First wash the head thoroughly with castile soap and apply 
morning and night. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 



PATENT MEDICINES 483 

PATTERSON'S EMULSION OF PUMPKIN SEEDS. 

Patterson's Emulsion of Pumpkin Seeds is said to be a good 
emulsion for expelling tapeworms. Take two ounces of pumpkin 
seeds, peel and pound to a paste with sugar, then add by degrees eight 
fluid ounces of water, the whole to be taken in two or three draughts 
at short intervals. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents or less. 

TAPE WORM, 

Powdered Kamalia 3 drams 

Syrup Simple 3 ounces 

Mix. This is very good. 

Two doses of this mixture hardly ever fails to bring the worm. 
Give oil and turpentine two hours after the last dose. 
The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

SOUTHERN CHOLERA CURE. 

Tincture Laudanum or Opii 1 ounce 

Tincture Capsicum 1 ounce 

Spirits Camphor 1 ounce 

Chloroform 180 minims 

Alcohol to make 5 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful fifteen minutes apart 
for two doses or one-half to one teaspoonful every four 
hours. 

The above would cost about 40 cents. 

PARRY'S COMPOUND SARSAPARILLA BLOOD PURIFIER. 

Turkey Corn Root J4 lb. 

Stillingia Root 54 lb. 

Sarsaparilla Root K lb. 

Yellow Dock Root ^4 lb. 

Sassafras Bark 2 ounces 

Simple Syrup 1 qt. 

Diluted Alcohol 4 ounces. 

Iodide of Potassa 34 lb. 

Water sufficient 

Percolate roots and bark with diluted alcohol, add syrup, 
then iodide of potassa. Dissolve in water to make 6 gallons. 

The above amount, six gallons, would cost about $2.00. 

TOOTHACHE. 

Gum Camphor 1 grain 

Chloral Hydrate 1 grain 

Oil of Cloves - 2 drams 

Chloroform to make. 1 ounce 

Mix. Put on some cotton and put around the tooth. No 
physician can give a better prescription for toothache than 
this. 

The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 



484 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PERRY DAVIS'S PAIN KILLER. 

Gam Myrrh 7% ounces 

Cayenne Pepper 2 ounces 

Gum Opium 1% ounces 

Gum Benzoin 1^ ounces 

Gum Guaiac % ounce 

Gum Camphor 2 ounces 

Alcohol enough to make 1 gallon 

The above amount would cost about $3.50 or 45 cents per pint. 

WHOOPING COUGH. 

Extract Belladonna 1 grain 

Powdered Alum J/$ dram 

Mucilage Acacia 1 ounce 

Syrup Scillae J/^ ounce 

Syrup Simple to make 4 ounces 

Mix, 

Dose: Ten drops to use for whooping cough. It has 

been in use for years and some of our best doctors employ 
it in their practice. 

The above amount would cost about 30 cents. 

BRODIE'S LINIMENT FOR ASTHMA. 

Oil of Queen's Root 4 drams 

Oil of Cajeput 2 drams 

Oil of Lobelia 1 dram 

Alcohol 1 ounce 

Mix. 

Bathe the chest and throat three times a day. 
The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

JOHNSON'S LINIMENT. 

Chloroform 4 drams 

Sulph. Ether 4 drams 

Oil Spearmint 2^ drams 

Oil of Wintergreen 2^ drams 

Tincture Myrrh 1 ounce 

Tincture Capsicum 1 ounce 

Tincture Arnica 1 ounce 

Water of Ammonia 2 ounces 

Alcohol enough to make 32 ounces 

Mix, 
The above amount would cost about $1.10. 

SAGE'S CATARRH REMEDY. 

Powdered Hydrastis Canadensis 1 ounce 

Powdered Borax 10 grains 

Sodium Chloride 10 grains 

Ferro-cyanuret of Iron sufficient to color 

Mix. 
The above is the formula of Dr. Sage, and sold by him to Dr. 
Pierce, of New York, for $500.00. 

The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 



PATENT MEDICINES 485 

SAUL'S CATARRH REMEDY. 

Tincture of Benzoin Compound 1 ounce 

Tincture of Tolu 1 ounce 

Ohlorof orm 5^ dram 

Sulphuric Ether ^ dram 

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 4 drams 

Oil of Tar J^ dram 

Rectified Spirits 2^ ounces 

Mix. Use with Cutler's Inhaler. 
The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 

SEVEN SUTHERLAND SISTERS* HAIR GROWER. 

Stearns' Bay Rum 7 fluid ounces 

Dist. Extract of Witch-Hazel 9 fluid ounces 

Sodium Chloride 1 dram 

Hydrochloric Acid (5 per cent) 1 drop 

Magnesia sufficient 

Mix the bay rum and distilled extract of witch-hazel, and 
shake with a little magnesia ; filter, and in the filtrate dissolve 
the Salt and add the hydrochloric acid. The agitation with 
magnesia causes the preparation to assume a yellow color; 
but by rendering it very slightly acid, with one drop of five- 
per-cent hydrochloric acid, this color all disappears. 

The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

SKINNER'S DANDRUFF MIXTURE. 

Hydrate of Chloral 1 dram 

Glycerin 4 drams 

Bay Rum 16 drams 

The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

ST. JACOB'S OIL. 

Gum Camphor 1 ounce 

Chloral Hydrate 1 ounce 

Chloroform 1 ounce 

Sulp. Ether 1 ounce 

Laudanum Yi ounce 

Oil Origanum Yz ounce 

Oil Sassafras ^ ounce 

Alcohol enough to make 1 gallon 

Mix. 

The above amount, eight pints, would cost about $2.25 or 30 cents 
per pint. 

SYRUP OF FIGS. 

Senna Leaves 7 ounces 

Coriander Seed 3 ounces 

Figs 12 ounces 

Tamarind 9 ounces 

Cassia Pulp 9 ounces 

Prunes 6 ounces 

Glycyrrhizae ^ ounce 

Essence Peppermint ^ ounce 

Syrup Simple, to make H gallon 



486 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The formula omits directions; but probably a water extract should 
be made of the drugs, so as to measure about four pints, and in this 
dissolve eight pounds of sugar to make the syrup. 

The above amount, four pints, would cost about $1.00. 

THOMAS'S ELECTRIC OIL. 

Gum Camphor 1 dram 

Oil Wintergreen 1 dram 

Oil Origanum 1 dram 

Chloroform 2 drams 

Tincture Opium 2 drams 

Oil Sassafras 2 drams 

Oil Hemlock 2 drams 

Oil Turpentine 2 drams 

Balsam fir 2 drams 

Tincture Guaiacum 2 drams 

Tincture Catechu 2 drams 

Alcohol, to make 1 pint 

Alkanet sufficient to color 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 

KELLY'S TONIC. 

Tincture Nux Vomica 2 drams 

Dilute Nitro-hydrochloric Acid 3 drams 

Compound Tincture Cinchona 1^ ounces 

Compound Tincture Gentian 3 ounces 

Mix. 

Dose: Two drams in water three times a day. 
The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

VAN BUSKIRK'S FRAGRANT SOZODONT. 

The following formula may be regarded as making an article 
identical with the original in all essential features: 

Alcohol 1 fluid ounce 

Water 1% fluid ounces 

Soap 120 grains 

Oil of Gaultheria 2 minims 

Red Sanders sufficient 

Dissolve the soap in the mixture of alcohol and water; 
add the color, perfume with oil of wintergreen, add enough 
water to make the fluid measure three ounces. 

The above amount would cost about 15 cents. 
The following is suggested as a similar article to the Fragrant 
Sozodont powder, which accompanies the liquid. 

Infusorial Earth 40 grains 

Orris Root 125 grains 

Precipitated Chalk 200 grains 

To make 365 grains 

Perfume very lightly with Oil of Cloves. 
The above amount would cost about 10 cents. 



PATENT MEDICINES 437 

WATT'S ANTI-RHEUMATIC PILLS. 

Powdered Aloes : 4 drams 

Powdered Gamboge 4 drams 

Powdered Hellebore 2 drams 

Powdered Guaiac ^ dram 

Hydrargyrum Chlorid Mite ^ dram 

Precip. Sulphide of Antimony 15 grains 

Oil of Cloves J^ fluid dram 

Soap 1 dram 

Spirits of Camphor sufficient 

Mix. Make into five-grain pills. 
The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

WHITE'S COUGH SYRUP. 

Syrup Tolutani 4 drams 

Glycerini 8 drams 

Hive Syrup 12 drams 

Syrup Ipecacuanhae 13 drams 

Tincture Lobelia 12 drams 

Tincture Opii Camphor 12 drams 

Extract Pilocarpi Fluid 4 drams 

Ammonia Chloridi 2 drams 

Mix. 

Dose: Take a teaspoonful three times during the day, 
and every hour or two before going to bed. 
The above amount would cost about 60 cents. 

EDWARD'S ALTERATIVE AND TONIC BITTERS. 

Fluid Extract of Hops 2 ounces 

Fluid Extract of Red Cinchona 2 ounces 

Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla 6 drams 

Fluid Extract Golden Seal 6 drams 

Fluid Extract of Podophyllum 4 drams 

Oil of Wintergreen 6 drams 

Oil Sassafras 3 drams 

Oil of Peppermint 2 drams 

Oil of Lemon 2 drams 

Sugar 12 ounces 

Alcohol 1 quart 

Water enough to make 6 quarts 

T-he above amount would cost about $1.75. 

HARTER'S WILD CHERRY BITTERS. 

Wild Cherry Bark 1 ounce 

Yellow Cinchona Bark 1 dram 

Orange Peel 2 drams 

Cardamon Seed 1 dram 

Wild Ginger ^ dram 

Alcohol Dilute 12 ounces 

Honey 2 ounces 

Syrup 2 ounces 

Percolate the drugs in moderately fine powder, with the 
dilute alcohol and when six pints are obtained add the honey 
and syrup. 

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. 



4S8 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

HAMBURG BREAST TEA. 

Marshmallow Flowers 2 ounces 

Glycrrhiza Root 6 drams 

Iris Florentina 3 drams 

Coltsfoot 1 ounce 

Mullein Flowers J^ ounce 

Anise Seed 5^ ounce 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 25 cents. 

PAINE'S CELERY COMPOUND. 

Celery Seed 2 ounces 

Red Cinchona Officinalis 1 ounce 

Orange Peel 54 ounce 

Coriander Seed ^ ounce 

Lemon Peel % ounce 

Hydrochloric Acid 15 min. 

Alcohol 5 fluid ounces 

Glycerin 3 fluid ounces 

Water 4 fluid ounces 

Syrup 4 fluid ounces 

Grind the solids to No. 40 powder, mix the acid and the 
water, add the glycerin and alcohol, and in the menstruum so 
prepared macerate the powder for twenty-four hours; then 
percolate, adding enough alcohol and water in the proportion 
given to make twelve fluid ounces. Finally add the syrup, 
and, if necessary, filter. 
The above amount would cost about 60 cents. 

RADWAY'S PILLS. 

Aloes 4 parts 

Jalap 2 parts 

Zingiber 2 parts 

Myrrh 2 parts 

Make into a mass with mucilage and divide into two-grain 
pills, of which about four dozen are put into each box. 
The above amount would cost about 35 cents. 

BRITISH OIL. 

Petroleum : 1 ounce 

Oil Juniper 1 dram 

Oil of Terebinth 1 ounce 

Oil Amber 4 ounces 

Linseed Oil 12 ounces 

Mix. 
The above amount would cost about 50 cents. 

PIERCE'S COMPOUND EXTRACT OF SMARTWEED. 

Smartweed 10 drams 

Alcohol 6 ounces 

Water 2 ounces 

Camphor 22^^ grains 

Oil of Hemlock 30 drops 

Oil of Sassafras 30 drops 

Extract the smartweed with the alcohol and water and to 
the liquid obtained add the camphor and oils. 
The above amount would cost about 30 cents. 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT. 



CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 
DISEASES OF WOMEN, 

With Advice regarding the Health of 
YOUNG WOMEN AND GIRLS 



II 

OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 

INCLUDING NURSING THROUGH PREGNANCY AND 
CONFINEMENT; PREPARATION, DIET, 
CARE OF CHILD, ETC., ETC 



"Sickness is the vengeance of nature for the violation of her laws." — C. Simmons. 

Our busy life, our manner of dress, with all its attending de- 
mands are causing havoc with the health of women who are under its 
terrible strain. The number of women undergoing operations in our 
public and private hospitals from day to day bears witness to the 
ravages of the strenuous social life and mute testimony of the neglect 
of the laws of nature. Good health is the fruition of eternal vigilance 
and a blessing that money cannot buy. The conduct and health of our 
women represents the life of our nation; individually, in a measure at 
least, health governs the happiness of the home. Steele says: "All a 
woman has to do in this world is contained within the duties of a 
daughter, a sister, a wife, and a mother." But how many girls grow 
to womanhood untaught; enter wifehood in ignorance, and assume 
motherhood wholly unprepared for the duties that are thrust upon her. 
It would be out of place in a work of this nature, a family table book, 
to take up all the questions involved in such a subject; we can only 

489 



490 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

leave with you a word of warning. Before puberty the girl should be 
taught to lead a life that will make her strong and healthy to prepare 
her for the coming strain upon her system. Once she has reached 
puberty parents should remember, above all things, that HEALTH is 
far more important than high grades in school. Do not offer prizes 
for high marks and otherwise add to the pressure of the present school 
system. Relieve her of worry, do not add to it. A cheerful mind, 
plenty of fresh air and sunshine is more important at this period than 
school work. We have paid special attention to "Causes" in this de- 
partment ; may we ask you, Mother and Daughter, to read "CAUSES" 
of disease and thus render unnecessary in later life, drugs, medicines, 
headache tablets and, perhaps, operations. 

The Pelvis. It is so called from its resemblance to a basin, is 
stronger and, more massively constructed than either the skull or 
chest cavity; it is a bony ring, interposed between the lower end of 
the spine, which it supports, and the lower extremities, upon which it 
rests. It is composed of four bones, the two innominated. (name- 
less), which bound it on either side and in front, and the Sacrum and 
Coccyx, which complete it behind. Further description will be given 
in the department of Obstetrics. 

The cavity of the pelvis contains the bladder, the rectum, and 
some of the generative organs peculiar to each sex and some windings 
of the small intestine ; they are partially covered by the peritoneum 
(lining membrane of the abdominal cavity). 

Anatomy of the Female Genital Organs. — The external genital 
organs, to which the term vulva is usually given, consist of the mons 
veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, meatus urinarius, 
hymen, fossa navicularis, fourchette and perineum . 

Mons Veneris. — This is a rounded eminence surmounting the 
pubic bones^ and is composed of fatty tisue, covered by skin and 
hair. 

The Labia Majora. — There are two more or less prominent longi- 
tudinal folds of cutaneous (pertaining to the skin) tissue, covered by 
hair and mucous membrane, which is continuous with the mucous 
membrane of the genital organs and urinary tract. They join at each 
extermity, forming the anterior and posterior commissures (uniting 
together). Between the posterior commissure (union) and the margin 
of the bowel is a space of about an inch in extent, the Perineum. It 
is important to remember this part, for it is often torn in labor, to a 
greater or less extent. 

The labia are the analogue of the scrotum in the male. 

The Labia Minora. — ^These are two smaller folds situated within 
the labia majora, extending from the clitoris, downward and outward 
for about one and one-half inches on each side of the vaginal opening. 
At their convergence at the clitoris each lip (labium) divides into two 
folds and these surround the glans (clitoris) forming its covering 
.(prepuce) above and the bridle (frenum) below. These lips (labia) 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 491 

are composed of mucous membrane covered by a thin epithelial layer. 
They contain a network of vessels and numerous large mucous crypts 
(small sacs or follicles) which secrete a quantity of (fatty) matter. 

The Clitoris. — This is an erectile structure, the analogue anatom- 
ically of the cavernous body of the penis, and is an elongated organ 
partially covered by the anterior extremities of the labia minora and 
connected on each side with the rami (slender process of the bone) 
of the pubic bones and the ischia (two bones) by a band. The 
clitoris is surmounted by a small tubercle (a small nodule) of spongy 
erectile tissue, the "glans clitoris." Two cavernous bodies of erectile 
tissue enclosed in dense fibrous tissue compose the body of the organ. 

The Vestibule. — This is the smooth surface of triangular form 
situated between the clitoris and the entrance to the vagina. The 
labia minora bound it on either side. It contains the opening of the 
urethra. 

The Hymen is a thin fold of mucous membrane of half moon in 
shape (semi-lunar) and is spread across the lower opening of the 
vagina. 

The Glands of Bartholin are small oblong bodies, two in number, 
situated on each side of the commencement of the vagina above the 
deep fascia band like tissue. Each gland has a single duct and by 
this duct opens the inner surface of the adjacent labia minoris just 
external to the hymen. They are made up of mucous glands and a 
colorless tenacious fluid is secreted by them, which lubricates the 
vagina. These glands sometimes become diseased. Hence the 
description. 

The Vagina. — This is a membranous canal and extends from the 
vulva to the uterus (womb) and connects the external and internal 
organs of generation. It is four to six inches in length, the anterior 
wall being from one to two inches shorter than the posterior. It 
lies in the cavity of the pelvis in front of the rectum, behind the 
bladder and follows first the line of axis of the cavity of the pelvis, 
and afterwards the axis of the outlet. 

The vagina consists of an internal mucous lining (membrane) con- 
tinuous above with the mucous membrane lining the womb and below 
with the covering of the labia majora. The next covering (inward) is 
a muscular coat consisting of two layers — an external longitudinal and 
an internal circular. There is a layer of erectile tissue between the 
muscular coat and mucous lining. The lower end of the vagina is 
surrounded by a band of striped muscular fibers comprising the 
sphincter muscle of the vagina (sphincter vagina). 

The internal organs of generation, more commonly called the 
pelvic organs. These comprise the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. 

The womb is the organ of pregnancy, and receives the fruitful 
tgg (ovum), supports it during its development and expels it at the 
time of labor (parturition). In form it is pear-shaped, weighs from 
12 drams to 3 ounces and is situated in the pelvic cavity, between the 



492 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

bladder and the rectum, with its base upwards and its apex, smaller 
end, downward. Its upper broad extremity is called the fundus — base 
of the organ, and the lower, constricted, narrowed portion is called 
the Cervix (neck or constricted portion). The body of the womb 
gradually becomes narrower from the fundus to the Cervix. 

Its anterior surface is covered on its upper three-quarters by the 
peritoneum, while the lower fourth is connected with the bladder. The 
peritoneum covers the whole of the posterior surface. The womb is 
held up (suspended) in the pelvis by ligaments; two anterior, womb 
and bladder (utero-vesical), two posterior, womb-sacral (utero-sacral), 
two lateral broad ligaments, and two round ligaments. The womb 
sacral (utero-sacral) which holds the womb well up in the hollow of 
the sacrum and the round ligaments which keep the womb well 
forward enter most actively into the support of the womb. The 
round ligaments are strong muscular fibrous cords and serve to hold 
the womb forward. When pregnancy exists they increase in size with 
the womb, and keep the fundus forward in its excursion upwards into 
the abdominal cavity, and after confinement, become smaller with the 
womb, guiding the womb back again to its regular position. The 
broad ligaments are little more than reflection of the peritoneum 
serving to support the vessels that nourish, as they go to and from 
the womb. 

The womb has three coats, enclosing a central cavity. This cavity 
of the womb is small by comparison with the size of the organ and it 
communicates with the Fallopian tubes by two minute openings at 
each side of the body, and with the vagina below, through the mouth 
or opening of the womb. 

The external coat of the womb is called servos, derived from the 
peritoneum; the middle or muscular coat, which forms the chief sub- 
stance of the womb, consists of bundles of unstripped muscular fibers 
intermixed, with loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics and 
nerves ; the internal or mucous coat is continuous through the fringed 
extremity of the fallopian tubes, with the peritoneum, and through the 
mouth of the womb (os uteri } with the mucous membrane of the 
vagina. This mucous membrane is lined in the body of the womb by 
epithelium arrayed in columns (Columnar Epithelium) which loses its 
ciliated (eye-lash) movement character during pregnancy. In the 
lower half of the Cervix, the epithelium (this kind of cell lines all 
canals having communication with the external air) is of the stratified 
(arranged in layers) variety. The appendages of the womb are the 
fallopian tubes, the ovaries and their ligaments and the round liga- 
ments. The fallopian tubes convey the ova (eggs) from the ovaries to 
the cavity of the womb. They are two in number, one on each side, 
situated in the free border of the broad ligaments and extend from 
each horn, an excrescence of the womb that looks like a horn, of the 
womb outward to the sides of the pelvis; each is about five inches in 
length, and has a small canal beginning at the womb in a very small 
opening called the internal mouth (ostium internum). This canal 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 493 

gradually widens to its ending, the abdominal mouth (ostium abdom- 
inal) by which it communicates with the peritoneal cavity, (the 
timbrae . A series of fringe-like processes surround this mouth or 
opening and this farther end is known as the fimbriated extremity. 
The tube has three coats, serous or external or peritoneal; the middle 
or muscular, continuous with that of the womb, and an internal or 
mucous coat continuous also with the lining of the womb and peri- 
toneum (covered with ciliated Columnar Epithelium). 

The Ovaries. — They are analogues, anatomically, of the testes in 
the male. They are two egg-shaped bodies situated one on each side 
of the womb on the posterior aspect of the broad ligament, below 
and behind the fallopian tubes; each is connected by its anterior 
margin to the broad ligament; internally to the womb by the ovarian 
ligament, externally to the fringe-like extremity of the fallopian tubes 
by a short cord-like ligament. They are white in color; about one and 
one-half inches long, three-quarters of an inch wide and one-third of 
an inch thick and weigh about two drams each. 

The ovarian ligament extends from the inner side of the ovary 
to the superior angle of the (Uterus) womb. The round ligaments, 
two in number, are about five inches long and are situated between 
the layers of the broad ligament, one on each side of the womb in 
front and below the fallopian tube. They pass forward and outward 
from the womb through the internal abdominal ring, along the groin 
canal and out at the external abdominal ring. 

I have given a lengthy description of these organs ; I think it will 
repay a careful reading. To understand a disease one should under- 
stand the organs that are subject to the disease. 

CAUSES OF DISEASES OF WOMEN. 

Dr. Child says among primitive people, woman is notoriously 
free from many of the diseases to which her sister in our present-day 
civilization is especially prone. As we ascend the scale of civilization, 
departing from a natural and adopting an artificial mode of life we 
find nature enacts due penalties for the transgression of her laws The 
female among savage tribes has every advantage and opportunity to 
develop physical perfection, and her endurance suffers little, if any, 
by comparison with the male. How different is our modern system 
when the young girls are sent early to school and subjected daily to 
long hours of study, often in badly ventilated class-rooms, for nine 
months in the year, and this at the time of puberty, one of the most 
important periods of their life when they need plenty of out-door 
exercise. Surely, as Goodell says, "If woman is to be thus stunted 
and deformed to meet the ambitious intellectual demands of the day, 
if her health must be sacrificed upon the altar of her education, the 
time may come when to renew the worn out stock of the Republic it 
will be necessary for our young men to make matrimonial excursions 
into lands where educational theories are unknown." 



494 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Menstruation. — Many of the disorders of menstruation are due 
to carelessness and neglect of this function. There should be rest of 
both body and mind at this time, and especially at puberty. Rest is 
seldom allowed, but the daily routine is gone through, regardless of 
what may happen. 

Dress. — The way the abdomen is now constricted, and this is now 
a prominent feature of women's mode of dress, is without doubt an 
important predisposing cause in female diseases. This contraction of 
the normal size of the cavity of the abdomen, with the subsequent 
compression and displacement of its organs, must of necessity pro- 
duce dynamic (powerful) changes in the pelvis that cannot be other- 
wise than injurious to the pelvic organs. Tight lacing or any lacing, 
aside from the remote effects so unnatural a practice must produce, 
causes marked atrophy (dwindling) of the abdominal muscles. These 
are often so weakened that during labor they cannot properly assist 
the uterus (womb) in effecting delivery, and as a result instrumental 
interference, with its attendant dangers becomes necessary. 

Prevention of Conception. — This is a very common practice 
among civilized women, and it has a most destructive effect upon the 
pelvic organs, as well as upon the general system. 

Criminal abortion. — The chief danger from the criminal interrupt 
tion of pregnancy is sepsis (absorption of poisons) into the system. 
This may be acute in character and have a fatal termination, or chronic 
in nature, leading to permanent injury of the womb and fallopian 
tubes, sterility and chronic invalidism. 

Child birth. — Pelvic diseases frequently come from injuries re- 
ceived during labor. 

Venereal diseases. — Dr. Child sa»ys, "Syphilis exerts its usual 
baneful influence, but gonorrhoea is responsible for more pathological 
(diseased) lesions (conditions) in the female pelvis than any other 
one factor. Its attack, if not resulting in ultimate loss of life, always 
leaves the tissue in an impaired condition, from which resolution 
(returning to natural condition) is rare. It is doubtful if a woman 
once infected with gonorrhoea ever recovers from its ravages. As a 
cause of sterility its power is beyond estimation." 

INFLAMMATION OF THE VULVA.— (Vulvitis).— An acute or 
chronic inflammation of the vulva (external genitals) either from a 
specific, like gonorrhoea, or non-specific cause. 

Causes. — Veit says, ''Seventy-five per cent of the cases are caused 
by gonorrhoea. 

Other Causes. — Accumulation and decomposition of discharges 
from the womb and vagina, inflammation of the inner linino- of the 
womb and of the vagina. Foul, putrid discharges from neglected 
supports (pessaries) and tampons in the vagina; sloughings from 
cancer may act as exciting causes. Contact with ammoniacaJ and 
sugar urines has a similar effect. 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 495 

In Infants. — It is usually due to want of cleanliness in failing to 
remove decomposing- urine and feces. Mothers often allow soiled, 
foul smelling diapers to remain for a long time on the baby. 

Symptoms and Condition of the Parts. — In the acute stage the 
mucous membrane around the opening of the vagina is red, swollen, 
painful and bathed in pus. The glands in the groin and glands of 
Bartholin are usually enlarged and tender. The glands of Bartholin 
and those around the urethra may become infected and fill with pus. 
The fatty glands of the labia majora are also sometimes affected and 
then appears the disease called Follicular Vulvitis (in the chronic 
stage secretion is abundant). The parts feel hot and there is more or 
less burning and itching. Walking makes the trouble worse, due to 
rubbing of the parts. Passing of urine increases the distress. 

When the disease is caused by gonorrhoea it is more extensive 
and involves the vagina, urethra, the glands around the urethra and 
glands of Bartholin. This gland infection frequently results in an 
abscess. 

Treatment. — In the acute form the patient should go to bed and 
remain there for some time. The parts should be kept constantly 
moist with a wet antiseptic dressing, listerine, hot water, etc., applied 
to the vulva and kept there. 

1. If there is much pain the following solution may be used: 

Acetate of lead , 1 dram 

Laudanum yz ounce 

Water enough for six ounces. 

Mix and apply constantly with sterile cloths. 

a. For chronic form Dr. Child says, "The vulva should be shaved, 
thoroughly cleansed and a mild ointment applied daily thereafter," 
such as: 

Salicylic acid 20 grains 

Oxide of zinc 2 drams 

Petrolatum enough for 1 ounce 

Mix and make an ointment and apply daily. 

If it is due to irritating discharges that cannot be checked, cleanse 
the parts thoroughly and use the Zinc ointment to protect. 

ITCHING OF THE VULVA.— Vulvae or Pruritus.— This intense 
itchmg is the characteristic symptom. With the itching there is more 
or less swelling of the parts and extreme nervous irritability. 

Causes. — This is doubtful ; some think It Is a purely nervous 
condition. 

Parts irritable. — The upper angle of the labia majora and the 
mons veneris are the usual locations. The skin is inflamed, thickened, 
raw, from the continual scratching. 

Symptoms. — The itching and burning are almost unbearable at 
times, beginning most often around the clitoris, coming in paroxysms 
and made worse by warmth and motion. 



496 MOTHERS' REMEDIES, 

In chronic cases the skin is a little thickened and looks dull and 
dry and is covered with small cracks and scratches, the result of the 
patient's efforts to stop the itching. 

Treatment. — Systematic, general tonic treatment. Diabetes, gout, 
irritating discharges from the vagina and rectum should be removed. 
Pin worms and highly acid urine sometimes cause it in children. In- 
ternally the bromides to quiet the nerves and arsenic to build up the 
system should be given. 

Local. — Strong solutions of corrosive sublimate (1 to 1000), nitrate 
of silver, tincture of iodine, and cocaine ointment give temporary 
relief. 

Sometimes an operation is necessary. 

CYSTS OF THE VULVA.— A cyst is a cavity containing fluid 
and surrounded by a covering (capsule). The duct (canal) of the 
gland of Bartholin, situated in the labia majora, sometimes closes and 
the secretions of the gland are not cast out, thus forming the cyst. 

Cause. — ^The closing is nearly always the result of gonorrhea. 

Condition. — The cyst is formed in the duct, the gland itself being 
affected rarely. It contains a thin sticky mucus. If the cyst arises 
in the gland, the swelling is more deeply situated. These cysts may 
be attacked with an acute inflammation and finally pus is formed in 
them, and a very painful abscess is the result. 

Symptoms. — There are no symptoms except from the size of the 
swelling unless an abscess occurs. Then there is an acute local pain, 
quite tender on pressure, and often high fever. 

Treatment. — If the cyst is large it should be removed, especially 
if it causes annoyance. If it becomes inflamed, rest in bed and cold 
applications are indicated. If it goes on to an abscess, a free cut 
should be made, the abscess scraped and good drainage given. Some- 
times it is best to use pure carbolic acid in the walls of the cyst. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA, (Vaginitis).— Vaginitis 

is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina. 

Varieties. — 1. Catarrhal or simple ; 2. granular ; 3. gonorrheal ; 4. 
diphtheritic, and 5. senile. 

1. Catarrhal or simple form. — This is the most usual form. There 
is a general redness of the membrane with swelHng and increased secre- 
tion. 

2. Granular. — ^This is an advanced stage of the simple type, and 
is due to long continued or repeated attacks. 

3. Gonorrheal form. — Is due to infection by the gonococcus of 
Neisser, (due to gonorrhea). This form is hardest to cure and may 
continue for years or life. The infection may extend to the womb, 
fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity and produce inflammation of the 
womb (endometritis) pus in the tubes, (pyosalpinx) and peritoneal 
cavity. This is more common than even some physicians realize. 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 497 

4. Diphtheritic. — Due to diphtheria, not frequent. 

5. Senile type. — This comes only after the change of life. 
Symptoms. — There is pain in the lower abdomen. Passing of urine 

is frequent and is attended with smarting and burning pain. There is 
a feeling of heat and burning in the vagina, and a copious discharge 
of mucus and pus. In the gonorrheal variety the urinary disturbances 
are most marked. 

In gonorrheal variety the symptoms date from a distinct onset, 
last longer, do not yield so rapidly to treatment, and complications, 
such as enlarged glands in the groin and in the vulva and vagina, in- 
flammation of the lining of the womb and fallopian tubes, inflamma- 
tion of the bladder, often make their appearance early. 

Treatment (in acute cases). — Rest in bed and prolonged vaginal 
injections of a solution of corrosive sublimate (1 to 4000 strength) 
three times a day. If the gonorrheal poison is present in the pus, the 
walls of the vagina, cervix and cervical canal should be dried and thor- 
oughly painted with a twenty per cent solution of nitrate of silver. 
The patient should be in the knee-chest position for this treatment. 

In chronic cases the gonorrhea poison (gonococcus) is found most 
frequently just behind the posterior lip of the cervix and here the 
silver solution should be applied very thoroughly. 

VAGINISMUS. — This is a painful reflex muscular contraction of 
the vaginal orifice, and is most often observed in patients of a nervous 
and sensitive temperament. 

Treatment. — Any local cause of irritation should be removed. If 
there is no local irritation, the opening should be dilated under an an- 
esthetic. Tonics, exercise, and a complete change of scene are ben- 
eficial. 

DISEASES OF THE CERVIX. 

TEAR OF THE CERVIX (Laceration).— This is a tear in the 
lower part of the cervix. There may be one or more. The left one- 
sided tear is the usual form. Next comes the tear on both sides 
(bilateral). Tears on front and behind are not frequent. Tears are 
found in about thirty per cent of women who have had children. 

Causes. — The majority of cases are caused by labor, and is due 
to a cervix that is not perfectly dilated. Very hurried, quick labors 
cause it sometimes, but the greatest injuries are due to the various 
operations for delivering the child through a cervix that is not fully 
dilated. 

Symptoms. Immediate and remote. — On the immediate, when 
the tear is severe, there is bleeding; later, sub-involution, that is, the 
womb does not return to its normal size and weight. 

Remote symptoms. — Leucorrhea, thick and mucus in characters- 
profuse menstruation and inability to become pregnant. When the 
tear has extended through the internal opening the woman will not 
be able to carry the child to full term, even if she becomes pregnant. 



498 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Treatment. — Tampons of ichthyol (ten per cent), mixed with glyc- 
erin, introduced twice a week against the cervix and permitted to 
remain forty-eight hours will often afford relief. 

The tear should be repaired aft^r child-birth, if possible. If not 
then, and if it does not heal, it should be repaired later when the 
tear extends through the internal (opening) or in case of extensive 
raw surface on the cervix. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE CERVIX.— This is an inflamma- 
tion of the mucous membrane lining the canal of the cervix (cervical 
canal), known as Endocervicitis ; it may be acute or chronic. The 
acute form is seen most often as a part of a general infection involv- 
ing both womb and cervix, and will be described later. The chronic 
form is a very common condition and it is difficult to treat. 

Cause. — Injury and tear of the cervix. 

Symptoms. — Leucorrhea, profuse and frequent menstruation, pain 
in the back and loins. On examination a string of thick mucus is 
seen at the external opening (os) of the cervix; and of women who 
have borne children there are usually signs of tear and rawness of the 
cervix present; (Endometritis usually produces a thin watery dis- 
charge, while gonorrhea produces a thick, pus-like discharge). 

Treatment. — Hot vaginal douches, containing one dram of sul- 
phate of zinc to one pint of water, used every night for ten minutes. 
Pot water with witch-hazel, about four drams to the pint, is also good. 
Tincture of iodine applied locally twice each month. White oakbark 
tea used as an injection once a day for this trouble; also good for 
vaginitis. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE WOMB. En- 
dometritis. — Endometritis is an inflammation of the lining membrane 
of the womb, with a tendency to extend to the lining membrane of the 
fallopian tubes and to the peritoneum. These are the acute and 
chronic varieties. 

Causes. — It may occur during an acute skin disease eruption, like 
that of scarlet fever, and occasionally upon exposure to cold during 
menstruation. The most frequent exciting causes are the micro- 
organisms, like the gonorrhea poison, etc. 

Acute Variety. — The whole mucous lining is inflamed. In severe 
cases the whole mucous lining is destroyed and the deeper muscular 
tissues of the womb are invaded. 

Gonorrheal Variety. Symptoms. — There is general pain in the 
lower bowel region, in spells at first, later constant, with rapid rise of 
temperature and pulse. A purulent (pus) discharge appears early 
from the cervix, usually about the second day, and difficult and burn- 
ing passing of urine are early symptoms. There is inflammation of 
the vagina accompanying it in about fifteen per cent of the cases, 
while inflammation of the fallopian tubes, pus in the tubes, and local 
peritonitis are common results. 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 499 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. Inflammation of the Womb. 1. A Good 
Tonic for. — *'For inflammation of the uterus or ovaries try a hot sitz 
bath every day for a week, and then every other day. In case of hem- 
orrhage this bath is invaluable, and will relieve when all other means 
have failed. It can be taken during the hemorrhage, or at frequent 
intervals between times. Remember, one should always lie down 
after a sitz bath. If desired you may give aconitum tincture. Dose : — 
Two drops in a half glass of water, tablespoonful doses every ten to 
thirty minutes according to the severity of the case." If a woman has 
taken a severe cold, then the aconite should be given, but under no 
other condition. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— Dr. Child advises that the cer- 
vix be dilated, and the interior of the womb, cervical canal and vagina 
swabbed out with a ten per cent silver nitrate solution. Subsequently 
vaginal douches (1 to 5000) corrosive sublimate solution followed by 
a salt solution, one dram of salt to a pint of water, should be given 
for at least one week. Keep the bowels open. 

SEPTIC PUERPERAL ENDOMETRITIS.— This is an inflam- 
mation of the inner lining of the womb that occurs after child-birth 
during the first few weeks, and is due to a poison. 

Symptoms. — The attack usually begins with a chill, preceded by 
a regular increase of the temperature and pulse. The face looks 
flushed at first, but it soon becomes pale and the patient has an anx- 
ious look, as the disease goes on. There is very little pain, if any. 
The discharge that always follows labor is diminished or stops and has 
no odor, if there is any discharge. 

The death rate is from five to twenty-five per cent. 

Treatment. — Never scrape out (curette) the womb for this dis- 
ease. The womb should be washed out with a hot salt solution, one 
teaspoonful of salt to one pint of water, and then packed with ten per 
cent iodoform gauze. This solution should also be injected hot into 
the rectum and frequently. The bowels should move freely, and if 
necessary injections may be given for that purpose. 

The strength must be kept up by a liquid diet. Milk, brandy and 
strychnine, if necessary ; 1/100 of a grain of strychnine can be given 
every four hours. Milk should be given every half hour, about two 
ounces at one time, or more if it agrees well. 

The gauze should be removed gradually, beginning on the third 
day and ending on the ninth day. 

In this disease the interior of the womb is smooth and contains no 
broken down or foreign tissue. In the next disease. Putrid Endomet- 
ritis, it is far different, for this is caused by the presence of dead 
material, such as parts of the after-birth, left in after labor, or slough- 
ing tumors. This material becomes putrid (rotten), and thus causes 
the disease called "Putrid Endometritis." 



500 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PUTRID ENDOMETRITIS.--An inflammation of the inner lin- 
ing of the womb caused by putrid (rotten), decaying material. 

Symptoms. — A chill is sometimes present at the beginning. The 
fever is high, pulse bounds and feels hard and strong, the face is 
flushed but there is little or no pain. The discharge from the womb, 
unless it is blocked by a clot, is foul smelling. The flow after child- 
birth is scanty, sometimes suppressed. The womb and ovaries are not 
very tender. 

Treatment. — The first thing to do, of course, is to get the dead 
material, such as parts of an after-birth, clots, shreds, etc., out of the 
womb, and then scrape the rough surfaces. This must be done care- 
fully and with perfectly clean tools and liquids of every kind. Then 
wash the womb thoroughly with the hot salt solution. One teaspoon- 
ful of salt to one pint of boiled water. After this pack the womb with 
ten per cent iodoform gauze, which may be bought in this strength. 
Remove this from the womb about the third to the ninth day. The 
bowels should be kept open. 

Diet. — Should be of milk or at least of liquids only. The patient 
can be given whisky or brandy and 1/6Q grain of strychnine every four 
hours if needed. 

MALIGNANT DISEASES OF THE WOMB.-^Cancer or car- 
cinoma is a malignant disease of the neck (cervix) of the womb. 

Causes. — The immediate cause is not yet known. Tears and ero- 
sions (scraping off and making raw) are supposed to act as direct 
causes. 

Symptoms. — Bleeding is the early and very important symptom. 
After the change of life (menopause) is over if bleeding occurs and 
continues it is a very bad sign and the womb should be examined im- 
mediately. Later, a watery bloody discharge appears, with pain, loss 
of weight and general weakness. Pain is not an early symptom. It 
appears when the disease has spread to the nearby tissue. 

Treatment. — The only thing to do is to operate and the earlier the 
better. The womb and all its belongings should be removed. If this 
is done early it is very successful. If the case is too far advanced, the 
only thing to do is to make the patient as comfortable a& possible. 

For the pain, morphine or opium should be given. 

For the discharge, hot water and corrosive sublimate (1 to 2000) 
is the strength to be used. This should be used daily as an injection 
into the vagina. 

Cancer of the Body of the Womb is found in only about two per 
cent of womb cancers. 

Treatment. — An early operation is then necessary. The chances 
of obtaining a cure if operation is done is better even than in cancer 
of the neck of the womb. There is less chance for the adjoining struc- 
tures to be affected so early and readily. 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 501 

FIBROID TUMORS OF THE WOMB or Fibromata. Fre- 
quency. — Some observers state that twenty to forty per cent of all 
women over thirty-five years have one or more of these tumors. They 
are not malignant. They are more common in women who are sterile, 
unable to become pregnant. They appear early in life and attack all 
classes. They appear oftener in the body of the womb than in the 
neck. When in the body of the womb the back wall is the common 
site. A covering of loose fibrous tissue surrounds the growth. Few 
blood vessels appear in the tumor, nourishment being received from 
the surrounding tissues. Their growth is slow, except during preg- 
nancy, when they grow rapidly. There are three varieties named ac- 
cording to their location and the structure covering or surrounding 
them. 1. Interstitial ; 2. sub-mucus ; 3. sub-peritoneal or sub-serous. 

1. Interstitial. — They are in the substance of the womb wall. 
They are usually many and vary in size. 

2. Sub-mucus (under the mucous membrane). — They project into 
the cavity of the womb, are covered by mucous membrane and are 
attached to the womb by a broad base or pedicle. This is sometimes 
cut off spontaneously, and then the tumor is expelled from the womb. 

3. Sub-peritoneal. — They are under the peritoneum, which forms 
its outer cover. 

Causes. — Are not known. They are more frequent between thirty 
and forty. 

Symptoms. — Difficult monthly sickness, too much blood flowing 
from the womb, unable to become pregnant, sometimes, and abortion. 
Bleeding comes more from the sub-mucus variety generally. Pain is 
caused by the size and weight and by pressure upon the bladder, rec- 
tum and the nerves. Death rarely results except from the complica- 
tions. 

MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. Ulcers of the Womb, Common 
Wood Cactus for. — "Common wood cactus tea. Take wineglassful 
three times a day." Should remove all thorns, chop fine and boil in 
sufficient water ; add gin to make dose more pleasant. 

Treatment. — Operation is needed when the symptoms are press- 
ing. The sub-mucus variety may make an early operation necessary 
on account of their location. 

Symptoms Calling for an Operation. — Size of the tumor ; from the 
pressure symptoms ; persistent bleeding from the womb. Sometimes 
it is necessary to remove the entire womb, especially in the interstitial 
variety, for the walls of the womb may be filled with the tumors. 

SUBINVOLUTION OF THE WOMB.— This simply means that 
the womb, after miscarriage or child-birth, fails to return to its normal 
size and weight. 

Causes. — This is frequently due to getting up too soon after labor. 

Symptoms. — Menstruation or too much flow of blood (menor- 
rhagia), dull, heavy feeling in the pelvis, backache or leucorrhea. 



502 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Results. — The womb frequently becomes misplaced. 

Treatment. — Proper supports should be put in after the womb has 
been placed in its proper position. 

If seen early enough some cases can be cured by tampons of 
ichthyol used three times a week and prolonged hot water injections at 
bed time. Cotton soaked in ichthyol and glycerin are frequently of 
benefit, three times a week used as a tampon. The patient should not 
be on her feet much, or be active. Witch-hazel water can be added to 
the hot water injection if so desired. 

DISEASES OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES.— -These are named 
after their discoverer. Fallopian, an Italian anatomist. These tubes 
begin at the part of the body of the womb that extends out like a 
horn. This is on the sides near the top of the body of the womb. 
They are two in number and extend outward on each side for about 
four inches; each end forms a fringe or finger shape to catch the egg, 
as it emerges from the ovary. Through the center there is a tube or 
canal, and the inner lining of the womb continues on and lines this 
canal, the mucous membrane of the Fallopian tubes. When this lining 
or membrane becomes inflamed it is called Salpingitis or Inflammation 
of the Fallopian tubes. Salpingitis is derived from two words: Salp- 
ing, meaning tube ; Itis, meaning inflammation ; Fallopian was the dis- 
coverer. Thus we have Salping(x)itis, or Inflammation of the Fallop- 
ian tubes. Unfortunately in medical description it is generally called 
Salpingitis. 

SALPINGITIS. Inflammation of the Fallopian Tubes.— It may 

be either acute or chronic in character. 

Condition. — The tisues of the tubes become swollen when the in- 
flammation runs into the pus stage; the finger-shaped end (outer end) 
is usually closed by adhesions, the pus accumulates in the tube and 
we have pus in the tube, or what is technically called [pyo (pus) 
Salpinx (tube)] Pyosalpinx. In long standing cases the pus is ab- 
sorbed or degenerates into a thin watery fluid, forming watery fluid in 
the tube or [hydro (water) Salpinx (tube)] — hydrosalpinx. 

The tube may become attached to neighboring organs. The pus 
or fluid may drain occasionally into the womb and vagina. It may go 
into the bladder or bowels. 

Causes. — It is usually caused by invading germs from the womb. 
Gonorrhea is the cause of the most cases. 

Symptom. — This disease follows the same kind of an infection in 
the womb and vagina ; the patient complains of pain in the region of 
the tube, a little to the side or sides of the womb, and the pain is 
made worse by motion, exercise or long standing. If it is the acute 
variety, the temperature rises, the pulse grows faster, and sometimes 
there is nausea and vomiting. 

The Symptoms of the Chronic Variety are due to congestion and 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 503 

adhesions. There is a constant pain in the region of the tube and the 
patient protects herself when she walks, rides or sits down. There are 
difficult, painful monthly periods and too much flow. The history 
shows gonorrhea or septic infection, that is, disease caused by the 
absorption of products of putrefaction. 

Treatment of the Acute Kind. — First thing is absolute rest and 
quiet in bed. Then prolonged hot injections in the vagina of hot 
water, and if you wish, one teaspoonful of listerine, etc., in each injec- 
tion. Put a hot-water bag to the sore side, or fomentations of differ- 
ent remedies, like hops, catnip, pennyroyal, smart-weed. The applica- 
tions should not be of great weight. The bowels should be kept open. 

For Chronic Variety. — This frequently calls for an operation. 
When the symptoms are due to inflammation in the tube alone, ten 
per cent strength of ichthyol and glycerin tampons placed behind the 
lower part of the womb three times a week do much to improve the 
condition. 

This is an unfortunate disease, and it must be closely watched for 
symptoms that may arise from a pus condition. There are many cases 
of this kind in our public hospitals, and when they are due to gonor- 
rhea they may have been caused by the husband who had an acute 
or latent gonorrhea — an attack he thought cured. 

DISEASES OF THE OVARY. 

Inflammation of the Ovary or Ovaritis. — This is an inflammation 
of the ovary and it may be either acute or chronic. 

In the acute form the ovary is slightly enlarged and the follicles 
on the circumference are distended and filled with thick fluid or pus. 

In the chronic variety the ovary may be small and contain cysts; 
there is a destruction of the follicles and a hardened condition de- 
velops. The function of the ovary is then impaired. 

Causes. — Gonorrhea, septic infection from adjacent tissues, acute 
fever diseases, mumps, and peritonitis. Falling (prolapse) often gives 
rise to chronic inflammation. 

Symptoms. — Pain in the lower abdomen (pelvis), difficult and pain- 
ful menstruation, too much monthly flow (menorrhagia), and painful 
intercourse. 

Treatment. — Ichthyol (ten per cent) and glycerin tampons placed 
behind the lower back part of the womb three times a week. The 
bowels should be kept open with salts. The diet should be milk or 
liquid. Sometimes an operation is necessary. In the department on 
operations this subject will be touched upon in regard to operations. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— Change of the mode of life, and 

proper hygienic measures will generally be all that is needed. 



504 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

TUMORS OF THE OVARY.— Cystoma is the most common 
tumor of the ovary. The word "cystoma'' means a cyst tumor, or 
cystic tumor. A cyst means a cavity containing fluid and surrounded 
by a covering (capsule). Ovarian cyst or tumors is often seen in print 
these days. Ovarian tumor takes in the cystic variety, cancer and sar- 
coma, two malignant tumors. 

Symptoms. — These depend upon the size of the tumors. The large 
tumors are generally cystic. Examination of the vagina shows the 
pelvis filled by a tense, watery, fluctuating mass. Examining the abdo- 
men, the abdomen is seen more or less distended by a regular swelling, 
and sometimes this is enormous. The abdomen is rounded and there 
is no bulging at the sides like there is in ascites (dropsy). The navel 
is not prominent. The tumor can be outlined. It cannot be in ascites. 

Treatment. — In bygone years tapping was done for these tumors. 
If it gets large or the health fails, an operation should be performed. 
This is very successful in uncomplicated cases. Inside of two months 
the patient -is about well. I know I have saved many lives of women 
by recommending an operation for such tumors. 

For the congested ovary, treatment by tampons and medicine 
often helps. I have frequently given a medicine called Apis-Mel for 
this condition and with success. I give it in tablets of 1/100 of a grain 
regularly four times a day. 

MENSTRUATION AND ITS DISORDERS.— Normal menstrua- 
tion occurs monthly in the female. There is a flow of blood from the 
cavity of the womb. The time for its beginning is different in different 
countries, it being earlier in warm climates, ten to twelve years, and 
later in cold ones (fifteen to seventeen years) ; the average is fourteen 
years. 

Pregnancy suspends menstruation and often nursing the child does, 
also. Menstruation continues longer in robust, healthy women. Change 
of life (Menopause) occurs usually between forty and fifty years. The 
healthy girl and woman comes around every twenty-eight to thirty 
days. This is the usual time. The flow lasts from two to eight days 
and the quantity is about one ounce each day. A slight feeling of 
weight and fullness in the lower abdomen (pelvis) should be the only 
symptom present in a healthy female. The blood lost should not cause 
any special degree of weakness. 

PREMATURE MENSTRUATION. Too early menstruation.— 
Premature or precocious menstruation is when it occurs before puberty. 
This is in part hereditary, but bad associations may be a cause of this 
early menstruation. 

Treatment. — The cause, if possible, should be removed. The nerves 
should be kept quiet by rest and, if needed, general tonics like iron, 
arsenic, and nux vomica prescribed and given. 

DELAYED MENSTRUATION.— This is often caused by slow 
development of the generative organs. The girl may not come around 
until seventeenth to nineteenth year. 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMEXT 505 

Causes. — It may be due to heredity. Lack of proper nourishment 
and proper exercise" are the most important causative factors. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Obstruction of Monthly Flow.— 
An herb combination for. 

Poplar Bark 2 ounces 

Ginger J4 ounce 

Bayberry 1 ounce 

Cinnamon ^ ounce 

Anise Seed V2 ounce 

Golden Seal % ounce 

Mix well and give a teaspoonful in a cup of boiling water 
sweetened with sugar two or three times a day. Excellent in 
obstructions of the monthly periods, debility, loss of appetite, 
etc. This combination is fine when used as a tonic. It is 
stimulating and has been known to cure many severe cases. 

2. To Promote the Menses, Smartweed for. — ''Smartweed is good 
to promote the menses. Always steep in cold water ; never boil. Dose. 
— Two teaspoonsful every hour. Be sure to take warm." 

VICARIOUS MENSTRUATION (In place of).— When menstru- 
ation is absent or suppressed, bleeding sometimes occurs periodically, 
from the ear, nose, any existing raw surface, leg, ulcer, and from the 
respiratory (breathing) tract, and also from the bowels. 

AMENORRHEA. — This is absence of menstruation. 

Causes. — Delayed puberty, anemia (want of proper blood) chlor- 
osis (green sickness), diabetes, malaria, tuberculosis and acute illness 
may cause it. Sometimes change of climate causes it and nursing 
baby too long. 

Symptoms. — If it is associated with atresia, that is. want of the 
normal outlet, of course no signs of flowing can show, but colicky, 
cramp-like, monthly pains appear in the lower abdomen. These in- 
crease in severity as the retained blood distends the womb. 

Treatment. — If there is no opening for the vagina or cervix one 
must be made, by operation. If it is due to anemia or chlorosis, 
Blaud's pills will benefit. The following is the formula : 

Dried Sulphate of Iron 2 drams 

Carbonate of Potash 2 drams 

Syrup — Sufficient quantity- to make forty-eight pills. 

Take one to three pills three times a day, after meals. 

MENORRHAGIA.— Too much bleeding at the monthly periods. 

If it occurs between the monthly periods it is called Metrorrhagia, 
womb-bleeding at any time, especially between the periods. 

Causes. — These may be constitutional or local, the latter being the 
most important. 

Local Causes. — These are inflammation of the womb, displace- 
ments of the womb, malignant disease of the womb, fibroid tumors and 
disease of the ovaries. 



306 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Symptoms. — Sudden or gradual increase in the amount of blood 
lost at the monthly periods. Then secondary anemia, weakness and 
run-down feeling. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. 1. Profuse Menstruation, an 
Easily Prepared Herb Remedy for. — 

"Cranesbill Root 1 ounce 

White Poplar. Bark 2 ounces 

Bistort Root 1 ounce 

Gk)Iden Seal. 1 ounce 

Geranium ^ ounce 

Qoves ^ ounce 

Ginger ^ ounce 

Ground Sugar H pound 

Mix. This compound is excellent for complaints of weak females, 
such as leucorrhea, bearing-down, or profuse menstruation, etc. Dose: 
One teaspoonful of the powder, in a half cup of boiling water three 
times a day. Drink the clear liquid only." Any woman suffering with 
female trouble will find the above combination very beneficial. 

2. In young girls and women who are not married, thirty drops 
of the fluid extract of Ergot three times a day. This medicine will 
cause the womb to contract. Hot douches can be given to married 
women. If the bleeding is severe it may be necessary to pack the 
vagina with sterile gauze. Ergotin ten to twenty drops, may be 
needed, given hypodermically. If it is due to constitutional causes, 
like anemia, a played-out feeling, paleness, weakness, etc., a tonic 
treatment is needed. 

3. Blaud's pills will do well. This is the formula: 

Dried sulphate of iron 2 drams 

Carbonate of potash 2 drams 

Syrup enough to make a mass 

Mix and make forty-eight pills. Take one to three, three 
times a day after meals. 

4. If the appetite is poor, bitter tonics such as gentian, quassia, 
cinchona, or nux vomica are needed. 

Compound Tincture Cinchona 2 ounces 

Compound Tincture Gentian 2 ounces 

Mix. Take one teaspoonful before meals, in a little 
water. 

5. Tincture of nux vomica in doses of two to three drops after 
meals is a good stomach and bowel tonic. 

6. Golden seal root made into a tea is good in some cases, espe- 
cially if the tongue is much coated. 

7. Oil of Erigeron or flea-bane is good for oozing bleeding. Dose : 
Three to five drops in a capsule every four hours. 

8. Oil of cinnamon in one dose of one-half dram is good where 
flea-bane oil cannot be used or obtained ; usual dose, one to five drops. 
An infusion can be made of the cinnamon bark and drank freely. 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT S^7 

9. Cranesbill (Geranium maculata). The fluid extract is spleit 
did when diluted three or four times with boiled water, used locally 
for bleeding from the womb, or as an injection for the sarne; or an 
infusion can be made of the plant and injected into the vagina. The 
local cause mentioned should be treated. The displacement should be 
corrected. 

DYSMENORRHEA or Difficult Menstruation. — This term mean.^ 
difficult and painful monthly periods. The pain may occur before, 
during or after the periods. 

Causes. — It may be caused by a narrow cervical canal, the canal 
from the inner womb to the vagina. This is often very narrow and 
almost closed. Again it is produced by the womb being turned back 
and bent on the canal, thus partially closing it. This causes the blood 
to be retained in the womb and then the womb contracts to expel the 
blood, pains being the natural result. Diseases of the womb and ovar^ 
ies also cause it. Sometimes the membrane of the womb is cast off 
in the form of shreds or even a cast of the inner womb. 

Symptoms. — The flow may be scanty, moderate or profuse, often 
clotted. The pain varies. It may be slight before the flow, or the 
first day or two, or it may be severe, agonizing and continuous for one 
or two days, or during the whole period and sometimes for some days 
after there may be pains. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Painful Menstruation, a Good 
Tonic for. — "This may be relieved by sitting over the steam of a strong 
decoction of tansy, wormwood, and yarrow, and fomenting the abdo- 
men with the same. Then take the following in wineglassful doses: — 
One ounce each of ground pine, southernwood, tansy, catnip and ger- 
mander, simmering in two quarts of water down to three pints and 
pour boiling hot on one ounce of pennyroyal herb, strain when cold 
and take as per dose above." 

2. Painful Menstruation, a Home Remedy for. — "Let the patient 
take an active cathartic ; then when put to bed let a half cup of hop tea 
be given ; and a douche of one quart of hot water, into which ten drops 
of laudanum have been dropped, be injected." A' cathartic is not nec- 
essary in all cases. If the bowels have been moving freely do not 
take one. The douche will give great relief providing the woman can 
take one while menstruating. Some women can and some cannot. 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— If the womb is displaced it 
should be corrected. Any disease of the womb or ovaries should be 
treated. If the canal is too much closed, gradual and careful dilation 
between the periods, will often remove this cause in time. The bow- 
els should be kept regular at all times. 

1. For the attack. — Never take opium or alcohol for it in any 
form ; it is so easy to form the habit, and a doctor who gives it is 
simply dodging effective general and local treatment between the per- 
iods. If it is due to taking cold, or from any local cause, the follow- 



508 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ing treatment is good : The patient should take a hot sitz bath, being 
well covered by a blanket, while in the tub and afterwards, and should 
immediately get into bed as soon as the buttocks are dried and remain 
there well covered. A turpentine stupe is now to be used, prepared 
as follows: Place a tin cup containing the turpentine in a vessel con- 
taining hot w^ater. This will keep the turpentine warm. Dip a piece 
of flannel into very hot water and wring it out in a twisted towel, and 
after it is perfectly dry and no dripping, dip it into the hot turpentine 
and wring it out again to free it from too much of the drug. Apply 
the cloth while hot and allow it to remain until it causes discomfort. 
Then withdraw it or it will blister the skin if left on too long. Fomen- 
tations wrung out of teas like hop, pennyroyal, smart-weed, etc.. ap- 
plied and kept warm often do much good. At the same time penny- 
royal tea can be drank freely. A five-cent package can be bought at 
any drug store. Hot lemonade will help also. The object is to pro- 
duce relaxation of the tissues through the local applications and tea 
drinking. If there is constipation, the bowels should be moved freely 
with epsom salts, half ounce dose, in the morning before breakfast. 
If there is much pain a belladonna suppository, one-half grain of the 
extract, can be inserted into the rectum. 

2. If the patient's nervous system is run down the "Rest Cure" 
will be of benefit, and medicines to strengthen the nerves. Exercise, 
outdoor life, horseback riding are of great benefit in toning the system. 

3. Fluid extract of blue cohosh is a good medicine in this disease, 
especially if there is some rheumatism during the interval. One or 
two drops every hour will be enough. 

4. Tincture of Pulsatilla in doses of three drops every hour is 
good for the pain, especially in blonde girls and women. 

5. Tincture of Cocculus I have found to be of great benefit. Put 
five drops of a good pure tincture into a glass half full of water and 
give two teaspoonfuls every ten to fifteen minutes until relieved. This 
I give in cases I am called to and have not the time then to find out 
what the real cause may be. 

DISPLACEMENTS.— Turning back or retro-displacements. 
This includes retro-version and retro-flexion. Retro-version means 
turning back, in plain terms. Retro-flexion means bending back, bend- 
ing of the body of the womb, or the neck, backward. Retro-flexion is 
more common than retro-version. 

Causes. — Some are congenital, that is, from birth, and a few are 
the result of some injury, falls or blows. It is more often found in 
child-bearing women, and this may be due to the fact that the womb 
has not returned to its normal size and weight, and therefore there is 
more weight for the ligaments to hold up. The ligaments often relax 
and do not support the womb as thoroughly as before. 

Symptoms. — Backache, a sense of weight in the lower abdomen, 
difficult menstruation, leucorrhea, sterility, or reoeated abortion and 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 509 

constipation. The constipation is often due to the womb lying on the 
rectum. 

Treatment — This is to replace the womb and keep it in position. 
Supports of various kinds are used to keep the womb in position after 
it has been replaced. They must fit thoroughly and give no pain or 
any discomfort whatever. They are called supports or pessaries. If 
they are fitted properly they do much good. They should be removed 
often (every month) and not allowed to grow fast or cause sores in 
the vagina. There are the ring support and the stem variety and 
others. The stem variety can be taken out and replaced by wearer at 
any time. They are made to buckle around the abdomen. They are 
bungling but effective. The ring kind should be introduced by a 
competent person who should see that it is of correct size and shape, 
and worn with comfort. Sometimes these supports fail to cure when 
adhesions and other diseases exist; it may be impossible to wear them. 

Operations. — One operation is to break up the adhesions, the body 
of the womb brought forward and sewn (sutured) to the abdominal 
wall. Another operation is to shorten the round ligaments in the in- 
guinal (groin) canal. These are the usual operations, and they are 
quite successful. 

FALLING OR PROLAPSE OF THE WOMB.— The womb may 
come down and remain in the vagina (incomplete falling). When the 
womb escapes at the vulva it is called a complete falling (prolapse or 
procidentia). 

For the Incomplete Kind. — Replace the womb and wear a support 
for months. 

For the Complete Falling. — Replace the womb. The patient 
should remain in bed with daily, hot, prolonged vaginal injections of 
water for a few weeks. The injection daily of white oak bark tea, of 
the strength of one ounce of the bark to a pint of hot water, is often 
of great benefit. 

If these measures fail to cure, an operation may be necessary. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES. 1. Falling of the Womb, Unicom 
Root for. — "Make a strong tea of unicorn root, and take a half tea* 
spoonful three times a day. This is an excellent remedy for falling of 
the womb." This is very easily prepared and not bad to take, and in 
addition to this use an injection of witch-hazel or golden seal. 

2. Falling of the Womb, a Fine Herb Combination for. — "Peach 
leaves, mullein leaves and hops made into a tea, and a pint used twice 
a day as an injection often cures when other remedies fail." We all 
know that this combination of herbs is healing and especially in female 
trouble. The hops, especially, are very soothing to the affected parts. 

3. Falling of the Womb, a Physician's Treatment. — "Knee-chest 
position. Get down on the knees and put chest and chin to the floor. 



510 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Retain this position about three minutes several times a day." This 
is a splendid thing to do, and is recommended by all physicians. 

4. Falling of the Womb, a Never Failing Remedy for. — "Ague 
root (Aletris Farinosa) is a valuable agent to prevent tendency to 
miscarriage and falling of the womb. It is especially useful for the 
purpose of restoring the activity of the generative organs giving them 
vigor and healthy action. Dose of the tincture is from six to ten 
drops three times a day and of the powdered root five to eight grains." 
This is an old tried remedy, and is frequently used by physicians alone 
or in combination with other remedies. 

5. Falling of the Womb, White Oak Bark for. — "A mild infusion 
of white oak bark, or of alum or tannin, used in quantities of a pint, 
as a douche, will often give immediate relief." 

LEUCORRHEA. (The Whites).— This is an over-secretion 
from the glands that pour out their contents into the vagina or the 
cervical canal of the womb. 

Causes. — It is dependent upon many causes. Tear of the neck of 
the womb (cervix), displacements, inflammation of the womb and 
vagina, a run-down condition of the system from any cause. The 
character of the discharge varies. 

From a Torn Cervix, the discharge is thick and mucus-like in 
character. 

In Inflammation of the Canal of the Cervix. — ^A thick mucus dis- 
charge also comes from this trouble. 

Inflammation of the Body of the Womb. — The discharge is thin 
and watery. 

"^f the Inflammation is Caused by Gonorrhea the discharge would 
L.,rt..ke Gi the pus-like variety. 

Symptoms. — Local : i§ of course mainly the discharge or the irrita- 
tion often produced by it, especially if it is thin. It then irritates the 
parts. The patient will be run down. It will be hard to do anything, 
frequently the patient is very nervous and irritable. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Leucorrhea, Slippery Elm for.— 

"The immediate cause of leucorrhea is either congestion or inflamma- 
tion of the mucous membrane of the vagina or womb or both. It is 
not a disease, but a symptom of some vaginal or uterine disorder; 
hence, general or specific tonics may be needed but appropriate injec- 
tion as auxiliary treatment will very much assist in cure. The patient 
should bathe frequently and freely expose herself to the sunshine, and 
have good ventilation in the house. If the vaginal passage is very 
tender and irritable, an infusion, or tea, of slippery elm bark is very 
soothing and may be used freely with a vaginal syringe. Whatever 
injection is employed, should be preceded by the free use of castile soap 
and warm water to thoroughly cleanse the parts." Always lie down 
after an injection. 



' WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 511 

2. Leucorrhea, Glycerin for. — "One part glycerin to six parts 
water is a very soothing lotion when there is much tenderness, pain or 
heat in the vagina. A teaspoonful of tartaric acid in a pint of warm 
water is a specific, in some cases, acting like magic. Whatever lotion 
is employed,' always use it warm. After cleansing with soap suds, 
the medicated lotion of not less than two ounces should be injected." 

3. Leucorrhea, Common Tea for. — ''A very simple remedy that 
every woman has in the home is a decoction of common tea; used as 
an injection twice daily is very beneficial." The tea has an astringent 
action and the tannin contained in the tea leaves is very effective. 
This remedy is a harmless one, and every woman suffering with this 
disagreable disease should give this remedy a trial. 

4. Leucorrhea, Witch-hazel for. — ''Cleanse the parts well with 
clear warm water, then inject two quarts of warm water in which has 
been dropped a tablespoonful of witch-hazel." This is a very good 
remedy and sure to give relief. 

5. Leucorrhea, White Oak Bark for. — "White oak bark one ounce, 
water one pint. This makes a very good injection and will be found 
very effective." 

6. Leucorrhea, a Good Herb Remedy for. — "Inject into the vagina 
with a female syringe, a tea of bistort or beth root, and cranesbill, 
night and morning and take the following night and morning in wine- 
glassful doses. 

White Pond Lily Root 2 ounces 

Unicorn Root 2 ounces 

Wahoo Root 1 ounce 

Golden Seal 1 ounce 

Cinnamon 1 ounce 

Add three pints of water, simmer to one quart, pour boiling hot upon 
one ounce of grated nutmeg, one-half ounce ginger, powdered, one- 
half pound of granulated sugar. Exercise in the open air and nourish- 
ing food are indispensable." 

7. Leucorrhea, Common Vinegar for. — "Two tablespoonfuls vin- 
egar in two quarts of water (warm or hot), used as a douche at bed- 
time, until cured." This will cure some mild cases and has an astrin- 
gent action. 

8. Leucorrhea, an Easily Prepared Remedy for. — "Red oak bark 
tea used with syringe ; follow with hot water." Steep the red oak bark 
and make a tea of it, using about two or three teaspoonfuls of the 
bark to a pint of hot water. This acts as an astringent and the red 
cak bark contains a good deal of tannin which is very beneficial in 
cases of this kind. 

9. Leucorrhea, Home-Made Suppositories for. — ^"Take a small 
piece of medicated cotton, and saturate in pure glycerin and insert in 
the vagina at night, after a warm salt injection has been taken to thor- 
oughly cleanse the parts." So many women of today are careless about 
taking injections, at least once or twice a week. Many of these dis- 



512 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

eases could be avoided in the beginning by women being more cleanly. 
This saturated cotton acts as a suppository absorbing the mattery 
secretion and in that way relieves the congestion. 

10. Leucorrhea, a Good Home Remedy for. — "Cleanse the parts 
affected with warm water with a little castile or ivory soap in it, by 
means of an injection. Then inject a full syringe of the mixture, made 
by dropping a tablespoonful of extract of witch-hazel (Pond's is best) 
into warm water; repeat each night until cured." The injection of soap 
and water is one of the essential things to do for leucorrhea, as it 
cleanses the parts thoroughly and the witch-hazel is very soothing and 
healing. 

11. Leucorrhea, a New York Doctor's Remedy for. — "Fluid ex- 
tract of Oregon grape root (sometimes called mild grape) mixed with a 
simple syrup and given in teaspoonful doses, three times a day, is rec- 
ommended by Dr. W. W. Myers, as a curative for leucorrhea." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— First is to do away, if possible, 
with local disease, like inflammations, tear of the cervix, etc. The 
general system should be built up with tonics. The same treatment as 
for anemia and chlorosis will be usual for this trouble. Refer to those 
diseases. 

Local. — The vagina should be kept as clean as possible with the 
hot water injections. To the hot water many simple remedies can be 
added with much benefit. 

1. One ounce of white oak bark in a pint of boiling water makes 
a good injection for this trouble. Before any medicine is used the 
vagina should always be washed out by an injection of warm water. 
Then follow with the indicated injection and retain it as long as pos- 
sible. 

2. Tannic acid and glycerin, equal parts, one ounce to two quarts 
of warm water, is a good injection. 

3. Lloyd's Golden Seal is splendid, used in the proportion of four 
teaspoonsful to a pint of warm water. 

4. This combination gives good service: — 

Sulphate of Zinc 1 dram 

Sulphate of Alum 1 dram 

Glycerin 6 ounces 

Put a tablespoonful to each quart of warm water and use 
as injection. 

It is well to remember the injections must be given in large quan- 
tities and used in a fountain syringe. A gallon can be used at one 
time. 

5. Witch-hazel in warm water makes an excellent injection in 
many cases. It can be used in the proportion of one-fifth water of 
witch-hazel to four-fifths of warm water. 

6. Many other simple remedies may be named, Cranesbill is one. 
Vaginal cones are now made for leucorrhea. These are used about 



WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 513 

ever}' third night and a thorough injection taken the next day. There 
are man}' varieties, most of them are good and can be bought at any 
drug store. 

MENOPAUSE. (Change of Life). The active menstrual life 
lasts on an average for thirty years and ends between forty and fifty 
years of age. The courts have recognized the age of fifty-three years 
as the limit that a v^oman can become pregnant. 

The onset of the change of life, may be sudden or gradual. The 
organs shrink and waste. The womb shrinks and part of its muscular 
tissue disappears and its walls become thin, soft and relaxed. The 
ovaries become small and harder. The vagina shortens and also be- 
comes narrower. Sudden mental shock, wasting disease or change of 
climate, may cause a sudden appearance of the change of life. 

Symptoms. — Many women hardly notice any change, as it comes 
on gradually. Other women have all kinds of bodily and mental 
symptoms, and some are afraid of becoming insane. The heart pal- 
pitates readily, feelings of heat and cold, flushes of heat of the face, 
followed by sudden sweating. Rush of blood to the head so quickly 
sometimes as to make the patient lose temporary consciousness. The 
spirits are very much depressed, sleeplessness is common in some 
women. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Change of Life, a Useful Herb 

Remedy for. — ''Motherwort is one of the most useful herbs to relieve 
obstructed menstrual flow. There is no better herb for cleansing the 
womb and removing obstructions in the female at change of life. 
Dose: A wineglassful of the decoction three times a day." 

2. Change of Life, excessive Flowing. An Old Tried Remedy for. 
— "One ounce of nutmeg, grated, one pint Jamaica rum. Mix well and 
shake before taking. Dose: — One teaspoonful three times a day as 
long as necessary." I tried this remedy upon the advice of a physician 
at the time of "change of life" and was very soon relieved, so I heart- 
ily recommend it. 

3. Change of Life. Good Advice From an Experienced Mother. — 
"The first and most important point to consider is the general health of 
the patient. If the general health can be sustained there will be no 
danger attending this critical period of life. Therefore whatever form 
of disease may manifest itself the one object should be to seek a rem- 
edy in time. Take special pains to preserve general good health and 
take care not to overwork, take plenty of outdoor exercise and keep 
up a regular action of the bowels. Purify the blood with tonics if nec- 
essary." 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.— Exercise, fresh air, with free- 
dom from worry, anxiety and care. Many women at this time of life 
need much encouragement, and cheerful company is a good tonic. 
Prominent annoying symptoms should be met with the proper medi- 
cine. 



514 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Irregular bleeding of the womb at this time or after should lead 
to an examination as to its origin. 

CYSTOCELE — Cystocele is simply a tumor formed by the 
bladder pressing into the walls of the vagina. The bladder descends 
into the pelvis on account of relaxation or destruction of its normal 
support. The anterior wall of the vagina yields. 

Causes. — Tear of the perineum allow^s the bottom of the pelvis to 
relax. Undue relaxation of the ligaments of the bladder and of the 
floor of the pelvis, with over distention of the bladder, are responsible 
for the majority of the cases. 

Symptoms. — Weight and dragging feeling. A tumor can be felt 
in the vagina. It decreases when the bladder is emptied. 

Treatment. — Supports are suitable in some cases (Skene's pessar>'). 
An operation is necessary in many cases. 

RECTOCELE, — The muscle that holds up the lower end of the 
rectum is relaxed or torn, and this deprives the lower end of the rec- 
tum of its support so that during expulsion of the feces forward disten- 
tion of the anterior wall of the rectum into the vagina results. The 
posterior w^all of the vagina is carried before the advancing anterior 
rectal wall, and appears at the entrance of the vagina as a bulging 
tumor which is increased in size with every effort of the rectum to 
cast out the feces. 

Causes. — Hard child-birth (labor) and the long time the head of 
the child was resting on the perineum. This resulted in an over- 
stretching or tear of the muscle that holds up the lower end of the 
bowel and the parts were necessarily weakened. 

Symptoms. — It is hard to entirely empty the rectum because of 
the presence of the tumor. This is soft, rounded, increasing and de- 
creasing in size and disappears upon pressure. 

Treatment. — Keep, if possible, the tumor from getting larger, reg- 
ulate the bowels. 

An operation may be necessary to restore the parts to their nor- 
mal condition. A physician must be consulted. 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 515 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 

Small bodies are contained in the ovaries. These are called eggs 
or ova. The ^uman ^gg is about 1/125 of an inch in diameter. This 
^gg enlarges a^d" one or more escape from the ovaries, usually about 
the time of the monthly sickness, and are caught by the ends of the 
Fallopian tube, enter its canal and are carried into the womb. After 
they have arrived in the womb they are, as a rule, cast off with the 
secretion and leave the body. If in the course of its travel from the 
ovaries, through the tube to the womb, the female ovum or tgg meets 
with the male elements, fertilization or impregnation may take place. 
If then it is not cast off it generally lodges in the womb and preg- 
nancy has begun. The male and female elements are usually supposed 
to meet in the outer portion of the Fallopian tubes, fertilization then 
taking place ; but this can occur any place from the ovary to the womb. 
When the fertilized tgg enters the womb it is usually arrested in the 
folds of the womb membrane nearest the opening of the tube and at 
once attaches itself to the womb wall. The folds by which it is sur- 
rounded then grow forward and their edges unite over the tgg or ovum 
forming a sac — the decidua reflexa. Then follows the development of 
this ovum and with it the development of the womb, and this growth 
or development copstitutes the process which is called pregnancy. 



The Embryo or impregnated tgg is nourished in the womb by 
measures preparing for it. The placenta or after-birth forms during 
the third month of pregnancy. Its function is to furnish nourishment 
breathing (respiration) and excreting power to the embryo or impreg- 
nated Qgg. The fully developed after-birth is a roundish spongy mass 
with a diameter of about eight inches and weighs about one pound. 
It is usually thickest at the center, the edges thinning out to the 
membranes. The inner surface is smooth and glistening and is cov- 
ered by a membrane (amnion) and beneath this two arteries and a 
vein branch in all directions. 

The cord is attached to the inner surface of the after-birth and is 
of a glistening white color, varying in thickness, and is about twenty- 
two inches long, but it may be longer or shorter. It contains tv/o 
arteries and a vein^ which run in a somewhat spinal course. 

DEVELOPMENT AT DIFFERENT MONTHS.-- 

First month. — There are indications of the eyes, mouth and anus. 
The extremities are rudimentary. The heart is 4/10 of an inch long. 

Second month. — It is now about one inch long. The eyes, nose 
and ears can be distinguished. External genitals. There are sugges- 
tions of the hands and feet. 

Third month.* — The ovum is now the size of a goose-egg. Fingers 



516 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

and toes separate, nails look like fine membranes. The neck separates 
the head from the body. The sex can now be told. Length is five 
inches. Weight about 460 grains. 

Fourth month. — ^Six inches long and now weighs 850 grains. Short 
hairs are present. Head equal to about one-fourth entire body. May 
perceive quickening. 

Fifth month. — Ten inches long ; weighs eight ounces. Eye- 
lids begin to separate. Heart sounds can be heard. Quickening 
takes place. 

Sixth month. — Twelve inches long; weighs 233^ ounces. There 
is hair on the head, eyebrows and eyelashes are present. Testicles 
show near the abdominal rings (openings). 

Seventh month. — Fifteen inches long; weight 41^ ounces. Pupil- 
lary membrane disappears. 

Eighth month. — Sixteen inches long; weight 3}^ pounds. Left 
testicle has descended into the scrotum. Nails protrude to end of 
finger tips. 

Ninth month. — Eighteen inches long; weighs 4^ to 7 pounds. 
Features are complete. 

While this growth goes on in the embryo the womb itself shows 
changes. The virgin womb averages 2^ inches in length, 1^ inches 
in width and 1 inch in thickness and weighs about 12 drams. At term 
(confinement) the womb is about 14 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 
9^ inches thick. This increase in size is necessary for its growing 
contents and is due to both an enlargement of its tissues (hyper- 
trophy) and to an increase in the number of its cells (hyperplasia). 
The muscular fibres are elongated to about 11 inches, and they are 
five times thicker than they are in a womb that is not pregnant. The 
cervix or neck of the womb participates but little in these changes, 
and remains practically the same until a few weeks before confine- 
ment. It becomes softened as the result of congestion, and the glands 
are more active, secreting a thick glairy mucus. The canal also is 
more or less dilated. 

While this process is going on in the womb, various other condi- 
tions show themselves, sometimes in the parts of the body so distant 
that it may not be easy to discover the connection with the womb. 
Almost any part of the body is liable to show changes from its normal 
condition ; and yet some of these changes are so constant and regular 
as to be regarded as signs of pregnancy. It must not be forgotten, 
however, that sure signs of pregnancy, such as cannot be induced by 
other causes, are very limited, especially in the early months. 

Changes occur in the genital organs that may lead a physician 
to susp€ct that pregnancy may exist; but the first symptom, that 
attracts the attention of the woman, is the passing of the monthly 
period. This is not an absolute sign of pregnancy, since other things 
or conditions may cause it. The efifect of the mind upon the body may 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 517 

cause it, and it also occurs sometimes in early married life without 
any appreciable cause, unless it may be then due to the effect upon 
the nervous system of the marital relation. Again, the monthly sick- 
ness sometimes continues in a greater or less degree, during a part 
or even the whole of pregnancy. Usually this discharge is due to 
some diseased condition- of the cervix. The fear of impregnation in 
unmarried women after illicit intercourse will occasionally suspend 
menstruation for one or two months. 

Nausea and Vomiting. — Another symptom upon which consider- 
able dependence is placed is the morning sickness (nausea and vomit- 
ing). While this symptom is common, yet its absence does not prove 
that the woman is not pregnant. Some women go through the whole 
pregnancy without any sign of this symptom. 

Nausea accompanied or not by vomiting may appear at the very 
time of conception, but it usually appears about the fourth or fifth 
week of pregnancy and continues until the sixteenth week or longer. 
In some cases it may last but a short time, in others it may continue 
until confinement. It may be light or severe. It generally manifests 
itself upon arising in the morning and subsides in a short time, but 
it may occur at any time of the day and continue during the entire 
waking hours. It may be absent entirely and, in rare instances, mani- 
fest itself in the husband alone. I have known of one such case. 
This nausea may be excited only by various odors or sights or may 
be caused by constipation. An increased secretion from the salivary 
glands usually accompanies the stomach disturbances and in some 
cases it may amount to salivation. An irresistible desire for certain 
articles of food or drink, generally of a sour or acid nature, is often 
developed. Indigestion, gas in the bowels and belching of gas are 
frequently present. The appetite is often capricious or it may be 
entirely lost (anorexia). 

Breasts. — Changes in the breasts also constitute a sign of preg- 
nancy. As an early symptom, there may be a feeling of fullness, 
sometimes pain. They become larger and firmer from the develop- 
ment of the individual lobules, which have an irregular knotty feel. 
A fat deposit takes place between the lobules and in the other parts 
of the breast. The nipples increase in size, are harder to the touch, 
become more prominent. A few drops of a turbid fluid, colostrum, 
may be pressed from the nipple as early as the third month. The 
veins under the skin become larger and more conspicuous. The rose- 
colored circles (rings) around the nipples are broadened and are 
slightly elevated above the surrounding skin and there is a marked 
increase in their pigmentation, the color varying with the complexion 
of the individual from reddish pink to brown and black. These changes 
usually occur at the beginning of the third month, and if the woman 
has already had a child the question of pregnancy has been decided by 
inspection of these breast changes. 

Bladder. — This is sometimes irritable in the later months, causing 
a frequent desire to pass urine. It sometimes occurs in the second 



518 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

or third week and is sometimes followed, later, by an inability to 
retain the urine which escapes at any time. This, however, is not 
frequent. 

Abdominal changes. — There is a slight flattening of the lower 
abdomen at the second month, due to the sinking of the womb. There 
is also a slight retraction (drawing back) of the navel. After thqt 
third month, when the womb begins to ascend out of the pelvis, a 
progressive enlargement of the abdomen begins and continues until 
near the end of pregnancy, when the womb again sinks and the 
so-called lightening occurs. The protrusion of the abdomen is more 
marked usually on the right side. There is often an increased deposit 
of fat in the lower portion of the abdomen, as well as on the hips and 
thighs. The navel may protrude after the sixth month. 

Pigmentation. — Pigmentation or darkening of the middle line of 
the abdomen begins by the eighth or twelfth week, and a dark band 
about ys of an inch wide extends from the pubis (bone) to and around 
the nav€l or even higher. This shows plainer in brunettes, where it 
is quite conspicuous. Discolorations also appear on other parts of 
the body, especially on the face, "moth patches." 

Quickening. — This is caused by the movement of the child (foetus) 
in the womb. The impact of the enlarging womb, through the child 
(foetal) movements, against the abdominal wall about the sixteenth 
week of pregnancy gives rise to this sensation called quickening. 
Some women claim to have experienced this sensation at a much earlier 
date, and by some it is not felt at all. Gas in the bowels and con- 
traction of the muscles of the abdomen may give a chance for mis- 
takes. In the later months of pregnancy, the movements sometimes 
become so violent as to produce perceptible movements of the womb 
and the abdominal muscles, and sometimes they are the cause of the 
pain. 

The Blood. — The blood is increased in quantity and slightly altered 
in its composition. The water, fibrin and white corpuscles are in- 
creased; the red cells are at first relatively diminished, but later 
return to normal. 

Nervous System. — The nervous system is over sensitive and the 
disposition of the woman may undergo a radical change, mental 
exaltation and depression are often exhibited. 

Constipation is the Rule. — Neuralgias in different parts of the 
body, especially in the face and teeth, are common. Palpitation of 
the heart and difficulty in breathing may be experienced. A discharge 
from the vagina is almost always present, due to the increased circu- 
lation in the cervix and vagina. 

The Foetal Heart-beat. — This is the one positive sign of pregnancy 
and it may be heard as early as the sixteenth to the twentieth week. 
It has been compared to the ticking of a watch under a pillow. It 
ranges in frequency from one hundred and ten to one hundred and 
fifty to a minute. 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 519 

Pelvic Signs. — As early as the first month of pregnancy a faint 
violet color of the anterior wall of the vagina just below the opening 
of the urethra may be distinguished. In the third month this color 
has become purplish and pronounced. This sign is present in eighty 
per cent of cases. There is also a more or less marked lividity of 
the vaginal portion of the cervix from the first month of pregnancy. 
Also there is softening of the cervix as early as the sixth week, and 
as pregnancy advances the whole of the cervix is softened. 

Duration of Pregnancy. — This is for all practical purposes two 
hundred and eighty days. 

How to Determine Date of Confinement. — The best rule is to 
count backward three months from the first day of the last menstrual 
period and add seven days to it. To be more accurate, in April and 
September only six days should be added ; in December and January, 
five days ; and in February, four days. 

Position of the Womb. — At four months the top of the womb has 
risen above the pelvic brim bone in front; at five months, it is midway 
between the bone (pubic) and the navel ; at six months, it is at the 
navel; at seven months, it is four fingers breadths above the navel; 
at eight months, it is midway between the navel and the bottom of 
the breast bone; at nine months, it is to the breast bone; from the 
middle to the end of the ninth month, the top of the womb sinks to 
about the position occupied at the eighth month. 

Twins occur about once in ninety to one hundred and twenty, triplets 
once in one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, and quadruplets 
once in three hundred and seventy-one thousand one hundred and 
twenty-six pregnancies. The causes are unknown. Twin conception 
is more common in women who have borne children, and more so in 
the elderly than in the young, first bearing women (primiparse). 

Sex. — Children from the same ovum {^gg) are always of the same 
sex. Of twins in general, more than one-third are males, less than 
one-third are females, and in the remaining one-third both sexes 
occur. The after-birth is always, at least at first, double. 

Diagnosis. — In twin pregnancy the symptoms and disorders of 
pregnancy are apt to be exaggerated, and watery swelling above the 
pubic bone is almost always present in the latter months. The abdo- 
men is larger and broader and there may be a depression dividing 
the abdominal wall in two spaces. The womb is much distended and 
the walls are thin. 

Hygiene of Pregnancy. — In pregnancy the dividing line between 
h-ealth and disease is often so shadowy that every care should be 
given the pregnant woman, not only that she shall escape dangers 
that may come, but that the future health of the coming baby may 
be safeguarded. 

The care taken in pregnancy therefore should include attention to 
clothing, food, exercise, rest, sleep, functions of all excreting organs, 
the breasts, nervous system and the mind. 



520 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Clothing. — This should be worn loose. The heavier garments 
should not be held by the waist but suspended from the shoulders. 
Flannels, if possible, should he worn next the skin excepting, possibly, 
during the warmest weather. Every precaution should be taken not 
to take cold or to chill the surface of the body, as this might bring on 
an acute trouble of the kidneys. As soon as the womb has risen 
out of the pelvis during the fourth month, the corset should be abso- 
lutely abandoned, since pressure upon the enlarging womb tends to 
cause acute Bright's disease and uraemia, and these troubles are always 
to be guarded against. During the later months of pregnancy, when 
the abdominal enlargement is great, a linen or elastic bandage may be 
worn with great comfort, but it must be so put on as to support and 
not press upon the womb. 

Food. — The food of the pregnant woman should be simple, whole- 
some, nutritious, of the kind that is easily digested and enough to 
satisfy the demands of her system ; excessive eating should be avoided. 
A mixed diet is to be preferred, but the diet should be of such kind 
as to help to overcome the constipation, usual in pregnancy. Meat 
should not be eaten in as great quantities. It not only tends to pro- 
duce more constipation but also has injurious effect upon the kidneys, 
and anything that in any way puts a greater burden upon the kidneys 
in pregnancy should be avoided. All foods that are likely to produce 
indigestion, heart burn-, or irritation of the stomach and liver, such as 
sweets, fried, greasy, highly spiced foods ; greasy rich gravies, or 
pastry should not be eaten. 

The heartiest meal should be taken near midday and the stomach, 
especially at night, should never be overloaded. Water should be 
drank freely, as it tends to overcome the constipation and wash out 
the kidneys. Some women do bett-er with lighter meals and taken 
more frequently. Some do better by taking their breakfast before 
rising. 

Bathing. — Extremes in hot and cold bathing should be avoided. 
The skin should be kept active by daily comfortable baths, followed by 
a brisk rubbing with a rough towel. 

The Bowels and Bladder. — The bowels, as before stated, are 
usually constipated and should be kept open by coarse foods, fruit 
and, when necessary, mild laxatives ; mineral waters and enemas 
especially should not be given. It should not be forgotten that in some 
women injections into the bowel are liable to bring on contractions 
of the womb. 

No woman, and especially no pregnant woman, should ever neglect 
the bowels, as much discomfort and ill health are caused by improper 
eliminations of the bowel contents. The bladder should also have 
proper care. This is apt to be irritable during the early and later 
months of pregnancy, owing to being pressed upon by the womb. A 
mild inflammation arises in some cases. The woman should take 
plenty of water, either pure or effervescing, to induce sufficient secre- 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 521 

tion in the kidneys, and also to flush them. This is also very good for 
an irritable bladder. In order that the physician may keep himself 
informed regarding the condition of the kidneys, the urine of every 
pregnant woman should be examined, both chemically and micro- 
scopically, every two weeks from the beginning of pregnancy ; during 
th€ late months of pregnancy the urine analysis should be made weekly. 
Catherized specimens should be used because leucorrheal discharges, so 
common in pregnancy, may give the albumin reaction. If the above 
advice of Dr. Manton, of Detroit, was followed in every case there 
would be fewer cases of trouble during th^ confinement. I remember 
one case ; the lady was seven months along when I was called. She 
was feeling badly and complained much of her eyes ; an analysis of the 
urine showed thick with albumin. The failure of her sight was due to 
the condition of her kidneys. If the urine had been examined early 
and often, her condition might have been prevented. Watch the kid- 
neys, have the urine examined frequently and carefully^ 

Exercise, Rest and Sleep. — Pknty of exercise in the open air should 
be taken daily, without this health cannot be maintained. It should 
not be violent or so great as to fatigue and overtire. Slow riding in a 
carriage and walking will give the best results. Horseback riding and 
riding in an automobile should be avoided. The woman should sit out 
of doors as much as possible. Plenty of sleep is also necessary. Eight 
hours are not too much at night, and lying down an hour or two dur- 
ing the forenoon and afternoon is very restful and desirable. 

The Vagina. — When there is a profuse discharge of leucorrhea, a 
daily vaginal douche is necessary. This should consist of a quart of 
warm solution (as much as the water will dissolve) of boric acid, or 
an equal amount of mild carbolic acid (one to eighty). The tempera- 
ture of the solution should be about 100° F.. and it should be injected 
slowly and without any force to the stream. 

It is also best to remain in the recumbent position for some time 
after the injection, to rest. 

The Breast and Nipples. — These should be bathed once or twice 
daily in cool or tepid water until the last month or two of pregnancy. 
Astringent application should not be applied to the nipples to harden 
them. If the nipples are small, undeveloped or retracted they should 
be pulled out several times daily by the fingers and gently rubbed, and 
this will usually stimulate their growth. Cocoa butter or castor oil may 
be applied during the last month. 

Nervous System and the Mind. — The pregnant woman is very sus- 
ceptible to annoying conditions of the social and domestic surround- 
ings ; such should be removed, if possible, and excitement of every 
kind should be avoided. Everything should be made bright and com- 
fortable around her, cheerfulness should be the rule in the home and 
she should be treated with every care and consideration. Surroundings 
will influence the coming baby's future. 

Disorders of Pregnancy. — Nausea and vomiting. — The simple nau- 



522 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

sea and vomiting of pregnancy needs no treatment. This kind gener 
ally disappears by the third or fourth month, but it may persist in a 
mild form during the greater part of pregnancy. Generally the regula- 
tion of the diet and attention to the bowels are all that is necessary to 
be done for this trouble. Foods should be chosen carefully and only 
such foods taken that agree with the stomach and lessen the constipa- 
tion. Sometimes taking a light breakfast in bed saves the usual morn- 
ing sickness. It is best then to remain lying for some time after eating. 
When the condition is annoying the following powder will give much 
relief: powder Ingluvin, oxalate of cerium, of each five grains. Mix 
thoroughly and take one, every one or two hours as needed. A physi- 
cian should be consulted if this trouble is very severe. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Pregnancy, A Great Aid for.— 

"Soothing syrup or Mother's friend, while pregnant. Two ounces each 
of cramp bark, blue cohosh, slippery elm, raspberry leaves, squaw vine, 
orange peel and bitter root. Simmer gently in sufficient water to keep 
herbs covered for two hours, strain and steep gently down to one quart. 
Let it stand to cool, then add one cup granulated sugar, and four 
ounces alcohol. Dose. — One tablespoonful two or three times a day 
for several weeks before the birth of the child. This has been thor- 
oughly tried and causes an easy birth where difficulty has been 
expected." 

2. Nausea of Pregnancy, Menthol and Sweet Oil for. — "Vomiting 

and nausea of pregnancy ; a twenty per cent solution of menthol in 
sweet oil ; use ten drops on sugar when nausea appears." The menthol 
acts on the stomach and quiets it. This will be found very beneficial. 

3. Pregnancy, Bouillon or Broth for. — "Was weak and generally 
run down. Family physician warned me I would never sur\^ive the birth of 
another child. I bought each day several beef bones and boiled them 
for three hours. I also bought chicken feet, scalded them and scraped 
them until the outside skin peeled off, then boiled the chicken feet with 
the bones. Skim surface from time to time. I would then beat up a 
raw egg in a glass and fill glass with this broth and drink it warm." 
This lady would take a glass whenever thirsty or six or seven times a 
day. She increased in strength immediately, within a year was the 
mother of a healthy baby girl now nineteen years old and believes her 
life was saved by the above. Anyone will find this worth trying. 

Indigestion and Heart-bum. — This should be treated the same as 
under other conditions. Diet, habits, should be regulated. Th€ bowels 
and kidneys should be regulated and do their eliminating work. For 
heart-burn the popular remedy, magnesia may be taken or dilute hydro- 
chloric acid with nux vomica. One teaspoonful of effervescing citrate 
of magnesia dissolved in water and drank, is a convenient remedy. 
Also, five drops of diluted hydrochloric acid in water, taken after meals, 
through a tube, and one or two drops of nux vomica before meals is 
beneficial. The following is an excellent combination from Dr. Hare, 
^^ Philadelphia: 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 523 

Dilute Hydrochloric Acid 2 drams 

Essence of Pepsin 1 ounce 

Compound Tincture of Gentian enough to make.... 4 ounces 

Mix. Take one or two teaspoonfuls in a little water with meals. 

In cases where it is impossible to eat anything the patient must 
be fed by the rectum. In such cases a doctor must be called. For- 
tunately such severe cases are very rare. The following for rectal 
feeding is given by Dr. Manton, of Detroit, and is a good combination. 
Give every four hours: 

Liquid Beef Peptonoids 3 drams 

White of an Egg 

Whisk}^ 3 drams 

Beef Tea or Warm Water enough to make 3 ounces 

The rectum should be washed out once or twice daily in th^ inter- 
val between the feeding. 

Teeth. — The teeth are often affected during pregnancy, softening 
and decaying rapidly, causing severe neuralgia. The t-eeth should be 
cleaned frequently during the day to get rid of the secretions of the 
mouth, and at night before retiring. Milk of magnesia should be held 
in the mouth for a few minutes ; cavities in the teeth should be stopped 
with a temporary filling. Teaspoonful of lacto phosphate of lime can 
be taken three times a day with benefit. 

Constipation. — The enlarging womb pressing upon the rectum and 
also irregularity in diet causes constipation at this time. Daily free 
bowel movements are necessary to prevent the kidneys from overwork- 
ing. As stated before, the diet should be strictly regulated. Cascara 
sagrada cordial is a good mild laxative to take, if necessary. 

Difficult Breathing. — This usually comes late in pregnancy and is 
due to the pressure of the womb upon the diaphragm ; the patient 
should avoid excitement and sleep with the shoulders well elevated. 
In the ninth month the womb drops lower and the breathing is better. 

Varicose Veins and Piles. — Varicose veins: These are due to the 
pressure on the veins so that the return flow of blood is impeded and 
occur as a rule late in pregnancy. They are seen oftenest on the inner 
side of the thighs, th€ lower extremities, the vulva, and in the region 
of the anus. As a rule, they do not give much trouble. When they 
become painful or inflamed the patient should lie down, with the legs 
elevated and use water of witch-hazel applied with cloths. Elastic 
stockings, properly fitted, give much relief when the trouble is on the 
thigh and leg. 

Piles. — When these are troublesome the rectum should be emptied 
by a small dose of salts, and the parts thoroughly washed with warm 
water, the piles pushed back and local lotions applied (see treatment of 
piles). Hot fomentations of witch-hazel frequently give great relief to 
the piles as well as to the varicose veins. Regular movements of the 



524 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

bowels usually will prevent piles. Piles will not usually give rise to 
much trouble unless constipation exists. 

Albumin in the urine. (Albuminuria). — While the urine of about 
six to ten per cent of all pregnant women contains albumin, the appear- 
ance of this symptom should always be regarded with apprehension. 
Women who are in their first pregnancy are most frequently affected. 
If the woman has had disease of the kidneys before her pregnancy 
began this symptom will likely appear in the early months ; if it is 
caused by pressure, etc., it may not appear until after the sixth month, 
but both acute and chronic inflammation of the kidneys may develop 
at any period of pregnancy. Dr. Manton, of Detroit, states, ''In the 
majority of cases, the albuminuria is due to the so-called kidney of 
pregnancy, in which there is no inflammation, but a fatty infiltration 
of the epithelial cells associated with anemia of the organ." The urine 
may also contain casts. Whatever the cause it indicates a condition 
of insufficiency of the kidney which may lead to serious consequences 
to the mother, and it is also injurious to the (foetus) child. If this 
symptom develops suddenly the danger to both is greatly increased. 
For this reason physicians should urge pregnant women to have their 
urine examined frequently, especially during the later months of preg- 
nancy. 

Treatment. — Regulation of the diet; in pronounced cases the di^^ 
should consist entirely of milk and the patient should take tnree or 
four quarts in twenty-four hours. Meats, pastry and sweets must be 
prohibited, but vegetables such as squash, spinach, salads may be 
added to the dietary in ordinary cases. Vichy water may be taken 
alone or with the milk, and may be taken freely. The bowels should 
be kept open with citrate of magnesia (one to two teaspoonfuls in 
water) or epsom salts in peppermint water. Exercise in the open air 
can be taken in moderation. Warm clothing should be worn and 
flannel next the skin ; exposure to cold and draughts should be care- 
fully avoided. If the more special symptoms appear, such as persis- 
tent headache, vertigo, ringing in the ears, black or bright spots float- 
ing before the eyes, dimness of vision, an abortion of miscarriage 
should be induced without delay. Fortunately such cases are rare and 
with care from the beginning seldom occur. Pregnant women should 
inform their family physician at the beginning of pregnancy of their 
condition, and in the great majority of cases serious troubles can be 
prevented. Physicians expect this information and receive it as a 
matter of course, and no woman should hesitate to inform her physi- 
cian either personally or through her husband. 

Abortion, Miscarriage, Premature Labor. (Accidents of Preg- 
nancy). — These three terms indicate a premature expulsion of the pro- 
ducts of conception. Let us medically define these terms as follows: 
Abortion implies expulsion of the foetus before the sixteenth week. 
Miscarriage, the expulsion between the sixteenth and twenty-eighth 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 525 

weeks. Premature labor designates the time of expulsion as between 
the twenty-eighth week to within a few weeks before the normal ter- 
mination of pregnancy. Miscarriage is the term popularly used for the 
accidental loss of the products of conception. 

Abortion, in the popular mind, expresses the intentional loss of 
the products of conception. Abortion in the medical sense, takes place 
about once in every four or five pregnancies. It occurs more frequently 
in those who have borne children, occurring generally in the third or 
fourth pregnancy, or toward the end of the child-bearing period, and 
it takes place more frequently between the ninth and sixteenth week, 
when the after-birth is in process of formation; and it is more liable 
to occwr at the time of the month when the normal menstruation would 
be due. It should be borne in mind also that abortion occurring at 
this period is quite dangerous to the mother's future health, and also 
dangerous to life ; so that at the first indication of abortion a physician 
should be called for this trouble, because it needs care, both to prevent 
it and to assist the woman to a successful ending when it is impos- 
sible to prevent it. This is more dangerous to life than confinement 
at full term, and is apt to leave behind a tendency to recurrence at the 
same time in the future pregnancies, and also makes the woman liable 
to inflammatory conditions of the womb. 

Causes. — Abortion may be induced by many causes due to the 
mother, father, and child. Among maternal causes may be mentioned 
any serious disease, especially fevers, when accompanied by a rash on 
the skin, such as smallpox, measles, scarlet fever. It is hard for a 
pregnant woman to go through one of these diseases, without having 
an abortion. Syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, organic heart and kidney 
disease, diabetes, anemia, and systemic poisoning also are causes; 
nervous disturbances as shock, fright, sorrow, convulsions, chorea; 
mechanical causes, violent exercise, lifting, blows, falls, coughing, vom- 
iting; local causes, as wrong position of the womb, inflammation of 
the womb, etc. ; all are causes. 

Causes. Due to the Father. Paternal. — Syphilis, alcoholism, lead 
poisoning, excessive venery, extremes of youth or old age. 

Foetal Causes. — Disease of the after-birth, other parts, of cord, 
death of the foetus, placenta pravia, and yet many women are sub- 
jected to falls, blows, etc., who carry their child to full term. 

Symptoms. — These vary with the period of pregnancy where they 
occur. In the earlier months the symptoms are those of profuse 
menstruation, sometimes accompanied by more pain perhaps than 
usual. The ovum is then so small that it escapes notice. In the pro- 
fuse flow there may be unaccustomed clots of blood ; when this trouble 
occurs later in pregnancy there are two constant symptoms which, to- 
gether with the history of the case, render the diagnosis easy. These 
prominent and constant symptoms are pain and bleeding. The symp- 
toms may be preceded by a bearing down feeling in the lower abdomen, 
with backache, frequent calls to pass urine, and a discharge from the 
vagina, that is a mixture of mucus and water. After these symptoms 



526 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

last for a shorter or longer time, labor pains set in, the bleeding in- 
creases and the contents of the womb are discharged. The ovum may 
be expelled whole when it looks like a huge blood clot, or it may be ex- 
pelled partly and the membranes left behind ; or the embryo (child) 
alone, surrounded by the transparent membrane, escapes. 

If the aft-er-birth has formed it may be cast off entire or piece- 
meal. The embryo (child) alone may escape, the neck of the womb 
contracts and shuts ; bleeding persists for an indefinite period, for 
weeks and weeks, until the health of the poor woman is seriously 
affected. Persistant bleeding of this kind is almost always due to the 
retention of portions of the after-birth or membranes, and should 
prove to the woman that there is a serious condition existing which 
should be speedily corrected A physician should be called who should 
make a thorough examination ; and if such a condition as above de- 
scribed is found, should free the womb from its retained products, 
which are not only sapping the woman's life, but also rendering the 
future health of the womb very uncertain. 

Threatened Abortion. — If a bleeding takes place in the woman who 
is pregnant, abortion may be assumed to threaten ; a careful examina- 
tion will usually settle this matter. 

Inevitable Abortion. — The abortion is probably inevitable if the 
bleeding becomes persistent and free, the cervix softens, the womb 
dilates and the labor pains set in-. Still in spite of all these conditions, 
the bleeding and pain may cease, and the pregnancy go on to full term, 
The result of these cases, if carefully and properly treated, is favor- 
able as far as the mother is concerned. 

Treatment. Preventive. In women where repeated abortions have 
occurred, the cause should be diligently sought for. If syphilis exists 
the treatment should be begun at the beginning of pregnancy. But 
when no special cause can be found, and an irritable condition of the 
womb is suspected to be present, the patient must be kept quiet in 
bed, especially at the time when menstruation would normally occur. 
She should also be guarded against lifting, fright, worry, over-exertion ; 
and medicines like bromide of potash, five to fifteen grains at a dose, 
given to quiet and allay the nervous irritability. 

Treatment of Threatened Abortion. — The patient should go to bed. 
lie down and remain there, and if possible be not only quiet physically, 
but also quiet mentally. The main remedy is opium, and if necessar}^ 
to obtain a quick action it can be given hypodermically in the form of 
morphine. Otherwise, laudanum may be given by the mouth, twenty 
drops, repeated cautiously, every three or four hours as required, or it 
can be given in thirty-drop doses combined with a couple of ounces of 
starch water by the rectum. Extract of opium in pill form, one grain 
three times a day by the mouth ; or a suppository of opium, one grain, 
may be inserted into the rectum every four to six hours. After the 
bleeding and pam have ceased, the emergency is probably passed ; but 
rest in bed and quiet should be the routine for one or more weeks. 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 527 

and the patient should always rest in bed at the usual time of the 
menstrual period, during the remainder of the pregnancy. 

Treatment of the Inevitable Abortion. — If the cervix is hard and 
the canal is not dilated, especially if the bleeding is free, the vagina 
should be packed full at once, if possible, with iodoform gauze. Rolls 
five yards long and two inches wide can be bought perfectly adapted 
to this purpose. A speculum should be used (Sims' or Graves') and the 
gauze should first be packed tightly into corners (fornices) around 
the cervix, then over the cervix and well down to the outlet. This 
should be held in place by a proper (T) bandage. The gauze can be 
removed in from twelve to twenty-four hours, and the ovum will gen- 
erally be found lying upon the upper part of the packing, or in the 
canal that is now dilated, from which it can easily be removed. Some- 
times it is necessary to repack and allow it to remain for another 
twelve hours as the canal has not been sufficiently dilated by the first 
packing. This packing not only causes the canal to dilate but usually 
stops the bleeding. After the ovum has been expelled an antiseptic 
vaginal douche should be given twice a day for a week or longer. 

If at the first examination the cervix is found softened and the 
mouth of the womb is open, but the womb has not yet expelled its 
contents, the sterile (clean) finger may be introduced into the womb 
and the ovum and membranes loosened and taken away, while this is 
being done counter pressure should be made over the abdomen. After 
the womb has been cleared of all its contents an antiseptic solution 
should be used, carefully, in the womb to wash it out, and this fol- 
lowed by washing out of the vagina. The after treatment is the same 
as that for labor at full term. The woman should remain in bed at 
least ten days. 

Placenta Praevia. — The after-birth is placed in the lower part of 
the womb; (after-birth before the child). This is a dangerous condi- 
tion and terrible bleeding may occur. It occurs about one time out of 
every one thousand. The main symptom is bleeding and this may 
occur at any period of pregnancy. It usually appears from the seventh 
to the ninth month. The outset is without any appreciable reason 
and without pain. The amount of blood lost at the first attack may 
be so slight as to escape notice or copious enough to endanger the life 
of the mother. This flow may occur at any time during these months, 
and it may be small or great. If during the course of pregnancy the 
bleeding occurs at intervals in the increasing amount, the greater will 
be the loss of blood during the labor. 

Treatment. — There is little danger of dangerous bleeding before 
the seventh month, and a waiting treatment may be adopted, but the 
woman should be closely watched and told what the trouble is. so she 
will be willing to remain quiet. Rest in bed, the avoidance of all mus- 
cular exercise and quieting medicines may enable the mother to carry 
the child until it can live, when pregnancy must be quickly terminated. 
If the child is dead the womb must be emptied at once. After the 



528 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

seventh month an expectant treatment is no longer allowable, and 
authorities declare the pregnancy should be terminated without delay. 
The mother is in great danger from sudden free flow. This treatment 
must be given by an experienced hand and only a physician can do it. 
If the pregnancy is allowed to continue to full term the danger to. the 
woman is very great, as the mortality runs from thirty to sixty-five per 
cent; but under modern treatment it has been brought down to five 
to ten per cent. The death rate of the child is between fifty and sev- 
enty-five per cent. 

Labor. — Labor may be defined as the physiological termination of 
pregnancy whereby the mature foetus (child) and its appendages 
(after-birth, etc.), are separated from the maternal organism. 

Premonitory Signs of Labor. — Premonitory signs of labor, usually 
observed from one to two weeks before the onset of the labor pains, is 
a sinking down of the womb in the abdomen, whereby some of the 
unpleasant features of pregnancy are relieved, and the so-called "light- 
ening" takes place. The waist line becomes small, the breathing is 
easier and the general well-being of the woman is better, so that her 
friends are attracted by her feeling of relief. But as a result of the 
womb descent and the consequent pressure, irritation of the bladder 
and rectum may occur, and she may have frequent calls to empty these 
organs. The vagina secretes more actively, the veins enlarge, some 
dropsy may appear in the extremities, and the womb contractions of 
pregnancy, which have been painless, begin to cause more and more 
discomfort. 

These false pains recur at regular intervals of hours or even days, 
and generally at night, last for a varying period and usually disappear 
in the morning. They often deceive the woman and lead her to the 
belief that the labor has already begun ; but examination of the cervix 
will reveal that this is not so. It is well to bear in mind that the true 
labor pains usually begin in the back, extend down to the thighs and 
often around to the front and they recur at regular intervals, and with 
increasing intensity.. 

The beginning of labor is characterized by recurring pains at reg- 
ular intervals and of increasing severity. There is also a discharge 
from the vagina of mucus, and this is sometimes tinged with blood, 
"the show." If an examination is now made, it will be found that the 
cervix (neck of the womb) is shortened, and that the mouth of the 
womb is beginning to dilate. At the beginning, the pains are usually 
in the back and spread to the abdomen and down the thighs; but they 
may be felt first in the abdomen. They return every half hour or 
twenty minytes, but as labor goes on the interval is shortened, so that 
toward the end of the second stage when the child is being born, they 
appear to be continuous, and the patient feels as if she is encircled by 
a belt of pain ; however, with all this, she will bear the suffering easier 
and better for she knows that progress is being made, and that she 
will soon- be over the pains and the child born. A pain rarely lasts 
more than one minute. 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 529 

STAGES O'F LAB O'R.— First stage extends from the beginning 

of labor until the mouth of the womb is dilated. Second stage, from 
the complete dilation until the complete birth of the child. Third 
stage, from the birth of the child until the expulsions of the after-birth 
— Placenta. 

The First Stage. — The first stage varies greatly in different women. 
The average duration of this stage is from ten to fourteen hours in 
the woman with the first child, and six to eight hours in the woman 
who has borne children. During this stage the woman prefers to re- 
main on her feet, sit, stand or walk about. The amount of pain experi- 
enced varies greatly, according to the temperament of the patient; in 
nervous women it may be excessive. The pains now have notb 
ing of that bearing down character which they afterward acquire ; they 
are described as ''grinding," are usually felt in the front. The genitals 
become bathed with secretions, which are sometimes tinged with 
blood. This is an especially trying period to a young wife, for she 
cannot see that the pains are doing any good, only making her rest- 
less, tired and nervous. Little can be done by the physician in this 
stage except to encourage and explain what is really being accom- 
plished by these seemingly futile pains and by tact and proper en- 
couragement, a physician tides this stage over and gives great comfort 
to the needy patient. This stage ends with the opening and dilation 
of the mouth of the womb and the second or expulsive stage sets in, 
with pains altered in character. 

Second Stage. — The pains now become more frequent and severe 
and last longer, and the patient now manifests a strong desire to expel 
the contents of the womb. The woman now feels better in bed and 
when the pains come she involuntarily bears down, with each contrac- 
tion she sets her teeth, takes a deep breath, fixes the diaphragm, con- 
tracts the muscles of the abdomen and bears down hard if you allow 
her to do so. The knowledge that she is working to overcome an ob- 
stacle gives her some satisfaction and she feels that she is accomplish- 
ing something by the efforts she is making. The physician can aid 
greatly by suggesting to the patient how to use the pains and how 
much bearing down to do. He can tell her when not to bear down, 
and so save her strength for the next real pain when bearing down 
will do good. Although the pains are really harder in this stage, 
nervous women suffer no more, for their mind is now concentrated 
upon the work at hand. Sometimes at the beginning of this stage the 
patient feels chilly or has a severe chill ; a hot drink and more cover- 
ing counteract this. Another phenomena is the escape of the waters 
and a lull in the pains for a little time, when they come on more effec- 
tively than before as the womb contracts down upon the child and is 
not hindered by the "bag of water." The pains keep on at intervals 
until the child is born and the physician can now be of help by guiding, 
directing and assisting the birth of the head. This stage averages 
about two hours. 
34 



530 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Third Stage.— The birth of the head is very soon followed by the 
shoulders and the rest of the body, and the woman is now at compara- 
tive rest. The cord is now tied and cut and the child laid away, if 
all right, in a warm place until it can be washed and dressed. Follow- 
ing the birth of the child there is a short resting period, the contrac- 
tions of the womb cease and it becomes smaller through retraction. 
After a few minutes the pains begin again, the after-birth separates 
from its attachment in the womb, and together with the membranes is 
extruded into the vaginal canal and vulvar opening; whence it can be 
easily delivered by pressing upon the abdomen over the lump (womb) 
and by guiding the after-birth with the cord. This should be done 
slowly so that the membranes will all come away with the after-birth. 

This should always be examined to be certain that everything has 
come away. A greater or less amount of clots of blood come with the 
after-birth. The contraction of the womb stops the bleeding,^ one hand 
should be kept on th-e abdomen over the womb, to see that it remains 
hard and retracted. The womb moves under the hand. If it softens, 
gentle rubbing should be kept up and the womb will soon remain con- 
tracted. This stage averages about fifteen minutes. 

MANAGEMENT OF LABOR.— Preparation of the Bed.— The 

bed should be high, springs not soft, with a firm and smooth mattress. 
It should be placed so that both sides ar€ accessible. The bed should 
be made up on the right side as a rule, as the woman usually lies on 
her left side when delivered. Place a rubber, or an oil cloth sheet, over 
the mattress, and over this an ordinary muslin sheet and secure this 
with safety pins to the corners of the mattress. This is the permanent 
bed; on top of this is the second rubber sheet and this is covered with 
another muslin sheet and both held by safety pins. This is the tem- 
porary bed. Plenty of hot and cold boiled water should also be at 
hand. Frequently only a temporary bed is made with rubber or oil 
cloth underneath, blanket and sheet above this. They should be fas- 
tened so that the movements of the woman will not disorder them. 
These can be removed after the confinement and new clean warm 
clothes put in their place. The objection to this is the woman may be 
too tired to be moved, while, with the permanent and temporary bed 
arrangement she need not be mov^d at all, only lifted, while the tem- 
porary bed is being removed and she is then let down easily upon 
clean bedding. 

Preparation of the Patient. — The patient, if she desires, can take a 
full bath. The bowels should be moved thoroughly with a soap and 
water injection so that the rectum will be fully emptied. This makes 
labor not only easier, but pleasanter, as no feces will be discharged 
during labor. The bladder should also be emptied. The external or- 
gans should be scrupulously cleansed and bathed with some antiseptic 
solution, like glycothymoline, listerine, borolyptol, etc. A fresh suit 
of underwear may then be put on and over this a loose wrapper. 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 53I 

Examination of the Patient. — The physician needs to satisfy him- 
self as to the position of the child, etc. This can be done by an exam- 
ination of the abdomen and also of the vagina. He must determine 
whether th-e child is alive, its position, the condition of the cervix and 
mouth of the womb. In making such examination a routine plan 
should be adopted. The coat must be removed, the shirt sleeves turned 
up and the hands and arms washed with soap and water. The abdo- 
men should be thoroughly palpated (felt) and listened to with the ear 
or stethoscope to determine the character of the child's heart beat, 
whether it be very slow, one hundred and twenty or less, or a very 
rapid one, one hundred and fifty or more. It may indicate danger to 
the child and necessitate a hurried delivery. After these things have 
been done, the hands and arms must again be thoroughly washed and 
sterilized, the fingers anointed with carbolated vaselin and the exam- 
ination of the vagina made. 

This cleanliness is necessary, and if this plan were carried out by 
every one connected with the patient during the whole confinement, 
there would be fewer cases of "child-bed" fever, with its resultant 
diseases. The patient should lie on her back with the knees drawn 
up. There is no need for any exposure now, for the covering can be 
held up by an attendant so that it will not touch the physician's hands. 
The soft parts are now separated by the fingers of one hand while the 
examining fingers are introduced into the vagina. These fingers 
should never touch any external part and especially the parts near 
the anus. If the cervix is found to be long and the canal still undi- 
lated, or only slightly so, and especially if it is the first child (primi- 
para), the physician's presence is not needed and he may safely leave 
for an hour or two. But if the mouth (os) of the womb is dilated to 
the size of a silver dollar he should on no account leave the house. 

Frequent examination of the vagina should not be made. In 
ordinary cases during the first stage, the woman should be up and 
encouraged to walk about the room, to sit or assume any comfortable 
position. During a pain she may stand beside the bed resting her 
hands upon something or kneel in front of the bed or chair. The 
standing position assists in the birth. The bladder should be emptied 
frequently, as a distended bladder retards labor and may even stop 
the womb contractions. The pains become more frequent and severe 
as the end of this stage approaches and each contraction is now accom- 
panied by straining or a bearing down effort on the part of the woman, 
and as a rule the membranes rupture spontaneously about this time. 
An examination of the vagina should now be made with the woman 
in bed, and if the membranes have not broken and the womb is com- 
pletely dilated as shown during the pain, they may be ruptured by 
pressing against them with a finger-nail during a pain. Sometimes we 
use every means to retain the membranes intact, but that is when pro- 
tection for the child is needed for sometime longer. If the suffering 
is very severe, during this stage, fifteen grains of chloral hydrate, well 
diluted with water, may be given every fifteen or thirty minutes until 



532 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

sixty grains have been given. (This medicine should never be given 
to a person with heart trouble). I find one drop doses of the tincture 
of Gelsemium every fifteen to thirty minutes of benefit, especially if the 
womb does not dilate well, or the patient is very nervous. The pa- 
tient may receive and can receive light nourishment during this stage. 

Management of the Second Stage. — After the rupture of the mem- 
branes the labor proceeds faster and a termination may be expected 
within a reasonable time. There is a short lull in the pains, usually, 
after the waters have escaped and during this time the patient should 
remove her clothing and put on a night dress, and to prevent its being 
soiled roll it well up under the arms and retain it there. After labor it 
can be very easily pulled down and made comfortable for the patient. 
A folded, clean, sterile sheet is now placed about the body and extrem- 
ities and held in place by a cord around the waist. The opening in 
the sheet should be in the right side, as this will allow the assistance 
being given as needed. The powerful force of the abdominal muscles 
is now brought into action ; the force is best utilized with the woman 
lying on her back. 

She should now be encouraged to bear down during the pains and 
she will be greatly assisted by pulling on a sheet or long towel tied to 
the foot of the bed, or by holding the hand of the nurse. A support 
for her feet frequently aids the woman. Pressing low on her back 
relieves her to some extent. In the intervals between the pains she 
should rest, do nothing, and be perfectly passive. It is now that an 
anesthetic may be used to relieve the suffering. She should not be put 
completely under its influence for that is not only unnecessary, but 
injurious. Chloroform when used should be given on a handkerchief 
opened and loosely held over the woman's face, and administered drop 
by drop on the handkerchief. The handkerchief should be placed over 
the face at the beginning of the pain and be taken away as soon as the 
pain is stopped. The woman inhales the chloroform during the pains 
and their sharpness is blunted. Given in that way it is not consid- 
ered dangerous. It should only be pushed to unconsciousness during 
a forceps delivery, and even then it is not always necessary to render 
the woman unconscious. I have used the forceps without giving an 
anesthetic. They should be placed without causing any special pain, 
and assist in delivery without causing any more pain when the head 
is down low. Of course if the forceps must be used when the head is 
high up a greater amount of anesthetic is needed. 

Dr. Manton, of Detroit, says: — "The dangers of anesthetics are 
the same when employed for obstetric purposes as in surgery, and 
their use should be governed by the same rules in each instance." As 
soon as the head begins to dilate the vulvar opening, the patient 
should be turned on her left side with her knees drawn up and her body 
lying diagonally across the bed, with the buttocks close to and par- 
allel with the edge. This position allows the physician to give better 
assistance and is no harder for the patient. 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 533 

The ph3sician with his hands thoroughly sterilized and with a 
clean sterilized gown, seats himself on the edge of the bed and watches 
the progress of the labor, ready to assist the woman at any moment. 
And at this time he can do much by words of encouragement and 
proper directions to the laboring woman how to use her pains so as 
to get the most from them ; and also by manipulation of the soft parts 
and the head. The head advances more and more with each succeed- 
ing pain, and the perineum is put on the stretch, each contraction is 
followed by a resting pause during which the head slips back a little 
and relieves the perineum. Tear of the perineum is liable to take 
place when the head is about to escape through the vulvar opening, 
especially if the contractions are strong, the woman bears down forc- 
ibly and the interval between the pains is short, so that the head is 
forced out before the parts have time to completely dilate and soften. 
Here is where the physician's work comes in, by holding the head 
back and fully flexed (bent), chin upon the breast, and keeping the 
back of the head (occiput) well up towards the bone in front (pubic 
arch) until the perineum is completely dilated. 

The effect of the pains can be lessened, if necessary, also, by tell- 
ing the woman to open her mouth and not to bear down during the 
pain for a few times. In this way the perineum will dilate properly 
and be torn little, if at all, and perhaps much future trouble for the 
woman saved. I always tell my patient why I ask her to do certain 
things in labor and I have never found any woman who, when able, 
was not willing to do as I asked. A torn perineum is not desirable, 
because even when sewn up immediately after labor, it may not unite 
thoroughly, and thus cause displacements of the womb in the future. 
A little time and care at the time of labor will save the perineum and 
every woman is willing to do her share when the conditions are plainly 
explained to her. It takes only a few minutes longer, and only a few 
more pains to bear. When the head begins to stretch the opening, the 
left hand of the physician should be carried over the woman's abdo- 
men and between the thighs, her right leg being supported by a pillow 
placed between her knees, and this left hand presses the back of the 
head (occiput) forward and against the "pubic arch." The right hand 
may also press the head upward by being placed against the posterior 
portion of the dilated perineum. The edge of the perineum should 
now be closely watched. A small towel wrung out of a bowl of hot 
water placed handy on a chair, should be held constantly against the 
perineum to hasten the softening and dilatation of these tissues. Plenty 
of hot water and small towels should be at hand. The head advances 
with each pain and again recedes until the parts are properly dilated, 
and the perineum slips backward over the child's face. 

If torn, it should be sewed before the physician leaves, as it can 
be done easily and without pain to the mother. As the head of the 
child emerges, the anesthetic should be pushed, or the woman told to 
open her mouth and cry out. This lessens the pain and the child's 
head emerges slower, and the perineum is saved. The child's head 
should be received in the hand. After the head is born, there is a lull 



534 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

for a few moments. Then the shoulders rotate into the proper position 
and are easily born. There may then be a flow of watery fluid for a 
few seconds. Before this time the physician has examined to see 
whether the cord is around the child's' neck, released it if it has been, 
and also cleaned out the child's mouth. The child usually cries a little 
about this time and it is soon seen whether it needs quick attention. 
The perineum should be guarded also while the shoulders are being 
bom as it can be torn by them. The shoulders are generally born 
without any help. The child's head is held in the physician's hand. 
As soon as the body is born, the child should be laid upon the bed 
behind the mother's thighs, and the cord pulled down to prevent it 
pulling upon the after-birth. After the beating in the cord has ceased, 
generally from five to ten minutes have elapsed, the cord is then tied, 
tight enough so it will not bleed afterward, about one or one and one- 
half inches (some say more) from the body and tied a second time an 
inch or so from the first ligature, and the cord cut between the two 
ligatures. Care should be taken so as not to cut a finger or toe of the 
baby. If the cord is very thick it is best to pinch it at the point of 
tying and the contents stripped away before the first ligature is ap- 
plied. After the cord is cut it should be wiped off to determine that 
bleeding from the vessels has been permanently cut off, and if not it 
should be tied again. The child is now taken up by placing the back 
cf its neck in the hollow between the thumb and forefinger, and the 
other hand over the backbone. It should then be placed in a warm 
receiving blanket, and put in a safe place. 

Management of the Third Stage. — The contractions of the womb 
are renewed and with the second or third the after-birth may be ex- 
pressed. The top (fundus) of the womb is grasped by the hand 
through the relaxed abdominal walls, and squeezed, and at the same 
time make a downward pressure. The after-birth is loosened from the 
womb and slides through the vagina and outlet, and it may be caught 
in a tray which has been placed between the patient's legs, or by the 
hand and given a few twists in order to roll the membranes together; 
while this is being done, gentle rubbing should be applied to the womb, 
when the membranes will slip out without tearing ; no drawing on the 
cord should be done in delivering the after-birth. 

From the time of the birth of the head to the delivery of the 
after-birth the womb must be controlled by the firm pressure of the 
hand on the abdomen. It is well for the nurse, when the after-birth 
is separating from the w^omb to follow the womb, throughout this 
whole stage, by keeping her hand upon it and if, while the physician 
is attending to the child, the womb softens and enlarges she should at 
once notify him. There may be bleeding within the womb. After the 
womb is empty, friction should be made over the womb whenever it 
softens at all in order to stimulate the womb to perfect contraction, 
and it should be kept up at intervals for one hour after the after-birth 
and membranes have been delivered. 

THE CHILD. 

The eyes should be washed soon and normal respiration estab- 
lished. If the child does not breathe well, cold water may be sprinkled 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 535 

in the face and chest and if this fails, immersions in hot water at 106" 
F., and sprinkling with cold water must be resorted to. If necessary, 
artificial respiration must be given. Slap the child on the back and 
move the arms up and down by the side a few times, or breathing into 
the child's mouth. 

Another method. — Face the child's back, put an index finger in 
each arm-pit and the thumbs over the shoulders, so that their ends 
over-lap the collar-bone and rest on the front of the chest, the* rest 
of the fingers going obliquely over the back of the chest. The child 
is suspended perpendicularly between the operator's knees. Its whole 
weight now hangs on the first fingers in the arm-pit; by these means 
the ribs are lifted, the chest is expanded and inspiration is mechanically 
produced. The infant is now swung upward till the operative's hands 
are just above the horizontal line, when the motion is abruptly, but 
carefully, arrested. The momentum causes the lower limbs and pelvis 
of the infant to topple over toward the operator. The greater part of 
the weight now rests on the thumbs, which press on the front of the 
chest, while the abdominal organs press upon the diaphragm. By 
these two factors, the chest is compressed and we get expiration, me- 
chanically. After five seconds the first position is resumed again, and 
the lungs expand and fill with air. This process may be repeated sev- 
eral times until the breathing seems to be going naturally, and with 
delicate infants it should be the last resort. 

After the breathing has been established the child should be 
wrapped in a warm flannel with hot water bags or cans near it, and 
left until the mother has been cared for. Infants at birth are covered 
with a white greasy substance, vernix caseosa, or cheesy varnish ; it is 
removed by applying olive oil, vaselin or fresh lard, and afterward 
rubbing the skin gently with a soft cloth. The eyes and mouth should 
be washed out with pure warm water — or a saturated solution of boric 
acid, used. Separate squares of soft linen being used for this purpose. 
If the baby is born too soon or is very small, weak and undeveloped, it 
should be given an oil bath, only, and then wrapped in cotton wool 
and kept at a temperature of not less than 80° F., for t€n days or two 
weeks. 

To a full}^ developed child the first bath may be given at once. 
Have everything ready before beginning, a foot tub, warm soft towels, 
warm water, castile soap, olive oil or vaselin, small squares of muslin 
or linen, dusting powder, a dressing for the navel and clothing, the 
latter consisting of a diaper, a flannel band, a shirt, long woolen stock- 
ings, a loose long sleeved flannel petticoat and a simple soft white out- 
side garment, the two last, long enough to more than cover the feet. 
The infant should be wrapped in flannel and only the part which is 
being bathed at the moment should be exposed. The eyes are first 
bathed separately and with diflFerent cloths, and afterward the face, no 
soap being used ; the head is then washed with warm water ; very little 
soap should be used with infants as it is more or less irritating, and it 
is likely to injure the fine texture of the skin. Next, one should care- 
fully clean the parts behind the ears and the crevices of the neck, arm- 



536 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

pits and joints and those between the buttocks and the thighs, and it is 
well to notice if all the natural openings are perfect ; finally the baby 
is put down into the tub of warm water at about 96° F., and washed 
oft, with the head and back firmly supported with the left arm and 
hand during the bath. The baby is lifted out in a minute of two, held 
face downward fot a moment and rinsed of? with clean warm water. 
It is then wrapped in a warm towel and flannel and dried by patting, 
not rubbing. It is b^st to do all this on a table, instead of on the lap, 
and it should be large enough to hold a bath tub, every thing necessary 
for the bath and a pillow upon which to place the baby. Everything 
then can be done without stooping and with greater comfort to the 
child. Powder should not be used except where there are signs of 
chafing, when stearate of zinc is the best to use. 

The navel is then dressed. A hole is cut in the center of a square 
of sterilized lint or linen which is slipped over the cord and folded 
about it ; the cord is then laid toward the left side, and over it is put a 
small sterilized cotton pad w^hich is held in place by the flannel band- 
age and just tight enough to hold. The binder may be kept on by 
sewing it smoothly with half a dozen large stitches, thus doing away 
with any danger of being injured from the pins. A binder should only 
be tight enough to hold the dressing for the navel. After the cord 
drops oft the looser knitted band should be used. The infant is not 
bathed in the tub again until after the cord has been dried up and 
ready to drop off, which usually occurs on the fifth or sixth day, 
although it may not drop off for nine days. The cord should not be 
redressed in the meantime. (See Baby Department for further direc- 
tions). 

THE MOTHER. 

The first duty of the physician., following the third stage of labor, 
is to see that the womb is well contracted and control of this organ 
should be continued for at least one hour after delivery. This gener- 
ally prevents excessive loss of blood. If necessary to promote womb 
contraction one teaspoonful of ergot can be given. After the wcmb 
has been kept in a state of contraction, the room should be rid of all 
evidences of labor and the woman made comfortable. The buttocks 
and thighs which have been soiled during the labor should be bathed 
with warm water and soap and the external genitals sprayed with an 
antiseptic solution, then dried with sterile gauze or cotton, the dress- 
ing applied to the vulva and the temporary bed removed, her night 
dress pulled down and the patient thus lying in a clean, comfortable 
bedding. The woman may then have a cup of weak tea, hot milk or 
broth and be left to rest: but during the first sleep the w^omb should 
be carefully watched lest it relax and serious, if not fatal, bleeding 
occur. In a normal confinement the dressings need not be changed, as 
a rule, oftener than six times in tw^enty-four hours for the first few 
days. As soon as convenient after the first toilet is finished the phy- 
sician sterilizes his hands and with the patient on her left side intro- 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 537 

duces one finger into the rectum and the thumb into the vagina to dis- 
cover the condition of the perineum. Washing out of the vagina is 
not necessary as a rule. 

The binder is considered indispensable, and should be made of un- 
bleached muslin and wide enough to extend from the pubic (bone) to 
the breast-bone, and long enough to go around the patient's body and 
slightly lap. The binder should be pinned or sewed tightest in the 
middle, but it should not be so tight as to press upon the womb and 
crowd it backward or to either side. It acts as a splint to the muscles 
and assists in resting them^ to their natural condition. 

Rest. — Complete rest of the body and mind is essential to the well 
being of the lying-in woman. She is better oiT without any company, 
and should see no one except her family for the first week or two. 
Outside visitors should be prohibited. The lying-in room should be 
kept free from noise and confusion, and the patient should be pro- 
tected from annoyances of every kind. She should remain lying on 
her back for a few days and immediately following delivery she should 
not have a pillow for her head. Sleep is very necessary and desirable. 
and mild medicines should be given to produce it, if necessary. It is 
best not to sit up in the bed until the womb shall have had time to 
become smaller, and has resumed its natural position behind the pubis. 
Among the upper classes, when it takes the womb longer to regain its 
normal size, three weeks is a good rule to go by before sitting up in 
the room, and she should remain in her room until the end of the 
fourth week. Among healthy women of the laboring class, whose mus- 
cular system has not been injured by ''culture" and social excesses, 
the womb and appendages regain their normal proportions more 
rapidly; but even they should remain in bed two weeks. 

AFTER-PAINS. — Women who have borne children frequently 
suffer from the after-pains, occurring at irregular intervals, for two or 
three days and they may give rise to much distress. A few drops of 
spirits of camphor on a lump of sugar will often give relief when they 
are not severe. Also a drop of tincture of blue cohosh taken every 
two or three hours is valuable. 

THE BLADDER.— If the patient is not able to pass urine it 
should be drawn once in eight or twelve hours or oftener if required. 
A No. 7 rubber catheter is best. After it has been used, it should be 
sterilized by boiling and then kept in a bichloride solution (1-20Q0). 
It should be washed off with boiled water again before being used 
to remove the bichloride solution and greased with sterile oil. The 
parts should be exposed to pass the catheter, the labia separated by 
the finger and thumb, and the opening of the urethra and surrounding 
parts bathed clean with an antiseptic solution ; unless you are clean 
decomposing discharges from the vagina may be introduced into the 
bladder and a cystitis set up. The care of the bladder is very im- 
portant. ^ It is not so sensitive after the labor and the woman may 
have urine when she does not think so. Sometimes she passes a 



538 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

little after trying and then thinks there is no more in the bladder. 
Even the attendants are deceived sometimes. I once had a case where 
the mother was the nurse. At each visit I inquired as to the amount 
of urine passed. I was told each time it was sufficient. She suffered 
severely the second day in the -evening. I went to see her and against 
the protests of the mother I used the catheter and took away an 
enormous quantity of urine. In such cases the bladder should be 
emptied slowly to save the woman from shock. 

A physician cannot always depend upon the patient's knowledge 
of her condition even in such matters and sometimes even the nurse 
is at i::ult. 

THE BOWELS.— There should be a movement of the bowels the 
second or third day, and a soap and water enema containing a small 
teaspoonful of spirits of turpentine and one-half ounce of glycerin, 
will usually be sufficient. Later cascara cordial, castor oil, etc.. may 
be used. Should the breasts be much swollen and painful and fever 
arise, saline laxatives are needed for two or three days, such as citrate 
of magnesia, rochelle salts, hunyadi water or seidlitz powder may be 
given. 

Care of the Breasts. — Careful attention should be given them from 
the first. The nipples should be bathed after labor, with an antiseptic 
lotion (bichloride, 1-2000). dried and then covered with castor oil, a 
small square of clean sterile gauze being laid over each to protect the 
clothing. Bathe the nipples before and after each nursing with a 
warm saturated solution of boric acid and dry them carefully. The 
breasts may be supported by a binder, made of a strip of muslin 
sufficiently wide to extend from above to well below the breasts. If 
they are heavy and sagging place a layer of cotton at the outer border 
of each breast and they should be raised toward the middle line, the 
binder being pinned only tight enough to hold without pressing upon 
them. The breasts should not be pressed upon by anything. Shoulder 
straps can be pinned or sewed on the binder if it has a tendency to 
slip down. Should the breasts be much swollen relief can be obtained 
by massage with warm olive oil and by the use of a breast pump. 
The tips of the fingers only should be used in giving massage and 
the stroke should be light, from the circumference to the center. 
Roughness and pressure must be avoided. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BREAST. Abscess; Broken 
Breast. — This usually results from germs. The breast inflames, the 
milk tubes are choked and distended, there may be fever. There is 
sometimes severe local pain, hard swelling and an abscess forms and 
if this breaks it is called broken breast. 

Treatment. Preventive. — Support breast with a binder-. The milk 
should not be allowed to accumulate and cake. The breasts and 
nipples should be kept clean and dry. Breast pump should be used 
if necessary to get out the surplus milk. If the lumps continue and 
are painful, put cold applications to the breast. Have child nurse a: 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 539 

the other breast. If it continues and will suppurate, apply moist heat, 
such as fomentations or poultices, and then open thoroughly. Poke 
root makes a splendid poultice for caked breasts. I have great faith 
in it. At the same time I give of the tincture one drop doses every 
hour. It is a splendid remedy and the poultice and remedy frequently 
stop the trouble. Inflammation of the breasts sometimes occurs in 
babies, generally in the first weeks. The swelling can be reduced by 
mild rubbing with warm carbolized oil used every day. Do not rub 
hard enough to hurt the baby. After the rubbing, absorbent cotton 
with carbolized oil should be applied and cover all with a thick layer 
of cotton held on with adhesives. If the breasts form pus they must 
be opened. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Sore Breasts, a Never-Failing 
Remedy for. — "Take a pint of raw linseed oil and four ounces tincture 
of camphor, mix and apply a cloth saturated in the liniment to the 
affected parts, taking care that the whole surface of the inflamed parts 
is covered with the liniment. When the breasts become swollen or 
painfully inflamed, apply the liniment often to prevent gathering." 
Even if they have gathered it is an excellent outward application. It 
allays pain, is extremely soothing and seldom fails to effect a cure. 

2. Swollen Breasts, an Herb Treatment for. — "Chamomile flowers 
one ounce, marshmallow roots one ounce, bruise and boil in one quart 
of water down to a pint. Foment the breast with this liquor as hot 
as can be borne ; and then place the flowers and roots in a cloth and 
apply as a poultice." 

3. Sore Breasts, a Hot Poultice for. — "Apply hot pancakes made 
of sour milk, saleratus and wheat flour, large enough to cover affected 
parts. Keep them changed often enough, so they will not be cold. 
This is an excellent remedy to steam out the inflammation." This is 
an old tried remedy and one to be relied upon. The steaming relieves 
the swelling and inflammation and gives relief quickly. 

4. Caked Breasts, Fresh Hops for. — "Fry one pint of fresh hops 
in a half cup of lard until the lard is a rich brown, then strain, set 
away to cool and use as a salve." 

5. Sore Breasts, a Poultice of Peach Leaves for. — "Take enough 
peach tree leaves to mix well with meal and water to the consistency 
of a poultice." This poultice should be applied hot, but should only 
be used in cases where the breast has matter or pus in it. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES.— 1. Sore Nipples, a Good Wash for.— 

"Brandy and water mixed together and put on the nipples will harden 
them, but should be washed off before the child nurses. If they are 
cracked, apply glycerin with starch, or arnica ointment." 

2. Sore Nipples, Good Family Ointment for. — "Four ounces of 
white wax, one ounce bayberry wax, three ounces of spermaceti, one 
pint olive oil. Mix briskly over a slow fire, taking care to stir it 
briskly until cool." This is an excellent ointment for mothers when 
troubled with sore nipples ; it moistens the skin and forms a coating. 



540 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

» 

It is good for dry. scurvy, chapped hands, blotches on the face and 
all sores which require a mild ointment, but should be assisted with 
internal remedies when the case requires it. 

The Lochia. — By this term is meant the discharges from the womb 
and soft parts after labor. They are mixed with blood at first and 
contain dark clots, mucus, shreds of the after-birth and pieces of the 
membrane. They become paler in color from the end of the third to 
the sixth day. After this the color is yellow, greenish and contains 
pus and fatty cells, with a little blood. This discharge varies in differ- 
ent women. In those who menstruate freely and do not nurse they 
are usually copious ; when decomposed, they smell badly and the odor 
is penetrating. The flow may cease entirely between the second and 
sixth week. It is increased by exertions at about the time the patient 
begins to move about. 

Diet. — This should consist at first of liquid, unstimulating food, 
given in small quantities and frequently. If the baby does not nurse, 
the liquids should be restricted. Some women on the first day can 
take milk, milk toast, or if desired, dry or buttered toast with coffee, 
tea, weak cocoa, according to the patient's taste. Water may be 
given if desired. On the second and third days, simple soups or any 
of the following may be added to the dietary: Meat broths, beef tea, 
soft boiled or poached eggs, raw or stewed oysters (no vinegar or 
spices), and some simple dessert, such as boiled custard or junket. 
During the next few days, chicken (white meat), scraped beef or mut- 
ton in small quantities, baked potato, rice and cereals may be given 
and by the end of the week a gradual return to the ordinary diet may 
be made. Should there be any tendency to constipation, the bowels 
should be opened by a simple enema (as before stated) or glycerin 
enema, etc. ; or by one or more doses, 2 drams, of the compound licorice 
powder repeated in three or four hours, if necessary; or a half ounce 
of castor oil, or a half glass of hunyadi water. Cooked fruits for the 
constipation may also be given. 

Bleeding After Delivery, Post-Partum Hemorrhage. — Bleeding 
from the womb occurring six hours after delivery is calkd post partum 
and after that time, is known as puerperal child-birth bleeding or 
hemorrhage. 

Causes. — A relaxed condition of the womb, the retention of clots 
or parts of the membranes, etc., in the womb, a full rectum or bladder, 
fibroid tumors, deep tears of the cervix. 

Symptoms. — If the bleeding is profuse, the pulse is fast, the 
woman looks pale, anxious and feels cold, restless, gaping, usually 
it comes from a relaxed, softened and enlarged womb. 

Treatment. — In severe forms no time must be lost in securing 
contraction of the womb and the method employed for expelling the 
after-birth should be employed to expel clots. Grasp the womb over 
the abdomen, employ firm but gentle kneading, pressing downward. 
The pillows should be removed, the foot of the bed elevated tv/elve 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 54\ 

to eighteen inches, a preparation of ergot given by the mouth or 
hypodermically in the thigh. If these measures fail the hand and 
arm should be sterilized and inserted in the womb, all clots, etc., 
removed and pressure made over the abdomen on the womb while the 
hand is still there. This pressure and presence of the hand close 
the bleeding vessels in the womb. The hand should remain, while 
the kneading goes on externally, on the womb. 

This kneading should be kept up until the womb contracts. The 
hand can then be removed from the vagina, while gentle kneading is 
slowly kept up- over the womb. The womb should be closely watched 
for hours after. Bleeding very seldom occurs again, but it might. 
If the bleeding is more of an oozing, an injection of very hot water, 
120° F., through a long douche nozzle, directly into the womb cavity 
may be given. This is very effective for any kind of bleeding. Lemon 
juice or boiled vinegar can be added to the injection. Everything 
used must be perfectly clean or child-bed fever may be caused by 
these measures. After the womb has thoroughly contracted, it is 
sometimes of benefit to place a rubber bag filled with cold water over 
the pubic bone to prevent subsequent relaxations of the womb. Weak- 
ness can be met by hypodermics of whisky or brandy and strychnine, 
one-thirtieth of grain, injected hypodermically to stimulate the heart. 

Pulse and Temperature. — The temperature may rise one to one 
and one-half degrees without the case being abnormal. The pulse 
falls after labor, ranging between sixty and seventy. A rise of tem- 
perature, a rapid pulse, a flushed face, a chill, pain or tenderness of 
the abdomen, and abnormal increase or decrease of the discharge, 
bleeding, or ofifensi\e odor of the discharge should cause suspicion of 
child-bed (puerperal) fever. This is a grave condition and results 
from infection which has taken place during labor or afterward. The 
septic matter may be carried in on the fingers or instruments by the 
physician or attendants, etc. The most usual sources are unclean 
hands, instruments and clothing which come in contact with the 
woman's genitals. The attack is usually ushered in during the second 
to the fourth day by a chill, or chilly sensations, etc., rise of tempera- 
ture, rapid pulse, accompanied by headache and a feeling of weariness. 
The discharge may be increased at first, but later diminished and ma}^ 
cease; or it may be abundant, frothy and of a very fetid odor. Secre- 
tion of milk may fail, the bowels are usually constipated, pain in the 
abdomen develops. 

Treatment. — If the interior of the womb is smooth, a single anti- 
septic womb injection should be given ; if it contains foreign material 
or is rough, it should be scraped and then a douche given. This 
must be done carefully and with absolute cleanness. Turpentine 
stupes should be placed hot on the abdomen for the pain, or where 
cold feels more grateful the ice bag or cloths wrung out of cold 
or ice water should be applied over the abdomen, and covered with 
several thicknesses of flannel and changed as soon as they become 



542 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

heated. Medicines to relieve the pain may be given. Hot and cold 
sponging may be given to reduce the temperature, a little alcohol can 
be added to the water or the cold or hot pack may be used. 

Diet. — This should be nourishing and supporting, and at first 
liquid and consist largely of milk; but concentrated broths, jellies, 
and liquid beef, peptonoids, are useful. Stimulants should be given 
in these septic conditions. From one to two ounces of whisky may 
be given every three to four hours in the form of milk punch and, if 
possible, as much red or port wine also. Women in this condition 
can stand this treatment. Salines (salts) should be given to keep open 
the bowels. 

CONVULSIONS. (Eclampsia). — ^All forms of convulsions may 
occur during pregnancy. They may occur during pregnancy and dur- 
ing labor. These are usually the result of kidney trouble. The attacks 
occur most often during the last three months of pregnancy. Their 
frequency is one to three hundred to one to five hundred cases. It 
occurs oftener in the first pregnancy, three to one. 

Treatment. — Inhalation of chloroform to control the convulsion. 
Morphine in one-half grain dose can be given if no chloroform is handy. 
Place the patient in a hot water or vapor bath, or wrap blankets wrung 
out of hot water around her, and pile the bedding on until a profuse 
sweat is started. The sweating aids in eliminating the poison. 
Change the hot wet blankets as often as necessary. If the convulsions 
do not cease the womb must be emptied of its contents. If the con- 
vulsions occur during labor they should be treated in the same manner. 
The mortality then is about seven per cent. Chloral hydrate in thirty 
to sixty grain doses in three ounces of water may be injected into the 
rectum if the other remedies fail. 

MILK LEG. — This is due to infection. It usually arises from an 
extension of a blood clot (thrombosis) of the womb or pelvic veins, 
to the thigh (femoral) vein, resulting in a partial or complete obstruc- 
tion of the vein. It may come in less frequent cases, from a lymphatic 
infection. 

Symptoms. — They may develop at any time between the tenth and 
thirtieth days or even later. These are general feelings of weariness, 
stiffness and soreness of the leg, especially when it is moved. There 
may first be pain in the region of the groin; or pain from the ankle 
to the groin and followed by swelling. The skin of the leg becomes 
markedly swollen, white and shiny. Later there is pitting on pres- 
sure, but not at first, because the skin is extremely stretched. Fever 
may accompany the attack, but it will subside long before the swelling 
of the leg has disappeared. 

The vein may be felt as a hard lash-like cord, a red line of inflam- 
mation marking its course along the inner and under side of the thigh. 
The disease may last weeks, depending upon the severity of the 
trouble. The affected leg is disabled for a number of months after 



OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 543 

recovery. Recovery takes place as a rule. Absorption of the clot 
takes place, or the vessel remains closed, and another (compensatory) 
circulation is established. 

Treatment. — The patient should lie in bed with the leg- elevated 
and swathed in flannel, or cotton wet with some quieting lotion. The 
following is a good lotion: — 

Compound Soap Liniment 6 ounces 

Laudanum IJ^ ounces 

Tincture Aconite Root i^^ ounce 

Tincture Belladonna Yz ounce 

Wet the flannel or cotton with this. After the acute symptoms 
have passed the following ointment may be put on the leg: — 

Ichthyol 45 grains 

Iodide of Lead 45 grains 

Chloride of Ammonium 10 grains 

Alboline 1 ounce 

The parts should not be rubbed lest a clot be loosened and travel 
in the general circulation and thus endanger life. 

Diet. — Should be supporting. Salts for the bowels. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 



Preparation, Outfit, Nursing, Formulas for Preparation of Milk 

for Bottle-Fed Infants; Weaning, Teething, Diet Through 

Childhood, All the Baby Diseaises, etc., from the Best 

Medical Authority, Inf emt HospitsJs and Nurses. 



How long does pregnancy usually last? Two hundred and eighty 
days. 

How can the time be reckoned? Count back three months from 
the first day of the last menstruation and add seven days to the date 
thus obtained. To be more accurate, you should add only six days 
in the months of April and September, five days in December and 
January, and in February four days. 

What time of pregnancy does the form begin to change? It 

changes a little the first two months. It is flatter and lower down. 
After the third month there is a progressive enlargement. 

What is quickening, and when first felt? It is a motion, of the 
foetus (child) in the womb, imparted to the abdominal walls, and is 
felt from the sixteenth to the twentieth week. It has been said to 
have occurred earlier in some cases. 

Can you foretell twin pregnancy? Not to a certainty. 

Can a mother influence her child as to character and temperament 
before birth? Authorities differ very much upon this point. The 
child inherits the physical characteristics of its parents. The frame 
of the mother's mind, some think, can be given in some degree to 
her offspring. 

Will nervousness be inherited by the child? Not invariably; if 
the mother is fretful irritable, cross, repining, etc., her child may be 
puny, cross and irritable, etc. 

544 



ALL ABOUT BABY 545 

Do you believe in influences transmitted before birth (parental 
influences?) All must admit that there is a great deal in heredity, 
and the characteristics of parents are shown in their children. 

Can a mother mark her baby? This is another disputed ques- 
tion. 

When should the family physician be informed of the woman's 
condition? The first month. 

Why? So that the woman will know how to live properly, and 
also that he will be given the urine twice each month to examine. This 
is for her protection and is necessary, because anything that may be 
wrong with the kidneys can be corrected much easier, and diet, etc., 
can be arranged to prevent future trouble. 

What kind of diet should a pregnant woman have? She should 

eat only healthy articles of food. Stimulating, highly seasoned, rich, 
greasy foods should be avoided. Constipation is frequently present 
and the diet must be chosen with reference to that also. She should 
not restrict herself to one line of diet unless it is necessary. 

Should she take a daily bath, if so, what kind and when? Yes, 
if it does her good. The pores of the skin should be kept open so 
that the kidneys will have less work to do. Spray and baths should 
be taken cold or lukewarm. Hot baths or Turkish baths are to be 
avoided. The time should be at the woman's convenience. Morning 
is preferable, if she does not feel the need of sleep. 

Should she take a daily nap and when? Yes, one or two hours 
in the forenoon, and also in the afternoon. 

Should she take exercise? Yes, exercise is necessary. This pro- 
motes the proper circulation of the blood, favors rest and sleep, re- 
lieves the "blues," tones the whole system, gives her good wholesome 
air and makes everything look better. It should not be violent. 
Slow walking and riding in an easy carriage. She should not ride a 
horse, run, jump, dance, or do any jerky or violent "exercise ; no heav}" 
lifting or reaching up. 

What about clothing? The clothing should be perfectly loose 

and comfortable. Garters and corsets are injurious, especially when 
the pregnancy has reached four or five months. The weight of the 
clothing should be borne by the shoulders instead of the hips. Special 
waists can be made for pregnant women. There should be no pres- 
sure on any part, especially on the womb and breasts. 

What is the meaning of the word enciente? The Roman women 
were accustomed to wear a tight girdle about their waists which was 
called a cincture. This they removed when they were pregnant. 
They were then said to be incincta, or unbound. The term enciente 
is derived from this, and is frequently used to indicate pregnancy. 

What are the main symptoms of miscarriage? Pain and bleeding. 
35 



546 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Does it usually come on suddenly? Not as a rule. There are 
premonitory symptoms such as bearing down feeling in the pelvis, 
backache, frequent desire to pass water, a discharge from the vagina, 
and sometimes a little bloody flow. 

At what period is it most common? Between the ninth and six- 
teenth weeks when the after-birth is forming. 

What are the causes of miscarriage? Diseases of the womb, dis- 
ease in the father, constipation, falls, over-exertion, violent emotions, 
such as shock, fright, anger, blows on the abdomen, over-lifting, reach- 
ing up, sewing on machine. 

What is the first thing to do? Lie down, rest and send for a 
doctor. 

Is it ever possible to stop it? Yes, and often. 

Do the breasts need any special care? The nipple, if much drawn 
in and small, should be "pulled out" once or twice daily. It will do 
to rub sweet oil on the breasts every evening in order to relieve the 
tightness and discomfort, especially after the pregnancy has advanced 
some months. 

Are there any diseases to which a pregnant woman is more sub- 
ject? None. The kidneys need more watching. 

Can any dentistry be done during pregnancy? Not if it makes 
her very nervous ; but toothache can cause more harm from a diseased 
tooth than if it were treated carefully. 

Why do pregnant women suffer from "varicose" veins? The en- 
larged womb presses upon the veins and thus obstructs the return 
flow of the blood. It is not so common during the first pregnancy. 

Can anything be done for this trouble? The woman should lie 
down a good part of the time if possible, and also wear a perfectly 
fitting elastic stocking. They can be had of any size and length. 
The limb should be measured for them. 

Does oiling and massaging the body do good? Some women 
claim it does; it certainly puts the muscles in better condition and 
strengthens the muscles of the abdomen which have so much part in 
the labor. 

What is the mommg sickness and are all women subject to it? 
Nausea and vomiting without any cause. Xo ; many escape it entirely. 

At what period of pregnancy does it usually occur? During the 
early months it is more frequent and troublesome. 

How long does it usually last? Usually three or four months, but 
it may last during the whole pregnancy. 

What can be done for it? In some cases arranging the diet to 
prevent and cure constipation relieves it. For fuller treatment see this 
heading under Obstetrics. 

Does it ever endanger life? Not often, but a physician should be 
called if it is bad. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 547 

Can any strict rules be laid down for this trouble? No, but the 
food should be as concentrated as possible; egg-nog, ice cream, a bit 
of rare steak, etc., raw oysters, gruels, meat broths, etc., if liquids are 
well borne. It is surprising how little will keep up some women 
during pregnancy. 

When and how often should the urine be examined? From the 
beginning and twice each month, and every week after the fifth month. 

When should the nurse be called? Long enough before the ex- 
pected time to get everything ready. 

What is lightening? It is caused by the womb sinking down 
lower in the pelvis the last month, and this lightens the pressure upon 
the diaphragm and lungs. 

What are false pains? They occur during the last few weeks of 
pregnancy at irregular intervals and are usually in the abdomen. 

What is the bag of waters? It is a sac containing the fluid in 
which the child floats while in the womb. The amount of fluid varies 
from a pint to a gallon or more. When it ruptures there is a sudden 
flow of liquid, more or less continuous flow. It may occur at the 
very beginning of labor and is one of the signs of labor. 

What are the other signs of approaching labor? A profuse dis- 
charge of mucus from the vagina, and this may be tinged with blood. 
The "show" pains begin generally in the back and are quite regular, 
one every twenty minutes or half hour. (Dilatation of the womb). 

How should the baby be first washed? See Obstetrics. 

What clothing should be put on? See Obstetrics chapter. 

Care of the eyes. — Wipe the eyelids with clean gauze and water. 
If there has been much discharge from the vagina during pregnancy, 
the child's eyes should be washed cleanly and also one or two drops 
of the one per cent solution of silver nitrate should be put into each 
eye as a preventive. (See Obstetrics). 

How often should the baby's bowels move? Two or three times 
daily for the first week, and then once or twice a day. 

What is the appearance of the stool? It is soft, yellow and 
smooth and should not contain any lumps. 

How about the urine? It should pass from six to ten times a 
day, and it should be colorless. 

What is the average weight of a healthy baby? Seven to seven 
and one-half pounds. 

Does it lose any weight during the first week? Yes, generally 
a few ounces, then it begins to gain at the rate of four to six ounces 
each week. 

Should the newly-bom babe have its eyes exposed to the light? 
The eyes are very sensitive, and the sun or artificial light should not 



548 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

be allowed to shine on them. The first day the baby is deaf, btit his 

hearing develop? and becomes very acute so that he is very mnch dis- 
turbed by sudden, sharp noises. 

What is the "soft" spot on a baby's head? This is called the 

"fontanelle." Do not touch this spot. This closes in time. At six 
months of age the fontanelle is somewhat larger than it was at birth 
because the brain expands faster than the boney matter deposited 
around the edges in the skull bones. After this another deposit of 
bone goes on more rapidly than the grow^th of the brain substance, 
and by sixteen or eighteen months the opening should be entirely 
closed. 

When should the baby be given the second tub bath? Not until 
the cord has dropped oft. 

How and when should this be given? The room should be warm. 

The head and face should be washed first and dried ; then the body 
soaped and the infant placed in the tub with its head and body w^ell 
supported by the hands. The bath should be given quickly with no 
special rubbing, drying with a soft towel. (An hour after feeding). 

What should be the temperature of the bath? One hundred de- 
grees F. for the first few weeks, later ninety-eight F. After six 
months ninety-five F. ; during the second year from eighty-five to 
ninety degrees F. 

What should you use in giving the bath? Soft, clean sponges or 
smooth cloths. There should be separate pieces for each eye, for the 
head, face and buttocks. 

What are the objections to sponges? They are ver\' apt to become 
dirty and are hard to keep clean. 

When should the daily bath be omitted? In the case of infants who 
are delicate and feeble, when the bath seems to harm them; in all 
forms of acute sickness, unless the bath is directed. In eczema and 
many other forms of skin diseases a great deal of harm is often done 
by soap and water or water baths. 

How should a genuine bath be given? If possible the bath should 

be given in front of an open lire, in a room where the temperature is 
from seventy to seventy-t\\o F. and the draughts kept off by a large 
screen. Have everything at hand with which to give the 'bath. A 
folding rubber bath-tub is the best, next a papier-mache one; or if tin 
must be used, put a piece of flannel in the tub to protect the baby 
from the tin. If necessary place the tub on a low^ table, place another 
low table to the right of the one on which the tub sets, and on this 
table should be the baby's basket containing a soft brush, different 
sizes of pins in a pin-cushion, several threaded needles, a thimble, 
squares of soft linen, absorbent cotton, wocden tooth-picks, a powder- 
box and puff, or a powder-shaker containing pure talcum powder, a 
box of bismuth subnitrate, one of cold cream^ a tube of white vaselin, 
a dish containing castile, ivory, or pure French soap should be placed 



ALL ABOUT BABY 549 

by the basket on the table; also a cup containing a saturated solution 
of boric acid; two cheese-cloth washcloths, a soft towel, a thermom- 
eter to test the water, several toothpicks on which a little absorbent 
cotton is twisted, and the rolled flannel band. Then a basin contain- 
ing warm water, 98 to 100 degrees F., also one with cold water. The 
baby-clothes should be hung on a rack close at hand. 

How to take care of a sore navel. — If It looks red or has a thin 
discharge coming from it, wash it carefully twice a day with saturated 
solution of boric acid; or if pus is there use a 1-5000 solution of bi- 
chloride of mercury. Use for a dusting powder one part of salicylic 
acid and nineteen parts of starch on it. It needs a physician's atten- 
tion if it does not soon heal. 

Do any physicians advocate a daily bath before the cord drops 
off? Yes; but not a full tub bath. 

When does the cord drop off? In from five to ten days. 

Does soap hurt a baby's skin? Some doctors claim it does. 

Is it necessary to use a powder after the bath? No, if all mois- 
ture is removed, there is no need of powder. The skin can be kept 
cleaner and healthier without it. 

GENITAL ORGANS. 

When is circumcision needed? Usually when the foreskin is very 
long and very tight, so that one must use force to push it back, and 
always if it produces local irritation. 

How should you clean the genitals of a female child? Use good 
absorbent cotton and warm water, with a solution of boric acid if 
necessary, about two teaspoonfuls to a pint of warm water. This 
should be done once a day. 

Is the hood of the clitoris ever too tight? Yes, and it needs to be 
loosened and kept so, or it will produce irritation and sometimes con- 
vulsions. 

How should you wash the genitals of a male child? In infants 
and children_, this should be attended to daily. The foreskin should 
be pushed back and the parts washed with absorbent cotton and water. 
Tight foreskin and unclean parts induce trouble and bad habits. 

TREATMENT FOR SORE EYES. 

How should a newly-born baby's eyes be treated? They should 
be kept clean with a soft cloth and warm water. Do not use the 
same piece of cloth for both eyes. 

Should redness and pus appear in the eye or eyes a few da3rs after 
birth, what should be done? Use a piece of soft linen or absorbent 
cotton and wet it in a solution of boric acid or salt (one-half teaspoon- 
ful to one pint of water, warm) and wash out the eye or eyes, and 
if pus appears, use a stronger solution of boric acid (ten grains to 



550 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

eight teaspoonfuls of water.) If the lids stick together grease them 
with vaselin from a tube and rub in at night. If the sore eyes are 
severe send for a ph3^sician as it may be the beginning of ophthalmia 
neonatorum. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Sore Eyes, Mothers' Milk for.— 

"There is nothing as good as mother's milk." This is very soothing 
and healing and seems to work better than medicines in small babies. 

2. Sore Eyes. A Nurse from New York sends the following 
remedy for. — 'Take a cup of water that has been boiled and cooled 
and dissolve in it one teaspoonful boracic acid powder. Bathe the 
eyes thoroughly and often." A nurse in New York state, gives this 
recipe, and says she has been a nurse for several years and has never 
had a case of sore eyes which did not heal with this treatment. 

How is washing out the baby's mouth done? Use a swab made 
by twisting some absorbent cotton upon a toothpick. The folds be- 
tween the gums and lips and cheeks may be gently and carefully 
cleaned twice a day unless the mouth is sore. 

If a baby cries while nursing, what is the cause? It may have a 
sore mouth. 

What is thrush or sprue? Patches looking like little white threads 
or flakes appear inside the cheeks. 

What is the cause of sore mouth? It is usually due to unclean- 
ness and carelessness. It may come in delicate babies without any 
special reason. Babies who suck a ''pacifier" or a rag with sugar in it 
are very apt to have the disease. Bottle-fed babies get it because of 
uncleanness of the nipple and bottle. 

Should the baby continue to nurse? Yes, but the mother should 
thoroughly cleanse her nipple with a solution of boric acid after each 
nursing. 

What should be done for it? It should be washed before and 
after every feeding with a solution of baking soda or boric acid of 
the strength of one even teaspoonful to twenty-four teaspoonfuls of 
water, or listerine, one teaspoonful to twenty-four teaspoonfuls of warm 
water, can be used. (This will be treated more fully later under dis- 
eases). A solution of borax (twenty grains to eight teaspoonfuls of 
water) can be applied every two hours with a camel's hair brush. 
Borax, sage and honey are good old remedies. 

Should the scalp have special care at birth? It should then and 
afterward be kept clean to keep scurf from accumulating. It should 
be wet before the body is immersed in the bath. The hair should 
always be dried carefully; brush first with a soft towel and then with 
a fine, smooth hair-brush. Never use a comb on an infant's head. 

Should any dressing be put on the scalp? No, for if the hair is 
washed and brushed, the oil from the scalp will keep it soft, glossy 
and healthful. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 55I 

QUESTIONS AND REMEDIES FOR SORE MOUTH. CANKER. 

THRUSH. 

Explain more about thrush or sprue? It is an inflammation of 
the mouth where small particles looking like milk curds appear on 
the tongue, gums and cheek. This is really a more severe type of 
sore mouth, and is of a fungus origin. 

Causes of sore mouth. Uncleanness, failing to keep the mouth- 
especially of bottle-fed infants — and the nipples and bottles, clean. 
Babies who -are allowed to suck a ''pacifier" or rag with sugar on it. 
Thrush is parasitic in origin and is always due to uncleanness in bot- 
tles, nipples and the mouth, and is commonly associated with the 
stomach trouble. Diarrhea frequently goes with it. 

(See Mothers* Remedies for Sore Mouth, Canker, etc., in general 
department). 

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Thrush. Severe Sore Mouth,-^ 
1. Boric acid in a saturated solution (five teaspoonfuls to a pint of 
distilled water) is a specific for it. 

Dr. Tuley, of Louisville, Ky., says: 

2. Powdered Borax 8 teaspoonfuls 

Strained Honey 3 teaspoonfuls 

Mix thoroughly. 

3. Glycerin 1 ounce 

Distilled water l ounce 

Boric Acid 2 drams 

4. Golden seal diluted one-half with boiled water makes an ex- 
cellent mouth wash. Also a weak solution of alum. Use a piece of 
absorbent cotton or soft linen on your little finger or small round 
piece of wood and dip in solution and apply. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, 
advises the use of a soft brush. This should be boiled after using. 

5. In Mild Cases of Sore Mouth. — The medicines need not be as 
strong as for thrush. One teaspoonful of b-:;ic acid or baking soda to 
a pint of boiled water is usually sufficient ; wash after each nursing or 
four or five times a day. 

6. Powdered Borax 1 teaspoonful 

Powdered Sugar 4 teaspoonfuls 

Put a pinch on the tongue every two or three hours. The child's 
tongue will work it around. This avoids the pain from washing, etc. 

7. Another Mouth Wash. — 

Borax i/^ teaspoonful 

Tincture of Myrrh ^ teaspoonful 

Glycerin 1 teaspoonful 

Boiled water, enough for one ounce. 

Aprply gently to the inside of the mouth several times a day in 
thrush or any form of sore mouth or gums. Use a camel's hair brush. 



552 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

WHAT CARE SHOULD BE GIVEN THE DIAPERS? 

A diaper should never be used more than once without washing. 
It should be removed as soon as it is wet and placed in a covered pail 
in the bathroom, etc., and washed at the first opportunity. Pure white 
soap only should be used, and the diapers should be thoroughly rinsed 
and boiled. Dry them in the sun and air and never before the nursery 
fire. They should be warmed before they are again used. Unclean, 
soiled diapers frequently cause chafing. 

Should a baby cry while passing urine? No; it may be too acid, 
alkaline, too little of it or too concentrated, or have sand in it. Ex- 
amine the diapers. 

How about bands for the baby? Straight pieces of flannel, 
twenty-two by five inches or wider. They may be knitted. 

How long should they be worn? The snug bands, flannel or knit- 
ted should be worn, not tight, three months ; then if one is worn it 
should be loose. It may prevent rupture and bowel trouble. 

Do you approve of rubber diapers as an outside covering? No, 
because they confine the dampness cause more sweating of the parts 
and may thus cause chafing, etc. 

How large should a diaper be? A diaper should be twice as long 
as wide. They may be different sizes, eighteen by thirty-six inches, 
twenty-two by forty-four, or twenty-seven by fifty-four. 

CHAFING. 

Chafing is a very common trouble in infants. What causes chaf- 
ing? A wet diaper left on too long; not drying the folds of the flesh 
properly; too much and too strong soap in the bath, or in the diapers 
when they are washed, or failure to wash the child clean. 

Where are the places where baby is most likely to chafe? The 
buttocks, in the folds of the neck and in the groins. 

How can you prevent chafing? Use very little soap ; no strong 
soap ; rinse the body carefully ; dry thoroughly after rinsing ; use clean 
diapers ; use dusting powder in the folds of the flesh, especially in fat 
babies. 

If the skin is very sensitive, what then? Do not use any soap, 

but use bran or salt baths. 

How can you prepare a bran bath? Place one pint of wheat bran 
in coarse muslin or cheese-cloth bag and put this in the bath water. 
It should then be squeezed for five minutes until the water looks like 
porridge. 

How is a salt bath prepared? One teaspoonful of common salt 
to each two gallons of water. 

If the parts are chafed what should we do? Do not use any soap, 
and give only bran or salt baths or use pure olive oil and no water at 
all on the chafed parts. Dry the parts carefully with old, soft linen 
and dust them with a powder made of starch and talcum — equal parts 



ALL ABOUT BABY 553 

— with one-fourth as much boric acid, all carefully mixed together. 
Or use starch two parts and boric acid one part. Pure stearate of 
zinc powder is also good. Keep a little piece of soft linen between the 
folds of the flesh, so they will not be irritated by rubbing together. 

MOTHERS' REMEDY.— 1. Chafing in Infants, Mutton Tallow 

for. — "Five cents' worth of mutton tallow, melted. Apply at night." 
If there is a tendency to chafe during the day. use talcum powder, put- 
ting the mutton tallow on at night when the child will be quiet, giving 
it an opportunity to heal. 

How shall I take care of the buttocks to prevent chafing? This 
is the most common place for chafing, as it is so frequently wet and 
soiled; hence all napkins should be renewed as soon as wet and soiled 
and the parts always kept perfectly clean. 

What is prickly heat, and how caused? Fine, red pimples appear, 
caused by excessive sweating and from irritation of flannel underwear. 

How should I treat it? Muslin or linen should be worn next to 
the skin. The entire bod}- sponged frequently with vinegar and water 
(equal parts) and plenty of starch and boric acid powder used; starch. 
two parts; boric acid (one part) should be put on. 

(See Mother's Remedies under '"'Prickly Keat." General Depart- 

^^"^•^ CLOTHING FOR THE BABY. 

The chest should be well covered with soft flannel, the limbs 
protected, but not cramped, the abdomen supported by a band, not too 
tight. The clothing should be neither too tight nor too loose. Xo 
pins should be used, but all bands should be fastened to the body. 
The petticoats should be supported by shoulder straps. 

How should a baby be held during dressing? It should lie on the 
lap until quite old enough to sit alone. Draw the clothes over the 
child's feet and do not slip them over the head. 

Why use the band, and how long should it be worn? It pro- 
tects the abdomen, but its main use is to support the abdominal walls 
in very young infants and thus prevents rupture. The snug flannel 
band should not be worn more than four months. Then in healthy 
infants a knitted band may be used and worn up to eighteen months. 
If the baby is thin and the abdominal organs are not protected by fat, 
they may be troubled with diarrhea and need protection. In such 
condition, the band may be worn until the third year. 

BABY'S FIRST WARDROBE. 

Four to six dozen diapers (bird's-eye cotton), two to three shirts 
(wool), four flannel skirts, two white skirts (nainsook), two to four 
night dresses (outing flannel), six day dresses, two wrappers, six pairs 
of socks, four to six flannel bands, two flannel sacks, two shawls or 
afghans. The dresses to be worn after the first four or six weeks. Of 
course this can be less or more elaborate, according to the conditions 
and circumstances of the parents, etc. 



554 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

What changes should be made in the clothing in summer? The 

thinnest gauze flannel undershirts should be worn, the outside gar- 
ments to be changed for the changing weather. They should not be 
kept too hot in the middle of the day, while in the morning and even- 
ing extra wraps should be used. 

Should older children go with bare legs? There is no objection, 
if they are strong and well, to doing this in warm weather. 

What kind of underwear should be worn in cold weather? Next 

to the heaviest is thick enough. 

Do children require heavy flannels? Xot as a rule, as they usually 
live in the nursery and they sweat readily while playing. When they 
go out-of-doors, coats and leggings render thick flannels unnecessary. 

Are many children too thinly clad in the house? Yery few. The 
usual mistake is excessive clothing and too Avarm rooms. These cause 
them to take cold so easily. 

GENERAL DRESSING FOR DIFFERENT SEASONS. 

At night baby may have a warm sponge bath, a fresh band, shirt 
and skirt put on. In the winter he should sleep in a flannel night- 
dress and this can be made wath a drawing string or button on the 
bottom so that he cannot expose his feet. In the summer he can wear 
a cotton night-dress and after the third month the skirt may be left 
off in very warm weather. By the time baby has entered his second 
month he may wear simple little '"Bishop" dresses instead of his plain 
slips. At the end of the third month, the flannel band may be dis- 
carded, usually, and a ribbed knitted one used. The band should 
be of wool in the winter, and of silk and wool in the summer. It 
should be put over the child's feet when he is being dressed each 
morning, and be changed for a fresh one at night, if possible. If the 
baby is healthy he may begin going out in March, if the davs are 
mild and there are no stormy cold winds. Begin bv letting him stay 
out one-half hour during the warmest part of the day, then one hour, 
etc. When there is much melting snow he should not be taken out. 
In cold weather the baby's cap and cloak should be lined w^ith flannel 
or lamb's wool. Woolen mittens should cover his hands. A veil is 
not necessary. 

Cap for Baby's Ears.— If baby's ears stand out from his head a 
considerable distance, it can be corrected best when he is young. A 
skeleton cap is made for this purpose. This can be bought or the 
mother can make one out of thin lawn or pieces of broad taoe. It 
should fit snugly in order to do any good and be worn for some time. 

Drooling. — If the baby drools much he is apt to wet anv little 
bib he may wear and take cold by having damp clothino- next' to his 
throat and chest. Cut a piece of material now made (Linite, by John- 
son & Johnson) in the shape of a bib, and bind with tape. ' This can 
be worn underneath the bib. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 555 

Short Clothes About the Fifth Month. — Short clothes should be 
prepared for the baby's wear at the beginning- of the fifth month, and 
may consist of a shirt, knitted band with shoulder straps, flannel skirt 
made on a cotton waist, in summer or a flannel one for cold weather, 
and having a row of small flat buttons, on to which the white petticoat 
may be buttoned; a diaper, and a simple white dress. For summer, 
white cotton stockings should always be worn, woolen ones in the 
winter; and they should be long enough so that they may be pinned 
to the diaper. Moccasins or soft kid shoes should be the first kind 
worn. At night a baby (in short clothes) should sleep in a shirt, 
band, diaper and a night-dress of cotton in summer, and flannel in 
winter. The change to short dresses should not be made in very cold 
weather; and if the baby is born at such a time as to make it neces- 
sary, he may be put into short clothes as early as the end of his third 
or fourth month, rather than to wait until later and make the change 
in mid-winter. 

Clothing in Summer. — Even in summer, the baby should have 
clothing which contains some wool. A mixture of silk and wool or 
cotton and wool may be used for the shirt, band and skirt. The band 
should never be left off; the shirt may be left off in the hottest weather 
and the long ribbed band with shoulder-straps may take its place, but 
the abdomen must be covered by means of the band. The night- 
dress should now be of cotton and the skirt left off at night, but the 
band and the thin skirt should be worn. Long, white cotton stock- 
ings reaching to the napkin should be worn all summer, and not 
short socks. 

The head should be kept cool, therefore do not use a sunbonnet 
which shuts out all of the air. Muslin caps and light pique hats pro- 
vide enough shade, if the baby-carriage has a parasol. 

Creeping aprons can be used for babies. They are made of fine 
gingham and may be put over the dress or worn without one in very 
warm weather. Make them so as to button all the way down the 
back, and they sometimes have an' elastic or draw-string run into the 
hem at the bottom of the apron so that the white skirts may be kept 
clean. 

For early fall, two or three little jackets of light flannel or cash- 
mere can be made, and the baby can wear one of these either over or 
under his white dress in the morning or evening when it is cool. The 
baby should be in the house by six o'clock unless the weather is ex- 
ceptionally warm. In the fall, if he has been accustomed to having 
his nap on the piazza, in his carriage, a screen should be placed 
around the carriage to protect him from any possible draught. After 
the first of October, in chilly days, he should have his nap in the house. 

Winter. — A year-old baby in winter should wear a medium w^eight 
wool shirt, knit band with shoulder-straps, a flannel skirt on a flannel 
waist, white skirt buttoned on to the waist of the flannel skirt, woolen 
stockings pinned to the diaper, laced shoes, a white dress of some cot- 



556 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ton material and for very cold days, a little flannei or cashmere sack. 
At night should be worn a band, shirt, diaper and flannel night-dress 
long enough to keep his feet warm. For an outing in the winter he 
should have on a light, but warmly lined coat; a wadded lamb's wool 
lining is best, but it is expensive, and flannel may be used. His bon- 
net should be lined with flannel ; and leggings and mittens should be 
of wool. 

First Half of Second Year. — A baby of this age may wear a thin 
gauze shirt with short sleeves, but he should wear under it the ribbed 
silk and wool band and also his flannel petticoat during the summer. 
Summer complaint is often kept off by such clothing. 

Second Half of Second Year. — A baby of this age is too young 

to walk in the streets in the winter, and his feet cannot be protected 
from the damp and cold sidewalks by the usual roomy shoes. When 
in the go-cart instead of his carriage, his legs should be well covered, 
so that dampness and wind will not chill and give him a cold. A large 
bag having a draw-string at the top is an excellent thing to use for 
the lower part of baby's body while in the go-cart, and the strings 
should be drawn up and tied under his arms. This bag may be made 
of any material (warm) from eiderdown, cloth, flannel to felting; or 
it may simply be made of an old crib blanket and a small carriage robe 
placed over it. Baby's ears should be covered at this age on very 
cold days, when out. The baby girl should wear a lined bonnet, well 
covering her eyes. Tam O'Shanter caps of angora wool can be made 
and pulled down over the eyes for both girls and boys alike; or a soft 
felt hat, with rosettes of ribbon lined with flannel sewed onto the 
elastic can be made for the boy to protect the head and ears. 

By the time baby is two years old, diapers should be given up 
and little drawers used instead. It may be frequently necessary to 
use diapers at night for several months longer, although if the baby 
be taken up at ten or eleven o'clock p. m. he will frequently go all 
night without urinating. 

First Half of Third Year. — Children of this age should be put into 
night-drawers, cotton ones in summer and flannel ones either with or 
without feet, in winter. Tiny overalls or "rompers" are now used a 
good deal for both boys and girls while at play. 

Second Half of Third Year. — Now he can walk in the street for a 
little while each day, even in winter, having his legs protected by warm 
leggings and with small rubbers for his shoes when the walks are at 
all damp. Woolen leggings should be used. 

Children should not be allowed to race about in their night-draw- 
ers and bare feet. They should also have little wrappers and bedroom 
slippers. 

What About the Nursery? The furnishings should be very sim- 
ple. No unnecessary hangings or upholstered furniture. A large 
room, well ventilated and one in which the sun shines at some part of 
the day. The shades should be dark, but no extra hangings or cur- 



ALL ABOUT BABY 



557 



tains. Nothing should be allowed about the baby's crib but what can 
be washed. The air should be kept pure. There should be no plumb- 
ing, no drying of napkins or clothes, no cooking of food, and no gas 
burning at night. A small wax candle will do for all usual purposes. 

What kind of heat is best? An open grate fire is best; next, heat 
from a Franklin stove. Steam heat is bad in a nursery. Never use a 
gas stove unless for a few minutes during the morning bath. 

What should the temperature be during the day? From 66 to 68 
degrees with the thermometer hung three feet above the floor. It 
should never be allowed above 70 F. At night, not below 65 F. dur- 
ing the first three months. After that it may go to 55 F., and after 
the first year it may go to 50 and even to 45 F. 

Does the fireplace furnish enough ventilation? No, the principal 
ventilation must be from the windows. 

How soon can you leave the windows open at night? Usually 
after the third month, except when the outside temperature is below 
the freezing point. 

How often should the nursery be aired? At least twice a day, 
after the baby has had his bath in the morning and also before putting 
him to bed for the night. This ventilation should be done thoroughly 
and the baby should be moved to another room. In the meantime, 
any time the child is out of the room it should be aired. 

How can you ventilate the room at night? During the winter, 
while the baby is young, the sleeping room may be ventilated at night 
by opening a window in an adjoining room; or if the weather is not 
very severe, a window board may be used, or a frame on which has 
been tacked heavy muslin ; this may be from one to two feet high and 
put into the window like an ordinary mosquito screen. In summer, a 
screen around baby's crib will furnish all needed protection from the 
open windows. 

How does a room that is kept too warm affect the baby? He be- 
comes pale, loses his appetite, has some indigestion, gains no weight, 
perspires very much and takes cold easily. 

How early in baby's life may airing indoors be commenced, and 
how long continued? When the baby is one month old. For fifteen 
minutes at a time at first and may be lengthened ten to fifteen minutes 
daily. This airing may be continued in all kinds of weather. 

Will the baby take cold? Not if the period is at first short and 
the baby becomes accustomed to it gradually. It is a cold preventive. 

How should such an airing be given? The baby should be 
dressed with bonnet and light coat and placed in a crib or carriage 
which should stand a few feet from the window ; all the windows 
should be thrown open for baby's airing. Doors should be closed to 
prevent draughts. 

How soon can baby be taken out of doors? In summer when one 



5S8 MOTHESSr REMEDIES 

week old, with eyes tfaoron^iily shaded. In ^ring and fall nsaallir ia 
about <ioe month; in winter, irhen about three months cdd, on feas- 
ant d2^^ and kept in the son and oat of the wind. 

Ynat time of day is best? A babj^ may go oot almost any time 
in the eailj summer and early autumn between 6 A. M. and T P. M. 
In wint€3r and early spring a young child only between ten or eleven 
and three. 

Can Uns be dooe in all Uods of weadicr? When the winds are 
sharp and the ground coweied with mating snow, and ^rhen it is Tery 
cold, the baby should not go out. If the thermom^er is below SS^ F.» 
a child under four mcmtfa's should not go out. If bdow 2 >~ F., a 
baby under eight month's should not go out. 

What care should be taken? The wind should never ': - [z the 
baby's £u:e, its feet and l^js should be properly covered ir: -~ 
and the sun duNdd nerer be allowed to ^line directly u^ : r^ 
either slewing or waking^ 

Does this outing do :he bar;. =-y ^::i- 7re fresh air ic n cws 
and purifies the blood, ^^ - ' ^ ' . . t : 7 .— i r : : r its health and 

growth as proper food. 

Baw does it show ir. .:-e :a:; - 7 t 1: - f s c:od. also the 
d^estion. The iJiild slet 5 t :er ir: 1 5 ^ri ti : it seen. 

Is it better for file bazy :: :e rarrei :y zizt r.urse :r. :r s 2irmg? 
Xo, for it can be made ~::t ; ~ :::i t r s :i:: ire ir: 15 ^, el! 
protected &om exposure. 

lis tfieie any objection :c a bar".' i.ttzr.z C'_: :: d::rs :.~ ihe dsv- 
time? No, it needs only i:~ ir: ::i-5^fat&. A 

cowered inclosed porch ii 1 ^ : : : 

Vfiiat can be done zzt a zr.:..z : r. a : : a -: e s ; : 1 d r a 5 1 ! 
should be kept c(M^ m^r: : _ tt 5 : : r^ 5 : :': 

he win not per^ire sc : tt Z r^ : t z'r.i 

should be spcnoged with : : : 1 r 7 

How siioold such a szzr.zt ba:7. :t i.e-- "77 1 
stand in a tub contai r . r 1 . : : t 1 " r i : r " i " : 1 1 : r t 
filled with cold ¥rate- i : : : t ::: 

times. Fellow this :^ ^ : : t u 

shows quite red. T7 ~i t r - t f: :::ft ti 

infants t&e tempcrat . ^ ^ 



3' 



WKICMIN 7 7A7V 7HZ7VIN'7LY. 
Why is it necessa^: :: ■-t:ir. :-t :a:y er-a:/' To be aUe to 
t^ how it is d<nng. Tir 51 : rr 7- e first year. 

How^ frequency s r : j i 7r. : s be : : - e - 7 : r r : b e 5rst six 

z::r:-r zTtrj week. . ■ : : - :.^- - .-: a ^ : ;: r;; :-.:-; 1: ;m5: once in 
t'.'.': ' -rtbs ■ :nce a n-. : ..:.; i.::.::^ ::\-. f e : : r. : ' ei:, 

H:v:- :a;:d!y shzz.i -.r.t baby fa^- -.vei^b: z.r.r.z the i^rs: vear? 
--'^^ : e b-?: • tt;! .: :5ri 1 : e v ounces, after th ; 5" : : s-;-^ 1^1 — 



ALL ABOUT BABY 559 

of four to eight ounces a week up to the sixth month, then two to 
four ounces a week, up to the twelfth month. 

Do bottle-fed infants gain so rapidly? Very seldom during the 
first month, but after that with favorable air and circumstances, the 
gain is quite regular, and they may gain faster during the latter part 
of the first year, because the nursing baby loses weight at weaning 
time. 

Why do they not gain so rapidly at first? Because it takes a 
few weeks for the stomach to become accustomed to cow*s milk and 
until this is accomplished it is necessary that the milk be made very 
weak or indigestion will result. 

What is a baby's average weight at birth? Seven to seven and 
one-half pounds. 

How much should it be at different months at this average birth? 
At three months it should be twelve to thirteen pounds; at six 
months fifteen to sixteen pounds ; at nine months seventeen to eigh- 
teen pounds ; at one year twenty to twenty-two pounds. A healthy 
baby will usually double its weight at five months and at twelve 
months it will nearly triple its weight. 

Should a healthy baby gain steadily in weight during the first 
year? He usually does, but not regularly in every week during the 
year. There are periods when most infants do not gain any weight. 
This is most often seen from the seventh to the tenth month and fre- 
quently occurs when the child is teething and sometimes in the very 
hot weather. 

Is gaining regularly in weight a sure sign that the child is thriv- 
ing normally? Not always, some infants' foods produce weight, but 
not strength nor development in other respects. 

Can the regular gaining in weight guide us as much in the second 
yeeur? The gain after the first year is not so continuous; interrup- 
tions occur during change of seasons, sometimes without any apparent 
cause. 

How soon should a child hold its head up? During the fourth, 
and sometimes in the third month, as a rule. If the body is supported 
the head can be held erect. 

How early does a baby notice things? During the second month 
he shows pleasure by smiling and will turn his head in the direction 
of a sound. They should be kept quiet, or their sleep will be broken. 

What will it do at three months? It will recognize its nurse or 
mother, and will smile and ''coo" when she approaches, and now for 
the first time the tear glands become active and the baby cries with 
tears. At this age when taken out he should lie out straight in a 
heavy folded blanket, or hair pillow, having a small thin pillow under 
his head; a hot water bag should be near his feet; a light woolen blan- 
ket or afghan should be put into the carriage and the baby placed 
upon it, then it should be carefully wrapped around him and the outer 



560 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

carriage robe tucked in. These wraps should be modified according 
to the weather. Babies should not perspire much for they will take 
cold readily; so the covering should not be too heavy. 

When does the baby laugh aloud? From the third to the fifth 
month. 

When does it first notice toys, etc.? From the fifth to the sev- 
enth month. At four months he is able to hold his head without sup- 
port. He begins to use his hands better. He will often grasp an 
attractive object; he will throw it on the floor and expect it to be 
picked up for him. And also frequently shows signs of fear at the 
end of the fourth month, and strangers will scare him. He can now 
be played with for a little time every day, but never before bedtime. 
The best time is after the morning nap. Do not toss him about, but 
be gentle with him or you will make him nervous and sleepless at 
night. 

What is baby's condition at the fifth month? He is now a bright 

lively fellow, and may sit in a half upright position in his carriage or 
in his chair for a short time each day. When in his chair he should 
be tied in, a soft pad or pillow should be at his back to support him. 
He now enjoys exercise on a bed or in a large clothes basket, and may 
even have one toy at a time to play with. Do not shake rattles at 
him. It tires him. His naps now grow shorter gradually, but he 
should take two daily; a long one of two or three hours in the morn- 
ing and about one hour in the afternoon. He should not sleep late in 
the afternoon, or he will not sleep as well at night. He now "drools." 
This is a sign of teeth coming, and baby will bite his fingers and put 
everything he can hold in his mouth. He may form the sucking habit 
now, and if he does, put a small toy in his hand, or dip his thumb in 
a solution of quinine or aloes. The habit of thumb sucking is an ugly 
one. Another way to stop it is to bind a piece of cardboard on the 
arm and long enough to reach a little above or below the elbow. Then 
the arm cannot be bent. 

Should the baby use an ivory or rubber ring to bite on when 
teething? A special cracker is now made in the form of a ring; it is 
quite hard and composed mostly of malt sugar and is intended for 
teething babies to bite on. 

MOTHERS* REMEDIES.— 1. Teething, What One Quebec Moth- 
er did for. — *'Rub paregoric on the gums. This alwavs eased mv chil- 
dren." 

2. Teething, Novel Canadian Method to Aid in.— "Put a thtmble 
on your finger and when holding the baby rub his gums gently with 
it, and let him chew on it. This cuts the gums and starts bleeding 
when the baby doesn't think of it." 

How early should a baby be able to sit and stand alone? At seven 
to eight months he is usually able to sit erect and support his body. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 561 

He first attempts to bear the weight upon his feet at nine to ten 
months, and at eleven to twelve months babies can stand without 
assistance. 

When should a child walk without help? At twelve to thirteen 
months he attempts to walk. At fifteen to sixteen months the aver- 
age child is able to run alone. 

What conditions postpone this? Premature birth, a delicate con- 
stitution, or prolonged illness and especially chronic or digestive dis- 
turbances. Rickets is a common sign of late sitting, standing or 
walking. 

Should you urge a child to walk? No; his muscles and bones 
may not be ready. He will walk soon enough if able. 

How early does a child begin to talk? Generally a child can say 
papa and mamma at one year. The end of the second year the average 
child is able to put words together in short sentences. 

If a child does not attempt to talk in two years, what should be 
suspected? Child may be a deaf-mute or mentally deficient. It is 
sometimes seen in children who are very backward. 

SPECIAL CARE OF THE BABY. 

Baby will be sensitive to light, even the first day. Do not allow 
the sun to shine in his eyes, or gas or electric light if that must be 
used. The baby's skin may change to yellow for a few days, but this 
soon passes away and frequently there is scaling. The fine soft hair 
usually comes out and is replaced later by a second growth. The 
open spot on the head should not be touched. When the head is out 
of shape or is swollen, this need not cause worry for it will soon 
disappear. Mold it a little. Do not allow the baby to lie in one posi- 
tion, as the soft skull may become flattened or all the hair rubbed off 
in one place. The baby sleeps about nine-tenths of the time, but he 
should be wakened regularly for his food and kept awake while taking 
it. This will soon become a regular 'habit to him, and he will wake 
of his own accord in a short time. Do not allow the baby to fall 
asleep nursing at the breast or while taking food in his bottle. He 
will not get enough nourishment and will want to nurse too often. 
Also if he is bottle-fed the milk is apt to grow cold and cause colic. 
He should be taught to nurse slowly and if he tries to nurse too fast 
the breast or nipple should be taken away for a minute, and then 
given again. The baby should nurse from fifteen to twenty minutes, 
A certain amount of crying is necessary for a baby if he is to be 
strong and healthy. It exercises his lungs. ^'Soothing syrup" should 
never be given to quiet him. 

THE CRY— HOW TO DISTINGUISH IT. 

The cry of pain is strong, sharp, but not continuous, often accom- 
panied by contractions of the features and drawing up of the legs. 
36 



562 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The cry of hunger is a continuous, fretful sound, after feeding or some- 
time before the next feeding. The cry of temper is loud and strong, 
accompanied by kicking or stiffening of the body, and this should 
never be given away to from the first. The cry of a sick child is 
feeble and whining. Baby should not be rocked to sleep, nor carried 
about the room. 

Baby's First Meal. — He should be placed to the breast as soon as 
the mother can have him. He will not get much milk for the first 
few days, but he should be given the breast four or five times daily. 
He needs what is then secreted and it is also good for the mother to 
try to nurse as soon as possible. The baby may be given a few tea- 
spoonfuls of boiled water between nursing, but no teas. At the third 
day the milk is usually established, and the baby should nurse reg- 
ularly every two hours up to 10 p. m., and twice at night. He should 
not sleep in his mother's bed, but have his own crib and be taken to 
her at nursing time. There is danger of baby being smothered sleep- 
ing with its mother, and it will not sleep so well. As a rule it is best 
to wash baby's mouth out before nursing, and the mother's nipple 
should also be wiped off with a little boric acid solution. 

Baby's Bed. — As before stated, baby should sleep in his own crib, 
an iron or brass crib without rockers is best. A screen or plain white 
curtain of some wash material may be used to protect him against 
draughts. If this cannot be had, he may sleep while very young in a 
large clothes basket placed on two chairs. The crib should have a 
good woven wire mattress and a pair of heavy airing blankets should 
be placed on top of the crib, folded so as to fit the mattress ; a square 
of rubber or any waterproof material should come next, then a cotton 
sheet, a quilted pad, a second sheet, a pair of wool crib blankets and 
a light counterpane. This should be removed at night and a com- 
fortable afghan be used in its place. The pillow should be of hair, 
never of feathers- or down, about one inch thick. The bed clothes 
should be aired thoroughly and the heavy airing blanket be washed 
occasionally and thoroughly dri^d and aired before it is again used. 
The blanket can- hang on a line out of doors on a bright sunny day 
for an hour or two; in this way the blanket will be kept cleaner and 
will last comfortably until baby is three years old. The baby should 
never be put in a cold bed; warm the sheets before the fire just 
before putting baby in his bed (or crib) or place a hot water bag be- 
tween them until they are warm. Now (second month) the baby is 
old enough to use his chair, not to soil his napkin. Place a small 
chamber on the mother's lap and hold the child on it, supporting his 
head and back. Do this exactly the same hours every day, morning 
and afternoon, directly after a meal. This training should be con- 
tinued, as the position alone often goes a great way in helping to 
over-come constipation or any tendency to irregularity of the bowels 
that may exist. They cannot be taught not to wet the napkin until 
they are some months older. 



ALL ABOUT BaBY 563 

The baby needs water as much as any adult person. Boil a fresh 
supply daily "and cool and keep it in a covered dish or bottle. A little, 
— four to eight teaspoonfuls, — should be ottered to the baby between 
each meal. It can be given from a spoon, a medicine dropper, or taken 
from a nursing bottle, and either hot or cold. This aids in overcom- 
ing constipation and teaches a breast-fed baby to use a nursing bottle, 
which will be of much benefit should sudden weaning be necessary. 

During the second month his meals should be given every two 
and one-half hours during the day, having eight meals in tw^enty-four 
hours of three to four ounces at each meal. At night he should be 
fed at ten and two. 

Meals for the Third Month. — Baby should be regularly nursed or 
fed every three hours up to ten p. m. Then have one meal at two or 
three a. m., and nothing more until seven a. m. If bottle fed he 
should be given three and one-half to four ounces at each feeding. 

Fourth Month. — If the mother is nursing her baby, it is a good 
plan now to teach him how to use the bottle. Some doctors advise 
one bottle feeding each day from the start, for, should the mother's 
milk suddenly fail, or should she be obliged to stop nursing for any 
reason, there will be no struggle, which would be very hard for the 
baby if it happened in hot weather. Also the gradual accustoming 
of the digestive organs to the cow's milk before weaning must be 
commenced and does away in some degree, at least, with the danger 
from indigestion from the cow's milk given regularly. 

Fifth Month. — Xight feeding should now be discontinued ; he 
should be taught to sleep from ten p. m. to seven a. m. There may 
be a few nights of cr\-ing and a struggle when the night feeding is 
first stopped, but he will soon learn to sleep without waking for his 
meal. He should be fed every three hours until ten p. m., and if 
bottle fed he should be given five to six and one-half ounces at each 
meal, making six meals in twenty-four hours. 

Sixth Month. — The baby sleeps about two-thirds of the time. He 
shows signs of increasing intelligenceT The baby should now accus- 
tom itself to taking either condensed milk or only the best prepared 
foods once or twice daily. The mother may become ill or unable to 
nurse for some reason, or wish to take a journey, etc., and baby is 
then prepared for emergencies. 

When the baby is seven months old he will need more exercise 
than a clothes basket will afiford. An exercise pen should be made. 

Teeth. — As soon as the teeth come they should be kept clean, 
otherwise they will decay, milk is likely to remain in the mouth, turn 
sour and gradually destroy the enamel of the teeth. 

With a soft linen cloth or a piece of absorbent cotton dipped in a 
solution of boric acid wash out the mouth and teeth, twice a day at least. 
carefully. A soft brush may be used later when baby has eight or 
ten teeth, and a little finely prepared chalk may be put on the brush. 



564 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

if there are any specks on the teeth. The baby should have three 
meals in twenty-four hours of six or seven ounces at each meal, if 
bottle-fed. 

Eighth Month. — Baby should be allowed to creep on the floor a 
little or in his pen. It is good exercise and it will benefit him, but 
he should not be urged to do it. Many mothers give baby potato, 
etc., at this period ; this is bad, as potato is hard to digest on account 
of having so much starch. Bread and cakes are also prohibited ; con- 
vulsions are often caused by such food. Milk gruel and broths are 
enough for the baby and he will thrive using them. Baby should 
feed every three hours up to ten p. m., six and one-half to seven and 
one-half ounces at each meal. 

Mosquito Bites. — If baby is bitten by mosquitoes wash the spot 
off with a little camphor water, soda water, or a wet compress of 
witch-hazel should be kept on the bite or boracic acid or soda solution. 
Keep the baby from scratching the part by fixing his hands; scratch- 
ing will further poison the part. 

Flies. — They often carry germs of disease on their legs and wangs, 
and they frequently light on baby's mouth or on the nipple of the 
nursing bottle. Diseases can be contracted in this way. The win- 
dows should be screened. Everything that the fly has touched should 
be washed with some light antiseptic solution. 

Ninth Month. — His long morning nap should be encouraged and 
he should sleep in the early afternoon. If the baby is heavy his little 
moccasin or kid shoes will not now support his ankles and he should 
have a shoe with a piece of stiflfening at the side. The shoe should 
have no heels; laced shoes fit better and should be preferred. The 
baby (bottle-fed) can take seven to eight ounces of the proper food 
every three hours until ten p. m. 

Tenth Month, — He can now take a little beef juice, beginning 
with one teaspoonful once a day and soon twice a day ; then increase 
to two teaspoonfuls at a time and keep on until he is taking eight 
teaspoonfuls daily. 

This should be given between his regular meals. Some babies 
cannot take beef juice; orange juice may then be tried, strained through 
cheesecloth or fine muslin and be given at first in doses of one tea- 
spoonful and increased until baby gets the juice of one-half an orange. 

If the mother is nursing baby and he has been given one bottle 
of milk daily, as advised for a four-months-old babe, he can now have 
two bottle feedings daily. Every healthy baby should be weaned 
when one year old, and it is better to do it gradually in this way. 
The baby's food should now be given him every three and one-half 
hours up to ten p. m., thus making five meals in twenty-four hours of 
seven to eight ounces at each meal. 

Eleventh Month. — Baby can now have added to his diet another 
cereal like farina well cooked, — twice as long as the directions advise 



ALL ABOUT BABY 565 

and it should be half solid when finished. Begin with one teaspoonful 
and then try two. This should be given in addition to his beef juice 
or orange juice. It should come between his regular meals, which 
should now be given at four-hour intervals. He should take eight or 
nine ounces to a meal. 

Twelfth Month. — Baby should go to bed at six p. m., and take 
long morning nap. He should have five meals a day of such food as 
directed later. 

INFANTS' FEEDING. 

What is the best food for an infant? Mothers' milk. 

What is the composition of mothers* milk? About thirteen (>trts 
solids and eighty-seven parts water. 

Name the solids? Fat, sugar, proteids and salts. 

What is sugar? Milk sugar or ''lactose." 

What are the proteids? The curd of the milk, which is very sim- 
ilar to the white of an Q^g, and is the muscle making element in the 
milk. 

Is it necessary to have all these elements? Yes. 

What benefit is the fat? It is needed for the growth of the bones, 
nerves, fat of the body and also for producing heat. 

Give the use of sugar? It is needed to produce heat and make fat 
in the body. 

Use of the proteids? They are needed for the growth of the 
cells of the body, such as those of the blood, the various organs of 
the muscles. 

What do the salts dto? Help in the growth of bone. 

What is the use of water? Water keeps the food minutely sub- 
divided or in solution, so that the infant's delicate organs can digest 
it. It also enables the body to get rid of the waste material. 

NURSING. 

Should all mothers make an attempt at nursing their babies? 
Yes, as a rule. 

What are the most important conditions that may prevent nursing? 
Tuberculosis now or in the past or, in fact, any other serious chronic 
diseases; very delicate health herself. Some acute disease like typhoid 
fever or cancer. 

How soon after labor should the baby be put to the breast? As 
soon as the mother is able to have it. 

What is the food called that it then obtains? Colostrum. 
What does this do? It aids in cleaning the baby's system. 
Should the mother nurse the baby inclining or lying? Yes. 
Does nursing drain the mother? Not if she is reasonably well. 
It is a natural process. 



566 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

If the mother cannot nurse immediately after labor, what should 
you feed baby? The baby will not starve in a few days. Give it warm 
water regularly every few hours, or a little cream and warm water. 

Are there any impediments to nursing? Sometimes the baby is 
tongue-tied. 

Is the baby ever too weak to nurse? Yes. 

What should be done in that case? Draw the milk from the 
breast and feed it through a free flowing nursing bottle. Such babies 
are generally born prematurely. 

Are the mother's nipples ever at fault? Yes, they are; poorly 
developed, retracted, that the baby's tongue cannot surround it to 
draw upon it. 

What can be done for them? They should be drawn out, and 
sometimes a breast pump is needed for this. 

Should the nipples be treated after nursing? They should be dried 
and clean clothing put against them. Some recommend washing them 
with a mild solution of boric acid. 

Are they ever so tender that nursing is painful? Yes. 

What can be done for this? The nipples should be drawn out be- 
fore confinement; if neglected use the following: Compound tincture 
of benzoin one-half ounce. After each nursing wash them clean with 
warm water or water and a little alcohol and after drying them, put 
on the tincture of benzoin with a camel's hair brush. It will not hurt 
the baby. 

What can be done with cracked nipples? Apply benzoin as before 
directed, and use a glass or rubber nipple shield until it gets well. 

How can caked breasts be prevented? The breasts should be kept 
emptied and well protected, both while nursing and during the inter- 
vals. Empty with a breast pump if necessary. 

If mother's clothes are wet by the excess milk, what can she 
do? Use a breast-pump and drink and eat less fluid ; eat more solid. 

Should a baby nurse at both breasts? It is better. 

If the breast contains pus, what can be done? Nurse at the other 
breast, but if both breasts are affected it must stop breast nursing. 

Should an infant nurse from a mother who is taking medicine? 
Not as a rule. 

When will the mother be able to nurse again? It is hard to tell. 
If the child is six months old the child should be weaned if the mother 
is seriously ill, and children with delicate stomachs should always be 
weaned, when the mother is sick. 

If the mother has not enough nurse, what can be done? Nurse 
partly and feed it the rest. 

Can the milk secretion be increased? Yes, by regulating the 
mother's diet. She should drink freely of good cow's milk and have 
an occasional bowl of gruel, soup, etc. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 557 

How long can you wait to see if the mother can have milk? It is 

well to wait several days, nurse all there is and supply the deficiency 
by bottle feeding. 

How often should the baby nurse at first, and how long? Every 
four or five hours for the first few days — usually nurses fifteen to 
twenty minutes ; one night nursing. 

When is there a full secretion of milk? Usually on the third day. 

How often should the baby be nursed afterward? After the third 
day every two hours and twice at night. 

How often during the rest of the year? For two to three months 
every two to two and one-half hours during the day, two times at 
night ; three to five mojiths about every three hours up to ten p. m. ; 
and one time at night; five to twelve months every three to three and 
one-half or four hours and not at night. 

Is it necessary as a rule to give additional food the first few days? 
No ; give plenty of water. 

What important things should be attended to in nursing? First, 
a regular time night and day. Second, nipples should be kept clean. 

What should a nursing mother eat? Her diet should be simple 
and plentiful, and lots of fluids ; she should have three regular meals 
a day, and gruel, cocoa, or milk at bedtime and sometimes between 
meals. She can use cereals, most soups, most vegetables ; avoid sour 
tart fruits, salads, pastry, and desserts. She may eat tgg, meats once 
or twice daily, but in most cases but once. Tea and coffee if taken 
should be very weak, and ordinarily no wine or beer. 

Are fruits eaten by the mother likely to injure baby? Sour fruits 
do in some cases, but sweet fruits and most fruits that are cooked do 
not, and are useful for the bowels. 

Should the mother take special care of herself? Yes, she should 
lead a simple, natural, happy life, with outdoor exercise, as soon as 
possible after the confinement. She should make her bowels move 
daily by food and habit; she should not worry, should sleep plenty 
and should nap for an hour during the middle of the day. 

Will the milk of the mother be affected by nervousness? Yes, 
more so than by her diet; worry, anxiety, fatigue, loss of sleep, house- 
hold duties, society functions, have an injurious effect upon the child. 
Mother's grief, excitement, anger, passion, act upon the child through 
the milk. 

How does the return of the menstruation affect the milk? The 

quantity is lessened, the infant is not satisfied. Sometimes the quality 
is affected and the child may suffer from restlessness, colic, and acute 
indigestion. 

Should regiilar menstruation prohibit nursing? Not always; as a 
rule both functions do not go together. If the child thrives, it can 
keep on nursing, although it might be well to feed the infant, at least 
partly, during the period. 



568 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

How can you determine that the baby is well nourished? Good 
color, sleep for two hours after nursing, is quiet, good-natured and 
comfortable when awake ; has normal bowel movements, three stools 
daily and gains gradually in weight. 

How can you tell when a baby is poorly nourished? It neither 
gains nor loses weight; it is listless, tired, indifferent, cross, fretful, 
irritable and sleeps poorly. It looks pale, anemic, and it becomes soft 
and flabby. If the milk is scanty, it nurses long; at other times it 
tries the breast and turns away seemingly disgusted. 

What should be done? This depends upon the conditions; should 
the child gain nothing for three or four weeks or lose weight, imme- 
diate weaning may be necessary ; at least other food must be given in 
addition to the breast food. Feeding may be alternated with the 
breast nursing. 

How do the symptoms show when the mother's milk disagrees? 
The child is in constant discomfort; it sleeps little, is restless, cries 
much, gulps up gas, passes it by the bowels, or it accumulates in the 
bowels causing colic. There may be vomiting, but more often bowel 
trouble. The bowels may be constipated but usually there is diar- 
rhea — frequent, loose, green, with mucus and gas. 

What should you do in such a case? If the child does not gain 
or loses weight and there is little chance of improvement in the moth- 
er's milk, the child should be weaned immediately. If the child gains 
in weight, try a little longer to improve the mother's milk. 

Why do some babies nurse so often? The milk does not satisfy. 
When the baby has thrush, should the mother take special care of 
the breasts? Yes, they should be cleaned after every nursing. 

How much does the baby's stomach hold at birth? Six to seven 

teaspoonfuls. 

Is vomiting a healthy sign in infants? Frequent vomiting is not 
natural; see if his bands are too tight; find out if he has been danced 
or handled after nursing. 

When is it harmful? When it is frequent. If it comes up 
directly after a meal looking just as it was when taken, the child may 
be over-fed. 

What can be done? Reduce the quantity, or do not let it nurse 
so long or so often. If vomiting takes place a half hour after feeding, 
in sour swelling masses, it may be getting food too rich in cream, and 
then the time between nursings should be lengthened; or dilute the 
breast milk by giving one to two teaspoonfuls of plain boiled water, 
barley water, five or ten minutes before nursing; the mother should 
eat less hearty food, especially of meat. 

If baby has frequent colic, what is the cause? The milk has too 
much proteids. 

What should be done? Eat less meat, keep quiet, and happy, do 
not worry, etc. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 559 

How many stools does a healthy baby have daily? About two. 

What color? Yellow color and pasty consistence. 

If a nursing baby has too many stools, what change should be 
made in the mother's diet? She should eat food that would cause 
costive bowels in her. 

LOOSE STOOLS IN NURSING BABIES. 

They are caused by the mother eating improper food. If the 
stools are very yellow, foul, greasy or ropy the mother is eating food 
that produces too much fat (cream) in her milk. If curds appear 
there is not enough fat, and too much of the proteids (skim milk). 
When the stools are very green with much mucus in them, the food 
should be reduced. 

If a nursing baby is constipated, what can be done? More boiled 
water should be given between nursing. The mother should take 
exercise at least two hours each day out of doors ; her bowels should 
move every day, even if she must take a laxative. She should take 
plenty of pure, rich milk, cocoa, oatmeal and cornmeal gruels, and some 
kind of tonic if she is weak. Tea and coffee should not be used. 
Ripe fruit (not tart), some green vegetables and a little meat can be 
eaten. Starchy foods should be avoided. Sometimes baby does not 
get enough nurse. Then she should be fed and given plenty of pure 
water between meals. 

If a nursing baby has frequent colic attacks, what should be done? 

The food is probably too strong. The mother should eat food that 
will produce less fat (cream) in her milk. The baby can be nursed 
at longer periods for a time; or give an ounce of hot water just 
before nursing. The mother should take plenty of exercise, enough 
sleep and have a free movement of her bowels, so as to keep well and 
free from nervousness. 

WEANING. 

When and how should this be done? This may usually be begun 
at nine or ten months by substituting one feeding a day for one nurs- 
ing. Later two feedings, etc., until weaning is gradually accomplished. 
Some advise one bottle feeding regularly each day much earlier, as 
before stated. 

Give reasons for weaning earlier? Some serious illness of the 
mother, pregnancy, but the main reasons usually are that the child is 
not thriving. 

When should the weaning be completed? Generally at one year. 
It may be advisable to wait longer in warm, damp weather. 

Is there any danger in nursing longer? Yes, as the milk is scanty; 
the child may get rickets or anemia. 

Is gradual weaning the best method? Yes. 

Should a wet nurse be preferred to bottle feeding? Yes, if you 



570 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

are sure you can get a good and perfectly healthy wet nurse. Her 
habits, etc., must be unobjectionable — she should be chosen by a phy- 
sician. 

When should a "weaned" child use the bottle, and when the cup? 

If the weaning is done at the eighth or ninth month the bottle should 
be used ; if weaning is done from the tenth to the eleventh month, 
the baby should be taught to drink or be fed with a spoon. 

How can you overcome some of the difficulties of weaning? As 
before recommended, by feeding every nursing infant once a day or 
by giving water regularly from out a feeding bottle, as this accustoms 
the baby to the bottle. This is ver}' good, for the mother is sometimes 
awa}' at nursing time, for a few hours and the baby can be fed, and 
when weaning comes, it is much easier. 

How soon should a child stop nursing from a bottle? If the child 
is well this should be begun at the end of the first year, and after it is 
fourteen months old, it should not have the bottle except at the night 
feeding. 

What is the objection to longer bottle nursing? They become 
attached to the bottle and refuse solid food when it is proper to give 
it. They get the bottle habit ; also, it is troublesome and unn€cessary. 
Then they will not take milk in the future, when the bottle is finally 
taken from them ; an exclusive milk diet for children of two to three 
years old often results in poor nutrition and anemia. 

Give the process of training a child to give up the bottle? There 
is little trouble if it is begun at the right time ; pour the milk in a 
small cup or glass and the child will drink little by little. Give only 
a small portion of the food in this way. at first, and the balance from 
the bottle The child vvill in a few weeks time learn to drink out of 
the cup wfithout difficulty. If the child is two or three years old, take 
the bottle away entirely and let the child get hungry, and give it. only 
milk in the cup and nothing else. Some children may go for a day 
without food, but hunger will master them finally. As soon as he 
has learned to drink milk from his cup, cereals and other solid foods 
are gradually added to his dietary and the child has not only been 
taught to give up his bottle, but he has also a training which is often 
necessary. 

Can you give a baby just weaned as strong cows' milk as one of 
the same age who has been fed upon cows' milk from birth? Not gen- 
erally: it would be almost certain to cause indigestion. You must 
remember that the change in food is a great one. and the feeding 
should be begim with a weak milk and increased gradually in strength 
as the baby becomes accustomed to the cows' milk. 

What are the proper proportions for an infant weaned at four or 
five months? About the same as that given to a healthy bottle-fed 
baby of two months, except the quantity should be larger. The food 
can be gradually increased, in most cases, so that by the end of two 
or three weeks the usual strensrth can be g^iven. 



ALL ABOUT BABY ■ 571 

What strength is given to a bottle-fed baby of two months? From 
the top' of a quart bottle of pure milk, that has stood from three to six 
hours, skim carefully off the top six ounces and then pour off three 
ounces of milk and mix them with the top milk (first skimmed off) 
making nine ounces in all ; add to this nine ounces twenty-four ounces 
of boiled water in which you should have dissolved four teaspoonfuls 
of granulated sugar, or six or seven teaspoonfuls of milk sugar ; add a 
pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda, or else two ounces of 
lime water. 

Give the proper proportion for a baby who is weaned at nine or 
ten months? About the same as for a bottle-fed baby of four or five 
months. The increase to be as above given. 

What is the formula for a bottle-fed baby of four months? For a 
healthy baby, six ounces of top milk skimmed from the top of a quart 
bottle of milk, six ounces of milk, then poured off, twenty-four ounces' 
of barley or oatmeal gruel, six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar or three of 
granulated sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda — 
or if lime-water is used mscead take one ounce of lime-water to each 
twenty of the milk or gruel. He should have four ounces of this mix- 
ture every three hours up to ten p'. m., and then one meal at about 
two a. m. ; none until six or seven a. m. 

Will a child lose weight when placed upon this diet? It will 
often do so for a week or more, but he will soon gain gradually and 
regularly. 

SPECIAL MONTHLY RULES FOR A BOTTLE-FED BABY. 

Formula of food. — For the first month : skim off carefully the top 
six ounces from a quart bottle of pure milk, add to this twenty-four 
ounces of boiled water, in which water three teaspoonfuls of granu- 
lated or six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar have been dissolved, and then 
add a pinch of soda, or else one and one-half ounces of lime-water. 
Mix all these ingredients thoroughly, and then pour the correct quan- 
tity into each of ten clean nursing bottles. Tightly cork these bottles 
with clean cotton, and they can all be pasteurized or heated to a tem- 
perature of 155° F. (Some say higher). 

What strength is given to a bottle-fed baby of two months? From 
the top of a quart bottle of pure milk that has stood from three to 
six to eight hours, skim carefully off the top six ounces and then 
pour off three ounces of milk and mix them with the top milk (first 
skimmed off) making nine ounces in all ; add to the nine ounces, 
twenty-four ounces of boiled water in which you should have dis- 
solved four teaspoonfuls of granulated sugar, or six or seven teaspoon- 
fuls of milk sugar ; add a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of 
soda, or two ounces of lime-water. 

Formula for the third month. — (This is often used). Carefully 
skim off the top six ounces from a quart bottle of pure milk, then pour 
off six ounces of milk, twelve ounces in all, and now add twelve 



572 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ounces of boiled water in which three teaspoonfuls of granulated or 
six of milk sugar have been dissolved, with a pinch of soda or else 
two ounces of lime-water ; add then twelve ounces of barley or oat- 
meal gruel, divide into eight bottles, pasteurize, etc. ; cool quickly and 
place where the temperature is 50" F., until meal time, when one of 
the bottles should be warmed by placing it in w^arm w^ater. Pour a 
little out in a spoon to test the warmth, etc. ; when the milk is luke- 
warm remove the cotton cork and attach the rubber nipple. He 
should be fed regularly and equally every three hours up to ten p. m., 
then have one at two or three a. m., and nothing until seven a. m. He 
should get three and one-half to four ounces at each meal, so that 
much should be put in each bottle. 

What is the formula for a bottle-fed baby of four months? For a 
healthy baby, six ounces of top milk skimmed from the top of a quart 
bottle of milk, six ounces of milk then poured oti. twenty-four ounces 
of barley or oatmeal gruel, six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar or three of 
granulated sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda ; 
or if lime-water is used instead, take one ounce of lime-water to each 
twenty of the milk and gruel. He should have four or five ounces of 
this mixture every three hours up to 10 p. m., then one meal at about 
2 a. m. None until 6 or T a. m. 

Will a child lose weight when placed upon this diet? It will 
often do so for a week or more, but he will soon gain gradually and 
regularly. 

Formula for the fifth month, — Skim oil the top six ounces as be- 
fore, then pour olf nine ounces of milk and mix it with the top-milk, 
add twenty-four ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, a pinch of salt, 
four teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of 
bicarbonate of soda and proceed as before. He should be fed every 
three hours during the day until 10 p. m. Give five to six and one- 
half ounces at each meal, making six meals in the whole twenty-four 
hours. 

Formula for sixth month. — Six ounces of the top-milk skimmed 
oft from a quart of pure milk, ten ounces of milk then poured oil. 
Twenty-four ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, in which has been 
thoroughly dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk 
sugar, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda, and a pinch of salt. Pasteurized 
as before, etc. Give baby from four to six ounces at each meal every 
three hours up to 9 or 10 p. m. If the day is exceedingly warm, pour 
out one or even two ounces from each bottle of the regular mixture 
and substitute boiled water for it. If the baby is inclined to vomit, it 
will be better during the hot w^eather to use less of the top milk, four 
or five ounces instead of six or eight, and add so much more gruel. 
Barley gruel is better than oatmeal gruel unless baby is constipated. 
Again if the baby has delicate digestive organs, one meal each day 
during the very hot weather, can be made of mutton brc:h -rreoared as 
follows: Cut up one pound of neck of mutton, one pin: o: cold water 



ALL ABOUT BABY 573 

and a pinch of salt; this is cooked very slowly for three hours until 
half a pint is left, adding a little water from time to time as it boils 
away; strain through muslin and allow to cool, and when cool take 
off all of the fat. Add this to an equal quantity of barley water and 
feed lukewarm to the baby from the nursing bottle. These measures 
may ward off summer complaint and assist in teething. 

Formula for the seventh month. — From a quart of pure milk care- 
fully skim off the top six ounces, pour off fifteen ounces of the milk 
and add twenty-one ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel to which has 
been added dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk 
sugar, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda. Give six or seven ounces at 
each meal and six meals in twenty-four hours. 

Formula for the eighth month. — Skim six ounces of top-milk as 
before directed, pour off seventeen ounces of milk, add twenty-one 
ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, four of granulated or seven tea- 
spoonfuls of milk sugar, a pinch of salt and bicarbonate of soda. Give 
six and one-half to seven ounces every three hours up to 10 p. m. 

Formula for the ninth month. — Use six ounces of top-milk 
skimmed off as before, twenty ounces of milk poured off, twenty-two 
ounces of either barley or oatmeal gruel, a pinch of bicarbonate of 
soda and salt added to the gruel, and five teaspoonfuls of granulated 
or eight of milk sugar dissolved in boiled water and put in the gruel. 
Give seven or eight ounces of this every three hours up to 10 p. m. 

Formula for tenth month. — The milk in a quart bottle is stirred 
and thirty ounces of this is taken and twenty ounces of either barley 
or oatmeal gruel is added to it, to which three teaspoonfuls of gran- 
ulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicar- 
bonate of soda have been added. Feed the child every three and a 
half hours up to 10 p. m., making five meals in twenty-four hours, and 
seven to eight ounces at each meal. 

Formula for eleventh month. — Stir up the entire quart of milk, 
add thirteen ounces barley or oatmeal gruel and to this add one table- 
spoonful of granulated or two of milk sugar dissolved in boiled water, 
a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda. Treat as used; 
eight or nine ounces are given at each feeding, and five feedings given 
during the twenty-four hours. 

Formula for twelfth month. — Stir up the entire quart of milk; 
add eleven ounces of gruel, one tablespoonful of granulated or two of 
milk sugar, a pinch of salt and bicarbonate of soda. The child should 
now have five regular meals daily, arranged about as follows : Six 
a. m., nine ounces of this modified milk; 8 a. m., teaspoonful of prune 
jelly or strained juice of an orange ; 10 a. m., seven ounces of the 
modified milk and two tablespoonfuls of a well cooked cereal ; 2 p. m., 
five ounces of beef juice or six ounces of mutton or chicken broth, or 
else a coddled t.gg (alternate on different days), five or six ounces of 
modified milk and a small piece of zwieback ; 6 p. m.. nine ounces of 
modified milk; 10 p. m., ten ounces of modified milk. 



574 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

BARLEY AND OATMEAL GRUELS. 

How is barley gruel made? Rub up one teaspoonful of the flour 
with a little cold water, and then stir this into a pint of boiling water, 
add a pinch of salt and boil it fifteen minutes, strain if it is at all 
lumpy. 

How is oatmeal gruel made? In the same way, but use two tea- 
spoonfuls of the flour. 

SPECIAL RULES OF FEEDING AND NURSING FOR EACH 
MONTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE FORMULA GIVEN. 

How can milk be pasteurized? A regular pasteurizer can be 
bought for three dollars ; or the bottles, ten or less, can be placed in a 
pot partly filled with water which is rapidly brought to the boiling 
point about 155° F. These bottles are filled with each regular feeding 
before being put in the water. The milk should not boil. Then 
remove the pot from the fire and allow the bottles to stand in it for 
one-half hour, then take them out and cool them as quickly as pos- 
sible by allowing first warm and then cold water to run over the out- 
side of the bottles ; when they are cold, place them on ice or where the 
temperature is about 50° F., and keep them until meal-time. Then 
one of the bottles is placed in warm water until the milk is lukewarm, 
the cork can then be removed and the nipple applied. These ten 
bottles were equally filled with the modified milk as prepared under 
the formula for the first month. 

How much modified milk should be placed in each bottle? For 
the first week of life one to two and one-half ounces are placed in each 
of the ten bottles, and two or three and one-half ounces for the last 
two weeks of the first month. 

What should be done if the baby vomits or has curds in his 
stools? Use a little less cream and a little more water. Remember, 
two tablespoonfuls equal one ounce. 

What kind of bottles should be used? Round cylindrical bottles 
with the ounces marked on them. 

What color of nipples? Black rubber nipples. 

How should the bottle be treated when emptied? Rinse it out 
with cold water and then allow it to stand full of cold water with a 
pinch of soda or borax in it. 

How should the bottles be prepared before the food for the whole 

day is put in them and pasteurized, etc.? They should be thoroughly 
rinsed in hot soap suds, and then rinsed and boiled in clear water for 
ten minutes. 

What about the nipples? Rinse them first in cold then in hot 
water and allow them to stand in a covered cup of boric acid solution 
or borax water solution one teaspoonful to a pint of water. Once or 
twice each day they should be turned inside out and scrubbed with a 
brush and water. The hole in the nipple should be onlv large enough 



ALL ABOUT BABY 575 

for a rather coarse needle to go through. The hole in the nipple can 
be made by such a needle heated red hot and then run through the 
nipple. 

When can you begin to add barley and oatmeal gruel to the baby's 
milk? In the third month. The gruel should be made daily. If the 
child is not constipated use barley gruel ; if constipated use the oatmeal 
gruel. 

If you cannot get the flour, how can you prepare the gruel from 
the grain? Take two teaspoonfuls of barley or three of oatmeal and 
allow it to soak over night in cold water; add one quart of cold water 
the next morning and boil steadily down to a pint, (for about four 
hours), then strain through muslin. 

Do some physicians advise feeding nursing babies one or two 
meals daily, beginning the fourth month? Yes. 

What strength should it be? Use the formula for bottle-fed 
babies of the first month and the same amounts. 

How can you calculate the amount necessary? Take one-eighth 
or one-fourth either for one or two meals daily of the separate ingre- 
dients mentioned in the formula for the first month. 

Following order may be as follows : First give baby three ounces 
of the formula, and if all goes well in a day or two give him three 
and one-half ounces and miss one meal at the breast. After one week 
if the baby is well suited, give him three ounces of the formula for the 
two-months-old baby ; wait a few days, then give him four ounces of 
this formula at the one meal. Then in a week's time if all goes well, 
give him four ounces of the formula for the three month's baby. Use 
this for one week, and then give him four and one-half ounces of the 
same formula. If after another week is past, there are no signs of 
indigestion, give him four ounces of the four-month formula, and if 
he enjoys this very much wait for a day or two and then increase the 
amount to four and one-half ounces of the same formula, and then to 
five ounces ; as he grows older give him of the same formula as the 
bottle-fed infant of the same age, and the same amount at the one 
feeding; if he vomits or has curds in his stools or colic keep him on a 
weak formula longer than formerly advised. 

If you have fed a breast-fed baby one meal a day from the bottle 
when can he be given two feedings from the bottle? During the 
tenth month. 

COWS* MILK. — Does cows' milk contain all the elements present 
in the mother's milk? Yes, but in different proportions. 

Why not use prepared foods? They are not thought so good, and 
are more likely to produce poor nutrition. 

What is the difference between cows' milk and mothers* milk? 
G>ws* milk contains nearly three times as much casein (curd) or 
cheesy matter, and only about one-half as much sugar. 



576 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

What kind of cows should be selected? They should be healthy 
and the milk should be clear and fresh. 

Is it best to select Jersey cows? The milk from Jersey and 
Alderney cows is generally too rich ; common grade cows are best. 

Should the milk be from one cow? It should be from the mixed 
or herd milk since that varies little from day to day. 

How fresh should the milk be? In winter it should not be used 
after it is forty-eight hours old ; in summer not after it is twenty- 
four hours old, and sometimes it is unsafe in a shorter time. 

How should the milk be cared for at the dairies? It must be 
kept clean and free from being contaminated. Cows, milkers and 
stables must all be kept clean, and the milk must be carried in sealed 
bottles; those that handle the milk must not be near a contagious dis- 
ease; all milk pails, bottles, cans, etc., used for the milk must be 
steamed and boiled before being used. 

Should it be immediately cooled after leaving the cows? Yes, and 
kept at a temperature of about 50° F. 

How should the family care for it after it is delivered fresh from 
the cows? Strain it for infants through a thick layer of absorbent 
cotton or through several thicknesses of cheese-cloth into quart jars or 
milk bottles, covered and cooled immediately. This is best done by 
placing the bottles in ice water or cool spring water that comes up to 
their necks and allow them to remain there at least one-half hour. 
What you wish to use for the children who drink plain milk you may 
pour into one-half pint bottles, and these should be placed in an ice 
chest or in the coolest possible place. The first rapid cooling is very 
important and adds greatly to the keeping qualities of the milk, for 
the milk loses its heat quickly when cooled in water, but very slowly 
when it is simply placed in a cold room. After standing for four or 
five hours or longer, the top milk can be strained off; the cream may 
be removed after waiting twelve to sixteen hours. 

How should it be cared for when received in bottles? The tem- 
perature of the milk is always raised during the delivery, so it should 
be cooled as before described. If it was bottled at a dairy the cream 
or top milk can be removed in an hour or two. 

How should milk and cream be cared for by the family when 
purchased in bulk? This milk should never be used for infants, as it 
is liable to be contaminated. Both cream and milk should at once be 
poured into vessels, covered and kept in a cool place. There will not 
be much cream or top milk upon such milk. 

How should refrigerators be treated? The inner portion should 
be of metal. An ordinary metal refrigerator, as sold, if encased in a 
wooden box makes the best kind. A covering of felt and heavy quilt- 
ing can be made for the refrigerator which can be removed easily 
when wet or soiled — it must be kept absolutely clean. The compart- 
ments for the milk should be so arranged that the milk bottles be 
either in contact with the ice or near it. The supply of ice should 



ALL ABOUT BABY 577 

always be abundant, or the temperature of the milk will not be low 
enough. The temperature should not be higher than 50° F. ; it is 
oftener 60° to 65° F. To tell the temperature, use a nursery ther- 
mometer and this should be used from time to time to know what 
temperature the milk is in. Milk is often spoiled in too warm tem- 
peratures in refrigerators, and also in unclean refrigerators. Many 
cases of sickness are caused by it. The refrigerator should carry a 
temperature of near 50° F., and be absolutely clean, and the compart- 
ment for the milk should be absolutely separated from other food 
compartments. 

MODIFIED COWS' MILK. 

Can cows' milk be fed to infants without being modified? No; 
because, although the elements are similar to those in mothers' milk, 
they are not identical, and are present in different proportions. 

Is this a matter of great moment? Yes, for very few infants can 
digest cows' milk unmodified. 

What does modifjdng cows' milk mean? It is changing cows' 
milk so as to make it more nearly like mothers' milk. 

What is this changed milk called? Modified milk; and the orig- 
inal milk is known as "plain milk," "whole milk," ''straight milk" or 
"milk." 

State the principal differences between cows' milk and mothers' 
milk? Cows' milk contains a little more than half as much sugar. It 
contains nearly three times as much proteids (curds) and salts, and 
the proteids are different and much harder to digest. The reaction is 
decidedly acid, while the mother's milk is faintly acid or neutral. 

Any other things of im.portance to consider? Yes; mothers^ milk 
is always fed fresh and sterile, while cows' milk is always more or 
less contaminated by dust or germs which increase rapidly with the 
age of the milk in proportion to the amount of dirt in it and with any 
increase of temperature at which the milk is kept. So pasteurization 
and sterilization are done to destroy the efifect of germs. 

How can the acidity of cows' milk be overcome? By adding lime- 
water or bicarbonate of soda. 

How much lime-water should be used? About on-e ounce to 
twenty ounces of food. 

How much bicarbonate of soda? About twenty grains to twenty 
ounces of food. 

Suppose there is a tendency to constipation in the infant? You 

can then use Phillip's milk of magnesia, or some other good prepara- 
tion, adding one-half to one teaspoonful to each twenty ounces of 
food. 

How can the sugar be increased? By adding milk or granulated 
sugar to the cows' milk. 



578 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

How much milk sugcir is added to twenty ounces of food? About 
one ounce will do for the first three or four months. This makes it 
between six and seven per cent sugar. 

How should you prepare the sugar? Dissolve it in boiled water 
and strain if there is a deposit after standing, by pouring it through a 
layer of absorbent cotton one-half inch thick placed in an ordinary 
funnel. 

Is not granulated (cane) sugar recommended also? Yes; but all 
infants cannot use it. It is cheaper, but a good article of milk sugar 
should be bought. It costs from twenty to sixty cents per pound. 
The cheap variety contains many impurities. 

But if cane sugar is used, how^ much is needed? Usually about 
one-half or a little over one-half as much as milk sugar, or about one- 
half ounce to twenty ounces of food. 

What occurs if too much is used? The sugar is likely to ferment 
in baby's stomach and cause colic. The milk is made too sweet. 

If you continue to overfeed granulated sugar, what happens? Gas, 
colic, restlessness, uneasin'ess, lining of the bowels becomes reddened 
and irritated ; the redness shows externally around the rectum, and in 
severe cases around the hips. 

Unless the amount of sugar is now reduced, what occurs? There 
follow frequently watery, splashy stools with much gas and foul odors. 

Is cane or granulated sugar safe to use after six months? It does 
not usually produce so much trouble later on. 

Suppose milk sugar produces irritation? The quantity used 
should be reduced to one ounce to twenty-five ounces of food or even 
less for a short time. 

As a rule should milk sugar be preferred the first six months? 
Yes. 

What are the best grades of milk sugar? Merck's, Mallinkrotz's, 
or Squibb's. 

Is sugar added to sweeten and make the milk palatable? No; 
although it does that, its use is to furnish one of the needed elements 
for the growth of the baby,' and it is required by young infants in the 
largest quantity. 

How do we know that this is true? Because in good mothers' 
milk the amount of sugar is greater than that of the fat, proteids, and 
salts combined. 

As cows' milk has nearly three times as much proteids (curds) 
and salts as mothers' milk, how can these be diminished? By diluting 
the cows' milk. 

How much should cow's milk be diluted for a very young infant? 
Diluted twice will give almost the same proportion of proteids present 
as in mothers' milk, but as the proteids of cows' milk are so much 
harder for the infant to digest, the milk should, in the beginning, be 
diluted five or six times for most infants. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 579 

Does the diluted cows* milk with lime-water and sugar added 
/esemble mothers' milk? No; for this mixture does not contain 
enough fat. 

How can this be remedied? By increasing the fat in the milk 
before it is diluted. 

How is this done? By adding top milk or milk and cream. 

What is the top-milk? It is the upper layer of milk, one-third or 
one-half of milk removed after it has stood a certain number of hours, 
— six to eight hours. 

How is the strength of the top-milk measured? By the fat it 
contains. A ten per cent milk contains a ten per cent of fat; a seven 
per cent milk contains a seven per cent of fat. 

Are these strengths used for infant feeding? Yes, they are most 
used. 

What increases the percentage of fat in the top-milk? 1. The 
longer time it stands. 2. Manner of its removal. 3. Number of ounces 
removed. 4. Thickness of the milk used. 

When is top-milk removed? If milk is fresh from the cow or 
before the cream has risen, is bottled and rapidly cooled, it may be 
removed in four hours. It does not make much difference in bottled 
milk, and it may stand much longer. 

How should top-milk be removed? Skim carefully oflF with a 
spoon, or cream-dipper (specially prepared) holding one ounce. It 
may be taken off with a glass or rubber syphon, never pour it off. 

How can ten per cent top-milk be obtained from the different 
kinds of cow's milk? From rather poor milk (three to three and one- 
half per cent fat) remove the upper eight ounces from a quart. 

How can it be obtained from good average milk (four per cent 
fat?) Remove the upper eleven ounces or one-third. 

From rich Jersey milk (five and five one-half per cent fat)? By 
removing sixteen ounces or upper one-half from the quart. 

How is seven per cent top-milk obtained? 1. By removing the upper 
eleven ounces or one-third of a quart from poor milk. 2. By remov- 
ing the upper half from average milk. 3. By removing two-thirds or 
about twenty-two ounces from rich Jersey milk. As stated before the 
seven per cent and ten per cent are the two kinds generally used. 

If top-milk is treated in this way, is it like the human milk? The 
proportion of the fluids and solids are about the same, but the ele- 
ments are different. The curd (albuminous element) is still different 
in structure and action from the same element in human milk. The 
curd of human milk when it is met by the gastric juice in the stomach 
coagulates in minute particles, and the pepsin acts upon this very 
readily, but the curd of cows' milk being much coarser and firmer 
coagulates under these conditions, into large hard clots or masses, and 
these are quite indigestible if the child's stomach is sour from an 
under amount of acid being present. 



5 so MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

How can we prevent this? By adding some bland and non- 
irritating substance to the milk which will mingle with the particles 
cf curd and separate them until the gastric juice can act upon each 
separate particle and digest it. 

What can we use for this purpose? Barley or oatmeal water or 
gruel is best. 

What is cream? It is the part of the milk containing the most fat. 

How is cream now obtained? By skimming after it has stood for 
twenty-fcur hours, ""gravity cream": by a separator, and it is then 
known as "centrifug-al cream"; (most of the cream new sold in cities is 
"centrifugal cream" V 

How much fat has the usual "gravity cream?" Sixteen to twenty 
per cent. 

How much fat is contained in cream removed from the upper one- 
fifth of a bottle oi milk? About sixteen per cent. 

How much c:es the usual centrifugal cream contain? Eighteen 
to twenty per cent iat. 

How much does the heav^* cer.t:::.;^al cream contain? Thirty- 
five to forty per cent fat. 

Should the milk be boiled for babies in the summer time? Xo, not 
usually. 

FOOD FOR HEALTHY INFANTS.— FOR EARLY MONTHS. 

These directions, etc.. are for healthy :r.:a.r.t5. Direct: :r.s ::- 5:ch as 
are suitering from digestive disturbances will be given later. I have in 
preceding pages given formulas for feeding children, I give these addi- 
tional, because not all children can be fed the same v.-ay and it may be 
well to have the two sets of formulas. 

What important parts are to be remembered when we are modi- 
fying cov/'s rr.ilk fcr the early rr.:nth"5 fe-rdir.r' That sugar is the 
most easily dieestec. fat comes next, vhthe the Triteics 'curd) are the 
most difficult. 

What relation should the fat and prcteids bear to each ether dur- 
ing the earlier oerirds" Usually in healthy infants the rat cream) 
should be three tmtef the proteids ( curds'*. S:nte healthy infants do 
not digest fat so v.ell ?r.\i they should have only tv.ice as much fat as 
proteids (curds — skim-miik). 

What per cent milk must be used to obtain three times as much 
fat as proteids? Ten per cent milk. 

How can we obtain ten per cent milk? As top milk, described on 

another page, or by using plain milk and ordinary- cream Tsixteen per 
cent), in equal parts mixed; or it may be obtained directly from the 
milk laboratories. 

Which is better to do, use the top-milk or mix plain milk and 



ALL ABOUT BABY 5S1 

ordinary cream? If the milk is fresh from the cows, it is best then to 
use the top-milk, because the food can then be made up after it is only 
a few hours old. 

If one uses bottled milk, in cities, the upper third may be used, 
but if milk and cream are bought separately it is usually more con- 
venient to mix these, as cream will not rise uniformly upon the milk 
a second time. 

What per cent milk must be used to obtain twice as much fat as 
proteids? Use for dilution a seven per cent milk, that is, milk con- 
taining seven per cent fat, as in this milk the fat is just twice the 
proteids. 

How is this obtained? Same as top-milk, described on another 
page ; or by mixing three parts of plain milk and one part of ordinary 
cream (sixteen per cent), or by obtaining it directly from the milk 
laboratories. 

How should we prepare the food for the early months? Granted 
you make up twenty ounces at a time, first obtain the ten per cent, 
or seven per cent, milk to be used, then take the number of ounces of 
this called for in the formula desired. One must remember that to 
make twenty ounces of food one ounce of milk sugar (or three even 
tablespoonfuls) and one ounce of lime-water must be used. The rest 
of the food is boiled water and the per cent milk. 

FIRST SERIES— Five formulas for early months for ten per cent 
milk: 

Formulas. 12 3 4 5 

10 per cent milk 2 oz. 3 oz. 4 oz. 5 oz. 6 oz. 

♦Milk Sugar 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 

Lime-water 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 

Boiled water 17 oz. 16 oz. 15 oz. 14 oz. 13 oz. 

20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 
*The milk sugar takes no space as it is always dissolved in 
the boiled water. 

How can we strengthen this food? By gradually increasing the 
milk (top milk) and decreasing the amount of water. 

SECOND SERIES— Of five formulas for the early months from 

the seven per cent milk. This is weaker in fat (cream), etc., about 
one^third : 

Formulas. 12 3 4 5 

7 per cent, milk 2 oz. 3 oz. 4 oz. 5 oz. 6 oz. 

Milk Sugar 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 

Lime-water 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 

Boiled water 17 oz. 16 oz. 15 oz. 14 oz. 13 oz. 

Food 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 

How can I decide which series of formulas to use? A strong 
child with good digestion can be given from the first series, ten per 
cent milk. 



582 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

A smaller, weaker child, and whose digestion is not so good, or 

with one who has tried the first series and did not do well, should 
use the second series of formulas. 

What is the reason the food is made so weak at first? The in- 
fant's stomach is made to digest mother's milk, not cows' milk, so we 
must begin with weak cows' milk, and the infant's stomach can thus 
be trained to digest it. Strong milk would be very liable to seriously 
upset the child's digestion. 

How rapidly can I increase the food in strength, that is, go from 
formula 1 to 2, 3, -i, and 5, of either series? This can not be told, 
absolutely. It depends upon the infant, how it bears the food. Usu- 
ally you can begin on formula one on the second day, formula two on 
the fourth day; three, after seven or ten days, but after that make the 
increase slower. If the infant is large, strong and of good digestion, 
he may be able to take of formula five by the time he is three or 
four weeks old. A weak child, or one with feeble digestion must go 
much slower, and such an one may not reach formula five until it is 
three or four months old. ^lothers should remember it is safer to 
increase the strength of the food very gradually; some infants should 
have an increase of only one-half ounce instead of one ounce ; thus : 
three to three and one-half ounces, etc. Two or three days should be 
allowed at least between each increase of food. 

May I not go by a general rule in increasing the food? Yes. in- 
crease the food when the infant is not satisfied, but is digesting well. 

How does an infant show this? He drains the bottle hungrily 
and cries when it is taken away. He may begin to fret a half 
hour or so before the time for the next feeding. He often sucks his 
fingers immediately after feeding. 

If I wish to prepare more than 20 ounces of food, what propor- 
tions shall I use? To make 25 ounces, add one-fourth more of each 
ingredient. To make 30 ounces, add one-half more of each ingredient. 
To make 35 ounces, add three-fourths more of each ingredient. To 
make 40 ounces, double each ingredient. 

For example, 25 ounces of food would call for — 2i/^ ounces of milk; 
1)4 ounces of milk sugar; 1^4 ounces of lime-water; 21^ ounces of 
boiled water. 

For 30 ounces of food, proportions would be — Milk, 3 ounces ; milk 
sugar, iy2 ounces; lime-water, 1^ ounces; boiled water, 25^ ounces. 

How much more should be made at one time? Five ounces may 
be made, but the first few days only two or three ounces of the addi- 
tional should be given; four ounces the next two days, and after two 
days more may give the five ounces additional that has been made; 
that is, twenty-five ounces in all. 

How much increase can be given at each feeding? Not more 

than one-quarter of an ounce. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 583 

FOOD FOR HEALTHY INFANTS DURING THE LATER 

MONTHS. 

How long shall I continue this proportion, that is, the fat three 
times the proteids (curd) — skim-milk? Usually for three or four 
months. 

What changes shall I then make in the food? After you are using 
formula five of the first series; that is, six ounces of the ten per cent 
milk in twenty ounces of milk, increase the fat slowly, for the propor- 
tion of fat (three per cent), is near the limit for healthy children. 

How then shall I strengthen the milk? By raising the percentage 
of proteids (curds, skim-milk). 

How can I do this? Use the formulas derived from the seven 
per cent milk and discontinue the ten per cent milk. 

THIRD SERIES. — Five formulas for seven per cent milk for the 
later months — 

Formulas. 12 3 4 5 

7 per cent milk 7 oz. 8 oz, 9 oz. 10 oz. 11 oz. 

*Milk Sugar 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. ^ oz. J^ oz. 

Lime-water 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 

Boiled water 12 oz. 11 oz. 10 oz. 4 oz. 3 oz. 

Barley Gruel 5 oz. 5 oz. 

20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 

*(As the milk sugar is dissolved in the boiled water the 
quantity is twenty ounces instead of twenty-one.) Oatmeal 
gruel can be substituted for barley gruel if there is constipa- 
tion. To increase the food to twenty-five, thirty, or thirty-five 
ounces increase the milk ingredients by ^, J^, ^ and for 
forty ounces using two times as much. 

How shall I increase the food during this period ? Beginning with 
formula one of this series, which should usually follow five of the first 
or second series, you can usually make the increase in ten days to No. 
2 ; in two weeks you can use No. 3 ; but proceed more slowly to four 
or five when you have reached them. The same formula may be con- 
tinued sometimes for three or four months with no other change, 
except an increase in the quantity of the food, that is from twenty 
ounces to twenty-five, etc. 

Is it necessary or important to reduce the proportion of fat as it 
is at first, reduced in passing from formula five of the first series to 
formula one of the third series? It is not necessary. 

How much is this reduction? From 3 to 2.50 per cent. 

How much increase of fat is there from the fifth formula of the 
second series to the first formula of the third series? From 2.00 to 
2.50 per cent. 

Can the first decrease be avoided? Yes, by taking oflF at first the 
upper thirteen ounces as top-milk, and using in a twenty-ounce mix- 
ture seven ounces of this in place of formula No. 1, and also by using 



584 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

for the next increase the upper fifteen ounces as top-milk — taking of 
this eight ounces in a twenty-ounce mixture in place of formula No. 2. 
Then follow three of this third series. This is only done when you 
think the formulas two and three of the third series do not give 
enough fat. 

Can I add any other food about the sixth or seventh months? 
Yes, foods in the form of gruel, and have this take the place of part 
of the boiled water and part of the sugar. Oatmeal and barley gruels 
can be added. 

Can I make further changes at ten or eleven months? The pro- 
teids (skim-milk) may be further increased, sugar and lime-water 
reduced until plain milk is given. 

How can I do this? Give at first one feeding of plain milk and 
barle)' gruel daily; later two feedings, then three feedings, etc. For 
example, suppose one infant was being fed with modified milk as 
formula 4 or 5, series 3, six feedings daily. The plain milk diluted 
with boiling water would take the place of one such feeding at first, 
then two, three, four, etc., feedings. Such changes to be made at 
intervals of two weeks. Proportions of milk and barley gruel should 
be, at first, about five and one-half ounces milk, two and one-half 
ounces barley gruel; later six ounces milk, three ounces barley gruel: 
and then seven ounces milk, two ounces barley gruel until plain milk 
is alone used, and this can usually be reached at twelve to thirteen 
months. For five months' infants a pinch of soda may be added to 
each feeding when the lime-water is omitted. It is not generally nec- 
essary, however. 

Do some infants dislike the milk after the milk sugar has been 
omitted? Yes; for such li to ^ teaspoonful of granulated sugar may 
be added for a time to each feeding and gradually reduced. 

RULES FOR USING THESE FORMULAS. 

They are only for healthy infants. Begin always with a weak 
formula, especially with an infant previously nursed at the breast, 
with one just weaned and with infants who have poor digestive pow- 
ers, or whose digestive powers are unknown. Should the first formula 
tried be too weak the food can be strengthened every three or four 
days until the right formula is found. If the food is made too strong 
at first an attack of indigestion is liable to follow. 

How shall I increase the strength of the food? This should be 
done very gradually. Do not advance more than one formula in the 
given series. It is frequently better to make the increase in half 
steps. Say when it is from three to four, give three and one-half, 
and then four. 

How rapidly can I increase the quantity of food? This should 
not be more than one-fourth ounce in each feeding, one to one and 
one-half to two ounces daily. . 



ALL ABOUT BABY 585 

When should the amount of food be increased? An increase may 
be necessary every few days in the early weeks, but the same formula 
is often continued for two or three months during the later months. 

What signs in the infant demand an increase? The infant is not 
satisfied, does not gain in weight, but it has good digestion — that is, 
it does not vomit and has good stools. 

When should I not increase the food? So long as the child is 
satisfied, gains four to six ounces weekly, even when the quantity and 
strength of the food is considerably below the average. 

Should you then increase the food if the child seems somewhat 
hungry, but still gains from eight to ten ounces weekly? It is not 
always a safe rule to be guided by the appetite. 

How can I know whether to increase the strength or the quantity 
of the food? In the early weeks it is well first to increase the 
strength, the next time the quantity of the food, then the strength, 
then the quantity, etc. The quantity chiefly should be increased after 
the fourth or fifth month. 

Should a slight stomach discomfort or disturbance follow after the 
food has been strengthened, what shall I do? If the disturbance is 
marked and continues and the infant does not seem able to accustom 
itself to the new food, you should go back to the weaker one and the 
next increase should be smaller. 

Should I be worried if the gain in weight for the first few weeks 
of artificial feeding is slight, or even no gain? Not as a rule; if the 
infant loses no weight, sleeps well, is comfortable, does not suffer 
from vomiting, nausea, colic, you can feel sure the baby is doing well 
and is becoming used to his new food. As his appetite improves and 
his digestion is stronger the food may be increased every few days. 
Then the weight will soon increase. 

Is constipation likely to occur from such a weak food? This is 
very often seen owing to the fact of their being little residue in the 
bowels, so if he has a daily stool, even if it is small and dry, it need 
not cause worry as it soon passes away with the using of stronger 
food. 

What circumstances indicate that the food should be reduced ? 
When the child becomes ill from any causes, or when there are any 
marked symptoms of indigestion. 

How can I reduce the food? If there is but a slight disturbance 
and the daily food has been prepared, pour off one-third from each 
bottle just before each feeding and replace this quantity of food with 
boiled water; if the disturbance is more severe, immediately dilute the 
food at least one-half and also reduce, at the same time, the quantity 
given ; for a severe attack of indigestion, omit the regular food alto- 
gether and give only boiled water until a doctor has been called. 

How shall I return to the original formula after it has been re- 
duced for a disturbance of digestion? The increase must be very 
gradual after the immediate reduction. After a severe attack of indi- 



586 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

gestion, the milk should not be made more than one-fifth the original 
strength, and ten days or two weeks should elapse before the original 
strength food is given and, as stated, there should be a gradual slow 
increase. 

ABOUT ADDING OTHER FOODS TO MILK. 

How long shall I continue the modified milk? Usually for about 
six months; but if the infant is doing well you can continue it for ten 
or eleven months. If the infant has trouble in digesting cows' milk 
other foods can be added at three or four months or even at the 
beginning. 

What food can I first use? Barley, oatmeal, arrowroot, and farina. 
Is it better to make them from the flour? Yes, they are more simple 
to prepare from the flour. 

Hov^^ shall I cook them? Cook them separately, and when used 
they take the place of some of the boiled water. 

(For another way, see former pages.) 

How shall I prepare barley gruel water? Take one teaspoonful 
of the flour and rub it up with a little cold water, and then stir this 
into a pint of boiling water; add a pinch of salt and boil it fifteen min- 
utes ; strain if it is lumpy. Oatmeal gruel is made the same way, only 
using two teaspoonfuls instead of one. 

Barley Jelly. — One rounded tablespoonful of the flour, mixed with 
a little cold water, is added to one pint of boiling water containing a 
pinch of salt; cook twenty minutes in a double boiler and strain. A 
thinner gruel (barley water) is made by using half of the quantity 
of flour. 

How much of the gruel can I use? If prepared by the last method 
one-sixth to one-half the total quantity of food ; if the barley water is 
used it can be used in greater quantity if desired, as it is weaker bv 
half. 

Which one shall I use? Barley and oatmeal are generally used; 
oatmeal is more laxative. 

What is their value as infant foods? Their chief value is to pre- 
vent the curd from coagulating in the stomach in hard masses, thus 
rendering it more digestible. 

Would you advise this addition for all infants? No, for it does 
not agree with them all, and so it cannot be recommended for all 
infants. 

Can I give anything more during the first year? Beef juice, white 
of an tgg, and orange juice. 

How and when may I use the beef juice? It may be begun at ten 
or eleven months in infants who are strong and thriving well. Two 
teaspoonfuls may be given daily, diluted with same amount of water, 
fifteen minutes before the midday feeding; in two weeks it may be 
doubled; and six teaspoonfuls can be given, in four weeks. Two or 
three tablespoonfuls is all that can be given a child of one year 



ALL ABOUT BABY 587 

Is beef juice of value in delicate pale infants? Yes, of much 
value, and it is more important for them, and it may sometimes be 
given them at five or six months in one-half the quantity mentioned. 

When shall I give the white of egg (albumen) or albumin water? 
When the conditions are similar to those requiring beef juice especi- 
ally in infants who digest the proteids (curd) with difficulty. You 
can give the one-half of the white of one tgg at six months, and soon 
the entire white of one egg can be given. 

What is the best way of preparing this? By coddling the egg. 

Describe the way of preparation? Place a fresh egg with the shell 
on in boiling water and immediately remove all from the fire. The 
egg cooks slowly in the water for seven or eight minutes as the water 
gradually cools, and the white part becomes like jelly. Give the white 
with only a pinch of salt — it can be easily separated from the yolk. 

When can I give orange juice? Usually about the eleventh or 
twelfth month, and it should be given about one hour before the feed- 
ing. You can begin with two teaspoonfuls at first, then one table- 
spoonful at a time, and later three or four tablespoonfuls. Orange 
juice is very good when constipation exists — strain it always, and it 
must be always fresh and sweet. 

OVER NURSING. 

Mothers who have a very large supply of milk are very likely to 
overfeed their babies if the milk is of good quality. This will drain 
the mother's strength. Some mothers allow their babies to nurse to 
relieve the uncomfortable feeling. If the infant vomits the surplus 
immediately they are not injured. Where the baby does not vomit, 
the surplus food passes into the bowels and causes colic and green and 
yellow gassy stools. If the mother's milk is too rich, only, and not 
too much and the baby vomits, this can be corrected by giving the baby 
some boiled water before each meal. The baby will not nurse so 
much then. OVER-FEEDING. 

What do you mean by this term? The infant gets too much food, 
and this is chiefly done at night. 

Can I depend upon the infant's natural desire for food as to the 
quantity to be given? Not always, the habit of over-eating is fre- 
quently acquired, and is frequently seen in infants with a good dig:es- 
tion. 

What harm results from over-feeding an infant? The food lies in 
the stomach or bowels, undigested, ferments, and causes gas and colic, 
and if the over-feeding is long continued, serious trouble arises. The 
i)aby becomes restless, fretful, irritable, sleeps badly, stops gaining in 
weight and may lose weight. 

LOSS OF APPETITE. 

What may cause this? Over-feeding or the use of milk too rich 
in fat. 



588 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

What can I do for this trouble? If the child is well, offer food 
to him at regular hours only. Do not coax or force him to eat even 
though he takes only one-half or one-third of his usual quantity. 
Lengthen the intervals between the feedings. It may be necessary 
with a child under a year old to reduce the number of feedings to 
three or four in twenty-four hours. Give water at more frequent inter- 
vals, weaken instead of strengthening the food. 

FOODS FOR SPECIAL CONDITIONS. 

Some infants with weak digestive powers, and those suffering 
from various forms of indigestion, have often much trouble in digest- 
ing the fat of milk. To meet such troubles a series of formulas are 
given obtained from plain milk. 

FOURTH SERIES — Formulas containing four per cent fat: 



1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


Plain Milk.. 5 oz. 


6oz. 


7oz. 


8oz. 


9oz. 


10 oz. 


12 oz. 


14 oz. 


*Milk Sugar. 1 oz. 


loz. 


loz. 


loz. 


^oz. 


Moz. 


J^oz. 


Hoz. 


Lime-water, 1 oz. 


loz. 


loz. 


loz. 


loz. 


loz. 


loz. 


loz. 


Boiled water. 14 oz. 


13 oz. 


12 oz. 


7oz. 


6 oz. 


5 oz. 


2oz. 


Ooz, 


Barley Gruel. oz. 


Ooz. 


Ooz. 


4oz. 


4 0Z. 


4oz. 


5oz. 


5oz. 



20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 

*(Milk sugar is not counted in totals.) If more than twenty- 
ounces are needed get the proportions by adding one-fourth, 
one-half, three-quarters, or double each ingredient. 

Why does an infant so often vomit some of its food soon after 
feeding? The quantity may be too large or too rich food, the baby 
may feed too fast, the hole in the nipple may be too large, the cloth- 
ing too tight, or you may press upon its stomach in moving the baby. 

What are the causes of and changes needed for stomach troubles? 
It is usually a symptom of indigestion and is frequently caused by too 
much fat or sugar. 

How can I remedy this? Reduce the fat or sugar, and increase 
the lime-water. Avoid the formulas made from the top-milk, or cream 
and milk. Those made from the seven per cent milk are not so likely 
to cause trouble; but you had better, if the symptoms are severe, use 
formulas of the fourth series. 

What S5miptoms indicate that the baby is getting too much fat 
(cream) ? Vomiting and yellow, foul, greasy, or ropy stools. 

How much shall I reduce the milk sugar? Use only one-half 
ounce to twenty ounces of food or leave it out altogether. 

How shall I know when to reduce the sugar, etc.? When there 
is excessive formation of gas in the stomach, causing distention and 
pain, or belchings of gas, and often a sour stomach. Reduce the 
amount of sugar and increase the lime-water one and one-half to two 
ounces in twenty ounces of food, increase intervals between the meals 
one-half hour and give less quantity. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 589 

What food usually causes habitual colic? This is due to gas 
accumulating in the bowels, and is usually caused by the want of 
digestion of the proteids (curd). 

How shall I overcome this? Use a weaker formula. Use formula 
4 or 3 of first series; or use partially pasteurized milk, or use barley 
water instead of plain water. 

If curds regularly or frequently appear in the stools, what changes 
shall I make? This usually accompanies colic, so use means just 
described — reduce the proteids (skim milk). 

How shall I modify the milk for chronic constipation? This is 
difficult to overcome, and it is more frequent when infants are fed 
upon a plain milk diet, variously diluted, than when seven or ten per 
cent milk is used and diluted to a greater degree. But you cannot 
use food containing more than four per cent fat, that is, eight ounces 
of ten per cent milk or twelve ounces of seven per cent milk in twenty 
ounces of food. In some cases ordinary brown sugar in one-half the 
quantity can take the place of milk sugar, or Mellin's food, malted 
milk or cereal milk can be used in the place of the milk sugar. Milk 
of magnesia can be used for lime-water as before directed. Orange 
juice can be given to infants over nine months old. 

What modifications should I make in very hot weather? The 
proportion of fat (top-milk or milk and cream mixed) should be less 
and when it is very hot, for a short period, it should be much less. 
Use seven per cent milk in place of ten per cent, that is, formulas from 
the second series, or plain milk, in place of the seven per cent milk, 
fourth series. 

If a child has good digestion, but gains very little or no weight, 
what changes in the food should I make? Increase the quantity of 
the food if the child seems hungry ; or increase the strength of the 
food, if the child will not take a greater quantity; do not coax or force 
the baby to eat, give him more sleep ; fresh air, etc. 

If there is no modified milk that will agree with the baby, what 
shall I do? If the infant is under four or five months old, a wet 
nurse would likely succeed. If a wet nurse cannot be obtained or if 
the child is older use some of the substitutes for cows' milk, like Bor- 
den's Eagle Brand, canned or condensed milk. This is better to use 
when the trouble is in the bowels and shows colic, gas, curds in the 
stools, constipation, or diarrhea. If it is due to indigestion it show^s 
in vomiting, etc. 

How shall I use condensed milk? The directions are on the bot- 
tle. But if the baby is three or four months old, and has symptoms 
of indigestion, dilute its food with sixteen parts of boiled water, or 
sometimes barley water if there is no constipation. As the symptoms 
improve it can be made stronger, one to fourteen, one to twelve, one 
to ten, one to eight, such changes to be made gradually. 

How long can I use the condensed milk? Generally for a few 



590 MO THERS' REMEDIES 

weeks only as the sole food, then give one feeding a day of modified 
milk, for instance, No. 3 or 4 of the series; later two feedings and 
gradually increase until the milk feeding is entirely used. 

Why can I not continue to use condensed milk? It is very low 
in fat and proteids and has much sugar in it; children who take this 
food for sometime often gain rapidly in strength and weight, yet 
have not much resistance, and they are very prone to develop rickets 
and scurvy. 

Suppose baby is teething, has a cold, sore throat, etc., what 
change shall I make? Dilute the food for two or three feedings by 
using boiled water in place of an ounce or two of food ; this much to 
be removed from the bottle before being given ; if it is necessary to 
continue for several days, use a weaker formula. 

What changes shall I make in this for serious acute sickness? For 
diseases with fever like measles, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc., dilute 
the food and reduce the fat (cream from top-milk). Give the food at 
regular intervals, but not so often. Do not force food in the early 
part of acute sickness. 

Suppose baby has acute gastritis, what changes shall I make? 
Stop all food and give boiled water, only, for ten or more hours, then 
try barley water or whey, but do not give any milk for at least 
twenty-four hours after all vomiting has ceased. When you again 
begin the modified milk use a small quantity with a low proportion of 
fat, and you can secure this by using a formula from the fourth series. 
You may also double the proportion of lime-water. 

If baby is attacked with intestinal indigestion accompanied by 
loose bowels, what food shall I give? If it has but two or three pass- 
ages daily, lower the proportion of fat (cream, etc.), in the manner 
above directed, and boil the milk for five minutes. Dilute it still 
more if curds are present in the stools. 

But suppose the attack is more severe? If there is fever and the 
passages smell badly and are more frequent, stop all milk and use the 
diet given for acute gastritis. (Acute indigestion). 

Do other conditions besides the food influence digestion? Yes, 
use proper clothing, keep warm feet, regular habits, fresh air. Clean 
bottles and food, given at proper intervals and temperature, quiet sur- 
roundings and absence of excitement are needed. 

What common mistakes are often made in modifying milk and 
feeding infants? Never fail to follow the directions given for remov- 
ing the top-milk. Remove all the top-milk of any given strength in 
making a formula, and not only the number of ounces needed for the 
formula. By using rich Jersey milk as if it were more common milk. 
The formulas given are based upon about four per cent fat. Food is 
very often increased too rapidly, particularly after stomach and bowel 
indigestion. The food in an infant of three or four months old 
attacked by acute indigestion should seldom be given in full strength 
for two weeks afterwards, only half steps should be taken like two to 



ALL ABOUT BABY 59I 

two and one-half, etc. Another mistake, when indigestion symptoms 
show the food is not reduced quickly enough ; reduce the food imme- 
diately by at least one-half. 

How to prepare cows* milk at home; what is needed? Feeding 
bottles, rubber nipples, an eight-ounce graduated measuring glass, a 
glass funnel, a brush for bottles, cotton, alcohol lamp, a tall quart cup 
for warming bottles of milk, a pitcher for mixing food, a wide mouthed 
bottle of boric acid and one of bicarbonate of soda, a pasteurizer, and 
later a double boiler for cooking cereals will be needed. 

What kind of bottles shall I buy? A cylindrical graduated bottle 
with a wide neck holding about 8 ounces. This makes washing them 
easier. You should have as many bottles for use as the baby takes 
meals a day (ten at first). 

How shall I care for the bottles? Rinse them, as soon as the 
child is through nursing, with cold water, and let stand filled with cold 
water and a little bicarbonate of soda in the water. Before using them 
again wash them thoroughly with the bottle brush and hot soap suds 
and place them for twenty minutes in boiling water. 

What kind of nipples are best? Straight ones which slip over the 
neck of the bottle, of black rubber, and the hole should only be large 
enough for the milk to drop rapidly when the bottle is held upside 
down. 

How shall I care for the nipples? Boil new ones for five minutes 
at first. After using rinse them carefully in cold water and keep them 
covered in a glass containing a solution of borax or boric acid. Turn 
them inside out once a day and wash thoroughly with soap and water. 

(There is a slight difference in the directions given by different 
authorities as to cleaning bottles and nipples, but the general way is 
the same.) 

What kind of cotton shall I use for corking the bottles? Refined 
non-absorbent cotton is best, but the ordinary absorbent cotton will do. 

Which is the best — an alcohol lamp, or the Bunsen burner? The 
Bunsen burner is the best, cheaper and simpler if there is gas in the 
house. Should you use the lamp, put it upon a table covered with a 
plate of zinc or tin, or upon a large tin tray. The French pattern is 
the best. 

Give special directions now for preparing the food according to 
any of the given formulas? The hands must be clean, as well as 
everything else — food and utensils. First dissolve the milk sugar in 
boiling water, filtering, if necessary, then add to the boiled water and 
sugar the milk, cream, and lime-water, mixing all in the pitcher; a 
sufficient quantity for twenty-four hours is always prepared at one 
time. Divide this in equal quantities into the number of feedings for 
the twenty-four hours and cork the bottles with the cotton cork and 
cool the bottles rapidly, after having been pasteurized by standing 
first in tepid and then in cold water, and then place in an ice chest 
at 50° F. 



592 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



FEEDING DIRECTIONS. 

How shall I prepare the bottle at feeding time? Take one from 
the ice chest, warm it by placing it in warm water deep enough to 
cover the milk in the bottle. Then thoroughly shake it, remove the 
cotton cork, and adjust the nipple. 

How shall I know that the temperature of the milk is correct? 
Pour a teaspoonful from the bottle before adjusting the nipple, and 
taste it, or pour a few drops through the nipple upon the inner surface 
of the wrist. It should feel quite warm, but not quite hot; or a baby 
thermometer may be placed in the water where the milk stands, and 
the temperature should be between 98° and 100° F. 

How can I keep the milk warm while the baby is feeding? Slip 
over the bottle a warm flannel bag with a draw-string. 

What position should a child be in when feeding? During the 
first few months, except at night, it had better be held in the arms; 
later it can lie on its side in the crib, but the bottle must then be held 
by the nurse until it is emptied, or the baby will nurse and sleep, and 
nurse and sleep, etc. 

How much time shall I give the baby for one feeding? Not long- 
er than twenty minutes. Take the bottle away then and do not give 
it until the next feeding. Keep a sleepy baby awake, when well, until 
the food is taken, or remove the bottle. 

Can I play with the baby after feeding? Never. It may cause 
vomiting and indigestion. Baby should lie quietly and sleep if possible, 
or at least not be disturbed. 

FEEDING INTERVALS. 
How often shall I nurse or feed baby during the first month? 
Ten times in twenty-four hours at intervals of two hours during the 
day and two times at night. 

Why can I not feed baby oftener? Because it takes nearly two 
hours to digest a meal at two months, about two and one-half hours 
at five or six months, and if another meal is given before the former 
meal is digested, vomiting and indigestion will result. The following 
schedule is given by one authority on children for healthy infants for 



the first year: 




Night 


No. 


Quantity 


Quantity 




Interval 


feedings 


of 


for 


for 




between 


10 P. M. 


feedings 


one 


24 




meals 


to 


in 24 


feeding, 


hours, 




by day. 


7 A.M. 


hours. 


ounces. 


ounces. 


2d to 7th day... 


. . . 2 hrs. 


2 


10 


ItolK 


10 to 15 


2d to 3rd week. 


. . . 2 hrs. 


2 


10 


1^ to 3 


15 to 30 


4th to 5th week. 


. . . 2 hrs. 


1 


10 


2^ to 3^ 


25 to 35 


6th to 8th week. 


... 2y2 hrs. 


1 


8 


3 to 5 


24 to 40 


3d to 5th Month. 


. . . 3 hrs. 


1 


7 


4 to 6 


28 to 42 


5th to 9th month 


. . . 3 hrs. 





6 


5to7H 


30 to 45 


9th to 12th month.. 4 hrs. 





5 


7 to 9 


35 to 45 



This schedule is for healthy children. The smaller amounts are 



ALL ABOUT BABY 593 

required by smaller children with weak digestion; the larger amounts 
are required by large children with strong digestion. The interval is 
from the beginning of one feeding to the beginning of the next feeding. 

How soon can I make the intervals at two and one-half hours? 
Generally at five or six weeks. 

When may I increase it to three hours? Usually at eight weeks 
or two months. 

When should I lengthen the interval between feedings? When 
there is poor stomach digestion. 

How is this shown? By habitual vomiting or regurgitation of 
food long after nursing is finished ; also when the baby has a very poor 
appetite so that it always leaves some of its food. 

When can I shorten the intervals? It is not generally advisable to 
feed any baby oftener than given by this schedule. 

REGULAR FEEDING. 

How can I teach baby to take regular meals? By commencing at 
birth to feed at exactly regular hours every day. 

Shall I awaken baby to feed it? Yes, for a few days. In a short 
time he will waken at the same hours himself. 

Should this regularity extend through the night? Only up to nine 
or ten o'clock. After ten let him sleep as long as he will. 

How soon can baby go without food from 10 p. m. to 7 a. m.? At 
four months usually and always at five or six months ; night feeding 
causes restlessness and poor sleep. 

STERILIZED MILK. 

What do you mean by sterilizing milk? It means to heat milk so 
as to destroy the germs. 

Does cows' milk contain germs? Yes, even if it is handled fault- 
lessly; but when carelessly handled the number of germs is enormous. 

Are all of the germs injurious? Most are harmless or cause only 
the souring of the milk. 

What other germs are occasionally present? Typhoid fever, diph- 
theria, scarlet fever, cholera, tuberculosis and many forms of diarrhea 
germs. 

Do I need to sterilize milk under all circumstances? When you 
cannot obtain it fresh in warm weather. Hence during warm weather 
in cities and towns ; when you do not know that the cows are healthy 
or that the milk has been cleanly handled ; when milk is kept over 
twenty-four hours, especially if there is no ice at hand. When there 
are epidemics of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or any form 
of bowel disease accompanied by diarrhea. 

How many methods of heating milk are there? First, sterilizing, 

in which the milk is heated to 212° F., for one hour or one and one-half 

hours. Second, pasteurizing, when you heat the milk to 155° or 170® 

F. for thirty minutes. 
00 



594 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Will the temperature of 155- F. for one-half hour be sufficient to 
Idll the germs of the diseases mentioned above? Generally. 

How long v.i!! rr.i'.k s: tr-eated keep on ice? Heated to 212^ F. 
for an hcur v.^l kee: :;: : .v : or three weeks: that heated (pasteur- 
ized) to 155' ?. v.-i;; keep :;: :-.vo or three days. 

Is cows' milk as digestible when sterilized? No, and it should be 
modified for infant feeding the same as milk not heated. 

When milk is heated for an hour to 212° F. (sterilization), is it 
injured in any way? It is rendered harder to digest, and is more con- 
stipating ; scur\'y may be caused if it is used as the sole food for a long 
tirr.e I: is so objectionable that the method is not recommended for 

gene:^: use. 

When should I heat it 212- F.? For use en long journeys of days 
traveling-, 7::en you sh:uid oea: ::r cr.e h:ur upon two successive 

Does heating milk to 155' F ::r :r.z-'r.i'.: r.rur ir.'ure i: in any 
way' 1: does no: ariect the i£s:e z: marie :: mire cms::; a::ng. ri.e 
unfavcrabie e:5ect5. if any. are slight. Get clean ana :7zsh naiik and 
the enects will be really c: no account. 

What pasteurizer -.v:.:ll y:u recommend. Freeman's or Walker- 
Gordon. 

What shall I do '.vi:h the milk after it has been pasteurized' Ccol 
it quickly by placing the b;::les in ::ld v/ater — ne'."er leave them in the 
rccm -vhere pasteurised, and never place them, v.hten warm, in an ice 
chest. 

Why this caution? Because it -e quires :r:m two to four honrs 
to c::' them in the air :r in the i:e :::: an: iurinr that time a good 
man; unit el:: -d eerms ma; ma.ure an: :n ure tne keeping prop- 
erties :: me milr:, \:u :an :::.'. tne ::::irs :: milx in cool water in 
from ten :; wen:;.- minutes i: y— cnanre tne vater frequently, or if 
ice is tut int: the vater. 

What is modiBed milk :f the lah tratrries ' It is milk containing 
tat. :^u<c:.r. z . J ^t'ld:^ . &.C _c.i.--.e _ — _ i^Ui put up. usua^»y, accord- 
ing to a physician's :ire::i:ns. 

PEPTONIZED MILK, 

What is peptonized mhlk? ^Tilk :hat has been oartiallv digested. 

What part of tne milk nas been m^rsted? Tne prtteids ,curd;. 

Does this alter its taste? No, if it is peptonized for only ten min- 
utes, but if it is fully peptonized the milk has a hitrer taste. ' 

How can the bitter taste be avoided in tartlv oeottnized milk? 
At the end or ten ; r n : t e e n mm u : e s : - : : e : h t mi i : in a s auce-pan and 

raise i: tuickly :: :he ::ilmp min:: tms Iniis :hr ftrmmt s: that the 
milk vlll n;t hec:me h::ter w'r.t-r. it is varme: ::r ferdmo"; :r the milk 



ALL ABOUT BABY 595 

can be cooled rapidly by placing- the bottles first in cool and then in 
ice water; but in this way the ferment is not destroyed, and the milk 
may become bitter when warmed for feeding. 

How is milk peptonized? By the action of a peptonizing powder 
composed of a digestive agent known as the extractum pancreatis and 
bicarbonate of soda. This is added to the plain or diluted milk. This 
agent can be bought in tubes or tablets, and is the active ingredient 
of the peptogenic powder. 

Will you describe the process? Place the plain or modified milk 
in a clean glass jar or bottle, and then rub up the peptonizing powder 
or tablet with a tablespoonful of milk, and add it to the milk and shake 
the bottle. Place the bottle in a large pitcher or basin of v/ater of about 
110*^ F., or as warm as the hand can bear comfortably, and allow it to 
remain for ten to twenty minutes if you wish to peptonize the milk 
but partially; or if you wish it completely peptonized let it remain for 
two hours. 

Is it better to peptonize the whole day's supply, or each bottle 
separately just before feeding? If you peptonize the whole day's 
supply at once raise the milk to the boiling point after it has been pep- 
tonized ; if only the one feeding do not peptonize it more than ten 
minutes before feeding for the ferment will work while the child is 
feeding. It can be done either way. 

Is not the completely peptonized milk distasteful? Not so in the 
case of young infants ; older infants will take a few feedings without 
objection, but it cannot be used for children much older than five 
months. 

How much of the agent should be used? For a single feeding of 
four ounces one may use one-eighth of a tube with a weak formula of 
milk or one-sixth with a stronger formula. For one pint of plain milk 
five grains of the extract and fifteen grains of bicarbonate of soda will 
be needed. This amount is usually put up in one tube or tablet. Less 
will be required in weaker formulas of modified milk. 

What advantages has peptonized milk? Partially peptonized milk 
assists greatly in digesting the curd of milk. Young infants some- 
times have trouble in digesting the curd. When completely pepton- 
ized it is good in attacks of acute indigestion. 

How long may I give it?^ It may be used for a few days when 
completely peptonized ; when partially peptonized it can be used for 
two or three months, and when you wish to give other food, leave 
off its use gradually by shortening the time of peptonizing and lessen- 
ing' the quantity of the powder used. 

FEEDING DURING THE SECOND YEAR. 
How many meals should a child have during the second year? 
Five. 

Shall I prepare the milk for all day at one time? It is better to 
prepare the milk for all day during the second and third years. If 



596 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

joa wish to modify it bj adding^ cream, water, etc, prepare as done 
during tbe first jear, and later wlien only plain milk is used, the 
qoantities needed for the different feedings shoold be put into one or 
two bottles, pastenrized or not as necessary. In this wa j the differ- 
ent feedings are kept s^arate. Pnqiare the food as soon as possiUe 
in the morning after the milk has been rccetred. 

FOR A HEALTHY CHILD OF TWELVE MONTHS 

6dMI a. m. or 7jOO a. m^ — Milk, six to seven ounces, diluted with 
two or tiiree ooncres of bailey cnr oatmeal grael, and taken from a cup 
after thirteen mon.l-s 

SjOOa, m. — C'z :: :"~: :-r:e5 :: :-i'r= '-li-t 

lOdOO a, -.—::.: : : :-- :i:-ei: :- :i- - r- t: :- :-: -: 
from tec :: : • e.- r :-.:-^ .r. ... ~i; iz ^. t- .:: i :_; 

%'Mz ~— :- :: :■■ : :-:r5 :f :z.: -.ir :: : ;. ■■:;.- :: I't 
egg, s%h:.: :::.-: i^: i:- i- z-.-t tcz :: rr.-.:?. :: ir.i-tr. 
broth, : : - : : : s :■: .: r. : t s 

€;X z. ~ -Si~t - :: 1 ~. 



men you z^z r t 



^:t imces 



; r e - i : - : i -itity of the others. 

vr-r- shi'. r dve the fruit jnices? One honr before the second 

V hi: give between fioorteentfa and ei gfateendi mooths? 

z :','', l\ '- rr. — Zigfat to ten oimces of plain miBc from a ca|i. 

SI" r '.\ a -r. — jice of one-half orai^e strained. 

; ; = ~ — T :wo or three tablespoonfols of oatmeal 

r : It i: ^east three hours, and cm which jou 

n : r: : salt ; no sugar and cn^— about six 

lunci: — :: : rf; :: : ist, one piece. 

- -- p ~— Zr -entices, a soft boiled, coddled 

: : T : t ^ r i r : i -.1:3;:' boiled rice, or nratton or 

: tt - : : - : :; :tf : " t z .zZzi of stale bread or zwie- 

-1.:. 17.1 : r :i: : t ^t: ^t tSt: ^e scant teaspoonful ci 

3:"i:t: :i'7 :-t: i.y ' /r.'.'zi-zi :. t :;.:!■: 5 t :: r:.^ 2!:emating 

■•■■■ .-.'7. :■• : : . " :ti :: :-.-.: : :- :-.::i 1 i :::--: ..-i : : :: ii.-i t^r fSome 



ALL ABOUT BABY 597 

6:00 p. m. — Two tablespoonfuls of thoroughly cooked farina, or 
cream of wheat or granum, or arrow-root, on which is a little top- 
milk ; salt, but no sugar, and eight ounces of warm milk which may 
be taken from the bottle. • 

10:00 p. m. — Vv'armed milk and eight to twelve ounces if neces- 
sary, by bottle. 

How shall I prepare the beef? Take round or sirloin steak and 
scrape it with a large spoon on both sides, so that you obtain the pulp 
only, salt it a little, and place it with a very tiny piece of butter in a 
saucer, cover it with another saucer, remove the cover from the boil- 
ing teakettle, and place the saucer in its place ; let it steam until it is 
just heated through, as it must look rare when done. Give at first 
one teaspoonful and gradually work up to one tablespoonful. but do not 
begin this diet in midsummer. Give baby plenty of water to drink 
between meals, boil and cool. 

A diet for the eighteenth month to end of twenty-fourth month? 
Follow the same order. For most children milk at 10 p. m. is desir- 
able; but if a child sleeps during the whole night it is not necessary to 
wake it at 10 p. m. for the feeding. 

6:00 or 6:30 a. m. — Warmed milk ten to twelve ounces. 

9:00 a. m. — Two or three ounces of fruit juices. 

10:00 a, m. — Cereals similar to the last schedule: they need not 
be strained, but well cooked ; crisp, dry bread, zwieback, warmed milk 
one cup. 

2:00 p. TTL — Beef juice and one egg or broth and meat; beef-steak, 
mutton chop or roast beef scraped, very stale bread or two pieces of 
zwieback; one or two tablespoonfuls of prune pulp, or baked apple and 
water, but no milk. 

6:00 p. m. — Farina, cream of wheat, or arrow-root well cooked 
with milk, salt, but no sugar; or milk or stale bread and milk. 

10:00 p. iTL — If required, ten to twelve ounces of pure milk. 

What fruits may I give during this period? If the child has a 
weak stomach, only the fruit juices mentioned, but strong children 
may have in addition, baked apple, apple-sauce and prune pulp. Stew 
the dried prunes without sugar until they are very soft, and put all 
the fruit through a strainer thus removing all the skin ; you may give 
one to two tablespoonfuls of this at one time. No cream should be 
given with the baked apple, and very little sugar with the apple-sauce 
These are very good for constipation. Remember to give water freely 
between the feedings, especially in warm weather. From one to three 
ounces may be given at one time either with a spoon, glass or bottle. 
Boil the water daily and cool. Do not allow it to stand in the room, 
but give fresh water to the child each time. 

SCHEDULE FOR THREE-YEAR-OLD CHILD. 
7:30 cL m. — Cereal well cocked ^'over night) or at least for three 
hours. A larger variety of food can now be given and given as before 



598 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

with thin cream, salt, but little sugar. One glass of warm milk, a 
soft boiled, coddled or poached egg; bread very stale or dry, one slice 
with butter. 

10:00 a. m. — One cup of warm milk, with a cracker or a piece of 
stale bread and butter. 

2:00 p. m. — Soup, four ounces, or two ounces of beef juice. Meat: 
chop, steak, roast beef, lamb or chicken ; white potato, baked or boiled 
rice. Green vegetables: Tips of asparagus, string beans, peas, spin- 
ach, all cooked until they are very soft, mashed or preferably put 
through a sieve, and only one to two teaspoonfuls at first. Desserts: 
Cooked fruit, baked or stewed apple, stewed prunes, water, but no 
milk. 

6 :00 p. m. — 'Cereal : Farina, cream of wheat, or arrow-root, cooked 
for at least one-half hour with plenty of salt, but no sugar; or milk 
toast; or old bread and milk or stale or dry bread and butter and a 
glass of milk. 

BABY'S SECOND SUMMER. 

Nearly all mothers dread baby's second summer. If the baby is 
born at such a time that he cuts his double teeth during the hot 
weather, and if it is attended by indigestion and fever, there is really 
some cause for worry, because the digestive organs during the hot 
w^eather are more difficult to manage than during the colder months; 
otherwise, if you feed your baby carefully and properly, and with the 
regularity that you did in the early months, there is no reason to 
dread the second summer. Mistakes are made by mothers and grand- 
parents especially. They permit the child to come to the table and eat 
of the food prepared for adults. Sometimes it is only a little, but that 
little will gradually grow larger; and even that little may be enough 
to upset baby for weeks and then the illness that follows is in reality 
due to the parents' own foolishness when it is laid to the credit of the 
second summer, or regarded as "a mysterious dispensation of Provi- 
dence." Do not give anything to baby between its regular meals but 
water; crackers, zwieback, and bread are prohibited between. 

DIET OF OLDER CHILDREN—FOURTH TO TENTH YEAR. 

Give the largest meal at midday and a light supper at night, very 
much like that recommended for the third year. For a few years you 
can give milk once between breakfast and dinner, or dinner and supper, 
and permit no other food between meals, but give water freely. 

MILK AND CREAM. 

What part of the diet should milk form now? Nothing can take 
its place, and it should be an important part of the diet. Most chil- 
dren can take and digest milk. 

Why is this of so much advantage? Because it possesses a higher 
initritive value than any other food, for the amount of work required 



ALL ABOUT BABY 599 

of the digestive organs, and it is very especially adapted to a child's 
diet. It must be clean and fresh and not too rich. 

What essential point should I consider in its use? The Jersey 
cow gives too rich milk, and it must be greatly diluted. Children w^ho 
digest milk with difficulty should take it diluted, about four parts 
milk, one part water, a little salt or bicarbonate of soda should be 
added. Do not give milk at meals when fruits, especially if they are 
sour, are allowed. 

How much milk' can I allow to advantage? For an average child 
with good digestion, you can allow one and one-half pints to one 
quart daily, including what is also used upon cereals and in other 
ways. Two quarts are too much, for a mixed diet will do better. 

How much cream can I allow? Older children do not need so 
much fat as do infants, and cream, especially when very rich, often 
produces indigestion. It is a common cause of the coated tongue, foul 
breath, and pale greasy stools, or biliousness so-called. 

Will not cream overcome constipation? It does so in some de- 
gree in infants, but not so much so in older children; and if it pro- 
duces the above given symptoms it should not be given. 

EGGS. 

What is the value of eggs in the diet of this period? They form 
a very valuable food. They must be fresh and only slightly cooked, 
being either soft-boiled, poached or coddled. Fried eggs and omelets 
are prohibited. 

Is the white or yolk more digestible? Generally the white in 
most children. This is a very digestible proteid and can be used to 
great advantage even in the latter part of the first year. 

Do eggs often cause biliousness? Very seldom if they are care- 
fully prepared and fed. 

How often may I give eggs to the child? Most children at this 
period will be able to take one ^gg for breakfast and one for supper. 
with relish and advantage ; however, some few children cannot eat 
them at all. 

MEAT AND FISH. 

What kinds of meat can I give to my child? Beefsteak, mutton- 
chop, roast beef, lamb, boiled chicken and fish, such as shad or bass. 

What points should I consider in feeding meat? Most meats 
should be rare, scraped or finely divided, as a child will not chew it 
properly. Boiled or roast beef is best ; fried meats should not be 
given to a child. 

How often can I give meats? Only at the midday meal, at this 
period. 

Do you think it causes nervousness in children? Not unless too 
much is given and too often. 



600 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

What meats should be forbidden? Ham, bacon, sausage, pork, 
liver, kidney, and all dried and salt meats ; also mackerel, cod and 
shell fish. A child should not eat any of these until after the tenth 
year. 

Are gravies healthy and nutritious? Beef juice or so-called "plat- 
ter gravy" from a roast is very nourishing and desirable, but many of 
the gravies that are thickened are harder to digest and too much is 
given. Only a small quantity should be allowed. 

What about vegetables? Baked, boiled or mashed potatoes may 
be given first, but never fried. After the sixth or seventh year baked 
sweet potato, turnips, boiled onions and cauliflower, all well cooked, 
may be given moderately. They must be thoroughly cooked and 
mashed. This is the great trouble. 

Can I give canned vegetables? Peas, and asparagus of the best 
brands can be used. They are often better than stale green vegetables. 

What vegetables should be prohibited? Any that are eaten raw, 
such as celery, radishes, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes or lettuce ; corn, 
lima beans, cabbage, ^gg plant, even when well cooked , none of these 
should be given to a child under ten years old. 

Can I give vegetable salads? As a rule none should be allowed 
at this period. They are difficult to digest and create great disturb- 
ances in children of all ages. 

CEREALS. 

What points should I consider in selecting and preparing these? 
They must be properly cooked and not used in excess. He should not 
make a meal of them because he is fond of them, and eat two or 
three saucerfuls at once. Proper cooking is essential. Oatmeal, hom- 
iny, rice, wheaten grits need two hours' cooking at least, in a double 
boiler ; cornstarch, arrow-root, and barley should be cooked twenty 
minutes or more. All the market preparations need cooking. 

How should they be eaten? Usually with milk or milk and cream ; 
plenty of salt, no sugar or very little — one-half teaspoonful to a saucer 
— syrups or butter and sugar are prohibited. 

What broths and soup do you recommend? Meat broths are gen- 
erally to be preferred to vegetable broths, mutton and chicken usually 
being the best liked. Almost all plain broths can be given. Those 
thickened with rice, barley or cornstarch make a good variety, espe- 
cially with milk added. Tomato soup should not be given to young 
children. 

BREAD, CRACKERS, AND CHEESE. 

What forms of bread can I give? Stale bread cut thin and 
freshly dried in the oven until it is crisp is very useful, also the un- 
sweetened zwieback. Fresh bread should not be eaten. Gluten, oat- 
meal, or graham crackers, or the Huntley and Palmer breakfast bis- 
cuits, stale rolls or corn bread which has been cut in two or toasted c* 
dried to a crisp form z suflficient variety. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 501 

What kinds of breadstuff s should be prohibited? All hot breads, 
all fresh rolls, buckwheat and other griddle cakes, all fresh sweet 
cakes, especially when covered with icing and those containing any 
dried fruits. Lady finger (stale) or a piece of sponge cake is all that 
can be allowed to children up to seven or eight years old. 

DESSERTS. 

Can I give any desserts to young children? Mistakes are very 
often made here. Junket, plain rice pudding without raisins, plain cus- 
tard, and not more than once a week, a small amount of ice cream 
are all that can be allowed up to six or seven years. 

•What are prohibited? Pies, tarts, and pastry of every kind and 
jams, syrups, and perserved fruits; nut candy and dried fruits. 

Can I give a little? No, for it develops a taste for this sort of 
food, and then the plainer food is taken with less relish. The little is 
soon likely to become a great deal. 

A child has an instinctive desire for sweets, why not satisfy it? 
A child's fondness for sweets is not a normal instinct. A free indul- 
gence in desserts and sweets by young children produces more diges- 
tive disorders than any other causes. It is a growing tendency and 
hard to control as the child grows older. The only safe rule is to 
give none in early childhood. 

FRUITS. 

Are fruits an important or essential part of children's diet? Very 
important, and they should be begun young. They have a splendid 
effect upon the bowels. They should be carefully selected, especially 
in large cities. A greater latitude can be allowed in the country where 
fruit is fresh. 

What fruit can I safely give to children up to five years? Gener- 
ally only cooked fruits and fresh fruit juices. 

What kind of fruit juices can I use? That from fresh, sweet 
oranges is best. The fresh juice of grape fruit, peaches, strawberries, 
and raspberries may also be used. 

What stewed fruits may I use? Stewed and baked apples, prunes, 
pears, peaches and apricots. 

What raw fruits should be avoided? The pulp of oranges or 
grape fruit, also cherries, berries, bananas and pineapple. 

What care should be exercised in regard to the use of fruits? 
In hot weather they should be used with greater care, and in children 
who are easily attacked with intestinal indigestion. 

What symptoms suggest that I should avoid fruits? Looseness 
of the bowels or a tendency thereto, with discharge of mucus, or fre- 
quent attacks of colic (abdominal pain) or stomach-ache. 

At what meals should fruits be used? If the fruit juice is given 
upon an empty stomach early in the morning, it works more actively 
upon the bowels, than when given later. 



602 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Is it wise to give cream or milk with sour fruits? No, it is not 
wise, it is best to give it at midday when no milk is taken as a 
dessert. The quantity should always be moderate. 

Can I give anything besides water and milk to drink? Cocoa, if 
made very weak^ almost all milk is often useful as a hot drink. Tea, 
coffee, wine, beer and cider are all prohibited under puberty. Lemon- 
ade and soda water should not be given until the tenth year at least. 

INDIGESTION IN OLDER CHILDREN. 

Different ways in which indigestion shows itself in children? First 
as an acute attack which lasts for a few days only; second, as chronic 
disturbances which may last for weeks and months. 

Which is the most serious? Chronic indigestion, for it often goes 
on for months and even years unchecked, because it is not recognized. 

The symptoms of acute indigestion? Vomiting, pain, diarrhea of 
undigested food, often fever and prostration. 

What are the common causes? Over eating or indulging in im- 
proper food or too hearty eating when very tired. 

Is it sometimes the forerunner of some acute general sickness? 
Yes. 

How shall I treat acute indigestion? Give castor oil to clean out 
all undigested food from the bowels. Vomiting usually frees the stom- 
ach of food ; stop food for from twelve to thirty-six hours, only boiled 
water being allowed.- Let the stomach rest. 

Can I then begin with the former diet? No, give at first only 
broth gruel, very much diluted milk or whey. Increase the diet slowly 
as the appetite and digestion improve, but this should consume a week 
or ten days in most cases before the full diet is resumed. 

Give the symptoms of chronic indigestion (dyspepsia) in chil- 
dren? Disturbed sleep, tired, grinding teeth, fretfulness, loss of 
weight and flesh, gas in the stomach and bowels, pain in the bowels, 
bloated bowels, constipation or loose bowels with mucus in the stools, 
foul breath, coated tongue, poor appetite, capricious appetite. Some 
may think worms are present. 

Common causes of chronic constipation? Bad system of feeding, 
prolonged use of improper food or improper methods of feeding, such 
as coaxing the child to eat, rapid eating, eating between meals, child 
selects his own food and lives largely upon one article of diet; indulg- 
ence in sweets, desserts, pies, etc. Improperly cooked foods especially 
oatmeal, and vegetables and eating sour or stale fruits. Exclude 
articles of diet which are known to be hard for children to digest. 

How shall chronic indigestion be treated? Remove all causes 
such as bad foods, habits, etc. 

Is it curable? In most cases, but the rules for feeding must be 
carefuly followed for a long period. Medicine will not cure such 
cases unless the proper food is given in a proper way. That is better 
than medicine. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 603 

How long must this proper feeding continue? For months, and 
with many children for two or three years. 

Is medicine of any use? It will relieve the symptoms, but the 
main thing is proper feeding. 

SLEEP. 

Should a baby sleep with anyone? No, young infants have been 
smothered by their mothers. It is also a frequent temptation to nurs- 
ing at night, and this is injurious to both mother and child. 

How long does baby usually sleep at first? About nine-tenths of 
the time. 

How should his bed be prepared? The mattress should be firm 
and soft, the pillow, of hair and very thin; you should change his 
position so as not to sleep always in the same position. 

How many hours should baby sleep at six months? About two- 
thirds of the time. 

How long should the daily nap be continued? Until about four 
years old. 

How shall I put baby to sleep? Darken the room and have quiet. 
The child's hunger should be satisfied and make him generally com- 
fortable and lay him in the crib while still awake. 

Can I rock him to sleep? No. It is a bad habit and he will 
readily acquire it. It will be hard to break, and besides it is useless 
and some times an injurious one. The same may be said of sucking a 
rubber nipple or pacifier, and all other devices to put baby to sleep. 

What principal things disturb baby's sleep? Quiet, peaceful sleep 
is a sign of perfect health, and disorders of sleep may be produced by 
almost anything that is wrong with the child. Food and feeding cause 
disturbed sleep. It may come from chronic indigestion due to im- 
proper food. In bottle-fed babies it is often due to over-feeding. In 
those who nurse it may be due to poor food and hunger. Feeding 
three or four times during the night makes a restless baby. It may 
also be due to nervous causes such as bad habits due to faulty train- 
ing, as when the nursery is light and the baby is taken from its crib 
whenever it cries or wakes, or when contrivances for producing sleep 
have been used. Any excitement in a nursing mother or child before 
sleeping time will cause wakefulness. Romping play just before bed- 
time and fears aroused by stories and pictures are causes, and children 
who inherit a nervous constitution are special sufferers from this 
cause. Cold feet, insufficient or too much clothing, want of pure fresh 
air in the sleeping room. Tonsils or adenoids may interfere with 
breathing in older children. Rousing a sleeping child from a good 
sound sleep, is a frequent cause of poor sleep. If a pregnant woman 
keeps herself in as good condition as possible, not only physically, but 
also mentally, she will not be likely to have a nervous baby; and if a 
baby is not born nervous there is no reason, at all, why it should not 
sleep well, for sleep is then it? most normal condition, nine-tenths of 



604 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

the time. It will then depend upon the food and training it is given. 
The training many babies receive is enough to make them poor 
sleepers. 

Unnecessary handling. — Babies are wakened from sleep to show 
to friends who wish to see them at almost any and all hours. They 
are handled, petted, and made restless. Sleep is their normal condi- 
tion and they ought to be given the opportunity nature demands. 
They are only to be aroused from sleep for nurse, bathing and cloth- 
ing, and immediately placed in their crib, covered comfortably and 
warmly with all light shut away from their eyes and quiet about them. 
They will soon wake of their own accord for meals. 

Rocking baby. — Rocking and shaking cause an increased flow of 
blood to the brain, and this should be avoided, for it of itself will 
cause sleeplessness. The brain during sleep is comparatively empty 
of blood; warm feet and cool head tend to produce sleep. Rocking, 
etc., is unnatural, and baby is made to receive and enjoy the natural. 
If the baby is sick the mother may take it in her arms and sing to it 
and coddle it carefully, but it is then sick. If it is trained properly 
from the beginning, rocking to sleep will be unnecessary ; walking with 
the baby is of the same nature. See that your baby has warm feet 
and legs and body and a cool head, with comfortable clothes and good 
careful feeding, and it will sleep. Singing lullabies are soothing, but 
they do no good at jfirst as the baby is deaf. Such lullabies are good 
when baby is sick and nervous, and then the mother is allowed and 
expected to hold and quiet baby. Sleep perhaps as much or more than 
any other item of nursery regime, depends on habit and mild but de- 
cided purpose. A lack of firmness in the early months of the baby's 
life may not only render its early years a burden to itself, but an 
annoyance, if not a nuisance to the entire household. Baby's habits 
are quickly and easily formed, but hard to correct. Dr. Tooker says: 
"An infant is as plastic as moist clay, you can mold it to your will. 
But you must have a will and a purpose and a plan, and make your 
judgment and your duty law. 

But suppose baby will not sleep, but continues cross and wakeful 
and peevish; can I not give medicines to produce sleep? Never. If 
baby is wakeful and refuses to sleep, there is something wrong with 
your training, his clothing, covering, or his food, or he may be sick, 
he may not get enough food, etc., or he may have worms. If every- 
thing is all right and you have trained your baby right from his birth, 
he will sleep. Find out the cause and remove it. All soothing syrups, 
cordials, and quieting medicines contain opium in some form, and all 
experienced physicians realize the danger of giving these mixtures to 
babies. Babies have been killed by medicines which were declared to 
contain . neither opium nor anything else injurious. They are often 
used. Remember that opium, laudanum and paregoric are dangerous 
for babies and old people. Careful proper training, allowing plenty 
of sleeping time, no waking at wrong hours, warm feet, legs and body, 



ALL ABOUT BABY 605 

cool head, proper modified food, and especially mother nursing, with 
mother careful with herself, will give a good baby in nine out of ten 
cases. 

Will children ever sleep too much? Not if they are healthy; you 
must remember a newly-born baby sleeps nine-tenths of the time; ex- 
cessive sleeping may indicate disease of the brain. 

EXERCISE. 

Is exercise necessaiy for infants? Yes. 

How can it be obtained? A young baby usually gets its exercise 
by screaming, waving its arms, kicking, etc. It is a good plan to let 
baby lie in the center of a large bed, and with his long skirts drawn 
up, allow him to kick his little legs about for twenty or twenty-five 
minutes twice each day or one-half hour once a day. His clothing 
ought to be loose for this exercise. If the room is all right you can 
remove all clothing except his shirt, stockings and napkin; change his 
position sometimes and let him lie on his stomach for awhile. Of 
course this exercise cannot be taken after a meal and before the fourth 
month. Take a large clothes basket, put a blanket and some large 
pillows in it and prop baby up in a half sitting position for a little 
while each day, beginning with fifteen minutes, then one-half hour, 
and you can also at this time (fourth month) play with baby for a 
short time every day, but never just before bedtime, and the best time 
is just after his morning nap. Do not toss him in the air to make 
him laugh or crow; he is too tender and delicate for that. When 
baby is older and in short clothes, place a thick quilt upon the floor 
and allow him to tumble as he will ; a fence two feet high which sur- 
rounds a mattress makes an excellent place, or a box for this young 
animal to exercise his arms and legs without danger of injury. Before 
you put baby to sleep at night give him a warm sponge bath with a 
fresh band and shirt and he will sleep. 

When, if ever, is crying useful in a baby ? The cry expands the 
lungs of a new-born baby, and he should use his lungs a few minutes 
daily in order to keep them well expanded. 

How much crying daily is necessary? Twenty to thirty minutes 
is not too much. 

What kind of a cry is it? Loud and strong and infants get red 
in the face with it. Some call it a scream. It is exercise for baby 
and necessary for its health. 

When is the cry abnormal? When it is very long and too fre- 
quent. It is not strong, but rather of a moaning or worrying nature 
or only a whine. 

What causes such crying? Habit, temper, pain, hunger, illness. 

What is the indulgence or habit cry? This is the cry of infants 
who cry to be rocked, or carried about, for a bottle to suck. etc. 



606 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Temper cry? This is loud and strong and is usually accompanied 
by kicking, stiffening of the body, bending backward and is usually 
quite violent. 

Pain cry? This is generally strong, sharp and quick, but not 
usually continuous, the features contract, legs draw up and the baby 
plainly shows symptoms of distress. 

Hunger cry? This is a continuous fretful, pitiful cry, not strong 
and lusty, — baby looks hungry. 

The cry of illness? This is moaning, fretful, easily aroused to 
crying. This can be distinguished even from a little distance before 
seeing baby, if you have heard it once. A baby who cries to get 
things stops when he gets them. 

If baby cries at night what shall I do? See that he is comfort- 
able, clothing all smooth under and about him, with warm feet and 
hands, and clean unsoiled napkin. If he is all right, let him cry. If 
it is habitual, find out the cause. 

If baby cries from temper or habit what shall I do? Let him cry 
it out, you must conquer him or he will make of your life a burden. 
Be sure first it is habit or temper and then conquer him. I have seen 
many babies who cried from cause and I have also seen those who 
needed conquering. 

But will not crying cause rupture? Not in young infants if the 
band is properly applied and not under any conditions after one year. 

HOW TO LIFT A CHILD. 

Grasp the clothing below the feet with the right hand and slip 
the left hand and arm beneath the infant's body to its head. It is 
then raised upon the left arm and its head is upon your arm or 
chest. This supports the entire spine and there is no undue pressure 
upon the chest or abdomen, as is often the case when baby is grasped 
around the body or under the arms. 

How shall I lift a child who is old enough to run about? Place 
your hands under the child's arms, at the arm-pits and never by the 
wrists. 

Can I injure the child lifting it by its hands or wrists? Yes, it 
often injures the elbows or shoulder joints. 

TEMPERATURE. 

Normal temperature of an infant? This varies more than it does 
in adults. In the rectum it varies from 98° F. to 99 5-10'' F., and a 
temperature in the rectum of 98° F. or of 100° F. is not of much im- 
portance unless it continues. 

Where should I take the temperature of infants and young chil- 
dren? First the rectum, next the groin, the first is from one-half a 
degree to a degree higher than that of the groin. 

How long should the thermometer be left in place? Two min- 
utes in the rectum and five minutes in the groin. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 607 

What meaning has the different temperature in a young child? 
100° F. to 102° F. means a mild illness. 

One hundred four degrees F. or over means a serious illness. The 
duration of the fever is more important. Slight causes often produce a 
high temperature in all young children which lasts for a few hours. 
There is then not much cause for alarm unless the temperature con- 
tinues high or is accompanied by important symptoms of illness. 

Is high temperature a more serious symptom in a young child 
than in an adult? No, for young children are very sensitive to condi- 
tions which produce fever and the thermometer often gives an unduly 
high idea of the severity of the symptoms. The same cause which 
would produce a temperature in an adult of 102° F. or 103° F. would 
likely produce a temperature of 104° or 105° F. in a child. 

NERVOUSNESS. 

What are the principal causes of nervousness in young infants 
and in children? The brain is a delicate structure at this time, and it 
grows rapidly, and during the first year of life grows as much as dur- 
ing all the rest of life. This needs quiet and peaceful surroundings 
and infants who are naturally nervous should be left almost alone, and 
few people should see them. Such babies should not play much. The 
poor little baby is often so tried by the attentions given him by older 
people that he does not know what to do, and as one author, a lady, 
says: *Tf he could speak he would beg for a quiet hour, and be per- 
fectly happy if left alone with his own little hands and toes for his 
sole amusement." Babies of the very poor are less nervous than 
those of the wealthy and this is generally due to the fact that their 
mothers are too busy to constantly entertain and bother them. Chil- 
dren are better companions for babies than adults. Such little atten- 
tions given by the parents and relatives make sleepless and nervous 
babies very often. Playing with them before time and out of season, 
makes them not only nervous and irritable, but causes indigestion and 
allied diseases. 

TOYS. 

It is instinct for baby to put everything in its mouth. However, 
toys should be chosen that are smooth, easily washed and which can- 
not be swallowed. Avoid toys with sharp points like corners, or loose 
parts, small objects that can be pushed into the nose or ear or swal- 
lowed, such as coins, marbles, buttons, safety pins, beads, painted toys 
and those covered with hair or wool. Infants frequently swallow such 
wool or hair. 

KISSING. 

What objections are there to kissing babies? They are many and 
serious. No one, at least, outside of the immediate family has any 
right to kiss baby. Tuberculosis, diphtheria, syphilis and many other 
diseases are given by kissing. If infants are kissed at all, they should 
be kissed upon the cheek or forehead. 



608 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

FOREIGN BODIES. 

If in the throat, examine and remove with the finger. If it has 
gone into the stomach, give plenty of dry food, such as bread, potatoes, 
but do not give an emetic or cathartic. An infant should have its 
usual food. A cathartic would hurry the foreign body too rapidly 
through the intestines, and in this way do harm. In the usual way it 
becomes coated with fecal matter and usually passes the intestines 
without causing any injury. 

What shall I do if it is in the ears? If you can easily remove it 
with your fingers or small hair pin or crochet hook, do it. If not, take 
the baby to a physician. If it is a corn, bean or pea, do not wet it, 
or it will swell and become larger. 

What if it is in the nostril? Place baby upon the table with its 
face toward a good light and use a hair pin bent right and pass this 
slowly and carefully behind the object, and pull slowly forward; or 
compress the empty nostril and have the child blow the nose strongly. 
If not removed easily, see a physician. 

COLIC. 

This is a very common disturbance in children, and is 
always due to disturbed digestion. It occurs in both nursed and 
bottle-fed babies, and may appear in the healthiest baby from error in 
the last meal, or error of diet or habit in the mother. Some mothers 
cannot under any circumstances secrete good nourishing milk, suitable 
for their children, and continued stomach and bowel disturbances with 
colic and emaciation follow its use. Such mothers should not nurse 
their baby. 

What are the causes of colic? As before stated, it is due to indi- 
gestion 

What causes indigestion? In nursing babies this may be due to 
some irregularity in the health or habits of the mother, or change in 
her dieting, and if the colic is not persistent the cause is not hard to 
find. Worry, trouble, sorrow, anger, overwork, and errors of diet in 
the mother often cause this trouble or the child may nurse too fast, 
too long, too much, or too often, or the milk may be too rich. If so, 
give baby an ounce of hot water before nursing. Hand-fed children 
are too often over-fed, and this produces indigestion. 

What are the symptoms of colic? The child screams sharply; the 
cry comes suddenly and returns every few minutes ; he draws up his 
legs and feet ; the muscles of his face contract and he has other signs 
of pain. The belly is usually hard and tense. 

What can I do for colic? First warm his feet and hands by plac- 
ing them against a hot-water bag, or holding them before the open 
fire, turn him on his stomach, letting him lie on a hot-water bag or hot 
piece of flannel ; pat his back gently to help up the wind and give him 
a little hot water with a medicine dropper and a few drops of essence 
of peppermint may be added to the v/ater. If the colic continues, put 



ALL ABOUT BABY 609 

ten drops of turpentine into a half teacupful of warm water, and inject 
this slowly into the rectum, and at the same time gently rub the abdo- 
men so as to start the wind. If the wind is in the stomach, give him 
one-half a soda mint tablet dissolved in a tablespoonful of very warm 
water, or a little soda. If the attacks are frequent, the foods are too 
•trong; use less cream or milk and more water. Regulate the mother's 
diet carefully if the baby nurses, and she should take some exercise 
out of doors, if possible, and try not to be nervous. Cereals, cocoa, milk, 
eggs, gruels made of corn, oatmeal ; most fruits, not tart, and veg- 
etables, with some meat, make a good diet for a nursing mother. The 
bowels must move freely every day at least once. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Wind Colic, Yarrow Tea for.— 

''Steep the yarrow tea the same as for catnip tea or any ordinary herb, 
and give as often as necessary." This is a remedy that has been very 
much used, and will help in a great many cases. It is perfectly harm- 
less, and no one need have any fear of trying it. 

2. Colic, Camphor Cure for. — "One drop of camphor in a tea- 
spoonful of water. This remedy worked like a charm with my little 
girl." This acts quickly, and is sure to give relief as it warms up the 
stomach. 

3. Wind Colic, Castor Oil for. — "Give large doses of castor oil." 
Colic, as we all know, is frequently caused by fermentation of the 
food in the stomach and bowels, and castor oil is one of the best 
known cathartics in a case of this kind. This can be given to small 
babies, in small quantities of course. 

4. Wind Colic. — A New York mother sends in the following relief 
for: — "Give enough essence of wintergreen in water to make it taste 
for a small babe, and more according to age. For mine I give ^ to y2 
cup of warm sweetened water. I have always used this remedy, as it 
was recommended to me by my mother. It is better than peppermint 
as it is not so binding." 

5. Wind Colic, a Good Herb Remedy for. — ^Add enough water to 
one ounce of snake root to make one-half pint." Give in doses accord- 
ing to the age of the child. This is a good remedy, and has been used 
by many mothers with good success. 

6. Wind Colic. — A doctor in New York sends in the following 
remedy for. — "One-half teaspoonful sweet spirits of nitre in one-third 
glass of water, for baby. Increase the dose for older children or adults. 
This warms the stomach, and is highly recommended." 

7. Wind Colic, Cloves for. — "Make an infusion of 1 or 2 ounces 
of cloves. Cloves are warming, cordial and strengthening; they expel 
wind, and are good for the colic." This treatment has been known to 

five many a fretful baby a good night's sleep, and will be found very 
seful in homes where babies have this disease. 

PHYSICIANS* TREATMENT.— Temporary relief is obtained in 
attacks of colic by emptying the bowels of irritating materials, eithefi 



610 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

by an enema or medicine. Peppermint, anise seed, catnip are effective, 
but may be harmful if continued long. Gin and whisky, warm, are 
good when the gas is in the stomach and upper bowel. It is always 
best to mix them with a solution like the following : 

Bicarbonate of soda 40 grains 

Aromatic spirits of ammonia 30 drops 

Enough peppermint water to make 2 ounces 

Put one teaspoonful in a cup of hot water for a child one year old. 

The following is good to move the bowels : 

Bicarbonate of soda 40 grains 

Aromatic syrup of rhubarb 4 drams 

Syrup of senna 5 drams 

Syrup of orange 1 ounce 

One teaspoonful two or three times daily is needed in sour gassy 
stomach, with constipation or foul smelling stools. Fortunately such 
medicine is not often needed if the mother is careful, or baby is care- 
fully bottle-fed. When there is vomiting with the colic and the stools 
contain curd-s the food is too strong. The nursing baby should be 
given one ounce of warm water before nursing, and the food for the 
bottle-fed baby should be made weaker by going back one formula. 
Sometimes peptonizing the food for a short time will do. This is very 
good when the proteids (curds) are hard for the baby to digest. 

EARACHE. 

Many young babies suffer from this trouble without the cause 
being even suspected. It may come after a cold, an attack of bron- 
chitis or pneumonia, and sometimes during teething. It often accom- 
panies scarlet fever and measles. The child screams, presses his head 
against his mother or nurse, pulls at his ear as if it hurt him. If you 
press in front of the ear the baby jumps as if in great pain and cries 
aloud. The pain is likely to be continuous and prolonged. 

What can I do for it? Heat is the best remedy. Wash out the 
ear with a hot solution of boric acid fifteen to twenty grains to the 
ounce of water, and then apply heat in various ways. Have the child 
lie with the painful ear against a covered hot water bag or heat a 
flannel over a lamp and place it against the ear, changing it often to 
keep it hot. A bag of hot salt or bran is also very good. Laudanum 
and oil should not be used unless ordered by a physician. As soon 
as possible after the first attack of pain the baby should be examined 
by a doctor and unnecessary deafness is often avoided by such action. 
For a more extended account, see General Department. Fomentations 
applied are often beneficial, especially of hot water. 

(See Earache, Mothers' Remedies, etc. under General Department). 

CROUP. 

This disease is treated fully in the general department ; only a gen- 
eral outline is given here. This is a disease dreaded by most mothers. 
It is more distressing than dangerous. Its appearance is sudden and 



ALL ABOUT BABY 611 

generally at night. The baby may have had a slight cold or havf tieen 
exposed to a bad wind or it may have come on without any Unown 
cause. 

Symptoms. — They are known to almost every one. There is a 
hard, dry, barking, hoarse cough, generally with difficulty in breathing 
to a greater or less degree with a distressed look. 

(For Mothers* Remedies, see General Department.) 

Treatment. — If the child has eaten a big supper, it is well to give 
a simple emetic, such as warm mustard water, alum and molasses, or 
goose grease, or melted lard. Wring out pieces of flannel in hot water 
and put them on the child's throat as hot as he can bear them and 
change them often to keep them hot. Make a tent by spreading a 
sheet over an opened umbrella over the crib then place a croup kettle 
or teakettle close to the crib, directing the steam under the sheet into 
the tent so that baby may inhale the vapor, taking care not to burn 
him. This affords much relief. If necessary give ten drops of syrup 
of ipecac until vomiting occurs ; a teaspoonful of castor oil should also 
be given and if the baby is constipated, give an enema of soapsuds and 
water. Keep the child indoors the next day. 

CONSTIPATION IN BABIES. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Constipation, Olive Oil Treatment 
for. — "Rub the abdomen with a firm yet gentle motion from left to 
right with pure olive oil. This is what the doctor told me to do for 
my babe of three years." This treatment will be found very bene- 
ficial as the olive oil is very strengthening and the rubbing will always 
give relief. 

2. Constipation, A Pleasant Treatment for. — ''One-half teaspoon- 
ful olive oil, one-half teaspoonful orange juice, three times a day after 
feeding." 

3. Constipation, Prunes a Medicine for. — "Abate heat and gently 
open the bowels by the use of prunes. These should be fed to chil- 
dren more often. This would often prevent sickness. A very useful 
way of administering prunes as a medicine is to simmer for one-half 
hour, a few in water enough to cover, with >^ oz. senna leaves; remove 
the prunes, allow to dry and let the child eat them when needed. 
This is very good." 

4. Constipation, Soothing Syrup Made by a Mother in New York 
for. — "One-half ounce spearmint, one-quarter ounce lady's slipper, one- 
half ounce rhubarb, one-quarter ounce cinnamon powder; pour one- 
half pint boiling water on the whole, mix and let stand to boil fifteen 
minutes, strain and sweeten well with syrup or honey. Give a tea- 
spoonful every half hour, diminishing as the pain subsides." This will 
be found very beneficial in children, and may be used without any 
fear whatever, as it is perfectly harmless. 

6. Constipation, Figs as a Medicine for. — "Grind up equal 



612 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

amounts of figs and senna leaves, put in closed jar and eat dry when 
needed." This will be found especially good for children, and most 
of them like it. 

CONSTIPATION may be caused by many things, inheritance, 
malformation of the rectum and other parts, errors of food in the 
mother and in bottle-fed babies. 

What is the treatment? If the baby is nursed and the mother is 
constipated, she should at once change her habits and diet. She 
should exercise in the open air at least two hours every day, and have 
a movement daily, even if she must take some mild laxative. 

What should she drink and eat? She should drink plenty of 
water, and pure rich milk, cocoa, eat oatmeal and cornmeal gruels. 
She should not drink tea or coffee. She can eat fruit, most green veg- 
etables and some meat, but not much starchy food. Baby may not 
get enough residue in his bowels. Give him one or two meals daily 
of modified milk made up of oatmeal gruel instead of barley, and give 
him plenty of water between his meals. One teaspoonful of cream in 
a little hot water given before nursing is often beneficial, or one or two 
teaspoonfuls of beef juice may be given night and morning. After six 
months a little orange or prune juice may be added. 

BOTTLE-FED BABIES. 

Add a little more top-milk or cream to each bottle than the form- 
ula gives ; do not pasteurize the food unless it is necessary ; do not use 
lime-water, but bicarbonate of soda in proper strength in its place, as 
lime-water is often very constipating. Malted food may be added to 
each bottle for some time. If necessary, stimulate the rectum mildly; 
this can be done by holding the baby over a small chamber at exactly 
the same time after a meal each day and insert into the bowel a small 
cone of oiled paper, or use a small castile soap suppository. This may 
form a habit in a few days. Suppositories of gluten are very beneficial 
if used in the morning. The child should not be allowed to go longer 
than twenty-four hours without a passage. A enema m.ade up of one 
or two tablespoonfuls of sweet oil may be given with a bulb syringe, 
or an ounce of warm water to which has been added one-half tea- 
spoonful of glycerin, or one-half pint of warm soap-suds. Do not 
give it every day; massage the baby's abdomen. Your hand should 
be warm. Begin at the right side groin and make a series of circular 
movements with your fingers, lightly at first, and then press down 
harder as the baby becomes accustomed to it ; work your way up grad- 
ually to the ribs, then across to the ribs on the left side, and down to 
the left groin. This can be done twice daily for eight or ten minutes 
at a time, and always at the same time of day, but never soon after 
a meal. Olive oil may safely be given for constipation to a baby, — from 
twenty drops to one teaspoonful one Or two times daily, but castor oil 
should not be given for constipation, as after a time it leaves the baby 
more constipated than ever. Sometimes inserting 3'our finger, well 



ALL ABOUT BABY 513 

oiled, into the rectum, will produce a passage. For older children, 
decrease the amount of white bread, toast, potatoes, and give green 
vegetables, oatmeal, and graham bread instead, with plenty of proper 
fruit twice daily; raw, scraped apples are sometimes the best fruit to 
use. 

DIARRHEA. (For Older Children). 

What shall I do for this trouble? Rid the system of the irritating 
matter by giving the baby one teaspoonful of castor oil. Then stop 
all solid food and give boiled water if there is only a moderate loose- 
ness. Keep the child perfectly quiet. If the attack is more severe 
and attended by fever and vomiting all food and milk should be stopped 
at once in children of all ages, and only broth, barley water or some 
thin gruel given. Castor oil is required for a severe attack. If the 
patient is an infant the milk should be diluted or stopped. In severe 
attacks with vomiting or frequent foul stools, stop all food for at least 
twelve hours and all milk for a longer time, and the bowels should be 
freely moved by a cathartic. Give plenty of water to drink. 

Food. — ^Albumin water is often better than plain water or any- 
thing else. To make it stir the white of an egg into a pint of cold 
water. See that they are well mixed, add a pinch of salt and strain. 
Give baby one teaspoonful every one-half hour, and if he vomits all 
other food, give two ounces every two hours ; barley gruel, wheat 
flour gruel, mutton broth may be given also. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.— 1. Inflammation of the Bowels, Poul- 
tice of Hot Mush for. — "Wrap the child in a poultice of hot mush. 
Place the poultice over the abdomen." A poultice of this kind retains 
the heat, and is very good for inflammation of the abdominal cavity, 
and would help to take away the soreness and bloating in the bowels 
that is always present in this disease. 

2. Bowel Trouble, a Good Tonic for. — 

Powdered rhubarb 1 heaping teaspoonful 

Soda % teaspoonful 

Sugar 1 teaspoonful 

Peppermint essence ^2 teaspoonful 

Hot water H cup (scant) 

Dose : — One-half teaspoonful every hour until bowels show 
signs of right color. 

The soda and the peppermint will tone up the stomach and relieve 
any trouble present there, while the rhubarb will act on the bowels 
and carry off all impurities. 

3. Bowel Trouble, Rhubarb and Licorice for. — "Compound tinc- 
ture of rhubarb one ounce, bicarbonate of soda 1 dram, fluid extract 
of licorice 1 dram, pure water 6 ounces. Give from one to two tea- 
spoonfuls according to the age of the child." This will be found a 
very good treatment for this trouble, and one that has been thoroughly 
tried. 



614 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

RICKETS. 

You should always be suspicious if your baby has no te€th at the 
end of the first year. A hearty baby should have six or eight, and if 
the soft spot in the head just above the forehead is as much open as 
it was for months previously you should be doubly suspicious. This 
soft spot should be closed in a well-nourished infant between the fif- 
teenth and twentieth months. If in addition to this the child sweats 
about the head whenever it sleeps, cries whenever it is handled (unless 
it has scurvy or rheumatism) and does not like to play, the indications 
of rickets are very nearly conclusive. Rickets is a constitutional dis- 
ease showing itself in different ways. 

At what age does it usually occur? Between six months and two 
and one-half years. 

What are the causes of rickets? Improper food, or inability to 
absorb the food, unhygienic conditions. Nursing babies who have a 
healthy mother are not troubled with this disease unless she nurses 
too long into the second year. Starchy foods, too little milk or other 
animal food, taking the infant to the family table and allowing it to 
eat whatever it wants, these are the most common errors in baby feed- 
ing which very often result in rickets. Babies who are brought up on 
condensed milk, or other foods that contain little fat are likely to have 
rickets. Insufficient clothing, damp and badly ventilated buildings, a 
lack of out-door air and sunshine, and inherited constitutional weak- 
ness, are other causes. 

When do the most marked symptoms usually occur? Between 
the sixth or fifteenth months. 

What are the symptoms? Such children are likely to be nervous 
and irritable ; child's head sweats profusely at night, so much so that 
the pillows are very wet. The chest is poorly shaped and frequently 
has depressions at the sides, and little nodules or "beads" in the ribs 
where the ribs and breast-bone join. The child's head is also peculiar. 
It is often very flat on the top and measures more around than a nor- 
mal child at the same age. The forehead stands out and the sides and 
top are flattened. The soft spot in the skull is large and late in clos- 
ing. He is late in cutting his teeth. His abdomen is generally large 
and promment, pot belly; his muscles are soft and flabby, and his 
wrists and ankles are enlarged a little later. He takes cold easily. 
He is pale and anemic, although he may be plump and fat, and when 
he begins to walk his legs bend easily, and he will have bow-legs. 
When he sits, his back will look as if curved and this alarms his par- 
ents, who may think his spine is diseased. 

Is such a disease curable? Yes, if taken In time; you can arrest 
its progress. 

Do they ever die of rickets? Very seldom, but they do not stand 
other diseases very well. 

When and what shall I do for it? If you recognize the condition, 
have the baby attended to immediately by a physician. The food 



ALL ABOUT BABY 615 

should be changed- such children require fats ; very little starchy or 
sweet foods allowed. A baby ten to twelve months old can suck a 
piece of boiled bacon for a few minutes every day. Fruit juices can 
be given early, raw meat juice once a day. Give him his tub bath 
daily, and if he is apt to take cold easily he should have a little cold 
water dashed over his chest and spine, followed by a gentle brisk rub- 
bing to start up the circulation. Sun baths are beneficial. Place the 
baby directly in the sun with his back to it, for an hour every day. 
Give him plenty of air and sunshine, both indoors and outdoors. 

Medicine. — ^Cod liver oil is an excellent remedy with the hypophos- 
phites. Cod liver oil alone with calcarea phosphoricum 3X (home- 
opathic) is splendid treatment also. The whole treatment must be 
continued for months — calcarea phos. four times daily. 

SCURVY. — This disease is sometimes seen in infants. It attacks 
infants who have been fed for a long time on a proprietary food or 
else on milk that has been over sterilized. Nursing children seldom 
have it, or those who have been properly fed on modified cows' milk. 
Babies who are delicate and poorly nourished are more subject to it. 
The first symptoms a mother notices is that it seems to hurt very 
much when his legs are touched ; sometimes both hurt, and then 
again only one is painful ; at other times the arms will be most painful 
and again both arms and legs seem to pain alike. So it goes on ; the 
joints enlarge somewhat and sometimes little red spots appear just 
under the skin and very often the gums will become red and spongy ; 
this is especially noticeable around the incisor teeth of the upper 
gums, if they have already appeared. Rheumatism is very rarely seen 
so early and with that, there is generally fever. 

Treatment. — A cure is soon affected. Stop the patent food at 
once, or if the milk has been sterilized, it must be discontinued and 
the baby put on unsterilized milk diluted to the proper strength for his 
special age. Strained juice of an orange should be given him every 
day; if under six months he can have the juice of one-half an orange; 
over that the juice of one orange. This is given in intervals during 
the day. Beef juice is good, about two ounces in twenty-four hours. 
Smaller amount if necessary. Improvement is noticed twenty-four to 
forty-eight hours after treatment. 

MALNUTRITION. (Marasmus). — Marasmus is a term applied to 
infants who grow thinner and thinner. No matter how much or little 
they eat there is a constant wasting or fading away of the body. 

What are the causes? Syphilis, tuberculosis, chronic vomiting, 
persistent loose bowels, poor assimilation of the food. Marasmus is 
really a later and more severe form of malnutrition. 

Symptoms. — He looks shriveled, the skin is dry, eyes are sunken, 
anemia is marked, the belly is much distended, while the other parts 
of the body seem to be all bones and no flesh ; he is constantly whining 



616 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

and fretful^ has a tired and anxious expression most of the time; under 
six months it is hard to cure. 

Treatment.— A physician is needed to watch over and prescribej 
no set rule can be given. Sometimes cod-Hver oil or iron is needed. 
It needs constant care and watching to cure this trouble. 

CONVULSIONS. — Young children are more subject to convul- 
sions than older people. Convulsions may be due to brain trouble, but 
an overloaded stomach is the first thing a doctor thinks of, and so the 
mother should remember what was eaten that might be unusual. 

First Thing for the Mother to do? Undress the baby and put him 
to bed in a quiet room, and place an ice bag on his head, or wring 
cloths out of ice water or very cold water and place them on baby's 
bead, and change often to keep them cold. Warm the feet with a hot 
water bag. If the doctor can not be present soon, give baby a mus- 
tard foot bath in bed; use two tablespoonfuls to a gallon of water, — 
some advise stronger. If the convulsions are severe wring towels out 
of mustard water and place a rubber sheet on the bed and wrap the 
child's body and feet in the hot wet towels until the parts are quite 
red, and afterward cover the body with warm flannels. Have plenty 
of hot water ready, so the doctor can give a full tub bath when he 
comes, if he thinks it necessary. If the child can swallow, give him a 
teaspoonful of castor oil ; or if the convulsions continue, wash out the 
bowels or give an injection as soon as possible. 

When is a hot bath needed and useful? If the convulsions have 
continued until the pulse is weak, the face is very pale, the nails and 
lips blue, the feet and hands cold : it will do good by bringing the 
blood to the surface and relieve the brain, heart and lungs. 

How shall I give it? Use a thermometer to see that the temper- 
ature of the water is not over 106° F. ; if no thermometer is handy 
put your arm into the water to your elbow. It should feel warm, but 
not so hot as to be uncomfortable. Put one-half teacupful of pow- 
dered mustard in the tub. Place the baby in the tub, body all cov- 
ered, and hold the head out of the water; keep him in the bath for 
five to ten minutes; wrap him in a blanket and put into bed without 
drying. 

The following is given to prevent convulsions : — 

Bromide of Potash Yz dram 

Chloral Hydrate 15 grains 

Simple Syrup 2 ounces 

Mix thoroughly. 

Give one teaspoonful every hour, while the baby is nervous or 
feverish. For one-year-old child. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. — 1. Convulsions, a Grandmother's Rem- 
edy for. — ''Dip the feet and limbs in warm water; give dry salt in 
mouth." Care should be taken not to give too much salt as you may 
choke the child. Also apply cold cloths to the head, to draw the 
.lood from the brain. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 617 

2L Convulsions, Hot Mustard Water for. — "Put patient in tub of 
hot mustard water, with cold cloths to the head." The hot mustard 
water draws the blood from the head to the feet, and the cold 
cloths assist in doing good by keeping the blood away from the 
head. This is an old, tried and effective remedy. 

3. Convulsions, Old Tried Remedy for. — "Put patient in hot 
bath; give castor oil and rub vigorously." The castor oil does good in 
cases where the bowels are too loose or constipated, as the case may 
be, by carrying off the impurities, and the hot bath equalizes the cir- 
culation, relieving the convulsion. 

4. Convulsions, A New York Mother*s Remedy for. — "Chloro- 
form one-half dram, tincture of cardamom, one-half ounce, spearmint 
water, two and one-half ounces. Shake well and give one-half tea- 
spoonful in water to child one year old, smaller children a proportion- 
ate dose." The chloroform is very quieting, and the tincture of car- 
damom and spearmint act on the bowels. This combination will quiet 
the child, and in that way relieve the trouble. 

(See "Convulsions" in General Department for Mothers' Rem- 
edies). 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 

What are the early symptoms of brain diseases? Temperature is 
usually very high, 104° F. and over. There is stupor or delirium, and 
vomiting is common ; light hurts the eyes ; the child jumps and starts 
at the slightest noise, unless the hearing is afifected. There is often a 
squint, the eyes may be turned upward, and the lids may be only half 
closed during sleep. The pupils are dilated or contracted. Some- 
times one pupil is larger than natural, while the other is smaller. 

What can I do for these symptoms? Cold to the head, either by 
ice bags or cold water cloths. The room should be dark and quiet. 
No food given unless ordered, and then bland and very little at a time. 
A doctor should always be called for such symptoms ; castor oil to 
move the bowels should be given or an enema of soap-suds and water. 
This helps to draw the blood from the brain, also keep the feet warm 
and head cool. 

SCALD HEAD (in Babies) Milk Crust.— This is often due to 
neglect in regularly removing the free secretion, or due sometimes to 
an inflammation of the little sebaceous follicles of the skin. It occurs 
on the scalp most. The hair should be cut short, and soften the 
crusts with warm olive oil, or vaselin may be left on the scalp over 
night, then wash off the crusts with warm water and castile soap. An 
ointment can be made of vaselin or cold cream, and two per cent 
resorcin, and applied after the crust is resumed. Spread on linen and 
hold it in place by a thin cap, wash this oflf every day with olive oil 
and apply the salve fresh. Water should not be used oftener than once 
a week — oxide of zinc ointment is also good. 



618 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



MOTHERS* REMEDIES.— 1. Cleaning Baby's Head, C<Mnmon 
Lard for. — "Nothing is better than common lard. Grease the head 
good at night, using plenty of lard, especially if very heavily coated. 
Let stand over night, the lard softens the coating so you can take a 
fine comb and remove it. Comb from the forehead back. You need 
never have any scale on the baby's head." Care should be taken in 
using a fine comb, as it will very often make a child's head very sore. 

2. Scald Head, An Experienced Mother's Remedy for. — 

"Boracic acid 2 drams 

Salol 2 drams 

Balsam Peru 1 dram 

Carbolic acid 20 drops 

Vaselin 1 ounce 

Lanoline 1 ounce 

Mix." 

Then wash the head thoroughly with castile soap, and apply the 
abov€ morning and night, and use internally the following: — 

Iodide Potash 192 grains 

Fluid Extract Stillingia 1 ounce 

Fluid Ext. Prickly Ash Bark j^ ounce 

Fluid Ext. Yellow Dock 1 ounce 

Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla, q. s 8 ounces 

Mix." 

Take about one-half teaspoonful from two to four times a day, 
according to the age of the child. If this treatment is kept up faith- 
fully, you will be sure to obtain a cure. 

TEETHING.— There are twenty teeth in the first set. There is 
sometimes slight fever, restlessness, sleepless nights, maybe loss of 
appetite and some indigestion. If signs of indigestion are seen, give 
less food, and replace same with boiled water. If he is a nursing baby 
give him an ounce of boiled water before nursing and nurse him only 
ten to fifteen minutes. If he is restless at night give him a warm 
sponge bath, and if there is any fever, add one teaspoonful of bicar- 
bonate of soda to a basin of tepid water. If the gums are very much 
congested and swollen and the child suffers, they may need to be 
lanced. Sometimes the teeth come earlier, but generally between the 
fifth and ninth months. They appear usually as follows: — 

2 lower central incisors 6 to 9 months (often earlier) 

4 Upper incisors 7 to 10 months 

2 lower lateral incisors 12 to 14 months 

2 anterior upper molars 12 to 16 months 

2 anterior lower molars 12 to 16 months 

2 upper canines (eye teeth) 18 to 24 months 

2 lower canines (stomach teeth) 18 to 24 months 

2 lower and 2 upper posterior molars 24 to 30 months 

During the first year the child should cut six teeth; next six 
months, six or more; at two years he should have sixteen; at two and 
one-half years twenty. About the sixth year the permanent teeth are 
cut and follow closely after the shedding of the milk teeth. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 5^9 

TEETHING.— PERMANENT TEETH, USUAL ORDER 

4 first molars 6 years 

4 central incisors 7 years 

4 lateral incisors 8 years 

4 first bicuspids 8^2 to 9 years 

4 second bicuspids 10 years 

4 canines 11 or 13 to 14 years 

4 second molars 12 to 13 years, (12 to 15) 

4 wisdom teeth 18 to 25 years (17 to 25) 

HICCOUGH. — Some infants are very liable to hiccoughs. It is 
generally a matter of little importance. It is a spasmodic contraction 
of the diaphragm, often caused by gas or wind or too much food in 
the baby's stomach. It is very annoying, and should not be allowed 
to go on indefinitely. Pat the baby gently, but suddenly, on the back, 
or give him a little hot water in which there are a few grains of sugar 
or a drop of essence of peppermint. See that he does not feed too fast 
or suck an empty bottle. 

ENLARGED GLANDS.— Cutting teeth or sometimes a bad cold 
or other things cause the glands at the sides of the neck to swell and 
enlarge. This does not always give any discomfort to the baby, but 
it annoys and worries the mother. Frequently the enlargement will 
soon disappear of itself, but sometimes the gland grows larger, gets 
quite hard and often much inflamed — matter or pus will then form, 
and a discharge soon follows. 

Treatment. — If the gland keeps on enlarging, a doctor should be 
seen, and if it needs lancing he can do so at the proper time, and save 
the neck from a bad scar. Medicine can also be given that will some- 
times stop it. Syrup of iodide of iron three to ten drops, three times a 
day for a one-year-old child is good ; cod-liver oil should be given to 
pale, thin children for a long time. 

BED-WETTING.— If a child continues to wet the bed after he is 
three years old, something should be done for this annoying habit. 
The child should be examined by a doctor; circumcision will often 
effect a cure in boys ; or pin worms may be the cause of the trouble ; 
a stone in the bladder, or any trouble that makes him nervous, or it 
may be due to habit. 

Treatment. — Scolding will not do any good. The child should 
not drink any fluids after four in the afternoon. He should not have 
any bread and milk or water for supper, but instead have bread and a 
dry cereal, with a little stewed fruit ; sornetimes a child needs a tonic. 
It is a tedious trouble to treat and it takes a long time to gain control 
of it. The mother must have a large stock of patience and co-operate 
with the doctor. The child should pass urine before retiring, have the 
foot of the bedstead elevated, not too warmly covered so as to become 
restless. His suppers should not be hearty, bowels should be reg- 
ular. The following is a good remedy : — Tincture of belladonna ; give 
five drops at bed-time and increase the dose, drop by drop, each night 



620 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

until it prodnces a fine scarlet rash upon the skin. This should be 
marked ^'poison" and only given under the care of a doctor. It is a 
good remedy, but it must be watched. 

HIVES. — Hives, or urticaria, is often seen in young children. It 
is generally caused by indigestion. It is not a serious disease, but it 
is uncomfortable and makes a baby cross. The eruption is bright red 
in color, and appears in blotches or wheels. 

Treatment. — Give the child a laxative like magnesia or citrate of 
magnesia, or epsom salts and cream of tartar, of each two ounces. 
Dose, one-half teaspoonful in water every three hours until the bowels 
move freely. (One-year-old). 

To relieve the itching. — Sop the spots with warm water, and a 
little soda, or an entire bath can be given of this if the eruption is 
extensive. 

RUPTURE in a Baby. (Navel).— Take a strip of oxide of zinc 
adhesive plaster about one and one-half inches wide and long enough 
to reach three-fourths around the baby's body. Fasten one end of 
this to one side of the abdomen and with the other hand gently push 
the rupture back; bring the skin on either side of the navel together 
so that it will meet and hold the rupture. Bring the plaster tightly 
across the abdomen, across the navel and attach it firmly to the other 
side ; change this dressing every few days and continue treatment until 
healed. 

COLDS in Babies. — Many babies seem to take cold without any 
cause. It is often due to the fact that the room is too warm, or they 
are clothed too warmly; they get easily overheated and feel the 
sHghtest draught of air. If it is in his nose and it is stopped up, 
twist a piece of cotton on a small wooden piece like a tooth-pick and 
dip it into olive oil and put it into the nostrils a short distance. If 
necessary, buy a nose syringe with a soft rubber tip, and use it twice 
daily. The following solution is good: one-half teaspoonful of boric 
acid powder, one ounce of glycerin, and eight ounces of warm water. 
Mix. Place the child on your lap, head against your chest, bend his 
head well forward and syringe one nostril and then the other. Cam- 
phor cream is a good remedy. For a cough and much wheezing use 
a mustard plaster. Take one part mustard, six parts flour and mix it 
into a smooth paste with a little cold water, spread it between two 
layers of muslin, warm it and moisten with a little water if necessary, 
and put it on the upi>er part of the breastbone. Leave it on only 
long enough to redden the skin (five to six minutes). Put it on just 
before baby goes to bed. A drop of camphor every three hours is 
often good for a cold at the beginning. Aconite in small doses is 
also very good. 

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Colds, Catnip Tea for.-<"Give a little 
sweetened catnip tea, then grease well with camphor and lard.'" This 
is a very simple and effective remedy, especially for small babies. 



ALL ABOUT BABY 621 

(See "Colds" under General Department for more Mothers' Rem- 
edies.) 

Early signs of sickness. — When a baby who persistently refuses 
his food is drowsy at unusual times, fretful, feverish, and is uncom- 
fortable, the mother should look in baby's mouth for sore throat or 
tonsils, or on his body for rashes. Undress the baby and put him to 
bed in a quiet room away from the rest of the family, and if he is hot 
and restless give him a sponge bath with one teaspoonful of bicarbon- 
ate of soda to a basin of luke-warm water. Give him also an enema 
to move his bowels, especially if they are not regular. Dilute his usual 
food with water or barley water to one-half the usual strength. If he 
is old enough to eat solid food, stop it. A dose of a teaspoonful of 
castor oil is safe to give until the doctor comes. Give him water to 
drink for he is thirsty. Take his temperature. 

CARING FOR BURNS, BRUISES, CUTS, WOUNDS, ETC., 

IN BABY. 

For Burns. — Keep away the air from the burn. Dust soda on the 
burn if fhe skin is not too much broken, and wrap it up in clean linen. 
Olive oil, linseed oil, is better, or cream should be put on if it is more 
severe. Then a layer of clean linen and then a thin layer of cotton 
wool. It must not be too warmly dressed. An ointment called pineo- 
line is excellent for burns. 

For a bruise or bump. — ^Apply cloths hot or cold, — you can do this 
with flannel wrung out of very cold or hot water. Ice may be wrapped 
up in cotton and put on the part. 

Cuts. — Wash it with clean cold water, and bind it up with clean 
linen. If it bleeds much, let it bleed for a few seconds, and then stop it 
with a pad of clean linen pressed firmly on the part and held there until 
it stops. 

SPLINTERS. — Remove them and dress as for any other wound. 

POISONING. — ^Children will get hold of poison, and mother had 
better have antidotes, etc., to use in case of necessity. Rat poison, 
fly poison, matches, etc. 

Treatment. — First use emetics ; mustard and luke-warm water or 
one teaspoonful of alum in a glass of luke-warm water ; a little salt 
and warm water; ten to fifteen drops syrup of ipecac, and then warm 
water. For fly poison, give one-half ounce of olive oil in same amount 
of lime-water, and repeat it every five or six minutes, for five or six 
doses, and then white of an egg, and keep child warm. Antidote for 
arsenic is freshly precipitated, sesquioxide of iron. Go to druggist and 
tell him to prepare it; tell him what it is wanted for, and give this in 
doses of an ounce at a time as the oil was given. 

For poisoning from sucking matches. — ^Vomit the child freely, but 
do not give anything oily, as milk or egg, as this dissolves the phos- 
phorus. 



622 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Oxalic acid is sometimes used for cleaning purposes, and mistaken 
for epsom salts. Give an emetic and lime-water. 

For carbolic acid. — Give an emetic^ and then white of an ^gg and 
epsom salts. 

Overdose of soothing syrup. — Keep baby awake, slap with wet 
towel, etc. ; or walk him about if he is old enough, inject strong black 
coffee in the rectum. Keep up the strength with stimulants. 

PROPRIETARY FOODS. 

These foods are sometimes of temporary use. As many of them 
contain very little fat, they may be used in cases of illness where fat 
cannot be borne. Some of these contain malt sugar, and when the 
baby is constipated this kind is useful when added to milk. Others 
can be made up of water only, and are useful and handy where it is 
impossible to obtain fresh milk. In cases of diarrhea the flour foods 
made up with water are very useful. Milk at that time acts as a 
poison. Some of the best foods on the market are the following- — 
Condensed milk, Mellin's food, Horlick's Malted milk, Nestle's food, 
Imperial granum, Just's food, Carnrick's soluble food, Ridge's food, 
peptogenic milk powder, Lactated food, Eskay's, Albumenized food, 
cereal milk, Borden's food. 

For constipation in a child. — ^One to two teaspoonfuls of Mellin's 
food, added to each bottle of his usual modified milk formula will 
often help a great deal. As soon as the bowels move naturally it 
should be gradually diminished until after four or six weeks, the child 
can do without it. 

Condensed milk and Malted milk. — These can be prepared with 
water only, and so are best to use on a long journey. Give the baby 
one or two meals daily a week or two before the journey. Discontinue 
when at the end of th€ journey. 

Imperial Granum. — This is often useful in acute diarrhea, when 
milk cannot be given. Mix the proportion as given on the box with 
water into a smooth paste, then add a pint of boiling water and boil 
for fifteen or twenty minutes. 

Peptogenic Milk Powder. — This may be used for a short time dur- 
ing or after acute illness ; you can add it to the formula used as directed 
on the package. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 



Including 

Care of the Sick and the Sick Room 



FOODS, FORMULAE, DELICACIES FOR SICK ROOM, 

HOW TO PREPARE THEM; DIET IN FEVERS 

AND OTHER DISEASES, SECURED FROM 

TRAINED NURSES, PHYSICIANS 

AND HOSPITALS. 



Every Phase of Nursing Given in Detail and in Plain Mothers* 

Language, including Latest Sanitary Care 

and Science. 



VENTILATION.— The sick room should be ventilated without 
any draught hitting the patient. The patient's bed should be placed 
out of the line of air currents. If this is not possible he must be pro- 
tected by means of screens, the head of th-e bed being especially 
guarded. That draughts are dangerous is founded on fact no less than 
is the modern idea that an abundance of fresh air is necessar}' and 
helpful. A nurse has been guilty of gross neglect of duty when the 
patient contracts pneumonia through exposure to too severe currents 
of air. A simple way to ventilate a private room is to raise the lower 
sash of window six inch-es and place a board across the opening below ; 
the air will then enter between the two sashes and be directed upward, 
where it becomes diffused and no one in the room is subjected to a 
draught. In a room where there is only one window a pane of glass 
may be taken out and a piece of tin or pasteboard may be so placed 
that the current will be directed upwards; or a window can be opened 
in an adjoining room which fills with fresh air and the door of the 
sick room opened afterwards to admit the air; or, the patient may be 

623 



624 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

covered up, head and all, for a few minutes two or three times a day, 
while all the windows are thrown open. The room should be thor- 
oughly warmed before it is so thoroughly ventilated. 

TEMPERATURE OF THE ROOM.— This should be regulated 

by a thermometer suspended at a central point in the room. The tem- 
perature should be regulated according to the nature of the disease 
and the comfort of the patient. In fevers it should be lower, varying 
from 55° to 60° F., but in bronchial troubles it should be kept about 
70° F. The mean temperature should be kept about 60° to 70°. It 
should be raised or lowered gradually, so that the patient will not be 
overheated or chilled. 

LIGHT. — The patient should have plenty of light and sunshine, 
but do not let the sun or light shine directly upon the face. 

CARE OF THE DISCHARGES (Excreta).— This is very impor- 
tant. Sputa, dirty vessels, soiled dressings and linen are prolific 
sources of impure air. 

Sputum Cups. — These should be of glazed earthenware, without 
any corners or cracks and provided with a simple moveable cover when 
in use. They should be sterilized for one hour in every twenty-four 
hours. 

Bed Pans and Urinals. — These should be washed out thoroughly. 
Allow boiling hot water to run on them for some time before they are 
put away after being cleansed. 

Soiled Dressing and Linen. — These should be received in covered 
basins or in paper bags and at once carried away and destroyed or dis- 
infected, or put in a metal dressing can and closely covered until the 
contents can be cared for at the earliest possible time. Vomited matter 
or the discharges from the bowels and the urine should always be 
covered in the vessel either with a lid, towel or rubber cloth. The 
rubber is better than the cloth as it keeps in the odor and can be 
scrubbed and disinfected. 

If the patient is too sick to use a sputum cup, the expectoration 
can be received in a paper handkerchief or a piece of cheese cloth and 
placed in a small paper bag and burned at once. 

SOILED AND STAINED LINEN.— These should be put away 
in a covered receptacle that contains enough disinfectant solution to 
keep them moist. They are removed as soon as possible to the wash 
room to be cleaned and sterilized. 

Sterilization. — This term is usually employed when heat is used to 
sterilize. 

Disinfection. — This is the term used when chemicals are relied 
upon to purify (sterilize). 

Heat and Chemicals are much aided by sunshine, light and fresh 
air, especially that of high dry climates. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT. 625 

The germs (bacteria) are destroyed by dry or moist heat, the lat- 
ter used in the form of steam. Dry heat is not so penetrating and 
requires a longer time and some goods are destroyed when exposed in 
it long enough to destroy the germs. 

In order to destroy these organisms it is thought to be necessary 
to expose whatever is to be sterilized to the steam at 200° F. for three 
successive days for thirty minutes or more each day, and during the 
interval to keep them in a room with a temperature of 60° F. 

A SIMPLE METHOD OF STERILIZINO.— Put the articles 
(small articles) in an ordinary kitchen steamer; closely cover it and 
place it over a pot of boiling water. If you wish you can add two 
parts of carbonate of sodium to each ninty-eight parts of water. 

Germicides are chemicals used to destroy germs. 

Disinfectants are chemicals used to arrest and prevent their de- 
velopment. These disinfectants should always be fresh. 

Carbolic acid is one of the most efficient and most frequently em- 
ployed of the known chemical disinfectants. It comes to ns in the 
form of white crystals and dissolves in water, glycerin, or alcohol. 

Watery solutions cannot be made stronger than five per cent. 
Solutions weaker than this will not destroy all germs, but on account 
of its irritating qualities the weaker solutions are employed when used 
for the skin and mucous membranes. How to make a five per cent 
or one to twenty solution: 

A bottle containing the crystals is placed in hot water until they 
are melted (or you can buy this dissolved product). Then take one 
part of the acid and add it to nineteen parts of boiling water and shake 
this vigorously until all has been thoroughly dissolved and mixed. To 
make a 1, 2, 3 or 4 per cent solution, you take 1/100 or 1/50 or 1/33 
or 1/25 of acid. 

Corrosive Sublimate or Bichloride of Mercury. — ^Tablets can be 
bought at any drug store containing the desired strength, and are bet- 
ter to use. This is a powerful irritant poison and must be used care- 
fully. Tablets of the strength of 1-1000 and 1-2000 are most often 
employed for germicide action. The weaker solutions 1-5,000 or 
1-10,000 were used to wash out the cavities. It is not now used much 
for that purpose ; it stains clothing and corrodes instruments. 

Milk of Lime is considered very valuable and safe to use in ves- 
sels to receive evacuations from the bowels. It should be freshly made 
or it is useless. Equal parts should be stirred up with the contents of 
the bed pan and this must be let stand at least one hour. This is the 
best way to disinfect stools. 

To Prepare Milk of Lime. — ^The milk of lime is made by adding 
one part of slaked lime to four parts water. 

Chloride of Lime (Chlorinated lime) is also a very good disinfec- 
tant. It has a bad odor and unless it is verv fresh, is not reliable. 
40 



626 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Boric acid disinfectant. This property is not very marked, but it 
is not irritating. The standard solution is five per cent. The weaker 
solutions are used to clean cavities, for superficial wounds, and to 
wash out the bladder. 

The standard or saturated solution is made by using one part of 
the acid in crystal form to nineteen parts of water ; or, this saturated 
solution can be easily made by putting a large quantity of the crystals 
in a filter and pouring the quantity of boiling water over them slowly 
until all are dissolved. Strain the solution to get rid of the excess of 
crystals or it can be allowed to cool when the liquid can be poured off. 

Normal salt solution is made by using one teaspoonful of salt to 
a pint of water. 

CARE AND DISINFECTION OF AN INFECTED ROOM.— 

Carpets, upholstered furniture, hangings, bric-a-brac, or any personal 
clothing, the color of which may be destroyed by disinfection, should 
have been removed from the room at the beginning of the disease. 

DAILY CARE OF THE ROOM BY THE NURSE.— The fur- 
niture should be wiped off with a damp cloth and the floor swept with 
a broom covered with a damp cloth wrung out of a 1-20 (five per cent) 
carbolic acid solution ; besides this the floor must be rubbed thoroughly 
with a damp cloth every second or third day. If the disease is con- 
tagious a damp sheet kept moist should be hung in the line of the air 
currents. Cloths that are used daily should be washed in hot soap 
suds and when not in use left to soak in carbolic acid solution 1-20 
(five per cent). 

After the patient has recovered from an infectious disease he 
should receive a hot soap and water tub or sponge bath, thorough 
washing of the hair and irrigation of the ears included, followed by a 
thorough sponging with a one per cent carbolic acid or corrosive sub- 
limate (1-10,000) solution. The finger-nails and toe-nails should be cut 
close and cleaned underneath. 

A nasal douche is given, and the mouth should be washed with lis- 
terine or a saturated (five per cent) solution of boric acid. The patient 
is then wrapped in clean sheets or clothes and taken in another room. 
Then the bedding and clothing are made ready for sterilization. 

DISINFECTION OF THE ROOM.— Brush off the mattress, 
wrap it in a damp sheet wrung out of a twenty per cent solution of 
carbolic acid_, and send to the sterilizer. The clothes are steamed and 
sent to the wash room. When there is no sterilizer the bed must be 
soaked in a 1-20 (five per cent) carbolic solution, afterwards boiled 
and the mattress ripped apart and boiled or burned. 

DISINFECTING THE ROOM.— Arrange all articles that are left 
in the room so as to expose them the best to the fumigating substance. 
To disinfect with formalin, close the room tightly, seal all cracks and 
openings with paste and paper. Place an alcohol lamp in a metal dish 



NURSING DEPARTMENT, 627 

in the center of the room. Put in a receptacle over the lamp three fluid 
ounces of a forty per cent solution of formaldehyde ; have a dish of 
water in the room for some time; moisten the air of the room, light 
the lamp and then close the room up tight for twenty-four hours, until 
the dust has settled ; then enter gently so as not to disturb the dust 
and wipe off everything in the room with a cloth wrung out of a coi- 
rosive sublimate (1-1000) solution. Floors, woodwork, furniture, bed- 
stead must be so washed or wiped, and use for crevices pure carbolic 
acid, applying it with a brush. The walls should be washed down with 
the 1-1000 corrosive sublimate solution. Then leave the windows wide 
open. Sulphur fumigation is not considered so certain in its results. 

HOW TO TREAT SPUTUM FROM TUBERCULOUS PA- 
TIENTS. — Sputum is dangerous when it is dry. The sputum cups 
should be of china or paper, so that they may be either boiled or 
burned. There should be no crevices. The cup should be kept covered 
and the sputum moist so that none of the germs on the sputum be- 
coming dry may escape into the air of the room. The china vessel 
should be frequently cleaned and, before the contents are thrown away, 
the germs must be destroyed by putting the sputum in a two per cent 
solution of carbonate of soda for one hour. The paper cups and con- 
tents must be burned before the contents have time enough to become 
dry. In infectious diseases, all discharges from the nose, mouth, bow- 
els and bladder should be received in a china vessel containing carbolic 
acid or milk of lime. 

In Diphtheria the expectoration, discharge from the nose and vom- 
ited matter should be received in paper napkins and burned at once in 
the room, or if this is impossible, boiled before being taken from the 
room. 

Use the same treatment for the discharges in Scarlet fever. Two 
sets of cups should be kept and boiled in the soda solution before being 
used. All vessels, tubes or cups that are used for the mouth in diph- 
theria, syphilis, or cancer should be kept in a 1-40 solution of carbolic 
acid and boiled before being used by another patient. 

Bed-pans used in cases of cancer, dysentery, typhoid fever and, in 
short, in all infectious diseases, are to be soaked in a 1-20 (five per cent) 
carbolic acid solution and boiled before again coming into general use. 

Sheets and clothing stained with typhoid fever discharges must be 
washed out at once_, or soaked in a disinfectant solution and steamed 
before being sent to the laundry. Also the bedding and clothing in 
an)^ infectious or malignant disease should always be put to soak, at 
once, in a 1-20 (five per cent) carbolic acid solution, or else steamed or 
boiled before being brought again into general use. 

The urine needs the same attention as the bowel discharges in 
typhoid fever. 

Coughing in diphtheria, lung tuberculosis, scarlet fever, etc., sets 



628 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

free infectious germs. These may be received in the person of the 
attendant, or on the bedding and furniture. Care should be taken 
when attending such cases. 

CARE OF THE MOUTH AND TEETH.— A weak solution of 
borax or listerine is very good. One-half ounce of listerine to a glass 
of water to be used by the patient as often as he desires to rinse his 
mouth. Lemon juice in solution is very good. For cracks in the 
mouth, vaselin or cold cream is good. A few drops of oil of pepper- 
mint can be added, or oil of wintergreen. 

For spongy and sore gums. — ^A few drops of tincture of myrrh 
added to pure water may be used. Colorless golden seal in the same 
way is pleasant and successful. 

Cloths for washing the teeth and mouth are made in small squares 
of gauze or old linen. They are best to use since they can be burned 
immediately after being used. Wrap one of the squares around the 
first finger, dip it into the mouth-wash and insert in the mouth. Go 
over the whole cavity, the cloth being passed along the gums and be- 
hind the wisdom teeth, thence over the roof of the mouth, inside the 
teeth and under the tongue. Use more than one piece for all this. 
This is very necessary in typhoid fever. If the tongue is badly coated, 
it can be soaked and gently scraped. A good mouth-wash for general 
use is the following: 

Glycerin 1 dtam 

Soda • • 10 grains 

5% solution of Boric Acid 1 ounce 

BED SORES. Prevention and care of.— Very fat flabby people 
or thin emaciated patients are liable to suffer from bed sores. They 
result from constant friction or pressure on a certain spot or spots and 
when the body is poorly nourished. Moisture, creases in the under 
sheets, night gown, crumbs in the bed and want of proper care and 
cleanliness also are causes. 

Bed-sores due to pressure occur most frequently upon the hips 
and lower back, the shoulders and heels ; those from friction, in the 
ankles, inner parts of the knees, or the elbows and back of the head. 
In patients suffering from dropsy, paralysis or spinal injuries, or when 
there is a continuous discharge from any part of the body, the utmost 
care must be taken to prevent bed sores. 

Treatment. Preventive. — Cleanliness and relief from pressure. 
Bathe the back and shoulders with warm water and soap night and 
morning and afterwards rub with alcohol and water equal parts. Dust 
the parts with oxide of zinc or stearate of zinc powder, or bismuth 
mixed with borax; all are good. If there is much moisture due to 
sweating or involuntary stools or urine, castor oil should be well 
rubbed in in addition. The sheets must be kept smooth and dry under 
the patient. 

Redness of the skin may be the first symptom of this trouble. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT. 629 

This may be followed by a dark color under the skin, and when the 
cuticle finally comes off the underlying tissues are found broken down 
and sloughing. Any skin scraped or worn off — abrasion — should be 
carefully washed and a small pad of cotton smeared with olive oil and 
stearate of zinc placed over it and kept there with collodion painted 
over it ; or white of tgg painted over the sore is sometimes very ben- 
eficial ; also equal parts of castor oil and bismuth make an excellent 
dressing. Rubber rings or cotton rings over the part relieve the pres- 
sure. Changing the position is often beneficial. 

Treatment of the Sore Proper. — Sponge with clean soft cloths, 
with a solution of boric acid or one per cent solution of carbolic acid 
and the cavity packed with iodoform gauze, or iodoform, or aristol oint- 
ment, over which apply a layer of borated cotton. Dress the sore 
daily. If it sloughs apply hot boric acid dressings every four hours 
and follow with an application of castor oil and balsam of Peru. When 
it is better treat as any other sore. 

BATHS. 

A hot bath temperature is from 100° to 112° F. or higher. 

A warm bath temperature is from 90° to 100° F. 

A tepid bath temperature is from 70° to 90° F. 

A cool bath temperature is from 65° to 70° F. 

A cold bath temperature is from 33° to 65° F. 

The entire bath should not last longer, when given in bed, than fifteen 
or twenty minutes. A few drops of water of ammonia or a little borax 
will help much in getting the patient clean and disguise the bad odor 
of the perspiration. A little alcohol or Eau de Cologne will be found 
refreshing. Cold damp towels should never be employed here. The 
water should be pleasantly warm and changed a few times during the 
bath. A glass of hot milk can be taken after the bath is given, if the 
patient feels exhausted, and if the feet are cool a hot fruit can is 
applied. 

Foot Baths in Bed. — ^The patient should lie on her back, with the 
knees bent and place her feet in the tub, which is placed lengthwise 
in the bed on a rubber sheet spread across the lower part of the bed 
for protection. A mustard foot bath can be given the same way 
except that the knees and foot bath are enclosed in a blanket. These 
are often given for severe colds, with head symptoms (headaches), 
when it is desired to draw the blood from the head. Hot water alone 
will do this, but the mustard hastens the action. The mustard should 
be mixed with a small amount of water before being added to the 
bath. The amount will depend upon the sensitiveness of the patient. 
The feet may remain in the bath for fifteen to twenty minutes, the 
water kept at the same temperature or made warmer by adding more 
hot water from time to time. They are wiped gently afterward and 
tucked snugly in blankets. 



630 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Hot Bath, Hot Air, Vapor, and Steam Bath. — Given for sweating 

purposes. Fill the tub half full of water at 100° F. and draw it to the 
bedside if necessary. Lift the patient into the tub and gradually in- 
crease the temperature by the thermometer to 110° and 112° F. Main- 
tain it at this point for twelve or fifteen minutes. After this the 
patient is lifted out into a prepared bed on which a long rubber is 
spread with three or four hot blankets over it ; these are wrapped all 
around the patient, tucked in closely about the neck and watched 
continually to see that no air enters. Give plenty of water to drink, as 
it promotes perspiration and helps in that way to cast off the impur- 
ities. Keep this up for an hour if possible, and then the patient is 
gradually uncovered, sponged under a blanket with alcohol and water 
and the wet blankets removed. Cloths wrung out of cold water are 
applied to the head during this bath. The pulse should be closely 
watched for any indication of faintness, when the patient should be put 
to bed, immediately. This bath should not be given during menstrua- 
tion or pregnancy. 

Warm Baths (90° to 100° F.) are frequently given to children for 
convulsions. They should be placed in the tub and cold applied to 
the head, while the body is washed and rubbed. 

LfOcal baths and packs. — For sprains, a foot bath. For menstrual 
pain, a sitz bath. The patient sits in the bath with only the thighs 
and part of the body immersed, while the upper part of the body and 
the feet are protected with blankets. Sitting on a cane-seated chair 
over a steaming pail with a blanket around the neck and body gives a 
good bath for pain during menstruation. 

Salt-water bath. Tonic action. — Nine to fourteen pounds of sea 
salt to fifty gallons of water will redden the skin and give an exhilar- 
ating effect. 

Dry Salt Bath sent us with Mothers' Remedies. — "To a basin of 
water put a big handful of salt, take a Turkish towel and soak it in the 
salt water, wring out and let dry. The salt will adhere to the towel. 
Use to rub the body. A tepid bath should be taken next day to remove 
the salt." 

Starch bath. — Add eight ounces of laundry starch to each gallon 
of water. This allays skin irritation. 

Bran bath. — Put the bran in a bag and allow this to soak in warm 
water for an hour before being used; or it may be boiled for an hour 
and then the fluid drained and added to the bath water. 

Sponge bath. — Water and soap should be ready. Clothes to be 
put on, well aired and at hand. Then remove the patient's clothes and 
wrap him in an old blanket, expose only the part being washed at a 
time, wash and dry this part. Begin with the face and neck, then the 
chest, abdomen, arms and back, and lastly the lower extremities. 
Warm the water at least twice. Then put on his clean, well aired 
clothes and into a clean bed, and the patient will bless you. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT. 53I 

Alcohol sponge bath. — This is given the same way. only sixty per 
cent alcohol is used and the parts are allowed to dry themselves. 

Tub bath (common). — ^Prepare everything as to heat, etc. Then 
carry the patient or assist him to the tub. Soap him all over and pour 
water over him from a large pitcher. The temperature of the water 
depends upon the disease. One person should continually rub the 
patient in typhoid fever to keep up the circulation while the water 
is being poured over him. A hot drink is given before and after these 
baths and the patient is wrapped immediately in warm flannel. 

Patients are frequently put into a tub with a water temperature of 
85 to 90°, and then the water temperature decreased by adding cold 
water. This bath must be carefully given. 

The cold pack. — It is used to reduce fever, delirium and extreme 
nervousness and to induce sleep. Cover the bed with a rubber sheet 
or oilcloth, and over this a blanket. Wring a sheet out of cold water 
and place this over the blanket. Lay the patient on this sheet and 
wrap it around him so that every surface has the wet sheet next to it- 
Tuck the sheet in well at the neck and feet. Fold the outer blanket 
over the patient and tuck it in. Lay a wet towel over the head, or he 
can be enveloped loosely in blankets and allowed to remain twenty 
minutes to an hour, only ten to fifteen minutes by the tucked-in 
method and then dried and put to bed. 

The hot pack. — This is given in the same manner except that the 
patient is wrapped first in a blanket wrung out of boiling water. More 
covering is put over the patient than in a cold pack, and something 
cold is applied to the head. 

EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS. 

General and Local. — For dry heat, for warmth alone, hot bags, 
bottles and cans are used. Hot flannels are sometimes used for in- 
flamed joints. Make the flannel very hot, wrap in heated paper or 
cloth and apply quickly ; cover all with a layer of cotton, wool and 
oiled muslin. 

For neuralgia and earache, salt bags are used. 

Fill flannel bags with salt, heat as hot as can be borne, and cover 
it so as to retain the heat after it is applied to the ear. 

For moist heat. — This is more penetrating and has a more pro- 
nounced effect than dry heat. It also hastens suppuration when it 
cannot be prevented in acute inflammation like quinsy, etc. 

For local pains, fomentations, stupes and poultices are used. 
Poultices are best for deep-seated pain or continuous inflammation. 

Linseed meal poultice. — Stir the meal slowly and evenly in boiling 
water; boil this mixture for several minutes and stir briskly all the 
time, and when thick enough it is well beaten with a spoon to remove 
lumps. If this is properly done it will be a light smooth paste, just 
stiflf enough to drop away from the spoon. Use a muslin or coarse 



632 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

cloth and spread the poultice on this to the depth of one-half inch, 
leaving one inch space to turn in. Put vaselin over the surface, thin, 
and cover with a thin layer of gauze or thin cloth. Turn the edges 
over and roll in a towel to keep it v^-arm and carr}^ to patient. Keep 
them warm, — one should never be removed until another is ready to 
be put on. The skin should always be wiped dry before another is 
applied. Oiling the poultice prevents irritation of the skin and pim- 
ples. Cover the poultice loosely if possible with a layer of cotton-wool 
and oiled muslin to retain the heat and moisture longer. It should 
be changed every three hours at least. Apply hot and never keep on 
when it is cold. It should never be used a second time. 

Starch Poultice. — This is used in skin diseases for its soothing 
properties. Mix the starch first with a little cold water and then add 
enough boiling water to make a thick paste, which is then spread on 
muslin covered with a layer of gauze. 

The Jacket Poultice. For lung affections. — Two layers of thin 
muslin are shaped so as to fit closely around the neck and under the 
arms and come over the chest and back, low enough to cover the 
lungs. Three sides are now closed, and the prepared linseed is poured 
into the bag and regularly distributed. Close the open end and then 
apply. Cover it with wool and oiled silk and keep in place with safety 
pins or tapes which are tied under the arms and over the shoulders. 
When changing the poultice be careful not to expose the patient. A 
cotton-wool jacket should be worn a few days after the poultice has 
been discontinued. 

Cold is applied either by means of the cold bath or by compresses, 
pack, sponging, coils or ice. 

Cold Compresses are made by using two or three thicknesses of 
lint or linen wrung out of cold water or ice water and applied over the 
inflamed part, and changed frequently. A little vaselin may be rubbed 
on to prevent the skin from becoming irritated. They are very useful 
where little weight can be borne. If iced compresses are used a small 
block of ice partially wrapped in flannel is placed in a basin ; there 
should be two compresses, one of which is kept on ice while the other 
is on the patient. 

Compresses are very good in the early stage of tonsilitis, quinsy, 
sore throat, laryngitis and croup. 

Ice-bags (India Rubber). — With these, cold can be best applied 
and with less trouble. These are made in different shapes. For in- 
stance helmet-shaped to fit the head and long and narrow for the spine. 

Crush the ice in small pieces and mix in it a little common salt, — 
never fill the rubber bags more than half full ; expel the air as much as 
possible by pressing before screwing on the top. Always place a layer 
of lint, cotton or thin cloth between the skin and the bag. The ex- 
treme cold is not only painful but liable to irritate the skin, and may 
cause frost-bites. Its effect should be watched carefullv. Sometimes 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 633 

the weight causes discomfort. In such cases suspend the bag. For 
the head, fasten a bandage to the neck of the bag and pin the two ends 
to the pillow just high enough to allow the cap (bag) to barely touch 
the head. Care should be taken to refill the ice-bags before the ice 
has melted. At times a piece of ice is wrapped in moist lint or old 
linen and passed gently over the head in order to cool the head. 

For Appendicitis. — There should be quite a thickness of cloth be- 
tween the ice bag and the skin. The latter must not become too cool. 
In this disease this bag is a great reliever of the pain and generally 
used. 

Ice Poultices. — In some cases these are better than the ice bag 
for the reason that they fit the body better. They are usually made of 
two parts of crushed ice to one of linseed meal or bran, together with 
a small amount of salt. Make two bags of oiled silk, — one should be 
smaller than the other. Close all sides but one, with adhesive plaster. 
Fill the smaller bag two-thirds full of ice, close and slip it into the 
larger bag. 

Ice Water Coils. — These can be bought. They can also be made 
from rubber tubing. Sew this upon a piece of rubber cloth in circles 
about one inch apart for five or six rounds ; leave a yard or two of 
tubing at each end to be used as a siphon. A large pan of ice water is 
raised above the patient into which one weighted end of the tubing is 
placed, with a funnel inserted into it, covered with gauze to prevent 
clogging, while the other end is laid in a second basin on the floor 
which receives the water. The upper pan must be kept filled. This is 
very good for delirium in brain fever, etc., when applied to the head 
and also good for bleeding from the bowels in typhoid fever. The 
stream of water can be regulated if necessary by a stop-cock. 

Lotions. — Lotions are medicated moist applications, and may be 
either hot or cold. 

Counter-irritants are agents applied externally to produce irrita- 
tion or inflammation in order to relieve a diseased condition in an adja- 
cent or deep-seated part of the body. Mustard foot-bath relieves pain 
in the head by drawing the surplus blood away from the head. The 
mildest mustard counter-irritant is the mustard poultice. It can be 
made with one part mustard to six of linseed meal. Never use boiling 
water with mustard. 

Mustard Poultice. — Use of ground mustard, one-fourth to one- 
eighth of the amount of meal used. Make into a paste and stir this 
into the linseed, after it has been prepared for the poultices. The white 
of an egg is used in this poultice as it may keep the poultice from 
blistering. 

Yeast Poultices. — These stimulate ulcers, gangrene and sloughing 
conditions. Mix eight ounces of soft yeast with as much water. Add 
enough flour to make a sponge, but not too stiff. It should be kept 
warm until fermentation begins ; then apply every day. Finely pow- 
dered charcoal can also be added. 



634 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

For Soothing Effect. — Hop bags or bran bags, dipped in hot water, 
may be apphed, protected and kept in place with a bandage. 

Spice Poultice. — This is very good for pain in abdomen in chil- 
dren especially. Equal parts of ground cinnamon, cloves, allspice and 
ginger, one-quarter part cayenne pepper, if needed very strong. Place 
all together in a flannel bag and spread equally. Wet with alcohol or 
brandy. When dry, re-wet. This is a mild warming dressing. 

Spice Poultice from a Stanlyton, Va., Mother. — ''Take one tea- 
spoonful each of mustard, ginger, black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nut- 
meg, or as many ground spices as one has in the kitchen; mix them 
well in a bowl while dry, adding boiling w^ater slowly and stir con- 
slantxy until it is of the consistency of soft putty; spread between soft 
thin cloths and apply to the affected parts as hot as the patient can 
bear it. When it is cool heat it again and apply." 

Mother*s Flour and Water Poultice. — "Make a thick poultice of 
flour and vv^ater; bake soft and apply hot. Have another ready for 
change, if necessary. This is good for any pain." 

Poultice of Peach Tree Leaves from our Mother's List. — "Put a 
handful of peach leaves in a vessel and let boil well ; add enough mea) 
to thicken, spread between thin muslin cloth and apply to parts 
affected. This is a splendid poultice." 

Mild Plaster for Children. — "Two teaspoonsful of flour, three tea- 
spoonsful of mustard, a little fresh lard and a few drops of turpentine. 
Mix up with warm water." 

Fomentations. — This is the best way to apply moist heat, but it is 
troublesome, as they should be changed very frequently, at least every 
ten minutes when heat is required. They should never be left on until 
they are cold and clammy. Sheets of lamb's wool make the best mate- 
rial. Cut these layers into sizes required and encase them in a gauze 
cover over which is put a layer of oiled silk. Coarse old flannel or an 
old blanket will do well. Take two layers of the flannels, dip in the 
boiling ViTater and wring. Two should be at hand. Dry the skin first 
and then put on the flannel. It should be covered with enough material 
to keep in the heat and moisture. Hops, etc., can be put into the water. 

Turpentine Stupes. — This is prepared the same way, except turpen- 
tine is added. After the flannel has been wrung out, add from ten to 
twenty drops of turpentine, or add two or three teaspoonfuls of turpen- 
tine to one pint of boiling water and put the flannel in it and wring 
out and apply. Put a towel over the stupe. This is especially for gas 
in the bowels. 

Mustard Stupe. — Put a tablespoonful of mustard in one pint of hot 
water. Make a paste of the mustard before it is put into the hot 
water, to avoid forming lumps ; never use boiling water. Wring the 
flannel out after it has been in this solution and apply to the part. 

Mustard Plaster. — This is made of diflferent strengths, depending 
upon the length of time it is desired to keep it on and the sensitiveness 
of the skin. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 635 

1. Equal parts of mustard and flour. 

2. One of mustard and two of flour. 

3. One of mustard and three or four of flour. 

White of an egg added makes it beter and not so blistering. 

A paste is made with warm water and spread between the layers 
of muslin and left on no longer than ten minutes. When the skin is 
red remove the plaster. This is used when you wish a quick counter- 
irritation. 

Mustard Plaster. — This is made stronger, 1 to 2 to 3 parts meal. 

Mustard leaves or Sinapisms may be bought at a drug store. They 
are no better than you can make. Use plasters. 

Capsicum and Belladonna Plasters. — ^May be bought. In apply- 
ing, heat the back of the plaster slightly; the face of the gauze is 
pulled off and the plaster placed where wanted. To remove soak first 
with alcohol. 

Spice plaster. — ^Mix two teaspoonfuls each of ginger and cloves 
with a teaspoonful of cayenne pepper, one tablespoonful of flour, 
enough brand}^ or water to make a paste. Spread this between two 
layers of muslin. 

For Turpentine and Mustard Stupes see above. 

Tincture of iodine, chloroform and liniments are also counter-' 
irritants, also castor oil, and pure tartar emetic, and cartharides. 

Cupping, Wet and Dry. — This is sometimes used to relieve inflam- 
mations of the eye, lung or kidney, or even muscular pains like lum- 
bago. Wine-glasses will do as well as any you can buy. 

Dry cupping. — Take a piece of wire, wrap a small piece of cotton 
about the end, dip this in alcohol, light it and swab the inside of the 
glass, remove and apply the glass. The heat causes the air to expand 
and it is driven off and the partial vacuum formed is filled by the skin 
and tissues over which the glass is placed. The edges of the cup 
must not be warm enough to burn the patient. Six or seven cups 
may be applied at one time and allowed to remain five minutes, after 
which they are removed b)^ pressing the flesh around the edge and 
inserting the finger there so as to let in the air. 

Linseed meal poultices can be applied afterwards to keep up the 
work begun. 

Wet cupping. — Scrub the skin with hot water and soap, wash off 
with a five per cent (1-20) carbolic acid solution. Make a few cuts 
over the parts desired with a clean knife and apply the cup prepared in 
the way above directed. Remove the blood and check the bleeding, 
if necessary, by sponging. Place a pad on the part and hold this in 
place by a bandage or adhesive strap. 

Blistered Skin. To dress. — Puncture the lower part with a clean 
instrument and catch the fluid on absorbent cotton. Dress it with 



636 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



oxide of zinc ointment or vaselin on lint or clean linen and strap on. 
It is best not to remove the skin from a blister at the first dressing. 

HOW TO DETERMINE THE DOSE FOR CHILDREN. 

We have endeavored to always give the dose throughout this book 
as we recognized the lack of accurate and detailed information regard- 
ing the administering of medicines as one of the weak features in prac- 
tically all home medical books. If we have overlooked a f^w instances 
we wish to provide for such omissions by giving the table of doses 
generally used by nurses as a basis for determining the dose of any 
medicine she may be using for a particular age. 

Rule usually followed. — For children under twelve years of age. 
Make a fraction. Use the age of the child for the upper number, 
numerator. The number below the line, denominator, is twelve, added 
to the age of the child. For example : If your child is two years old 
you would begin by placing two as numerator, thus 2/, then you add 
2 -f- 12 = 14 and place 14 below the line and you have 2/14 or 1/7. 
You then take 1/7 of the adult dose for your two-year-old child. If 
the dose for an adult is 21 drops, a child of two years is given 3 drops, 
etc. 

DOSE IN DROPS FOR DIFFERENT AGES. 

If the dose is a spoonful or 60 drops for an adult, the other doses 
would be correct for the ages given below: 

21 and over 60 drops 

15 years about 33 drops A few more or less if robust or weakly 

13 " " 30 drops " " 

10 " " 27 drops " " 

8 " " 24 drops " " 

6 " " 20 drops " " 

5 " " 17 drops " •' 

4 " " 15 drops " " 

3 " " 12 drops " " 

2 " " 8 drops " ** 

1 " " 4 drops " " 

Exceptions to this rule are calomel and castor oil, when 
half an adult dose can be given between 12 and 18. 

Opium is dangerous to children and old people and should be ad- 
ministered by a physician or trained nurse. 

"Lest We Forget." 

COMMON TABLES OF MEASURES. 
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

Apothecaries' Weight is used in prescribing and mixing medicines 

Table. 

20 grains equal 1 scruple 

3 scruples " 1 dram 

8 drams " 1 ounce 

12 ounces " 1 pound 

The pound is the same as the pound Troy. Medicines are 
bought and sold in quantities by Avoirdupois Weight. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 637 

1 grain equals 1 drop or 1 minim 

60 grains or drops " 1 teaspoonful 

1 teaspoonful " 1 fluid dram 

8 drams (or 8 teaspoonfuls) make 1 fluid ounce 

2 tablespoonfuls make 1 fluid ounce 

2 fluid ounces is a wineglassful 

H fluid ounce is a tablespoonful 

2 fluid ounces is a wineglassful 

4 fluid ounces is a teacupful 

6 fluid ounces is a coffee cup 

16 ounces (dry or solid) is a pound 

20 fluid ounces is a , pint 

MEDICINE CHEST.— More important than the furnishing of the 
house is the medicine chest. If you are beginning housekeeping let 
this be your first consideration. Do not put it off because it is a little 
trouble and costs a few dollars. You would not think of leaving your 
front room or your "spare room" half furnished. Your health is of 
vastly more importance than the looks of your best rooms. There 
may come a time when you cannot secure the doctor for several hours 
or get into a drug store. Be prepared for this emergency and either 
fix up a home-mad^ box with shelves, etc., or buy a regular medicine 
chest; in either case have a lock to it and the key where you can find 
it but where the children cannot reach it. 

We give below a few of the necessaries and you will of course 
add to this list. One mother writes that she went to the store and 
bought several tiny little bells and tied one of these bells around the 
neck of each of the bottles in her medicine chest that contained poison. 
There was no danger of her getting the wrong bottle m the dark. 

Contents of the Medicine Chest. — 

Ten cents worth of Alum. 

A small bag of Burnt Alum. 

A small bottle of Castor Oil. 

A small vial of Bichloride of Mercury Tablets. 

A box of Boric Acid Powder. 

A small bottle of Glycerin. 

A bottle of Extract of Witch-hazel. 

A small bottle of Syrup of Ipecac. 

A bottle of Whisky and one of Brandy. 

A box of English Mustard. 

Medicine glass. 

A small box of Cold Cream. 

Soft rubber Ear Syringe. 

A Clinical Thermometer. 

An Eye Stone. 

A pad, pencils, and labels. 

A small bottle of Carbolic Acid. 

A roll of Adhesive Plaster. 

A small box of Pineoline Salve. 

A bottle of Arnica. 

Htlng near the chest should be a fountain syringe with the rubber 
catheter for use in irrigating the bowels and a hot water bag. 



638 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

HOW TO CARE FOR THE DEAD. 

The limbs should b^ straightened before the body becomes stiff 
(rigor mortis). The eyes should be closed and the jaws held in posi- 
tion by means of a support placed firmly under the chin ; for this a 
roller bandage or a small padded piece of wood is generally used. Of 
course if the person has worn false teeth, and they have been taken out 
during the last hours, they should be replaced immediately after death. 
The nostrils, mouth, rectum, and vagina should be packed with absor- 
bent cotton to prevent the escape of discharges after death. After this 
bathe the body, if so desired by the relatives, with a two per cent 
watery solution of carbolic acid, and if there are any wounds they 
should be covered with fresh cotton and neatly fastened with a band- 
age. The hips may be enclosed in a large triangular binder ; the knees 
are held together by a broad bandage; the hair should be brushed 
smoothly, and finally stockings and a simple nightgown should be put 
on. If the case be one of the infectious diseases, wrap the body in a 
sheet wrung out of a five per cent watery solution of carbolic acid and 
this sheet should be kept damp. 

The room where death occurs should be tidied and regulated to 
make it look natural and comfortable. The undertaker can be sent for 
as soon as desired by the family. But if such care as directed has been 
given, the undertaker need not be hurried. 

ENEMA. — Enemata (Injections). — There are various methods used 
for injecting fluids into the body. When they are introduced into the 
intestines, we speak of giving enemata (enema is the singular). They 
are named according to their purpose. 

1. Simple laxative or purgative enemata. 

3; Nutritive enemata for the purpose of nourishment. 

3. Sedative enemata for local or systemic quieting effects. 

4. Astringent enemata to check bleeding and diarrhea, like hot 
water, ice water, solution of alum or nitrate of silver. 

5. Emollient (soothing) enemata for soothing irritated and pain- 
ful mucous membrane; starch and drugs are also used. 

6. Antispasmodic enemata to relieve flatulence such as the tur- 
pentine enemata. 

7. Anthelmintic (against worms) for destroying worms; salt, tur- 
pentine and quassia are used. 

8. Antiseptic or germicidal enemata used in dysentery. 

9. Stimulating enemata, like hot water, hot strong cofifee, hot 
whisky and water, salt water. 

10. To relieve thirst, water one pint or normal salt solution (one 
dram to a pint of water) and injected high up. 

ENEMATA are given either high or low. 

A high enema is thrown high up into the bowel. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 539 

A low enema is injected into the rectum only, through a hard rub- 
ber tip to a syringe. 

Directions. — There are many ways of giving a simple enema. 

Position. — ^A good way is to place an adult patient on his left 
side, with the knees bent up close. Protect the bed with a rubber 
sheet and towel under the patient. The basin of water can be placed 
on the rubber sheet and the enema given under cover. 

Amount. — An adult person will take one to four pints. A child 
one-half to one pint. For an infant about two ounces will do. 

What material? A simple enema can be made with good castile 
soap or good brown soap and water, temperature about 95° F. When 
ready for use make into a good suds. 

Syringe. — Use a bulb syringe, see that the syringe is filled full to 
the nozzle before the nozzle is put into the bowel. Any air left in the 
syringe will pass into the bowel and cause pain. Oil the nozzle with 
vaselin or sweet oil and then gently put the nozzle into the rectum. 
It is better to introduce an oiled finger through the sphincter muscle 
and pass the nozzle along the finger and gently into the bowel. It 
should be in the bowel two or three inches. Do not attempt to force 
the nozzle through any obstruction. Introduce the water slowly in a 
gentle and steady stream. The main object is to distend the rectum 
by means of the water, thereby producing reflex stimulation. The 
worm-like movement of the bowels results, thus bringing about an 
evacuation. The patient should retain it for ten or fifteen minutes to 
get the best results. A folded towel placed against the anus will 
assist the patient in resisting the desire to expel the water. A large 
amount should be given in one-half hour if the first one does not pro- 
duce the desired result. 

Sometimes a laxative enema is necessary.— Olive oil or glycerin or 
castor oil may be used. 

For olive oil, six ounces may be given In a hard rubber syringe; 
this is seldom successful unless followed by a soap suds enema in one- 
half hour. 

Glycerin enema, one-half ounce with equal quantity of warm water 
95° F., and give with a hard rubber syringe. This generally proves 
successful, without an additional soap suds enema. 

For infants and children the contents of a straight medicine drop- 
per will be sufficient. 

Glycerin irritates the mucous membrane, and it is best that we 
add an equal amount of olive oil. 

If these enemata fail it will be necessary to use purgative enemata. 
These are made by adding drugs, such as turpentine, rochelle or epsom 
salts or castor oil in certain proportions to the simple enema. In giv- 
ing castor oil and water it is necessary first to mix the oil with the 
yolk of an egg and then add the warm soap suds. 



540 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

1. Formula. — 

Castor Oil 2 ounces 

Turpentine ^ ounce 

Mix thoroughly and inject with hard rubber syringe, fol- 
lowed in one-half hour by a quart of soap-suds. 

2. Formula. — 

Turpentine ^ ounce 

Rochelle Salts 1 ounce 

Mix with warm soap-suds, one pint. 

The buttocks and anus should be washed off with warm water 
after turpentine has been used in the enema. 

3. Molasses and Laxative Enema. — Mix from two to ten ounces, 
according to age, with one pint of soap suds and inject slowly. 

Nutritive Enemata. — Food is given by the bowel when the stom- 
ach cannot retain it. It is then called Nutritive Enemata. They should 
be given only from four to six times in twenty-four hours and the 
quantity given at one time should not exceed four ounces. It must be 
introduced high up in the bowel, about ten inches, and therefore they 
should be given through a rectal tube made of heavy rubber one- 
quarter inch in diameter and at least eight inches of it should be in- 
serted in the bowel. After it has been oiled the tube is gently inserted 
in a backward, upward, direction and a glass funnel is attached to thie 
outer end. The enema has been already mixed in a small pitcher and 
gently poured (very slowly) into the funnel, which is then raised so 
that the contents will go slowly through the tube into the bowel. 
The patient is protected from drops by a folded towel underneath him. 
Then the tube is slowly withdrawn. The tube should then be cleansed 
by allowing warm water to run through it, and then kept in a one 
per cent solution of boric acid. Food given by enemata should be very 
nourishing and concentrated. The following are excellent formulas: 

Formula 1. — 

One whole Egg 

Table Salt • 15 grains 

Peptonized Milk 3 ounces or ^ of a cup 

Brandy i^ ounce 

Formula 2. — 

White of two Eggs 

Peptonized Milk 2 ounces or ^ of a cup 

The whole amount should never exceed four ounces. The addi- 
tion of salt aids the absorption of the ^gg. Brandy, and whisky are 
very irritating and should be given only every other time. 

The fresh raw milk can be used, if it is impossible to have it pep- 
tonized. 

After a nutritive enemata the patient should lie quietly on his 
back for twenty or thirty minutes. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 



641 



Turpentine enemata for distention may be given according to the 
following formula: 

Mucilage of Acacia J/^ ounce 

Spirits of Turpentine 10 drops 

This should be administered high up in the bowel. 

Astringent Enemata. To check diarrhea. — They should be given 
slowly and injected high up, and they should be retained as long as 
possible. 

Starch and Laudanum. — Boil the starch as if to be used in the 
laundry and dilute with luke-warm water, until it is thin enough to 
pass through a tube. Take of this three ounces. This can be given 
alone in mild cases; but if there is much pain and straining add ten to 
fifteen drops of laudanum to the starch water or thirty to forty drops 
of paregoric. This dose is for an adult. 

Stimulating Enemata. 1. Black coffee. — One-half to one pint of 
strong coffee, injected as hot as possible. It should be strained before 
using. This is frequently given in poison cases. 

2. Salt Enemata. — Two teaspoonfuls to one quart of hot water is 
mildly stimulating; one-half to one ounce of brandy or whisky may 
be added. 

DOUCHES. — By this term is generally meant a jet of fluid di- 
rected with a certain amount of force upon a limited external or inter- 
nal surface, for cleansing, stimulating purposes and to relieve inflam- 
mation. Three common douches are the ear (aural), the vaginal and 
the rectal. 

The Vaginal Douche. For cleansing. — ^A one per cent solution of 
carbolic acid is often used in one to three quarts of water. 

To allay inflammation. — A hot solution of the temperature of 105° 
to 115° is given, and three or six quarts may be used. Allow the 
stream to flow before the nozzle is inserted so as to have the warm 
temperature instead of cold at the start, and the nozzle should be in- 
troduced up towards the posterior vaginal wall. The fountain syringe 
bag should not be raised more than six to twelve inches above the 
patient who is lying down with her hips raised on pillows, and her 
knees drawn up. Medicines can be used in all the douches. 

Rectal douche. — This is to relieve piles and reduce inflammation. 
Hot or cold as needed. A rectal tube or fountain syringe is used. 

Ear (aural) douche. — This is used for earache and inflammation. 
Salt or boric acid is generally used in the warm water. It should be 
allowed to flow in slowly and gently. 

How to use a bed pan. — When you are placing the pan, you should 
slip one hand under the buttocks and then place the flat end of the pan 
under the buttocks. It should always be warm. Raise the patient in 
the same way before attempting to remove it. Do not pull it out. 



542 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

TEMPERATURE (Fever).— A thermometer is necessary in tak- 
ing the temperature. They can be bought for from fifty cents up. The 
temperature is taken by putting the thermometer under the tongue, in 
the arm-pit and in the rectum. For children it should be placed in the 
rectum or in the arm-pit or groin. Allow it to remain from two to 
five minutes. This depends upon the time limit of the thermometer. 
The normal temperature is 98 6/10°. This varies, some people are 
normal at times at 99 or 98°. The temperature in the arm-pit is lower 
by 3/10 of a degree, but that in the rectum is >^ degree higher than 
that taken in the mouth. The normal point on the thermometer is 
marked by an arrow. The mercury in the tube must always be down 
to that at its highest point, before the thermometer is placed and the 
highest point the mercury goes indicates the height of the tempera- 
ture (fever). If you take it in the rectum, that should be free from 
feces Oil the thermometer and gently insert it into the bowel for one 
and one-half inches and hold the stem. 

Under the Tongue. — Place the point under the tongue and in- 
struct the patient to close his lips over the thermometer. He can also 
hold the stem with his fingers. It should never be taken here right 
after a cold drink. Unconscious patients may bite through the instru- 
ment, so care must be taken with them. 

Arm-pit. — Wipe the part thoroughly dry and place the point 
directly in the arm-pit. Then place the elbow against the body and 
the hand on the chest pointing to the opposite shoulder. When ready 
to take it out move the arm away from the body and take the ther- 
mometer away gently for it sticks sometimes and you will cause pain 
if you draw it away quickly. The instrument should be cleansed in 
tepid mild salt solution. 

PULSE. — Average in men, sixty to seventy. In women, sixty- 
five to eighty. Children ninety to one hundred to one hundred and 
twenty. Different authors vary. In men it is generally seventy to 
seventy-two. In women seventy-two to seventy-five. 

It is better taken sitting. It is faster when walking, slower when 
lying down. I always take the pulse in the left arm unless there is a 
deformity there. I use my right hand with the third finger toward the 
elbow. By using the first three fingers you can find out different 
things about the pulse. Some people are very nervous and such an 
one will make your arm ache, when feeling the pulse. The pulse 
should be regular, even beats, in health. Sometimes you can feel it 
best on the temple or on the neck. 

RESPIRATION (Breathing).— In an adult the average is eigh- 
teen per minute. In a child the average is twenty to twenty-four. 
Respiration is the act of taking in (inspiration), and giving out (expir- 
ation) air by the lungs. 

THE TONGUE. — This is coated in dyspepsia and fevers, — some 
healthy persons always have a coated tongue. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 643 

In Ulcers of the stomach there is no coating. 

In high fevers, the tongue may also be red and cracked as well as 
coated in some parts. 

A dark brown or blackish coating indicates a serious condition in 
acute diseases. 

Strawberry tongue is seen in Scarlet Fever. 

Cankered tongue and mouth may be due to local conditions, or to 
stomach, liver and bowel disorders. 

In Peritonitis the tongue is generally dry and red (beefy). 

Cholera Infantum. — ^At first coated, then dry and reddish. 

Constipation. — Tongue is generally coated. 

Biliousness. — Yellowish dirty coating. 

DIET 

FOODS AND DRINKS FOR THE SICK ROOM. 

DIET. — The importance of diet and its relation to the needs of 
the system in disease can hardly be overrated. One should not only 
know what kind of food to give, but how much and how often it should 
be given to get the best result. Food should be given in small quanti- 
ties in acute diseases and at regular intervals. It will digest better. 
The food should never be left in the sick room after a patient has 
finished with it. This applies to all kinds of food, but especially to 
milk, for it absorbs impurities from the air more readily than any 
other kind of food. How often do we see milk standing in a sick room 
and uncovered ; how often is it placed in an ice box uncovered. I have 
often wondered how such peopk could eat some foods I have seen 
prepared for them in such a careless way and with no attempt to make 
it appear tempting to their poor appetite. Foods should be given just 
as regularly as medicines, when so ordered, especially in long wasting 
diseases like typhoid fever. 

The kind of food. — Under each disease directions for the kind of 
food, time, and quantity have been given. In diseases like typhoid fever, 
special care must be given. It is better in that disease to give too 
little than too much food and the proper kind of food must be given. 
I shall never forget the death of a minister in my childhood days. 
I was about four years old. This minister was loved by everyone 
and when he died of typhoid fever, everyone was grieved and 
shocked and they could not understand why God should take such a 
useful man away. It made a great impression upon me. I found out 
more about the "why" afterwards. This minister was in the conva- 
lescent stage and very hungry. He wanted a genuine boiled dinner. 
That is bad enough for a well man. The doctor forbade it, but the 
family gave him the dinner and the result, of course, was fatal. It 
could not be otherwise. We often blame God for our own sins. Many 



644 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

people are killed by kind friends. I have seen it more than once. Pea- 
nuts, popcorn, and candy have caused many convulsions in children 
and some deaths. 

It is generally allowable to give a little liquid food every two hours 
in acute diseases. It should be given at regular intervals in the con- 
scious or unconscious patients, especially in long continued diseases. 

LIQUID DIET. 

1. Cream soups; tomato, pea, corn, celery, rice, spinach, aspara- 
gus, potato. 

2. Gruels; oatmeal, cornmeal, cream of wheat, flour gluten (for 
diabetes). 

How to Albuminize Fruit Juices. — Into a cup of lemonade, orange- 
ade, grape juice, etc., put white of an Qgg slightly beaten, mix thor- 
oughly, strain and serve. 

The following may or may not be albuminized. 

3. Fruit juices; lemonade, orangeade, unfermented grape juice, 
currant, berry juice. 

4. Milk; peptonized milk, albuminized, buttermilk, malted milk, 
and milk porridge. 

5. Stimulating drinks; tea, coffee, cocoa. 

6. Broths; beef broth, mutton broth, chicken broth, bouillon, con- 
somme, oyster broth, clam broth, oyster soup, clam soup, beef tea. and 
beef juice. 

7. Eggs; raw eggs and egg-nog. 

8. Cooling and nourishing drinks; oatmeal water, rice water, 
barley water and toast water. Ices and ice cream may be included in 
the liquid diet list. 

SOFT DIET. — This diet includes everything in the liquid diet 
list, and the following additional foods: 

1. Bread : soft bread ; dry toast ; milk, water or cream toast, 
brown bread (after the first day on soft diet). 

2. Eggs : poached, soft-boiled and shirred. 

3. Cereals : all cooked for some hours ; cornmeal, oatmeal rice, 
sago, wheaten grits and cream of wheat. 

4. Desserts: junket, custards, milk puddings, rice, thoroughly 
cooked, tapioca, jellies, baked and stewed apples, prunes whipped and 
stewed, ices and ice cream. 

CONVALESCENT DIET.— This includes everything in the 
liquid and soft diet lists and the following in addition : — 

1. Breads: wheat, rye, Boston brown and graham bread and 
biscuits. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 645 

2. Meats: broiled steak, mutton, fish, game and fowl, or stewed 
fowl. Also calf s head, calf's brains, shell fish and oysters. 

3. Eggs, as in soft diet. 

4. Drinks as in soft diet. 

5. Vegetables: tomatoes, green peas, string beans, potatoes 
(Irish and sweet), lettuce, cresses, asparagus, onions, celery, spinach 
and mushrooms. 

7. Desserts: custards, creams, jellies, ripe fruits and stewed 
fruits. No pastry or rich puddings. 

FOODS FOR DIFFERENT MEALS FOR THOSE WHO CAN 
EAT, BUT WHO DO NOT HAVE MUCH APPETITE. 

Breakfast; drinks: tea, cofifee, cocoa, milk or albuminized fruit 
juices ; cereal with cream ; eggs ; omelet, scrambled or poached on a 
piece of round toast, or soft boiled in a hot cup ; muffins or gems. 

Dinner; broiled porterhouse or tenderloin steak; baked potatoes; 
bread or rolls ; pretty salad, as apple salad in apple case ; custard baked 
in souffle dish; tea, cocoa or milk. 

Supper; broiled squab, raw oysters or meat balls, asparagus tips 
on toast, fresh or stewed fruit, bread cut in fancy shapes. 

Foods that may be taken together. — Meat; eggs: soft boiled, 
poached, shirred or baked ; potatoes, baked, boiled or mashed ; fruit 
sauce and ices may go with the following: stewed tomatoes, salad, 
spinach, or cucumbers, acid drinks, etc., any foods prepared with 
vinegar. 

Meats, vegetables cooked in milk, or served with cream sauce, 
cream soups and eggs prepared with milk may be given with fruits, 
vegetables, drinks, etc., containing no acids. 

Foods that should not be taken together. — Any food prepared with 
milk should not be given with lemonade, tomatoes, salads containing 
much vinegar or any foods served with vinegar or lemon juice. 

Diets in Fevers.— Furnished us by a Trained Nurse in a Hospital. 
May Take- 
Foods. — Soups, clear or thickened with some well-cooked farin- 
aceous substance, mutton, clam or chicken broth, beef tea, peptonized 
milk, panopepton with crushed ice. 

Drinks. — Pure cold water, toast water, lemon or orange juice in 
cold water, jelly water, cold whey; all in small quantities sipped 
slowly. 

Must Not Take- 
Any solid or vegetable food or fruit until so directed by the 
physician in charge. 



(yl6 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Diet in Debility sent us from one of our Leading Hospitals. 

May Take- 
Soups. — Any broth thickened with farinaceous material, chicken or 

beef soup containing chopped meat, rich vegetable soups, whole beef 

tea. 

Fish. — All fresh fish, boiled or broiled, raw oysters. 

Meats. — Beef, mutton, chicken, game, boiled ham, lamb chops or 

cutlet, broiled bacon, tender juicy steak, hamburger steak. 

Eggs. — Soft boiled, poached, scrambled, raw with sherry wine. 
Farinaceous. — ^Cracked wheat, rolled oats, mush, sago, tapioca, 

hominy, barley, macaroni, vermicelli, rolls, biscuits, cakes, whole wheat 

bread, corn bread, milk toast, dry toast, brown bread. 

Vegetables. — Nearly all perfectly fresh and well cooked. 
Desserts. — ^Custards, tgg and milk, rice or apple pudding, baked 

apples, fruit jams, jellies, cocoa junket, marmalade, sweet fruits, calf's 

foot jelly. 

Drinks. — Cocoa, chocolate, milk hot, cold or peptonized, pure 

water, plain or aerated, wineglassful of panopepton. 

Must Not Take- 
Hashes, stews, cooked oysters or clams, pork, veal, thin soups, 

turkey, salt meats, except ham and bacon, cabbage, cucumbers, 

turnips, carrots, squash, spices, pickles, vinegar, pies, pastry, bananas, 

pmeapples. DISHES FOR THE SICK ROOM. 

Oatmeal Gruel. — Boil one part oatmeal and two parts water in 
double boiler two hours ; strain through gravy strainer, add one quart 
sweet cream, a little sugar, pinch of salt. Do not make it too sweet. 

Raspberry Shrub. — 'Place red raspberries in a stone jar and cover 
them with good cider vinegar, let stand over night, next morning 
strain and to one pint of juice add one pint of sugar, boil ten minutes, 
bottle hot. When desiring to use place two tablespoonfuls full of 
the liquid in a glass of ice water; very nice. 

Root Beer. — Take blackberry root, black cherry bark, spruce 
boughs, wintergreens, sarsaparilla roots ; steep in a large vessel till 
all the goodness is out; strain, and when lukewarm put in a cup of 
yeast, let work, bottle up, sugar to sweeten. 

Cream Toast. — Toast a piece of light bread and moisten it with 
hot water; butter and then put on a layer of sweet cream on top and 
place in oven a moment. This is easily digested. 

Lemon Jelly. — On one box gelatine pour 1 pint cold water and 
let stand one or two hours. Then put on 4 cups of granulated sugar, 
squeeze juice of 4 lemons with the grated rind of one. When gelatine 
is dissolved, pour over it one quart boiling water and stir. Pour this 
over sugar and lemon juice and stir thoroughly until all is dissolved ; 
5=train. Put fruit in if desired — turn irto molds, cool until firm. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 647 

Baked Custard. — One quart milk. 4 eggs beaten light (separately), 
5 tablespoons sugar, mixed with the yolks ; nutmeg and vanilla. Scald 
but do not boil the milk, add, gradually, yolks and sugar, then add 
whites and flavor. Pour into dish or cups, set in pan of hot water, 
grate nutmeg over top and bake until firm. Eat cold. 

Mountain Dew. — Yolks of two eggs, 3 crackers (rolled), — four 
if small. 1 pint milk, pinch of salt, cook in double boiler. Beat whites 
of two eggs stiff, add ^4 cup sugar, lemon extract for flavor. Set in 
oven and brown. This will serve four people. 

Raspberry Vinegar. — Equal parts of red and black raspberries, 
wash them and cover with cider vinegar, let stand over night. Strain 
and to each pint of juice take 1 lb. white sugar and boil 15 minutes. 
Bottle ready for use. To drink use about 2 tablespoons in glass of 
ice water. 

Milk Porridge. — 1 tablespoon each of cornmeal and wheat flour 
wet to a paste with cold water, cook in two cups boiling water twenty 
minutes, then add 3 cups milk and cook a few minutes, stirring often. 

Lemon Velvet. — 1 qt. milk, 2 cups sugar, juice of 2 lemons. Chill 
the milk, then add the sugar and lemon mixed, and freeze like sherbet. 

Ice Cream. — ^Mix 3 cups sugar and 2 tablespoons flour and stir 
into 2 qts. hot milk until flour is cooked. When cool add 1 qt. cream, 
whipped, and one tablespoonful vanilla. Freeze. 

Sago Custard. — Soak 2 tablespoons sago in a tumbler of water 
an hour or more, then boil in same until clear. Add a tumbler of 
sweet milk; when it boils add sugar to taste, then a beaten egg and 
flavoring. 

Crust Coffee. — Toast bread ver}^ brown, pour on boiling water, 
strain and add cream and sugar. Good for stomach and diarrhea. 

Cream Soup. — One pint boiling water, one-half cup of cream, add 
pieces of toasted bread and a little salt. 

Cinnamon Tea. — To 3^ pint fresh milk add stick or ground cinna- 
mon, enough to flavor, and white sugar to taste ; bring to the boiling 
point and take either warm or cold. Excellent for diarrhea in children 
or adults. 

Barley Water. — Add two ounces pearl barley to ^2 pint of boiling 
water; simmer five minutes, drain and add 2 qts. boiling water, add 
two ounces of sliced figs, and two ounces of raisins; boil until reduced 
to one quart. Strain for drink. 

Arrowroot Custard. — One tablespoonful of arrowroot, one pint 
milk, one tgg, two tablespoons sugar. Mix the arrowroot with a 
little cold milk and beat in the egg and sugar, pour into the boiling 
milk and scald until thickened, flavor and pour into cups to cool. 

Odors. — A few drops of oil of lavender poured into a glass of 
very hot water will purify the air of the room almost instantly from 
cooking odors ; the effect is especially refreshing in a sick room. 



648 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Dainty Way to Serve Egg on Toast. — Pile the well-beaten white 
of an tgg on a slice of buttered toast, which has been softened with 
hot water. Make a hollow in the white and drop the yolk therein. 
Set in the oven to cook the tgg. 

Oatmeal Gruel. — Pour boiling water over a cupful of rolled oats, 
stir and let stand a moment, then strain off the liquid. Season with 
sugar and a little cream if desired. Especially good for children. 

Prepared Flour for Summer Complaint. — Take a double handful 
of flour, tie up in a cloth and cook from three to six hours in a kettle 
©f boiling water. Take out and remove the cloth and you have a 
hard, round ball. Keep in a dry, cool place. Prepare by grating from 
this ball into boiling milk enough to make it as thick as you desire, 
stirring it just before removing from the fire with a stick of cinnamon 
to give it a pleasant flavor. Salt the milk a little. This is very good 
for children having summer complaint. 

Chicken Broth. — Take the first and second joints of a chicken, 
boil in a quart of water until tender, season with a very little salt 
and pepper. 

Fever Drinks — Pour cold water on wheat bran, let boil one-half 
hour, strain and add sugar and lemon juice. Pour boiling water on 
flaxseed and let stand until it is ropy, pour into hot lemonade and 
drink. 

Egg Gruel. — Beat the yolk of an tgg with one tablespoonful 
sugar, beating the white separately ; add one cup boiling water to 
that yolk, then stir in the whites and add any seasoning. Good for a 
cold. 

Diabetic Bread. — Take one quart of set milk or milk and water, 
one heaping teaspoonful of good butter, one-fifth of a cake of com- 
pressed yeast beaten up with a little water, and two well-beaten eggs. 
Stir in gluten flour until a soft dough is formed ; knead as in making 
ordinary bread ; place in pans to raise, and when light bake in hot oven. 

Lime Water. — Into an earthen jar containing hot water stir a 
handful of fresh unslaked lime. Allow it to settle ; then decant the 
clear fluid and bottle it. Water may again be added to the lime, and 
the mixture covered and allowed to stand to be decanted as needed. 

Vanilla Snow. — Cook one-half cup of rice. When nearly done add 
one-half cup of cream, small pinch of salt, beaten white of one t^gg, one- 
half cup of sugar, flavor with vanilla. Pile in a dish and dot with 
jelly. Serve with sugar and cream. 

Omelet. — One tgg, white and yolk beaten separately; two table- 
spoons milk, one-third teaspoon each of flour and melted butter, a little 
salt. Add the beaten white last. Pour in small spider in which is a 
little melted butter (hot) and cook over moderate fire. When it thick- 
ens and looks from under the edges, fold it over and slip it on a hot 
dish. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 649 

Ahnond Milk. — Blanch one pound of sweet and two of bitter al- 
monds that have been soaked in cold water for twenty-four hours. 
This is done by pouring boiling water over the almonds when, after a 
few minutes, they can easily be pressed out of their hulls. Grind the 
almonds in a mill or pound them in a mortar; mix with a half-pint of 
warm milk or water and allow the mixture to stand two hours, after 
which strain through a cloth, pressing the juice out well. 

Brandy and Egg Mixture. — Rub the yolks of two eggs with half 
an ounce of white sugar; add four ounces of cinnamon water; one 
coffee-spoonful of white sugar. 

Cold Eggnog. — Beat up an egg; add to it two teaspoonfuls of 
sugar, a glassful of milk and a tablespoonful of brandy or good whisky ; 
mix thoroughly. 

Hot Eggnog. — Beat up th^ yolk of one egg; add a teaspoonful or 
two of sugar and a glassful of hot milk ; strain and add a tablespoonful 
of brandy or old whisky, or flavor with nutmeg or wine. 

Egg Broth. — Beat up an egg and add to it half a teaspoonful of 
sugar and a pinch of salt; over this pour a glass of hot milk and serve 
immediately. Hot water, broth, soup, or tea may be used in place of 
milk. 

Egg Cordial. — Beat up the white of an egg until light ; add a table- 
spoonful of cream and beat up together, then add two tablespoonfuls of 
sugar and a tablespoonful of brandy. 

Caudle. — Beat up an egg to a froth; add a wineglassful of sherry 
wine, and sweeten with a teaspoonful of sugar ; if desired flavor with 
lernon peel. Stir this mixture into a half-pint of gruel; over this grate 
a little nutmeg and serve with hot toast. 

Albumin Water. — Beat the white of one egg until very lignt and 
strain through a clean napkin. Add six ounces of water. If intended 
for an infant a pinch of salt may be added. A teaspoonful or more of 
sugar and a teaspoonful or more of lemon juice, orange juice, or sherry 
wine may be added to enhance its palatableness. This drink may also 
conveniently be made by placing all the ingredients in a lemon-shaker, 
shaking until thoroughly mixed and then straining. Serve cold. 

Apple Water. — Pour a cupftil of boiling water over two mashed 
baked apples ; cool, strain, and sweeten. Serve with shaved ice if 
desired. 

Currant Juice. — ^Take an ounce of currant juice or a tablespoonful 
of currant jelly. Over this pour a cupful of boiling water (use cold 
water with the juice) and sweeten to taste. 

Lemonade. — Take the juice of one lemon or three tablespoonfuls 
of lemon juice; add from one to three tablespoonfuls of sugar and a 
cupful (six ounces) of cold water. Serve with cracked or shaved ice if 
desired. 



650 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Syrup for Cough of Long Standing. — "Five cents worth of flax 
seed, a little rock candy, two tablespoons of best brandy and a lemon 
makes the finest cough syrup in the world. Steep flaxseed a short 
time, strain and add rock candy to sweeten, then juice of one lemon 
and the brandy. One physician says it is as good as anything he can 
put up." 

Syrup of Lemons for Fever Cases and to Disguise the Taste of 
Bad Medicines. — "Boil for ten minutes a pint of lemon juice, strain, 
add two pounds of brown sugar and dissolve. When cold add two and 
one-half ounces of alcohol. A fine addition to drinks in fever cases and 
good to disguise the taste of medicines." 

Lemonade. — Pare the rind from one lemon, cut the lemon into 
slices, and place both in a pitcher with an ounce of sugar. Over this 
pour a pint of boiling water and let it stand until cold. Strain and 
serve with cracked ice. 

Albuminized Lemonade. — Shake together a cupful of water, two 
teaspoonfuls of lemon juice, two teaspoonfuls of sugar, and the white 
of an tgg. Serve at once. 

Orangeade. — Cut the rind from one orange ; over the rind pour a 
cupful of boiling water; then add the juice of the orange and a table- 
spoonful of sugar; cool, strain, and serve with shaved ice if desired. If 
this is too sweet, a tablespoonful of lemon juice may be added. 

Imperial Drink. — Add a teaspoonful of cream of tartar to a pint 
of boiling water; into this squeeze the juice of half a lemon, or more 
if desired; sweeten to taste and serve cold. This drink is most useful 
in fevers and nephritis. 

Flaxseed Tea. — Add six teaspoonfuls of flaxseed to a quart of 
water; boil for half an hour; cool, strain, sweeten, and if desired 
flavor with a little lemon juice. 

Mulled Wine. — One-fourth of a cupful of hot water, one-half inch 
of stick cinnamon, two cloves, a tiny bit of nutmeg, one-half cupful 
of port (heated) two tablespoonfuls of sugar. -Boil all the ingredients 
except the wine and sugar for ten minutes ; then add the wine and 
sugar, strain, and serve very hot. 

Grape Juice. — Pluck Concord grapes from the stem. Wash and 
heat them, stirring constantly. When the skins have been broken, 
pour the fruit into a jelly bag and press slightly. Measure the juice 
and add one-quarter the quantity of sugar. Boil the juice and sugar 
together and then pour into hot bottles ; cork and seal with paraffin 
or equal parts of shoemaker's wax and resin melted together. Less 
sugar may be used. 

Oatmeal, Barley or Rice Water. From the Grain: Use two 

tablespoonfuls of grain to a quart of water. The grain should have 
been previously soaked over night or at least for a few hours. When 
required for an emergency the soaking may be dispensed with and 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 651 

the grain boiled for five minutes instead. The water in which the 
grain was soaked should be poured off and fresh water added before 
cooking. The grain should be boiled for several hours, water being 
added from time to time to keep the quantity up to a quart. Strain. 
This makes a somewhat thin, watery gruel. From prepared flours: 
Various brands of prepared grain flours are on the market, such, for 
example, as Robinson's Barley flour. These are all somewhat similar 
in preparation. From two rounded teaspoonfuls to a tablespoonful 
of the prepared flour is added to a pint of boiling water and this is 
boiled from fifteen to thirty minutes and then strained. No previous 
soaking is required. 

CEREALS AND CEREAL GRUELS. 

Either the grain itself or the specially prepared flour may be 
used. When the grains are used they should be spread on a clean 
table and all foreign substances removed. If the whole grains be 
used, it is well to wash them, after picking them over, with two or 
three changes of cold water. Cereals are best cooked in a double 
boiler. The lower part should be filled about one-third full of water 
and, if more is added during the soaking, it should always be boiling 
hot. The cereal should be boiled over the fire for ten or fifteen 
minutes. The water should be boiled first and then salted. The cereal 
is added gradually and the whole stirred to prevent it from burning. 
It should then be placed in the double boiler and steamed until thor- 
oughly cooked. Cereals, like other starchy foods, require thorough 
cooking. Most recipes allow too short a time. Oatmeal, especially, 
should be mentioned. It develops a better flavor if cooked for three 
hours or more, and is better when it is prepared the day before and 
reheated when used. It should be just thin enough to pour when 
taken out of boiler^ and when cooled should form a jelly. 

Any cereal mush may be thinned with water, milk or cream and 
made into a gruel, or the gruel may be made directly from the grain 
or flour. Gruels should be thin, not too sweet nor too highly flavored, 
and served very hot. Milk gruels should be made in a double boiler. 
Gruels can be made more nutritious by the addition of whipped egg, 
either the white or yolk or both, and the various concentrated food 
products. 

When cereal flours are used, the flour should be rubbed to a 
smooth paste with a little cold water and added slowly to boiling 
water, stirring constantly until it is thoroughly mixed. 

LENGTH OF TIME TO COOK CEREALS. 

€ornmeal mush: Boil 10 minutes, then steam for 3 hours or more. 
Oatmeal: Boil 10 minutes, then steam for l^^ hours or more. 
Irish oatmeal : Boil 10 minutes, then steam for 8 hours or more. 
Wheatena : Boil 10 minutes, then steam for li^ hours or more. 



652 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Gluten mush : Boil 30 minutes. 

Steamed rice : Steam for one hour. 

Boiled rice : Boil for twenty minutes or until soft. 

Arrowroot Gruel. — Dissolve half a teaspoonful of sugar and a 

quarter of a teaspoonful of salt in a cupful of water and heat. Mix 
half a teaspoonful of arrowroot flour with a little water and add to 
the heated water. Boil for twenty minutes, stirring constantly; then 
add a cupful of milk, bring to a boil, strain, and serve hot. 

Barley Gruel. — Proceed as above, using a tablespoonful of Robin- 
son's Barley flour instead of arrowroot. 

Oatmeal Gruel. — As above, but use oatmeal, and boil for half 
an hour or longer before adding the milk. 

Farina Gruel. — Proceed as in making arrowroot gruel, using in- 
stead a tablespoonful of farina, and boil ten minutes before adding 
the milk. 

Cracker Gruel. — Brown the crackers, and reduce to a powder by 
means of a rolling-pin. Add three tablespoonfuls of the powdered 
crackers to half a cupful of milk and half a cupful of boiling water ; 
cook for ten minutes ; then add one-fourth of a teaspoonful of salt 
and serve. 

Cornmeal Gruel. — Take a tablespoonful of cornmeal and moisten 
with a little cold water. Stir this into a pint of boiling water to 
which a pinch of salt has been added. Cook for three hours in a 
double boiler, or for thirty minutes directly over the fire. In the 
latter case it must be stirred constantly. 

Gluten Gruel. — Mix a tablespoonful of gluten flour with one-fourth 
of a cupful of cold water and stir this into one cupful of boiling salted 
water. Cook directly over the fire for fifteen minutes; then add one 
clove and cook over boiling water for a half hour. 

Tapioca Jelly. — Soak a cupful of tapioca of the best quality in a 
pint of cold water for two hours ; when soft, place in a saucepan with 
sugar, the rind and juice of one lemon, a pinch of salt, and another 
pint of water ; stir the mixture until it boils ; turn into a mold and 
set away to cool; if desired, a glassful of wine may be added. 

Chestnut Puree. — ^One pound of chestnuts (not horse-chestnuts) 
are peeled, and boiled in water until the second (inside) skin comes 
off easily. The chestnuts are placed in a sieve until all the water 
drains off. They are then washed in a dish and afterwards passed 
through a sieve. Melt three ounces of butter in a stew-pan on the 
fire, add a little salt and sugar, — enough to cover the point of a 'knife, — 
and then the chestnuts. Stew them for half an hour, stirring fre- 
quently ; pour in enough bouillon so that the mush does not get 
too thick. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 553 

Brown Bread. — Take one-half cupful scalded milk, one-half cupful 
of water, one teaspoonful of salt, one-half teaspoonful of butter, one- 
half teaspoonful lard, two tablespoonfuls of molasses, one-half cupful 
of white flour, sufficient graham flour to knead, and three-quarters of 
a yeast cake dissolved in one-quarter of a cupful of lukewarm water. 
Prepare the same as white bread. Instead of graham flour, equal 
parts of graham flour and white flour may be used in kneading. 

Whole Wheat Bread. — Dissolve a quarter of a yeast cake in a 
tablespoonful of lukewarm water. Pour half a cupful of hot water 
over half a cupful of milk and when lukewarm add the yeast and half 
a teaspoonful of salt. To this add a cupful of whole-wheat flour and 
beat for' five minutes. Cover and allow this to stand in a warm place 
for two hours and a half. Then add whole-wheat flour gradually, 
mixing the mass until it can be kneaded. Knead until elastic ; shake 
and place in baking pans. Cover and allow to stand in a warm place 
until it doubles in bulk. Prick the top with a fork and bake for one 
hour. The oven should not be as hot as for white bread. 

Cream-of-Tomato Soup. — One can tomatoes, one-fourth teaspoonful 
soda, one-half cupful of butter, one-third cup of flour, 3^ teaspoonfuls 
of salt, one-half teaspoonful of white pepper, one quart of milk. Stew 
the tomatoes slowly one-half to an hour, strain and add soda while 
hot; make a white sauce and add the tomato juice. Serve immediately. 

Cream-of-Celery Soup. — One and one-half cupful of celery, one 
pint of water, one cupful of milk, one cupful cream, two tablespoonfuls 
of butter, one-half cupful of flour, one-half teaspoonful of salt, one- 
eighth teaspoonful of white pepper. Cook the celery in the boiling 
water until very soft ; strain and add the hot liquid ; make a white 
sauce and cook until it is thick cream. 

Cream-of-Potato Soup. — Three potatoes, two cupfuls milk, one-half 
cupful of cream, yoiks of two eggs, one teaspoonful of salt, pepper, one- 
half teaspoonful of onion juice. Cook the potatoes until soft, drain, 
mash, add the hot liquid, and strain ; add the beaten yolks and season- 
ing. Cook in a double boiler until the egg thickens, stirring constantly. 
Serve immediately. 

Oyster Stew. — One cupful of milk, one pint of oysters, one-fourth 
teaspoonful of salt, one tablespoonful of butter, pepper. Heat the 
milk. Cook and strain the oyster juice. Add the oysters, which have 
been rinsed, and cook until the edges curl. Add seasoning, butter and 
hot milk. Serve at once This soup may be thickened with a table- 
spoonful of flour cooked in butter as for white sauce. 

Peptonized Milk. — Cold Process. — Mix milk, water and peptonizing 
agents, and immediately place the bottle on ice. Use when ordinary 
milk is required. This is particularly suited for dyspeptics and indi- 
viduals with whom milk does not, as a rule, agree. The flavor of the 
milk remains unchanged. 



654 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Peptonized Milk.— Warm Process. — Put in a glass jar one pint oi 
milk and four ounces of cold water; add five grains of extract of 
pancreas and fifteen grains of bicarbonate of soda. After mixing 
thoroughly, place the jar in water as hot as can be borne by the 
hand (about 115 degrees). This should be heated for from six to 
twenty minutes. At the end of this time it may be placed upon ice 
until required. The contents of one of Fairchild's peptonizing tubes 
may be used in place of the pancreas extract. If the milk is to be 
kept for any length of time, it should be brought to a boil, to prevent 
the formation of too much peptone, which renders the milk bitter. 

Hot Peptonized Milk. — Mix together the usual peptonizing ingred- 
ients and add a pint of fresh cold milk; after thoroughly shaking the 
bottle, place it on ice. When needed pour out the required amount, 
heat it, and drink it as hot as it can agreeably be taken. If required 
for immediate use, the ingredients may be mixed together in a sauce- 
pan and slowly heated to the proper temperature. 

Peptonized Milk Punch. — In the usual milk punch recipes the 
specially peptonized milk may be used in place of ordinary milk. 
Take a goblet one-third full of finely crushed ice ; pour on it a table- 
spoonful of rum and a dash of curacao, or any other liquor agreeable 
to the taste. Fill the glass with peptonized milk; stir well, sweeten 
to taste and grate a little nutmeg on top. 

Peptonized Milk Gruel. — Mix with a teaspoonful of wheat flour, 
arrowroot flour, or Robinson's barley flour with half a pint of cold 
water. Boil for five minutes stirring constantly. Add one pint of 
cold milk and strain into a jar; add the usual peptonizing ingredients, 
place in warm water (115 degrees) for twenty minutes, and then put 
upon ice. 

Junket or Curds and Whey. — Take a half-pint of fresh milk; add 
one teaspoonful of Fairchild's Essence of Pepsin and stir just suffi- 
ciently to mix. Pour into custard cups and let it stand until firmly 
curdled. It may be served plain or with sugar and grated nutmeg. It 
may be flavored with wine which should be added before curdling takes 
place. 

Junket with Eggs. — Beat one egg to a froth, and sweeten with 
two teaspoonfuls of white sugar ; add this to a half-pint of warm milk ; 
then add one teaspoonful of essence of pepsin and let it stand until 
curdled. 

Milk Punch. — Shake together in a lemonade-shaker a glass of milk. 
a tablespoonful of rurn, brandy, or good old whisky and two teaspoon- 
fuls of sugar. After it has been poured into a glass a little nutmeg 
may be grated over the top. 

Whey. — Take a half-pint of fresh milk heated luke-warm (115 
degrees), add one tablespoonful of essence of pepsin and stir just 
enough to mix. When this is firmly coagulated, beat up with a fork 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 655 

until the curd is finely divided and then strain. For flavoring pur- 
poses lemon juice or sherry wine may be added. 

Crcemi of Tartar Whey. — Add a heaping- teaspoonful of cream of 
tartar to a pint of boiling water. Strain, sweeten to taste, and serve 
cold. 

Wine Whey. — Cook together a cupful of milk and half a cupful of 
sherry wine. As soon as the curd separates, strain and sweeten. This 
may be eaten hot or cold. 

Milk Mixture. — This is made of cream, two parts; milk, one part; 
lime water, two parts; sugar water, three parts (seventeen and three- 
fourths drams of milk sugar to a pint of water). 

Milk-and-Cinnamon Drink. — Add a small amount of cinnamon to 
the desired quantity of milk and boil it. Sweeten with sugar and add 
brandy if desired. 

Albuminized Milk. — Shake in a covered jar or lemonade-shaker, a 
cupful of milk, a tablespoonful of lime water and the white of an egg. 
Sweeten, flavor as desired and serve at once. 

Milk-and- Cereal Waters. — A most valuable method of preparing 
milk for invalids with whom it disagrees is to mix equal parts of milk 
and thoroughly cooked barley, rice, oatmeal, or arrowroot water and 
boil them together for ten minutes. This may be served plain, or flav- 
ored by cooking with it a cut-up raisin, a sprig of mace, or a piece of 
stick cinnamon, which should be strained out before serving. 

Irish Moss and Milk. — Soak about two tablespoonfuls of Irish 
moss for five minutes and wash thoroughly in cold water. Add to a 
cupful of milk and soak for a half an hour; then heat slowly, stirring 
constantly, and then boil for ten minutes, preferably in a double boiler; 
strain, pour into cups and cool. This may be served while hot and 
may be rendered more nutritious by the addition of the white of an 
Qgg stirred into it just before serving. 

Eggs. — Eggs and all other albuminous food should be cooked at 
as low a temperature as possible in order to avoid rendering them 
tough. 

Soft-Cooked Eggs. — Place in a pint of boiling water, remove from 
the fire, and allow to stand for eight or ten minutes. If the tgg is 
very cold to start with it will take a little longer. 

Hard-Cooked Eggs. — Place in water, bring to a boil and then set 
on the back part of the stove for twenty minutes. 

Eggs should be served as soon as cooked and the dishes should be 
warm and ready. 

Rules for Custards. — The eggs should be thoroughly mixed but 
not beaten light, the sugar and salt added to these, and the hot milk 
added slowly. Custards must be cooked over moderate heat ; if a cus- 
tard curdles, put it in a pan of cold water and beat until smooth. 
Custards should always be strained. 



t.J6 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Soft Custard. — Take a pint of milk, the yolks of two eggs, two 
taolespoonfuls of sugar, and a pinch of salt. Mix all except the milk 
in a bowl. Heat the milk to the boiling-point and add, stirring con- 
stantly. As soon as mixed, pour into the saucepan in which the milk 
has been heated and cook from three to five minutes, stirring con- 
stantly until it thickens. Strain and pour into a cold bowl and flavor 
with from half to one teaspoonful of vanilla, a teaspoonful or more of 
sherry, or other flavoring material as desired. Custards may be 
cooked to advantage in a double boiler. 

Soup Stock. — ^To make stock, use a chicken or several pounds of 
bones with some meat attached, or a pound of lean meat and one 
quart of water. Cut-up vegetables may be added as desired. For 
flavoring add a sprig of parsley and of celery, a peppercorn, a small 
onion, and a scant teaspoonful of salt. Any of the flavoring veg- 
etables may be omitted as desired or others added. The meat should 
simmer for several hours, until but half the quantity of water remains. 
Then add the other ingredients, simmer half an hour longer, strain 
and cool. Remove the fat. 

Chicken Broth. — Take one pound of chicken and a pint of cold 
water. Clean the fowl, cut it into pieces, and remove the skin. Sep- 
arate the meat from the bone and chop the meat very fine. Place with 
the bones (if large they should be broken) in the water and soak for 
an hour. Cook over hot water for four or five hours at a temperature 
of 190 degrees. Strain and add salt. Water must be added from 
time to time to keep the quantity up to a pint. Remove the fat. If 
the broth is to be reheated use a double boiler. 

Meat Broth: Beef, Veal, Mutton, or Chicken. — Cover one pound 
of chopped lean meat with one pint of water, and allow it to stand for 
from four to six hours. Then cook over a slow fire for an hour until 
reduced to half the quantity. Cool, skim, pour into a jar and strain. 

Veal Broth. — Pour a pint of water on a half-pound of finely 
chopped lean veal and allow it to stand for three hours. Boil for a 
few minutes, strain and season with salt. 

Clam or Oyster Juice. — Cut the clams or oysters into pieces and 
heat for a few minutes in their juice. Strain through muslin and serve 
while hot. In straining great care must be taken that sand does not 
pass through the muslin. The juices should be diluted and may be 
frozen. 

Clam Broth. — Wash three large clams very thoroughly, using a 
brush for the purpose. Place in a kettle with a half a cupful of cold 
water. Heat over fire. As soon as the shells open, the broth is done. 
Strain through muslin, season, and serve. 

Mutton Broth with Vegetables. — Allow one pound of neck of mut- 
ton to each pint of water; add carrots, turnips, onions, and barley; let 
all simmer together for three hours. 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 657 

Mutton Broth Without Meat. — Cook two "shank-ends" in a pint 
of cold water, and vegetables as directed in the foregoing recipe; sim- 
mer for three hours and strain. 

Beef Tea. — Cut up a pound of lean beef into pieces the size of 
dice; put it into a covered jar with two pints of cold water and a 
pinch of salt. Let it warm gradually and simmer for two hours, care 
being taken that it does not at any time reach the boiling point. 

Beef Tea with Oatmeal. — Mix thoroughly one tablespoonful of 
groats with two of cold water; add to this a pint of boiling beef tea. 
Boil for ten minutes, stirring constantly, and strain through a coarse 
sieve. 

Beef Juice. — Broil quickly pieces of the round or sirloin of a size 
to fit the opening of a lemon squeezer. Both sides of the beef should 
be scorched quickly to prevent the escape of the juices, but the interior 
should not be fully cooked. As soon as they are ready pieces of meat 
should be squeezed in a lemon squeezer previously heated by being 
dipped in hot water. As it drips the juice should be received into a 
hot wine glass ; it should be seasoned to the taste with salt and a little 
cayenne pepper, and taken while hot. 

Cold Beef Juice. — Cover one pound of finely chopped lean beef 
with eight ounces of cold water and allow it to stand for eight or ten 
hours. Squeeze out the juice by means of a muslin bag; season with 
salt or sherry wine and drink cold or slightly warmed. It may be 
added to milk, care being taken that the milk be not too hot before the 
juice is added. 

Raw Meat Juice. — Add to finely minced rump steak cold water, 
in the proportion of one part of water to four parts of meat. Stir well 
together and allow it to stand for half an hour. Forcibly express the 
juice through muslin, twisting it to get the best results. 

Beef Essence. — ^Chop up very fine a pound of lean beef free from 
fat and skin ; add a little salt, and put into an earthen jar with a lid ; 
fasten up the edges with a thick paste, such as is used for roasting 
venison in, and place the jar in the oven for three or four hours* 
Strain through a coarse sieve, and give the patient two or three table- 
spoonfuls at a time. 

American Bouillon (American Broth). — Place in a tin vessel that 
can be sealed hermetically alternate layers of finely minced meat and 
vegetables. Seal it and keep it heated in a water bath (bainmaire) 
for six or seven hours and then express the broth. 

Bottle Bouillon. — Cut beef, free from fat, into squares. Place these 
in a stoppered bottle, put the bottle in a basin of warm water, heat 
slowly, and boil for twenty minutes. There will be about an ounce 
of yellowish or brownish fluid for each three-quarters of a pound of 
meat used. The flavor is that of concentrated bouillon. 

42 Methods of preparing raw beef. — Meat given raw should always be 



(358 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

perfectly fresh and very finely divided. Scrape the meat with a sharp 
knife, which will separate the coarser fibers. If the resulting mass is 
stringy pass through a fine sieve. This may be seasoned with salt and 
pepper and served on toast, crackers or bread and butter. It may be 
rolled into small balls and swallowed. These may be flavored as de- 
sired. They may also be slightly browned by rolling about rapidly in 
a hot saucep.an, care being taken not to change any but the outside of 
the ball, and that but slightly. Scraped beef may be served as a liquid 
or semi-solid food. Mix it with an equal quantity of cold water until 
it is quite smooth. Place in a double boiler and cook until thoroughly 
heated, stirring constantly. Add a little salt and pepper and serve 
at once. This may be made thicker by adding less water. 

Raw-beef Soup. — This is made by chopping up one pound of raw 
beef and placing it in a bottle with one pint of water and five drops 
of strong hydrochloric acid. This mixture is allowed to stand on the 
ice over night and in the morning the bottle is placed in a pan of 
water at 110 degrees and kept at about this temperature for two hours. 
It is then placed in a stout cloth and strained until the mass that re- 
mains is almost dry. The filtrate is given in three portions daily. If 
the taste of the raw meat is objectionable, the meat may quickly be 
roasted on one side and the process completed in the manner previously 
described. 

Barley Gruel with Beef Extract. — One-half teaspoonful of "Soluble 
Beef," two cupfuls of hot water, one tablespoonful of barley flour, one 
saltspoonful of salt. Dissolve the beef in the hot water, and mix the 
flour and salt together with a little cold water. Pour the boiling stock 
on the flour and cook for ten minutes. Strain, and serve very hot. 

Beef Broth with Poached Eggs. — Prepare the broth in the propor- 
tion of half a teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef" to one cupful of hot water 
and add a poached egg. 

A Nutritive Drink for Delicate Women and Children. — ^This is 
made by mixing one-fourth to one-half teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef," 
five ounces of boiling water and one-half ounce of cream; season with 
salt and pepper to suit the taste. 

Beef Broth with Grain.— Take one teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef," 
one quart of water, one tablespoonful of rice, and salt to taste. Dis- 
solve the "Soluble Beef" in the hot water and add the well-washed 
rice. Simmer slowly until dissolved and absorbed by the rice, adding 
more beef broth if too much boils away. If not entirely dissolved the 
broth should be strained before using. 

Beef Tea Egg-Nog. — This requires one-eighth teaspoonful of 
"Soluble Beef," one-half cupful of hot water, one tablespoonful of 
brandy, and a pinch of salt. Beat the egg slightly and add the salt 
and sugar. Dissolve the "Soluble Beef" in the hot water, add to the 
egg and strain. Mix thoroughly, adding wine, and serve. 

Chicken Jelly. — Half a grown chicken should be well pounded, and 



NURSING DEPARTMENT 659 

boiled in one quart of water for two hours until only a pint remains; 
season and strain. Serve hot or place on ice, where it will jelly. 

Veal-bone Jelly. — Place ten pounds of veal bones and ten quarts 
of water or weak bouillon over the fire and bring to just a boil. Skim 
and add two pounds of barley and a little salt. Simmer for five or six 
hours and then strain. If too thick dilute, before serving, with bouil- 
lon. Stir in the yolk of an egg in a cup and serve. 

Meat Jelly. — This is made by cooking good boneless, lean beef on 
a water bath with a little water for sixteen hours or until it becomes 
gelatinized. Of the artificial preparations on the market for making 
bouillon the most reliable is Leibig's Extract of Meat (10:250 gm.) 
or Cibil's Bouillon (one teaspoonful to 250 gm,). Inaglio's Bouillon 
Capsules are also very convenient. If it is desired to make a bouillon 
more nutritious one teaspoonful of meat peptone may be added. 

Jelly for Dyspeptics. — Remove the skin and meat from one calf s 
foot; wash the bone and place in cold water on the stove;' when it 
begins to foam skim off the refuse which gathers on top. After rins- 
ing off the scum with cold water put the bones into a pot with one- 
quarter kilo of beef or half an old hen, one-quarter liter of water, and 
little salt, and boil slowly for from four to five hours. Pour the jelly 
thus formed through a fine sieve and place overnight in a cellar. Next 
morning remove the fat and clarify the cold jelly by adding one egg 
with its shells mashed, beating and stirring steadily. Then, with the 
addition of a little cornstarch, subject the whole to a temperature not 
over 60° F., or the white of the egg will curdle. Constantly beat and 
stir. If the jelly begins to get grainy, cover and let it cool until the 
white of the egg becomes flaky and separates. Then strain again sev- 
eral times until it becomes perfectly clear ; add 5 gm. of extract of 
meat, pour the jelly into a mold, and let it cool again. The gravy from 
a roast may be utilized and is very palatable. It must be stirred in 
while the mass is still warm and liquid. This jelly is usually relished 
with cold fowl, but spoils easily in summer; it must therefore be kept 
on ice. 

Gluten Bread. — -Mix one pound of gluten flour with three-fourths 
of a pint or one pint of water at 85 degrees. (With some of the pre- 
pared flours — Bishop's, for example — no yeast is required). As soon 
as the dough is mixed put it into tins and place them immediately in 
the oven ; should be made into small dinner rolls and baked on flat 
tins. The loaves take about one and one-half hours to bake, and the 
rolls three-fourths of an hour. Either are easily made. The addition 
of a little salt improves the bread. (When any special brand of flour 
is used, the directions that accompany it should be followed closely). 



A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FOUR LEADING 
SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE: ALLOPATHY, HOMEO- 
PATHY, OSTEOPATHY AND ECLECTICISM. 



ALLOPATHY.— Literally the word Allopathy means "other 
suffering," from the Greek ''alios" meaning other, and ''pathos" mean- 
ing suffering. A more liberal translation would be, — other methods of 
treating suffering. The term was first used during the latter part of 
the eighteenth century by Hahnemann, the founder of the Homeopathic 
School, to distinguish the ordinary or regular practice of medicine as 
opposed to Homeopathy. 

Notwithstanding the comparatively recent origin of the term, how- 
ever, the methods and theories of Allopathy are based empirically 
upon the results of the practice of medicine since the time of Galen, 
and logically upon the scientific facts disclosed by modern research and 
study. In its broad and popular sense, Allopathy is the preservation 
of health and the treatment of disease by the use of any means that 
will produce a condition incompatible with the disease. 

The application of the theories and methods of this "old school" 
necessitates a thorough knowledge of anatomy, pharmocology, path- 
ology, bacteriology, physiology and other sciences. At the present 
time much stress is also laid upon the means for the prevention and the 
eradication of diseases and their causes. The inefficiency of drugs is 
recognized and besides the articles of the Materia Medica the "regular" 
physician makes use of antitoxins, vaccines, surgery, electricity, baths, 
etc., in treating diseases. Everyday examples of their methods may 
be seen in the use of quinine in Malaria, antitoxins in Diphtheria and 
vaccines in Smallpox, etc. 

HOMEOPATHY. — This school was founded by Hahnemann, who 
lived in Germany over a hundred years ago. Every one now admits 
that he was a great scholar. In translating a materia medica he was 
very much struck with the article on cinchona, where it seemed to 
state that taken continuously in large doses it would produce all the 
indications of ague. He tested other remedies in the same way and 
finally announced his law "Similia Similibus Curantur." 

Definition given by a Medical Dictionary of Homeopathy. — "A 

system of treatment of disease by the use of agents that, administered 
in health, would produce symptoms similar to those for the relief of 
which they are given." For instance, ipecac given in large doses will 
produce certain kind of vomiting. If the same kind of vomiting, with 
the other symptoms agreeing, occurs in disease ipecac would be given 
for the trouble. 

660 



LEADING SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE 661 

But if the vomiting was produced by ipecac, that same medicine 
would not be given to stop it, but treatment given for an over dose 
of the drug, ipecac. According to the principles of Homeopathy a 
medicine is selected which possesses the power (drug diseases) of 
extinguishing a natural disease by means of the similitude of its 
alterative qualities, (similia similibus curantur) ; such a medicine 
administered in simple form at long intervals, and in doses so fine as 
to be just sufficient without causing pain or debility, to obliterate the 
natural disease through the reaction of vital energy. 

A great many medicines are used in this way by all schools, but 
the "regular" school claims it is not an universal law. Some homeo- 
pathic doctors claim that the antitoxin treatment for diphtheria, etc.. 
is an application of the homeopathic law. The poison that produces 
the diphtheria is taken and from this by a thorough and precise process 
the serum is made and injected into the body of a person who has 
diphtheria. 

Hydrophobia is successfully treated in the same way. A homeo- 
pathic doctor has a right to use any sized doses he wishes, but he 
claims experience has proven that large doses are not often necessary 
and that the medicine usually acts better attenuated. 

ECLECTICISM. — An eclectic physician is a member of a school or 
system that claims to select "that which is good from all other schools." 

This school uses very few mineral remedies, but uses many 
vegetable remedies. They have introduced a great many vegetable 
remedies into medical practice and very many of them are useful. 

The homeopathic school has benefited very much by the experi- 
ence of the eclectic system. This school uses remedies in large and 
small doses. Many of them use the homeopathic attenuated drugs. 

OSTEOPATHY.— -'The name 'Osteopathy' is made up of two 
Greek words: 'Osteon,' which means 'bone,' and 'pathos,' which 
means suffering (to suffer). 'Pathy,' our English equivalent for this 
word, by usage has come to mean "a system of treatment for suffering 
or disease. Hence, viewed strictly from its derivation, this term, 
Osteopathy, would carry only the meaning of bone suffering, 'bone 
disease' or 'bone treatment.' " 

Definition. — "Osteopathy is that science of treating human ail- 
ments which regards most diseases as being either primarily produced 
or maintained by an obstruction to the free passage of nerve impulses 
or blood and lymph flow, and undertakes by manipulation to remove 
such obstruction so that nature may resume her perfect work." 

Explanation. — "While it is a distinctive theory of Osteopathy that 
disease conditions, not due to a specific poison, are traceable to 
mechanical disorder in the body, or some part of it, and that the 
correction of such disorder is not only the rational treatment, but is 
necessary to the restoration of a permanent condition of health, yet as 



662 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

a palliative treatment appropriate manipulations are occasionally em- 
ployed to stimulate or inhibit functional activity as conditions may 
require. Osteopaths also employ such rational hygienic measures, 
common to all systems of healing, as has been proven of undoubted 
value, and take into account environmental influences, habits and 
modes of life, as affecting the body in maintaining or regaining health." 

The ''American School of Osteopathy'' is located in Kirksville, 
Missouri. 

The course of study required is of three years duration, of nine 
months each, and the degree of D. O. (Doctor of Osteopathy) is given 
to the graduates. 

OPERATIONS. 

There has been a great change in regard to operations among the 
laity of late years. There is much less opposition and • prejudice. 
The people are being educated to the necessity for operating in many 
diseases. A great deal of the opposition was due to the doctors them- 
selves. There have been doctors who would operate at every oppor- 
tunity. Some doctors could not treat a woman for diseases of the' 
womb and ovaries without suggesting that an operation was necessary. 
There have been a great many healthy organs removed, or at least 
organs that could have been saved by proper treatment. Fortunately 
such doctors are becoming less in number and there is more discrim- 
ination being used. On the other hand there has also been too much 
conservatism. Many persons have spent years in suffering who could 
have been relieved by an operation. Years ago a person suffering 
from terrific attacks of gall stone colic continued to suffer all their 
natural life. Xow an operation is performed and relief is obtained 
at very little risk to life. The same is true of cancers, tumors, etc. 
These, if taken early, can be removed safely and successfully in very 
many cases and lives saved and suffering relieved. 

If an operation is needed the family should go to their family 
physician, in whom they have confidence. He can do the operation 
or direct the family as to what surgeon to choose. Bad results of 
operations are, sometimes, due to the operator. It is the duty of the 
family to choose a competent and honest surgeon. There are plenty 
of them all over the world, — and very few competent surgeons operate 
simply for the money they receive. As a rule they earn all and more 
than they are paid. There are more surgeons today than ever and 
they are also more competent, for our medical schools prepare them 
in the hospitals for that kind of work. 

The surgeons connected with our hospitals, public and private, 
are doing a great work in relieving the ills of humanitv, others in 
private practice are doins^ great work. Here and there one is found 
who operates only for the money, but persons who employ such a 
doctor are usually entitled to the results they receive. Your familv 
physician, even if he is not a surgeon, is the best person to consult 



OPERATIONS 663 

when an operation may be necessary. He will send you to some 
honest and competent man. Operations usually should be performed 
as early as possible. In malignant disease the operation must be done 
early. This applies to cancers of the lip, face, tongue, breast, womb, 
ovaries, stomach and the abdominal cavity. 

Then again, operations are far less dangerous now than before the 
days of aseptic and antiseptic surgery. Cleanliness on the part of the 
surgeon, nurses and patient is the first law of success in all operations. 
Any case that becomes infected through fault of the surgeon or attend- 
ants is no longer looked upon as a thoroughly successful operation, 
even though the patient recovers. 

As in other branches of medicine, there are now many specialists 
in surgery. In the major operations it is best to employ a specialist, 
but in the minor cases the "family doctor" should be competent. If 
he does not care to perform the operation himself he can advise and 
direct you in selecting a competent surgeon. Always seek his advice 
early ; do not wait until the patient is weak or dying before you decide 
to allow the operation, as then the chances are it cannot help. If you 
are in doubt as to the necessity of the operation consult more than 
one surgeon. There is a possibility of a wrong diagnosis in some 
cases. 

SPECIAL OPERATIONS. 

ADENOIDS. — Should be removed early when they obstruct the 
breathing. In another part of the book the reasons are given. The 
same advice is given for tumors and malformations in the nose pas- 
sages. Such conditions should not be allowed to go on until the parts 
are permanently deformed or diseased. These operations are done 
very frequently and successfully now, and many people are saved years 
of worry and suffering. For more extended account see department 
of nose and throat. 

APPENDICITIS.— There has been a great deal of discussion 
cibout this disease. It is no doubt true that many healthy appendices 
have been removed, but it is also true that many lives have been saved 
by operation. There is more discrimination now than formerly in 
this disease. Blood tests, etc., aid in telling when an operation is 
necessary in acute cases. There is very little danger in a chronic case 
if the operation is done during the interval of the attacks. 

CATARACT. — The operation for this trouble is gloriously success- 
ful and the blind are daily recovering their sight through this operation. 

MASTOID. — Operations on the Mastoid cells are frequently per- 
formed now and save many lives. When there is swelling behind the 
ear or there is much pain there a careful examination should be made. 
Chronic cases of Mastoid disease usually demand this operation. 

OVARIES, TUMORS OF THE.— The operation for tumors 
is very successful. If the ovary is simply enlarged by congestion, 



664 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

medicine will frequently reduce it ; but when the enlargement 
is due to a tumor, it should be removed if it continues to enlarge. 
Sometimes there is cancer of the ovary. If so, it should be operated 
upon early. Tumors of the womb, such as fibroids, are often observed. 
They sometimes require removal if they grow large. The symptoms 
will indicate when an operation is needed. These tumors often grow 
so large as to necessitate the removal of the womb. 

PERINEUM AND CERVIX.— The perineum and cervix are 
sometimes torn during labor and should be immediately repaired. The 
perineum is the support for the organs of generation and if it is not 
solid the ovaries, tubes, womb and vagina will sag and fall. Neglect 
of this simple operation at the proper time results in backaches, head- 
aches, etc. Many women have suffered for years and doctored for 
other complaints when proper attention to the real trouble would have 
saved all that expense and pain. Your physician should be requested, 
in advance, to attend before he leaves to any laceration that may 
occur during labor. At this time it causes little or no pain. If post- 
poned until next day or later it would be painful and require an 
anesthetic. Many cases of cancer are caused by neglected lacerations. 

PILES. — It is often necessary to operate both for external and 
internal piles. The result is usually complete relief and cure. 

CANCERS. — Cancers should be operated on early. A sore on the 
womb, lip or tongue, or lump on the breast that continues for a little 
time without getting better, is dangerous. It may soon spread in the 
surrounding tissue and general system. Operations on the womb and 
breast, performed in time, are very successful. Such tumors or sores 
should not be neglected. A lump in the breast should be examined 
early. The womb should be examined if there is a discharge from the 
vagina that continues. In such a case the family doctor can determine 
what should be done. A sore on the lip, tongue, face, etc., that con- 
tinues and refuses to heal should cause suspicion and be shown to 
a physician. 

PLEURISY.— "Water in the chest" sometimes follows pleurisy. 
This, if not absorbed, must be drawn off and is quite easily done. 
After some cases of pneumonia the lung does not clear up properly 
and pus forms in it. An operation is sometimes necessary to evacuate 
it. This should be performed before the patient becomes very much 
exhausted. Some people allow it to continue too long and thus lessen 
the chances of recovery when an operation is at last performed. 

SQUINT. — There is no need for any person being cross-eyed if 
attention ^ is early given to the trouble. Sometimes properly fitted 
glasses will correct this trouble, but an operation is often necessary and 
is very successful and not serious or painful. 

TRACHEOTOMY AND INTUBATION. — The operation of 
tracheotomy, opening of the wind-pipe, is performed where there is 



OPERATIONS' 665 

choking from a foreign body in the wind-pipe or when it has become 
suddenly closed in diseases such as croup and diphtheria. It is always 
an emergency operation and is only resorted to when it is evident that 
unless severe measures are taken the patient will choke to death. 
Intubation is more frequently practised in disease when the breathing 
has become difficult owing to the growth of membrane in the larynx. 
A tube of the proper size is placed in the wind-pipe and allowed to 
remain there until the disease has lost its force and the membrane 
no longer obstructs the air passage. This tube allows the patient to 
breathe freely as it furnishes an opening for the air and an attendant 
notices the change immediately. Intubation should be performed 
before the patient has become weak. 

TONSILS. — A person who is subject to enlarged tonsils should 
watch them carefully. If they contain pus for any length of time they 
should be removed, for they not only obstruct the breathing, but are 
a menace to the health. Enucleation is usually the best method of 
removal. Enucleation means the operation of extracting a tumor in 
entirety after opening its sac, but without further cutting. Removal 
of the tonsils is a simple operation, usually not requiring the use of 
anesthetics and most physicians advise the removal of an enlarged or 
troublesome tonsil. 

CALCULI OR STONES.— Calculi or stones are removed from the 
gall bladder, gall ducts, kidneys, ureter and bladder by operations, 
when it has been ascertained that the patient cannot "pass them." Many 
physicians prefer to locate the calculus by use of the X-rays before de- 
ciding to operate, and there can be no doubt as to the wisdom of this. 
In these, as in all operations, success depends largely upon the general 
condition of the patient. They are not considered dangerous operations, 
but the final decision as to their necessity should rest, in each case, 
with a competent physician or surgeon. 

KIDNEYS, STOMACH, PROSTATE, ETC.— Little can be said 
in this brief paragraph concerning the many operations that are now 
performed upon the different organs. What applies to one applies, in 
general, to all. Operations are now performed, and successfully, for 
pus in the kidney, floating kidney, etc. Ulcers and cancers are removed 
from the stomach and reproductive organs. In some cases it has been 
necessary to remove the organs in their entirety. Pieces of the intes- 
tines have been removed with gratifying results in cases of ulcers and 
injuries. Enlarged prostate nearly always necessitates an operation 
before relief can be expected. It is impossible here to say much con- 
cerning the chances for recovery in each individual case, since they are 
decided by the strength and temperament of the patient, the care and 
skill of the surgeon and nurses, and whether the patient has submitted 
to the operation soon enough in the course of the disease. Let it suffice 
here to say that the majority of the above-mentioned operations are 
successful and result in the relief and often the complete recovery of 
the patient. 



666 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

THE HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS. 

Government Ownership. — The ownership and control of the Hot 
SprinsT? of Arkansas by the United States Government is absolute, and 
its endorsement of them for the treatment of certain ailments is un- 
equivocal. After due investigation, congress took possession of the 
spring-s in the year 1832. and it retained around them a reservation 
ample to protect them from all encroachments. It was the first National 
park reser\-ation of the countr\-. They are set apart by this act as "A 
Naticnal Sanitarium for all time," and "dedicated to the people of the 
United States to be forever free from sale or alienation," 

The Army and Navy Hospital at Hot Springs. — In the year 18S3 
the United States Government built a hospital known as the army and 
na\-5- hospital at Hot Springs, Arkansas, on the Southwestern slope, 
near the base of Hot Springs mountain, since which time the soldiers 
and sailors of the army and na\']fc' have been sent there for treatment 
for such ailments as the waters may reasonably be expected to cure, or 
relieve. In his circular for the guidance of the ofl&cers of the army in 
sending the sick there, the surgeon-general of the United States enum- 
erates the ailments for which the sick should be sent to the army and 
navy hospital at the Hot Springs. It says. "Relief may be reasonably 
expected at the Hot Springs in the following conditions : In the vari- 
ous forms of gout and rheumatism after the acute or inflammator\' 
stage ; neuralgia, especially when depending upon gout ; rheumatism, 
metallic, or malarial poisonings, paralysis, not of organic origin ; the 
earlier stages of locomotor ataxia; chronic Bright's disease (early 
stages only), and other diseases of tne urinar\' organs; functional dis- 
eases of the liver ; gastric dyspepsia, not of the organic origin ; chronic 
diarrhea: catarrhal affections of the digestive and respiratory tracts; 
chronic skin diseases, especially the squamous varieties, and chronic 
conditions due to malarial infection." 

Approved, GEO. H. TORXEY. Surgeon-Genera! U. S. Army. 
J. M. DICKERSOX. Secretary- of War. 

Privileges of Ex-Soldiers of the Civil and Spanish-American Wars. 
— Honorably discharged soldiers of the Civil war, and the Spanish- 
American war, can obtain admission to the army and na\-v- hospital at 
Hot Springs in the following manner, and under certain conditions : 

First. — ^AVrite to the Surgeon-General, United States Army, Wash- 
ington, D. C., for blank applications and instructions. 

Second. — Upon receiving the blank application, fill it out properly, 
and return it to the Surgeon-General, when, if there is room in the 
hospital, he will forward to the applicant papers entitling him to admis- 
sion to the hospital. The conditions are that such ex-soldier shall pay 
forty cents per day during the period he remains at the hospital. Such 
pa\-ment entitles him to board, lodging, baths, medical treatment and 
medicine. 



HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS 667 

Free Baths for the Indigent People of the United States. — By act 
of congress approved December 16th, 1878, the government maintains 
a free bath house for the indigent people of the United States of both 
sexes. No baths will be supplied except on written applications made 
on blanks furnished at the office of the bath house, making full answer 
to the questions therein propounded ; then if the applicant is found to 
be indigent, in accordance with the common acceptations of the word, 
the manager will issue a ticket good for twenty-one baths, which may 
be reissued on the same application if necessary. The daily average of 
baths given at the free bath house for the year 1909 was more than six 
hundred. 

The government is very broad and liberal in construing the mean- 
ing of the word indigent; and the fact that the applicant for free baths 
has some property, seems not to act as a bar to the privilege of free 
baths. Ninety per cent of the patients admitted to the Army and Navy 
Hospital are either cured or relieved. Taking into consideration the 
large number of old civil war veterans treated at the hospital, whose 
ailments have become chronic, this is a very remarkable showing. 

Physicians' and Medical Regulations. — The United States Govern- 
ment, through the interior department, regulates and controls the prac- 
tice of medicine in connection with the hot waters. A local federal 
medical board passes on the applications of physicians who Avish to 
prescribe the hot waters. All who meet the requirements of the board 
are placed on the accredited list. Copies of this list are hung in all the 
bath houses and only those whose names appear thereon are permitted 
to prescribe the hot waters. For the benefit of visitors these lists are 
also kept at the office of the superintendent of the reservation near the 
Army and Navy Hospital. These regulations apply only to those who 
take medical treatment. Others get the baths without formalities of 
any kind. In addition to the Army and Navy hospital and the govern- 
ment free bath house, there are twenty-five bath houses operated by 
private parties, elcA^en of which are situated along the western base of 
Hot Springs mountains on the government reservation, and fourteen 
are on private property at various other points throughout the city. 
The relations of all the bath houses to the government are the same. 
They each pay the water rental to the Interior Department of the 
United States. The government's interests are looked after by a super- 
intendent of the reservation, who is appointed by the President of the 
United States. He has charge of all improvements going en, on the 
reservation and enforces all government rules and regulations concern- 
ing the bath houses. 

Cost of Living at Hot Springs. — Hot Springs is not located in a 
good agricultural section, and it is not a manufacturing city ; therefore, 
the boarding and lodging of visitors is their only source of income. 
Upon nearly every house in the city is displayed the notice that board 
is furnished, or furnished rooms are for rent, with or without light 
housekeeping. A few places furnish board and lodging for $4.50 per 



668 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

week ; the most general charge, however, is from $5.00 to $6.00 per 
week. Renting rooms, arranged for light housekeeping, is the cheapest 
method of living at Hot Springs. The above prices are intended to 
show the minimum cost of living. 

Where to obtain additional reliable information relating to baths, 
board, etc., at Hot Springs, Arkansas. — First. Apply to the superin- 
tendent of the United States reservation, corner of Central and Reserve 
Avenues, Hot Springs. 

Second. The business men of the city have an organization known 
as the "Business Men's League," which is intended and prepared to 
furnish reliable information by letter or personal application to the 
secretary and managers of the Business Men's League. Persons visit- 
ing Hot Springs should not rely upon advice, information, or proposi- 
tions from strangers either on the train or in the city. 



MEDICAL USES OF SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD 

ARTICLES. 

SALT (Sodium Chloride). — This common household article is used 
in a great many different ways. In cooking it is used to season foods. 
The absence of salt gives rise to a bad state of the system, with the 
formation of intestinal worms. If used too freely, it produces in some 
persons excess of blood and corpulency. Salt renders the food more 
palatable in many instances and thus increases the flow of the gastric 
juice. Salt increases the flow of saliva also. For pin-worms, solution 
of salt injected is often effective. 

Constipation. — One teaspoonful to a glass of water taken on aris- 
ing is very good for some people troubled with constipation. For dys- 
pepsia it tones the stomach and aids in digestion in some cases. Salt 
alone in teaspoonful doses will produce vomiting and is good after a 
spree or to empty the stomach in convulsions and poisoning. Mustard 
given with it makes it more effective. A salt solution is frequently 
injected into the rectum to keep up the strength after operating and it 
is also frequently put into the breast for same purpose. 

A gargle and astringent in sore throat. For this purpose it is 
often of use and successful. Taken dry in teaspoonful doses it is often 
given in bleeding from the lungs. It is often used as an antiseptic to 
cleanse sores and wounds. Teaspoonful to a half pint of water. On 
bites of insects strong salt water or applied dry is often very good. In 
bites of snakes and animals dry salt applied freely upon the wound 
is often of value. It draws away some of the poison and also helps to 
burn out and cleanse the wound. 

Fomentations. — Used in this way it is good for sprains and bruises. 

Baths. — One pound of salt to four gallons of water forms a suitable 
salt water bath acting as a tonic and excitant to the skin. 



MEDICAL USES OF COMMOX ARTICLES 669 

AgAie. — Homeopathic doctors claim that salt in the attenuations will 
cure some cases of ague. 

Abuse of Salt. — Too much use of salt will cause a great many 
troubles. It produces a peculiar eruption on the skin, sore eyes, etc. 

Want of Salt. — Domestic animals need it and may die for the want 
of it. Some animals may become sterile if deprived of it. 

LEMON. — Lemons, owing to their pleasant flavor and agreeable 
acidity, are very useful in a sick room. The rind yields an oil of great 
fragrancy. Each lemon yields two to eight drams of acidulous juice 
and contains seven to nine per cent of citric acid, besides phosphoric 
and malic acids, in combination with potassa and other bases. Half 
an ounce of lemon juice should neutralize iwenty-five grains of bicar- 
bonate of potassium, twenty grains of bicarbonate of soda or fourteen 
grains of carbonate of ammonia. The rind of lemon when fresh, be- 
sides the oil above mentioned, contains a bitter crystalline glucoside. 

Hesperidin. — Uses. Lemon juice applied to the surface of the skin 
removes freckles, moth spots, sunburn, pruritus, and ink-stains. 

Internally. — This is a very good remedy to cure scurvy. It is a 
constant companion of sea-goers and scurvy is seldom seen when the 
regulation ration of lemon-juice is used regularly. It also cures the 
scurvy skin trouble or the form of muscular pains felt in scurvy. 

Chronic Rheumatism. — In some cases several ounces of lemon-juice 
administered daily aflfords marked relief and it is also sometimes use- 
ful in acute rheumatism. Lemonade is a useful drink during convales- 
cence, as it increases the urine and reduces its acidity. 

Hot lemonade is useful as a sweating agent to break up colds in 
their beginning. It satisfies the thirst and is very grateful to a stomach 
that is not normal. It makes a very pleasant drink in many cases of 
sickness. 

ONION (Allium Cepa). — It is supposed that the onion is a native 
of Hungary. It is now found over the whole civilized world. It con- 
tains a white, acrid, volatile oil holding sulphur in solution, albumen, 
much uncrystallizable sugar and mucilage, phosphoric acid both free 
and combined with lime, citrate of lime. The Spanish onion contains a 
large proportion of sulphur and thus may be satisfactorily used in 
those cases where sulphur is needed. The action of the volatile oil 
enhances that of sulphur. Spanish onion boiled and eaten freely at 
bed-time is an excellent laxative. ^loderately used the onion increases 
the appetite, promotes digestion, but in large quantities it causes flatu- 
lence, uneasiness in the stomach and bowels. The juice mixed with 
sugar is useful in cough, colds, and croup where there is little inflam- 
mation. Roasted or split it is excellent as a local application in croup, 
tonsilitis and earache. Boiling deprives the onion of its essential oil. 

SODA (Bicarbonate of Soda). — Uses. It is used in stomach fer- 
mentation and in sick headaches arising from this condition. Useful in 



670 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

acidity of the stomach. Good for gas in the stomach. It is good as a 
local application to enlarged acute tonsils applied in powder. It is also 
used in preparing different articles of food. The best to get is the 
bicarbonate of soda at a drug store. 

SULPHUR. — This is an important constituent in certain native 
mineral waters. On the bowels it acts as a mild laxative. It is very 
good in certain skin diseases and for itch in the form of an ointment 
it is often used. It is useful in chronic acne, and for lice, itch, barber's 
itch, etc. It is frequently used as a disinfectant after infectious dis- 
eases. Burning sulphur in a room destroys bed-bugs, chicken lice, etc. 

TURPENTINE (Terebinthina).—Uses. It is a valuable counter- 
irritant in peritonitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, lumbago, pleurodynia, 
etc. Turpentine stupes are frequently used in abdominal inflammation, 
for flatulence and for bloating in typhoid fever. It is a valuable con- 
stituent of a great many liniments. Used in excess it produces bloody 
urine, painful urination and inflammation of the kidneys. The free use 
of barley water, hot bath and purgative relieve its bad effects. 

VASELIN. — Under the name of Petrolatum is sold a semi-solid 
substance derived from certain kinds of petroleum called cosmoline or 
vaselin. It has very soothing powers and does not become rancid and 
is used as a soothing dressing in sores, boils, and skin affections. It is 
frequently used as a base for ointments. Fluid or liquid petrolatum is 
much used now in the form of a spray in the treatment of acute and 
chronic catarrh and after irritant applications to the nasal cavities. It 
is put up now in tubes and is much cleaner and purer. It is very 
soothing and healing when used in this pure form. 

ALCOHOL (Spirit of Wine). — Alcohol is a liquid composed of 
ninety-one per cent by weight of ethylic alcohol and of nine per cent 
by weight of water. Alcohol dissolves alkaloids, fatty and resinous 
substances, and is largely used as a menstruum in obtaining the active 
principles of drugs in an available form for administration. It is the 
basis for spirits, tinctures and elixirs ; spirits being solutions of volatile 
substances in alcohol ; tinctures, solutions of active principles of plants, 
generally obtained by maceration and percolation. An elixir is a cor- 
dial flavored with orange and syrup, used as a vehicle for other reme- 
dies and as a stomachic. 

Its action is very extensive. It is used extensively in medical 
preparations. It is a good application to prevent bed-sores. The addi- 
tion of one dram of alum to a pint makes it more effective. Hot appli- 
cations relieve pain in face neuralgia, cold in the face or toothache. It 
is often used after bathing in full strength or diluted to rub on the 
body to prevent taking cold. It stimulates the digestive organs, nerv- 
ous system and the circulation. It is much used in snake-bite. Its 
constant use is a menace, as all know. It should never be taken for 
disease unless prescribed by a reputable physician. 



MEDICAL USES OF COMMON ARTICLES 671 

ALUM (Alumen). — Dried alum is an astringent and mild "burner" 
for growths such as ''proud flesh." The glycerite of alum is useful in 
tonsilitis or pharyngitis when it is not acute. In solution it condenses 
tissue by coagulating their albumin and acts as an astringent. 

Uses of the Strength. — One dram to a pint of whisky and water 
aids in checking sweating in consumption when applied with a sponge. 
It is a good injection for the whites. A cotton plug soaked in alum 
often stops nosebleed by inserting it in the nostrils, or a solution may 
be thrown or snuffed into the nostrils. It is also good as a gargle for 
tonsilitis and sore throat. 

Emetic for Croup. — Put a heaping teaspoonful in thirty-two tea- 
spoonfuls of water or syrup and give a teaspoonful every fifteen min- 
utes until vomiting is produced. It is often used stronger when quick 
action is desired. It is a mild astringent and thus used to check 
mucous discharges from the bowels, etc. Burnt powdered alum is 
often used to destroy "proud flesh." 

BORAX (Sodium Borate). — This drug as it appears in commerce 
of America is derived entirely from natural deposits found on the 
shores of lakes of California and Nevada. This is purified. 

Action. — It is antiseptic in its action. It renders the urine alkaline. 
Gargle. It is used as a gargle in sore mouth and throat in dose of a 
dram to a pint of water. It is very good used as a wash for fetid 
sweating, especially of the feet. It is often used in combination in 
catarrh of the nose. It can be combined with soda for this purpose in 
dose of one dram of each to two pints of pure water and used in an 
atomizer. 

CAMPHOR.— This is distilled from the wood and bark of the 
camphor tree, cinnamomum camphoro, which grows chiefly in China 
and Japan. It should be kept in closed bottles. 

Uses. — It is good for cold in the head in the early stages. It may 
be snuffed up the nostrils in fine powder, or put in boiling water and 
the fumes inhaled. It is good used as a liniment in neuralgia, stiff 
neck, rheumatism and for boils and sores. Used in the form of cam- 
phor ice it is very good for sores, cuts, boils, etc. It is often of use to 
smell when one feels faint. It is one of the ingredients in many lini- 
ments. Its external use as spirits of camphor is extensive. 

CASTOR OIL (Oleum Ricini).— This is derived from the beans 
of Ricinis Communis, a plant in the United States. Action. It is 
bland and unirritating in its action as a purge and generally acts in 
four to five hours. 

Uses.— It is used whenever irritant materials such as bad food, 
putrid flesh, decaying vegetables have been eaten, to move the bowels. 
It is good in diarrhea produced by above causes and others, such as 
corn, peanuts, cherry stones, berries. It is apt to produce piles and 
constipation if used constantly. It is often given in the form of cap- 



672 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

sules containing from one-fourth to one teaspoonfiil. Dip the capsules 
in water, as this renders them slippery and are easily swallowed. Dose 
is from one to six teaspoonfuls. 

OLIVE OIL. Sweet Oil (Oleum Olivae).— This is expressed 

from the ripe fruit. 

Action and Uses. — It is a lubricant. It is added to poultices as an 
emollient in pneumonia and skin diseases. Internally, olive oil is 
nutritious and laxative, and a purgative in infants in doses of one 
teaspoonful. In adults it is a useful remedy in many irritant poisons, 
excepting phosphorus. It is given in large doses for gall stones, three 
to six ounces at a dose. 

GINGER (Zingiber). — Ginger is the rhizome of Zingiber Officinale, 
a plant of Hindostan, Jamaica and other tropical countries. Action : 
It is an agreeable carminative and stimulant, increasing the secretions 
and stimulating the wavelike movement of the bowels. It acts as an 
irritant to the bladder and urethra. 

Uses. — It is put in laxative pills to prevent griping and to disguise 
the taste of the salines. It is useful in dyspepsia of aged persons and 
also good in flatulence and diarrhea. For menstrual cramps, due to 
suppression from exposure to cold it is useful as a warm tea and also 
for colds. It is also used in the spice plasters. 

HONEY (Mel). — This is a saccharine fluid deposited in combs by 
the honey bee (Apis Mellifica). Action: It is slightly laxative and 
a pleasant article of food. Honey and water is used as a gargle and 
to relieve cough, dryness of the mouth and fauces. When used as a 
gargle it increases the secretion of the mucous membrane and so 
relieves the congestion. It is apt to disorder the stomach when used 
too freely. Honey mixed with lemon juice and w^ater is very good 
for a cough, especially the tickling kind. 

LARD (Adeps). — This is a common household article known to 
all. It is frequently used as the basis for ointments and cerates and 
in dornestic practice as a lubricant. Tincture benzoin added to it pre- 
vents it from becoming rancid. It can be used in corrosive poisoning 
as an antidote except where phosporus and carbolic acid have been 
swallowed. It is also used in preparing articles of food. It has more 
penetrating power than petrolatum or vaselin. Washed lard, beaten 
up with an equal quantity of lime-water, and a few drops of oil of 
bitter almond, thymol, or carbolic acid added, is splendid for burns; 
stiffened with yellow wax it forms the simple ointment often used. 
It softens the hard skin and reduces its heat, when the natural secre- 
tion is suppressed. It also softens and removes scabs and lessens and 
prevents the effect of irritant discharges. The simple lard ointment 
relieves the intense heat and itching of the skin in scarlet fever. Dis- 
solved and given in larofe doses it causes nausea and vomiting. 



MEDICAL USES OF COMMON ARTICLES 573 

MUSTARD (Sinapis). — Mustard flour, two tablespoonfuls to a 
glass of water, acts as an emetic. If given largely it produces violent 
gastritis, and chronic gastritis is often set up by its constant use in 
excess. It should not be used in acute dyspepsia and bowel irritation. 
External: It is applied for colic due to flatulence and for acute inflam- 
mation of different organs and is also good when applied to the nape 
of the neck in headache, neuralgia, etc. Lint soaked in limewater 
and olive oil relieves the excessive burning from the plaster. Mustard 
foot baths made by using one handful of ground mustard to half pail 
of hot water is useful in colds, sleeplessness, headache, convulsions, 
dysmenorrhea. 

CREAM OF TARTAR (Potassii bitartras).— Uses : It is useful 
in kidney diseases to remove dropsy. In large doses of four teaspoon- 
fuls it acts as a watery purge. It is useful where the urine is thick 
and alkaline to make it clear and normal. It is sometimes combined 
in equal parts with epsom salts to move the bowels, especially when 
an action on the kidneys is also necessary. It is given in teaspoonful 
doses before breakfast for prickly heat; it is cooling to the blood and is 
one of the old home remedies. 

VINEGAR (Acetic Acid). — Vinegar contains from six to seven 
per cent acetic acid. Dilute acetic acid contains six per cent pure 
acetic acid. The pure or glacial acetic acid is a crystalline solid at 59° 
F., takes up moisture readily so should be kept in well stoppered 
bottles. Acetic acid is a strong corrosive poison; if taken internally, 
causes vomiting, with intense pain, followed by convulsions and fatal 
coma. If the acid remains in the stomach for some time it may eat 
its way through the stomach wall. In cases of poisoning by acetic 
acid, milk or flour and water should be freely given and vomiting 
produced. Weak alkalies should also be given as antidotes. Glacial 
acetic acid is used as an application to cancer of the skin, ulcers, warts, 
growths in the nose, ringworm, lupus (Jacob's Ulcer) and other ulcer- 
ous growths. Vinegar or dilute acetic acid is given to check night 
sweats and to relieve diarrhea. It is also used in treating painter's 
colic after the constipation has been relieved, as an antidote to poison- 
ing by caustic alkalies ; externally to prevent bed sores, relieves head- 
aches, checks moderate bleeding from leech bites, superficial wounds, 
nosebleed and in post-partum hemorrhage. It inhibits the growth of 
micro-organisms. Cases of catarrhal, membranous and diphtheric croup 
are benefited by the vapor of vinegar diffused through the sick room. 
A compress saturated in vinegar and placed over the nose until con- 
sciousness returns is recommended to prevent or relieve vomiting, 
nausea and headache following the inhalation of chloroform. 



43 



UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Received Too Late to Place in Proper Departments 



Bums, Lime Water and Sweet Oil for. — "Put unslaked lime about 
the size of a hen's egg in three pints of water and strain ; add one 
cup of sweet oil, shake and keep burn moist. Will heal without scar 
or scab." This is highly recommended by physicians. 

Bums, Charcoal for. — "Powered charcoal put on thick. This gives 
quick relief." It is an antiseptic poultice and keeps air from burned 
surface. 

Burns or Scalds, Grated Onions for. — "Grate onions and mix two 
parts pulp with one part salt; apply twice or three times a day, 
changing as soon as onions are wilted." The onions are very sooth- 
ing and keep the air from the affected parts. 

Bums, an Easily Prepared Remedy for. — "Spread pure lard, or any 
unsalted grease over burned surface, cover thickly with flour and wrap 
with soft cloth after pain has ceased. Remove the flour and spread 
again with lard or vaselin. Sprinkle over with boracic acid powder 
and wrap up." This is an old tried remedy and one we all know to 
be good. The grease helps to lessen the smarting, while the boracic 
acid is a good antiseptic and keeps the air out. 

Bunions, Pulverized Salt Petre for. — "Five cents worth of pulver- 
ized salt petre put into a bottle with sufficient olive oil to nearly 
dissolve it. Shake well and apply to parts night and morning." 

Blisters from Bums or Scalds, White of Egg for. — "Apply immed- 
iately the white of an egg. Keep the part from being exposed as much 
as possible to the air." White of egg is soothing and forms a coating 
while blistered part is healing, also protects it from air. 

Bites from Insects, Simple Remedies for. — "Tolerably strong solu- 
tion carbolic acid and water. An onion cut in two and rubbed on will 
also do." Carbolic acid is an antiseptic; onion is soothing and helps 
to draw out poison by acting as a poultice. 

Catarrh, Burnt Alum for. — "Burn alum and powder finely or buy 
prepared burnt alum at the drug store and use as a snuff eight or ten 
times daily. Ten cents' worth wall last a long time. My mother 
used this remedy and believes that she has cured her catarrh entirely 
with it." Alum is an antiseptic, is cleansing, as well as an astringent 
remedy. 

Catarrh, Bad Case Cured by the following: "Inhale fumes of 
iodine crystals. This w^as given me by a friend, who claimed it cured 
a bad case of catarrh." Use moderately. 

674 



UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 675 

Catarrh, Borax and Camphor for. — "Inhale three times daily equal 
parts of borax, camphor and salt." These ingredients should be pow- 
dered very finely and a pinch of the powder snuffed carefully several 
times a day. This is a very simple but effective remedy. 

Catarrh, Pure Lard for. — "Take a bit of pure lard size of a pea 
and draw it up each nostril every evening. It will require about a 
year of constant use." The grease helps to keep the affected parts 
moist and relieves any congestion present. Any one suffering with 
this disease should make it a point to use grease in some form every 
night. It gives great relief. 

Cancer, Yellow Dock Root for. — Scrape narrow leaf yellow dock 
roots and steep in cream to make a salve and apply externally. Add 
a little alcohol if you wish to keep it for sometime." 

Colds.— 

"Dover's Powders 20 grains 

Capsicum 15 grains 

Camphor 10 grains 

Quinine 25 grains" 

Mix. Make up into about 20 capsules or powders. Take 
one every 2 or 3 hours. This is recommended as a sure cure 
for colds. Keep bowels open with small doses of salts or oil. 

Coughs and Colds, Mullein Remedy. — "Steep Mullein leaves in 
fresh milk. Drink of it just before going to bed. This makes a sooth- 
ing drink." 

Cough Syrup, an Easily Prepared Remedy for. — 

"Fluid Wild Cherry Bark 5^ ounce 

Compound Essence Cordial 1 ounce 

White Pine Compound 3 ounces" 

Dose : Take twenty drops every half hour for four hours and 
then from one-half to one teaspoonful three or four times a day. 
children less according to age. 

Constipation, Bran as a Cure for. — "Take each night two dessert- 
spoonfuls of bran. Take a spoonful at a time and chew it slowly and 
thoroughly and swallow." This simple remedy has been known to 
cure cases of long standing if kept up faithfully for a while. 

Constipation, an Old Tried Remedy for. — "One ounce of cream of 
tartar and two ounces of salts ; pour quart of boiling water over mix- 
ture and stir till dissolved ; drain off and take a wineglassful every 
morning." The cream of tartar is a good blood purifier and the salts 
carry off all impurities in the system and in that way relieve the 
constipation. 

Constipation, an Effective Remedy for. — "^Chop fine a half-pound 
seeded raisins and one ounce of senna leaves together; mix with a 
half ounce powdered sulphur in air-tight jar. Chew a piece the size 
of a walnut every night." 

Constipation, Baby, Juice from Prunes for. — "Give baby a tea- 
spoonful of juice from cooked dried prunes whenever a laxative is 



676 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

wQ^tA^d." This remedy will be found useful, not only for infants, but 
older children as well. When old enough let them eat the pulp as 
well as the juice. 

Cramps, Turpentine for. — "A cloth dipped in turpentine and applied 
will relieve cramps in the limbs." Any one suffering with this difficulty 
will find the above treatment very beneficial. 

Croup, Quick Cure for. — "A quantity of raw linseed oil should 
always be at hand in a family where the children are subject to croup. 
It is an unfailing remedy, and for quick results it beats anything 
else which can be given for that dread disease. Half a teaspoonfiil 
is a dose, unless the child is choking very badly ; then give a tea- 
spoonful. It acts two ways. In the first stage of croup, where there 
is not much mucus , it is loosened and carried off through the bowels. 
In the second stage it causes vomiting, but, unlike ipecac, it leaves 
no soreness of the throat as an after difficulty. It is rarely necessary 
to give more than one dose, when the child will get relief and go 
\o sleep again. This simple remedy is one that is within the reach 
of every mother, and one that can be kept on hand at all times; 
and, while it is in the house the dreaded croup need cause no 
terrors." 

Croup, Salt Water for. — "A handful of salt in a basin of cold 
water. Wring towel out of this solution and apply over the throat. 
Cover with warm flannel, keep patient warm." This simple but effec- 
tive remedy has been known to give relief many times and has been 
thoroughly tried by a great many mothers. 

Chapped Hands, an Inexpensive Remedy for. — "One-fourth ounce 
gum tragacanth, one-fourth ounce boracic acid, one ounce glycerin, 
one and one-half ounce alcohol, five cents' worth best white rose 
perfume. Soak gum in pint of rain water for thirty-six hours ; let 
warm slowly until heated. Remove from the stove, strain through 
a cheese cloth, add the other ingredients, stir well and bottle." 

Cholera Infantum, Chickweed For. — "Chickweed boiled and sweet- 
ened in milk. This cured my daughter when an infant. This recipe 
has been used by me and my mother and proved effectual." The 
above remedy is an inexpensive one and easily prepared. It will be 
found excellent for this trouble. 

Dog Bite, Home Treatment for. — "Apply common salt." Salt eats 
and draws poison out. Use it freely. 

Drunkenness, Chocolate for. — "Give patient all the chocolate he 
can or will eat. This cured one man I know." 

Diphtheria, a Marine City Mother Gives the Following Cure For. 
— "One-fourth pound loaf sugar, one-fourth pound gum kino, one- 
fourth ounce alum ; put in a covered porcelain dish on stove in a quart 
of soft water. Simmer down to one pint, gargle the throat every 
fifteen minutes, or for small children use a swab.' Bandage the throat 
with onion poultices ; this recipe has relieved when used as directed ; 
was used by my mother and proved effectual." 



UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 677 

Dropsy, Chestnut Leaves for. — "A tea made of chestnut leaves 
taken freely instead of water." These leaves can be purchased at any 
drug store in five-cent packages. Prepare the same as ordinary tea, 
only stronger. 

Eczema, Lard and Sulphur for. — "Melt lard and sulphur. When 
cool add a little alcohol to keep sweet." This combination is very 
soothing to the parts affected. 

Eczema, Gasoline for. — "Bathe the affected parts in gasoline; be 
careful not to use the liquid where there is fire or lamps." 

Erysipelas, Antiseptic Wash for. — 

"Hyposulphite of Soda 8 ounces 

Carbolic Acid (200 drops) 3^ drams 

Soft Water 1 pint" 

The above wash has very strong recommendations as a local appli- 
cation. It was secured from a family that had used it at different 
times for twenty years. The family seemed to be susceptible to ery- 
sipelas and this medicine had been used for three generations, grand- 
father, son and grandson. In fact, it was the only remedy that helped 
their case, although many others had been tried. The entire prescrip- 
tion would cost about fifteen cents. 

Fishbone, Choking from. — "Raw egg, taken soon as possible." It 
helps to carry bone out of throat and is a remedy ready at hand. 

Goitre, a Good Remedy for. — 

"Iodine 1 dram 

Iodide of Potassium 4 drams 

Soft Water 4 ounces 

Apply night and morning. Rub on with feather or soft brush all 
around, as well as immediately on the lump." This is a counter- 
irritant and often used for goitre. 

Goitre, Iodine for. — "Blister with iodine. Heal with sweet cream, 
paint and blister again. This wore my sister's goitre away. It took 
time but was worth it." It should produce redness instead of a 
blister. 

Headache, Lemon Juice and Coffee for. — "A teaspoonful of lemon 
juice in a small cup of black coffee will relieve." This is an old tried 
remedy and one that will be found beneficial. 

Inflammatory Rheumatism, Salt Petre and Sweet Oil for. — "One 
ounce salt petre pulverized, one pint sweet oil. Rub parts affected." 

Ingrowing Toenail, Home Treatment for. — "Cut a notch in the 
top of the nail with a penknife, scrape the nail from base to top." 

Ingrowing Toenail, a Good Canadian Remedy for. — "Paint part 
ufider flesh with four parts caustic potash, six parts warm water. 
Paint part and scrape with piece of glass or sharp knife. Repeat till 
thin enough to break off." The caustic potash makes parts soft. 



678 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Ingrowing Toenail, Camphor for. — ''Cut part growing in with 
sharp knife and put camphor on intruding part. This eases the pain 
and prevents second growth." 

Indigestion, Egg Shells for. — "Brown egg shells in oven and crush 

till very fine with a rolling pin, then take a teaspoonful at meal times 
three times a day." 

Inflammation of the Bowels, a Grandmother's Remedy for. — "Raw 

linseed oil and bean poultice. Use as hot as can be borne ; keep repeat- 
ing until relieved. This recipe has been used by my mother." 

Kidney Trouble, an Easily Prepared Remedy for. — ^"Steep plantain 
leaves into strong tea. Take half cup every night. This has been 
found good for kidney trouble." Also good for ivy poisoning, burns, 
scalds, bruises, and to check bleeding; pound leaves to a paste and 
apply to parts. 

La Grippe, Red Pepper Treatment from a Canadian Mother for. — 

''Take a bottle of alcohol, put enough red pepper in it so that when 
four drops are put in a half cup of water it is strong. This is what 
I always break up my grippe with." Peppers thus prepared stimulate 
and warm up the stomach and bowels and increase the circulation. 

Rheumatism, Liniment Sent Us from Gentleman in Canada (says 
he paid $7.00 for it).— 

"Capsicum Powdered 1 onnce 

Camphor i/^ ounce 

Oil Hemlock ^ ounce 

Spirits Ammonia i^ ounce 

Chloroform ^ ounce 

Oil Turpentine i/^ ounce 

Oil Wormwood 1 dram 

Potassium Nitrate 1 dram 

Add Alcohol to make 12 ounces 

Good Liniment. — "Sweet oil. turpentine, hartshorn, equal parts. 
Keep corked." 

Liniment, Sprains, Etc. — English Black Oil. 

"Tanner's Oil 1 pint 

Oil Vitriol 1 ounce 

Spirits of Turpentine 1 ounce 

Beef's Gall, contents of 1 gall 

Put oil vitriol in tanner's oil, let stand twelve hours and not cork 

tightly, then add balance." 

Lumbago, Ointment for. — • 

"Vaselin 1 ounce 

Belladonna 15 grains 

Salicylic Acid 1 dram 

Sodium Salicylate 1 dram 

Apply. 

Also good to rub on bunions." 



UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 679 

Neuralgia, Soothing Ointment for. — "One ounce of laudanum, 
baking soda to make paste." Apply to parts and cover with flannel." 
Its virtue is in its soothing and quieting action. 

Pain or Rheumatism, Tansy and Smartweed for.— "Boil handful 

each of tansy and smartweed together till strong tea is made. Dip 
cloths in the hot tea and apply." Good local and quieting application. 

Pain, Horseradish Poultice for. — "Grate and make poultice. Apply 
to part where pain is." Makes a good drawing poultice and a counter- 
irritant. 

Pains, Liniment to Relieve. — 

"Peppermint 1 ounce 

Oil of Mustard ^ ounce 

Vinegar 1 pint 

White of one egg. 
Beat egg and stir all together." 

Pain, Vinegar and Pepper for. — "Hot flannel cloths wrung from 
vinegar, to which a pinch of cayenne pepper has been added, applied 
hot to any part of the body, will relieve pain." This is very good. 
This remedy is always at hand and can be prepared quickly. It will 
most always give relief. 

Palpitation of the Heart, Salt Baths for. — "Stop drinking tea and 
coffee. Add sea salt to water when bathing. This cured me and I 
have not been bothered for four or five years." Good when palpitation 
is due to nervousness. 

Piles.— 

"Extract Belladonna 15 grains 

Acetate Lead >2 dram 

Powdered Opium ^ dram 

Gallic Acid 15 grains 

Muriate Cocaine 5 grains 

Vaselin 1 ounce 

Mix. 

In protruding, itching and blind piles this ointment will give almost 
instant relief; if kept up several days it will promote a cure." 

Poison Ivy, Buttermilk and Salt Heals. — "Add considerable salt to 
buttermilk and bathe poisoned parts in it frequently." 

Poison Ivy, Lead Water and Laudanum Relieves. — "Application of 
cold lead water, made in proportions of two drams of sugar of lead, 
half an ounce of laudanum to half a pint of water and applied by 
means of cloths. The patient should eat a cooling, light diet and 
use a good saline cathartic, such as rochelle salts, etc." 

Poison Ivy, Excellent Cure for. — "Copperas mixed with sour milk; 
put in all the copperas the milk will dissoh^e. I knew of a very bad 
case to be cured by this after a few applications. Care should be taken 
not to let it get on the clothing, as it burns badly." 



580 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Poisonous Wounds, Ammonia Application for. — "Strong spirits of 
ammonia applied to the wounds of snake bite or rabid animals is better 
than caustic. It neutralizes the poison and is an excellent remedy." 

Oak Poison, Gimpowder and Lard for. — "Mix small quantity of 
gunpowder and lard and apply. One application cured me." This is 
an old, tried, standard remedy. 

Milk Poison, Popular Remedy for. — 

Yellow Poplar Bark 4 ounces 

Wild Gooseberry Roots 4 ounces 

Slippery Elm Bark 4 ounces 

Put in an earthern vessel with two quarts of water; put over a slow 
fire and simmer to one pint, then strain and add it to one gallon of 
the best rye whisky and give one wineglassful for the first dose, and 
thereafter give two tablespoonfuls every two hours. Move the bowels 
by pink and senna tea. Poultice the bottom of the feet with blue 
flag swamp root mashed fine to the consistency of a poultice. For 
the vomiting associated with the disease give one teaspoonful wild 
deer horn in a little water obtained by filing or grinding the horn of 
a wild deer. As this is not always to be obtained, a tablespoonful 
of pulverized chalk is good, or a little cold tea may be given. This 
recipe has been known to save many persons' lives, when the doctors 
had given up in despair. When the patient becomes sufficiently 
improved to warrant it, the dose may be decreased, but it should be 
taken quite a long time to kill the poison or counteract the poison 
in the system." 

Poor Circulation, Alcohol Rub for. — "Rub vigorously night and 
morning with good whisky. Don't stop for a week or so after patient 
looks and feels well." Rubbing with alcohol would probably be 
preferred. 

Ruptures, Herb Remedy for. — "Make a poultice of lobelia and 
stramonium leaves, equal parts, and apply to part, renewing as often 
as necessary." This poultice acts by relaxing the muscles, but in 
severe cases no application will do any good and the doctor should 
be consulted. 

Rheumatism, Mountain Leaf Tea for. — "Tea made of mountain 
leaf taken frequently cures rheumatism." 

Rheumatism, Beef Gall for. — "Two beef galls in pint bottle, fill 
bottle with whisky. Apply often." 

Salt Rheum, a Well-Tried Remedy for. — "Teaspoonful of red pre- 
cioitate to two tablespoonfuls of lard. Anoint the parts affected." 
This recipe has been used by my mother and myself and proved 
effectual. 

Snake Bites, Simple Poultice for. — "Poultice of hops or salt and 



UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 681 

grease ; grease is to keep salt together. Hops are always kept to be 
used in berry season." As a poultice it draws the poison out. 

Snake Bites, Onions and Salt for. — "Good drawing poultice for 
snake bites is an onion and a handful of salt pounded together. We 
also use this for a common poultice." 

Stings, an Old, Tried Canadian Remedy for. — "For the bee sting 
I put soda on and dampen it with honey." An old-time remedy and 
seems to do the work. Soda is an antiseptic and cleansing remedy. 
If no honey at hand, dampen soda with water. 

Stings from Nettles, an Inexpensive Remedy for. — "Rub the 

affected parts, if of nettles, with berry juice and let dry. This is 
what I always do during the berry season." Berry juice is quieting 
and soothing; it contains tannin. It would be handy to use and is 
recommended. 

Stye, Common Tea Leaves for. — "After steeping tea gather out a 
small handful of the steeped leaves, lay them in a cloth as you would any 
poultice, and apply warm over the stye." It is the tannin in the tea 
that cures the stye, although clear tannin bought at the drug store 
does not seem to do the work as well. Black tea may be preferable. 

Splendid General Salve. — 

"Resin 4 ounces 

Beeswax 4 ounces 

Lard 8 ounces 

Honey 2 ounces 

Boil slowly until melted, then remove and stir until cold." 

Scrofulous Difficulties, a Good Remedy for. — "A tea made of ripe 
dried whortleberries and drank in place of water is an excellent 
remedy." 

Sore Eyes, Camphor and Breast Milk for. — "When a tiny baby 
has sore eyes, add one-half drop of camphor to a teaspoonful of breast 
milk ; bathe the eyes several times a day." Breast milk alone applied 
to the eyes of an infant is very healing, but the addition of camphor 
improves it. 

Sore Throat, Mustard Plaster for. — "Mustard plaster applied on 
outside of the throat. I know it is good — have tried it." Care should 
be taken not to allow the plaster to remain on too long as it will 
blister. 

Stammering, a Canadian Mother's Treatment for. — "I always stop 
my boy when I hear him stammering and make him say the words 
by syllables. I find he is getting much better." The above is one 
of the best plans and should be tried. 

Sweating, to Cause. — "Wet flannel cloth in vinegar, lay it on a 
hot soapstone and wrap in cloth. Take it to bed and you will sweat." 
This creates a steam and of course will produce sweating very quickly. 



682 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Sweating, to Cause. — "Hot cornmeal mush applied as a poultice to 
parts, will cause sweating." 

Splinter, to Extract — "When a splinter has been driven deep into 
the hand, it can be extracted without pain by steam. Nearly fill a 
wide-mouthed bottle with hot water, place mouth of the bottle over 
splinter and press tightly. The suction will draw the flesh down, and 
in a minute or two the steam will extricate the splinter and the inflam- 
mation will disappear." 

Toothache, Benzoin for. — "Compound tincture of benzoin applied 
on batting to tooth." 

Toothache. Oil of Cinnamon for. — ''Oil of cinnamon rubbed on 

gum and cii cotton batting and put in hollow tooth." 

Weak Back. Turpentine and Sweet Oil for. — "Take one part of 
turpentine to two parts of sweet oil. mix together and apply to back 
several times a day. It is well to massage the back at night with this 
mixture just before retiring. Always apply warm." 

Weak Back, Liniment for. — 

"Tincmre ct Cayenne Pepper -i ounce 

Spirits of Camphor 2 ounces 

Laudanum ; j ounce 

No better liniment : is an excellent remedy to bathe the back with ; 
will not blister." 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL 
CUSTOMS 

FOR 

OUR GREAT MIDDLE CLASS 

AS WELL AS 

OUR BEST SOCIETY 



Correspondence, Cards and Introductions, Dress for Different 

Occasions, Weddings, Christenings, Funerals, Etc, 

Social Functions, Dinners, Luncheons. 



Gifts, ^'Showers," Calls, and Hundreds of Other Essential 

Subjects so Vital to Culture and Refinement of Men, 

Women, School-Girls and Boys at Home 

and in Public. 



By MRS. ELIZABETH JOHNSTONE 



"The small courtesies sweeten life, the greater ennoble it." 

The social code which we call etiquette is no senseless formula. 
It has a meaning and a purpose. It is the expression of good manners, 
and good manners have been rightly called the minor morals. Thit 
is true in the sense that they are the expression of the innate kind- 
ness and good will that sum up what we call good breeding. As tc 
its importance, Sir Walter Scott once said that a man might witr 
more impunity be guilty of an actual breach of good morals tht» , 
appear ignorant of the points of etiquette. 

683 



684 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Every social custom has a foundation established by usage as a 
recognition of social needs, and intended to prevent rudeness and con- 
fusion ; intended also to make polite society polite. We must conform, 
according to our circle, to social conventions as thus established, since 
they are the ripened results of long and varied experience in what is 
most suitable and becoming. Not to observe them is to advertise our 
ignorance and expose ourselves to criticism. 

Importance of Knowledge. — That the importance of a knowledge 
of social customs is widely felt is proved by the pathetic letters ad- 
dressed to the editors of women's magazines and departments, asking 
for information to enlighten ignorance. Such letters range from the 
naive inquiry of the unsophisticated girl as to whether it is "proper" 
to allow her ''gentleman friend" to kiss her good night, up to the plaint 
of the novice who doesn't know how to make her spoons and forks 
come out even at a dinner-party. Here in America, where circum- 
stances may lift a family from poverty and obscurity to wealth, with 
a position to win in a few brief years, the first great anxiety of those 
not ''to the manor born" is to learn how to comport themselves in 
their new situation, and educate their children in correct behavior. 

Good manners are a necessary equipment of both men and women. 
In many circles, success is impossible without such equipment. An 
agreeable manner, a knowledge of what to do and when to do it, is 
indispensable to the woman in society, and any man who meets other 
men in a business way will willingly bear testimony to the reluctance 
with which he approaches the gruff, brusque man, whose manners are 
patterned after those of Ursa Major. The man whose manners are 
agreeable may be as ugly as Caliban, yet please everybody. 

Moreover, there is no weapon so effective against the rude and 
ill-mannered as a calm politeness — a courtesy which marks the person 
who can practise it as superior to the one who cannot. For one's 
own peace of mind, one should learn the art of good manners. 

A Matter of Habit. — Manners, like everything else in life, must be 
learned by rule, the only possible exception being in the case of those 
who have been brought up in what we call our best society, where 
what to do and how to dress and behave have been matters of habit 
from earliest childhood. When once the rules of etiquette are firmly 
fixed, they become instinctive and are obeyed unconsciously. The 
individual then has "good manners." No one can be easy and graceful 
who must stop to think how to do things. Familiarity with form 
breeds ease and grace of manner. Therefore those who would be letter 
perfect must practise the rules of good form at all times and places. 
Manners cannot be put on and off like a garment. Moreover, as has 
just been said, the politeness that comes of such observance is the 
best possible armor against the rudeness or boorishness of the ignor- 
ant and untrained. 

Many books on etiquette are written, most of which are intended 
for those in fashionable society who have a number of servants and 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 635 

entertain both extensively and expensively. Other writers take too 
much for granted; they presuppose a knowledge of the subject which 
the novice who needs instruction does not possess. This department 
is intended for those who desire to add to their knowledge of social 
forms, who do not wish to appear ignorant and awkward, and who, in 
a more limited social sphere, still wish to entertain properly and pleas- 
antly, and comport themselves in correct form. 

CONCERNING INTRODUCTIONS. 

The first and most positive rule in regard to introductions is that 
a man is introduced to a woman ; never the reverse, no matter how 
distinguished the man may be. 

The best form is the simplest. "Mrs. A., allow me to introduce 
Mr. B." If the introduction has been solicited, the hostess may say 
"Mrs. A., Mr. B. desires the honor of knowing you." If either party 
resides in another city, she may mention the fact, or any other little 
circumstance that may aid the two to enter into conversation. The 
woman does not rise when a man is introduced, but if she is standing 
may offer her hand. To say "How do you do" is much better form 
than "Glad to know you" or "Pleased to meet you." 

The person who performs an introduction should be careful to 
choose an opportune moment. Do not interrupt a conversation to 
introduce another party, unless, as hostess, you feel it has continued 
so long that it is time the talk became more general. It is not courte- 
ous to simply acknowledge an introduction, and not exchange a few 
words. 

Women and Introductions. — In introducing women, the younger 
is introduced to the older; if nearly of the same age a distinction is 
immaterial. Young girls are introduced to matrons, and the younger 
matrons to those older. 

If a woman is seated when another woman is introduced she should 
rise and offer her hand, and then invite the new acquaintance to a seat 
near her where they may converse. If a man has been talking with the 
lady who rises, he should rise also and remain standing until they are 
seated, when he may bow and take himself away unless requested to 
remain. Generally, this is the proper moment to leave. 

When Calling. — If making a call, and another visitor enters, the 
lady of the house rises to greet her and introduces any other guests 
who may be present. A man must rise and find a seat for the new- 
comer, but the women bow without rising. If only one guest is pres- 
ent, she should rise if the hostess and latest caller remain standing, 
or if a change of seats seems desirable. Introductions of this kind 
are semi-formal ; they do not establish a later acquaintance unless both 
are agreeable ; the social intent is to bridge over a situation that might 
seem awkward. However, many pleasant friendships have been made 
by such casual encounters at the house of a mutual friend. 



686 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

On the other hand, if two women who are not on friendly terms 
happen thus to meet and are introduced, it would be a most grievous 
breach of etiquette not to acknowledge the introduction courteously 
and exchange a remark or two. Neither has a right to embarrass a 
hostess by airing a private animosity tinder the roof of a friend — or 
in society generally. 

General Introductions. — The only ''collective" introduction possi- 
ble is that of a speaker or essayist to an audience. At a club meeting 
or other assemblage where a stranger is present as guest of honor, the 
members should request the hostess or the president of the club to 
present them severally. 

Men and Introductions. — Men seldom ask introductions. They 
have the privilege of speaking without them. A man's title should 
always be given him in an introduction. A man must request permis- 
sion before bringing another man to be introduced to a woman or to 
a friend's house. In the latter case he will present his companions to 
the lady of the house and any of the family who are present ; if others 
arrive, the hostess should introduce him to them. 

After an introduction, the man waits for the woman to recognize 
him at their next meeting. She should bow, even if she does not care 
to establish an acquaintance. A casual introduction between women 
may not be recognized afterwards, though a slight bow is more courteous. 

A Few Things Not To Do. — Do not introduce a person as your 
"friend." It is not supposed you will introduce anyone who is not a 
friend. Moreover, in certain circles the term friend is employed in 
naming a companion, secretary, governess or managing housekeeper 
to one's guests. In this connection it may be mentioned that one 
should not speak of 'Visiting a friend" or "staying at a friend's house." 
Name the person referred to; or if you do not wish to do so, do not 
allude to the circumstance. Naturally, one visits only friends. 

The indistinctness with which people who introduce often pro- 
nounce a name is not infrequently the cause of awkwardness. The 
failure to hear is no fault on the part of those introduced, but rather 
a mishap chargeable to the person who brings them together. In this 
case, try to think of something besides "I didn't catch the name;" 
that is so cut and dried. Say rather, "Fm sorry, but I didn't under- 
stand Mrs. A. when she presented me." Forgetting a name in the act 
of introducing someone is a much more grievous failure ; it speaks for 
your own social unaccustomedness, and is a poor compliment to the 
person you introduce. Do not attempt an introduction unless you are 
sure of your names. 

One of the society woman's most necessary accomplishments is 
the ability to remember names and fit them to the individual to whom 
they belong. It is an art she should sedulously cultivate. 

It is not etiquette, but misplaced politeness, to perform what may 
be termed casual introductions — as in accidental encounters. Never 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 687 

introduce on the street, unless your acquaintance is to join you. Don't 
introduce in a street car or any public conveyance. In "our best 
society" — so-called — it is not considered good form to introduce people 
in church. People do not go to church for social purposes. In village 
neighborhoods and the less fashionable city churches, this rule is often 
violated in the vestibule, where acquaintances linger to greet each 
other and introductions are not infrequent. But in the body of the 
church — the space set apart for purposes of worship — an introduction 
is wholly out of place. 

Try to remember family relationships and feuds, that you may not 
attempt to introduce those at enmity with each other. A woman once 
introduced, at a crowded function, two sisters who had not recognized 
each other for years, and afterwards exulted in having ''made them 
speak." Their manners were far superior to hers. 

In Company. — At a reception or dinner-party it is perfectly proper 
for those who have never been introduced to converse with each other 
without such formality. The roof under which they meet confers the 
privilege. Indeed, it is often the greatest kindness to speak to a shy 
person or one who evidently has few acquaintances present, relieving 
his embarrassment and putting him at ease. Not to reply courte- 
ously to such overtures is great rudeness. The story is told of a promi- 
nent society woman who addressed a stranger at such a function and 
actually received no reply. Later, the hostess brought up the strange 
person and introduced her. Then she explained that, not having been 
properly introduced, she felt she could not respond. The society 
woman quietly remarked, "Oh, was that the trouble? I thought you 
were deaf and dumb." 

The late H. C. Bunner and the more recently deceased T. B. 
Aldrich cherished an aversion for each other. They were not acquainted, 
but disliked each other on general principles, both being engaged in 
literary work. They happened to meet at an entertainment where 
Bunner was in the house of his friends and Aldrich an outsider. Bun- 
ner's native kindliness and courtesy made it impossible for him to see 
anyone uncomfortable in a friend's house. He introduced himself, 
carried Aldrich to his host's "den," and over a cigar and a glass of 
"Scotch" began a friendship that was ended only by death. 

School Girls* Etiquette. — Etiquette is not so formal among school 
girls, though its form remains the same. Propinquity in classes, and 
the being thrown together by mutual aims and interests, excuses in- 
formal friendliness. In some women's colleges there are what may be 
termed "unwritten laws" — school traditions — never set down in books 
but handed on from class to class. Thus a member of a lower class 
would not take precedence of a Senior, either on entering or leaving 
a room, or at table. She would introduce her friends, even her parents, 
to the Senior and to any member of the Faculty instead of the Senior 
to them. These little matters of punctilio have to be learned by 
observation, or by the grace of some friendly classmate who happens 
to be conversant with them. 



688 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

CARD AND CALLING ETIQUETTE. 

For Women. — ^Card etiquette has been jocosely termed "going into 
society in a pasteboard way." Yet cards have a very essential part in 
the social regime. They are the expedient resorted to by the woman 
with a large circle of acquaintances and many engagements, for keep- 
ing herself in mind. 

A card represents a visit, or acknowledges a courtesy in the way 
of an invitation. There are well-defined rules which regulate the use 
of cards, familiarity with which is necessary to all who have social 
aspirations. And the questions most frequently asked by the novice 
relate to whom and when they should be sent or left. 

A General Rule. — Though calling has, in a degree, "gone out of 
fashion," the general rule is that a woman should call on her friends 
and acquaintances once a year. This signifies the desire to continue 
the relationship. If she finds her friend at home she gives her name 
to the maid and at the conclusion of the visit leaves her card on a 
table or some convenient place. If her friend is out, the maid receives 
her card on a tray. In each case a visit has been paid and the card is 
a reminder that the obligation has been discharged. At this call, if it 
is the first, or expected to be the only one of the year, a married 
woman leaves one of her cards for each lady in the family, and one 
of her husband's for each lady and one for the man of the house. One 
card of her husband's may include several grown daughters. If she 
calls again during the season, she may leave her own cards only, though 
she should acknowledge an invitation received by her husband by leav- 
ing his cards. Cards are never to be handed to the lady of the house 
or any member of the family. 

After Social Functions. — Now here is the law as regards leaving 
cards after social functions: After receiving invitations to receptions, 
dinners, luncheons, card parties or evening entertainments, calls are to 
be made within a week after the event, whether one has accepted or 
not. However, in some localities, it is thought correct to leave cards 
at the time if one attends the function, or send them if not attending. 
It is safest to ascertain the local custom in advance. The correct eti- 
quette is to call afterwards. 

An invitation to a church wedding necessitates sending cards to 
those in whose name the invitation was issued and to the newly 
wedded pair. The same is true of announcement cards. Cards for an 
afternoon tea do not require reply; those present leave their own cards 
ami those of any member of the family who was invited but did not 
attend. 

After Absence.— -Another use of cards is when one returns home 
after a long absence. Cards with one's address are sent to previous 
acquaintances, as a notification that the sender wishes to resume her 
social relations. In case of a friend's illness, one should call to make 
personal inquiries, leaving a card on which is written "To inquire.' 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 689 

After a death, cards may be left or sent, on which it is correct to write 
"With sincere sympathy." After the funeral, cards are sent by those 
bereaved to those who have thus manifested regard, with the words 
"With thanks for kind inquiries" or remembrances. 

Thus we see cards are not meaningless, but indicate courtesy, 
kindly interest and regard. 

For Men. — Whereas the married man may discharge some of his 
social obligations through his wife, the bachelor has no such resource. 
In response to every invitation, accepted or otherwise, he must pay a 
visit, leaving cards. Unless he does this, his invitations will soon 
cease. 

A man may pay Sunday afternoon visits, as he is not supposed 
to be at leisure during the week. An evening call indicates greater 
intimacy. If he calls upon a young lady he must leave two cards, one 
for her and one for her mother. 

Letters of Introduction — Letters of introduction are never pre- 
sented in person. The man must call and leave the letter, with his 
card, but on no account enter the house. The next step is to be taken 
by the recipient of the letter. 

At a Hotel. — If a man calls on a lady at a hotel he sends up his 
card and waits in a reception room. It is not permissible to write on 
his card the name of the member of the family whom he wishes to see. 
That is to be the subject of later inquiry. 

Styles in Cards. — Styles in cards vary, both for men and women. 
Usually the stationer will be a reliable guide as to size and style of 
engraving. A printed or written card should never be used, nor, ac- 
cording to strict etiquette, should acceptances, regrets or informal invi- 
tations be written on cards. Use note paper. 

A woman's card should be of medium size and nearly square. 
Plain script. Old English or Roman are the only letterings used. En- 
graved plates, once obtained, may be used a long time. The street 
address, if used, is at the lower right-hand corner. This can be 
changed on one's plate, if necessary, by ways known to the maker. 
Men's cards are much smaller than women's, and must be engraved. 
The name is always prefaced by "Mr." 

Use of Names. — A married woman uses her husband's full name 
on her cards. A widow who happens to be the oldest representative of 
the family may have her cards engraved without her own or her hus- 
band's name, as "Mrs. Astor;" this signifies her place as social head 
of the family. A clergyman's card may have Rev. as a prefix; a 
physician's Dr., never M. D. A young girl is always Miss, and pet 
names are without social recognition. For a year after she enters 
society a girl has her name engraved beneath her mother's; where 
there are several daughters "out," "The Misses Smith" may be en- 
graved under the mother's name. A widow may act her pleasure as 
to using her Christian name or her late husband's on her card; the 

4* 



690 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

latter is customary. It would be a social convenience to use the 
Christian name, as with the prefix "Mrs." widowhood would be indi- 
cated, 

THE ETIQUETTE OF CALLS. 

As has been said, a woman is expected to call on her friends once 
a year at least. The "Day at Home" has rather gone out of fashion. 
It imposed an obligation on the hostess which often proved irksome, 
interfering with engagements she might wish to make. If. however, 
one has "a day," her friends should so far as possible observe it. 

Time and Manner. — The time limit of a call is fifteen or twenty 
minutes, not to exceed the latter. This is the protection society 
affords us from bores. We can endure even the most tiresome of 
visitors for fifteen minutes. 

If one does not wish to see callers, the maid or whoever answers 
the door should be so informed ; the conventional "Not at home'' being 
perfectly proper ; it is merely a polite way of saying it is not conveni- 
ent to receive anyone. But for the maid to say '1 will see if Mrs. A 
is at home," and return to say she is not at home or not receiving, is 
a grave discourtesy. Nor should one keep a visitor waiting while she 
makes an elaborate toilette ; better say "Not at home." The call counts 
as a visit whether the lady is at home or not, and must be returned. 
It is not customary to invite a visitor to be seated, to come again, or 
urge a longer stay. It is supposed she will take the initiative in these 
particulars ; and too, that the fact that the two exchange visits warrants 
a certain wontedness of habit. Still, among intimates it is by no means 
unusual for the hostess to say "Do come again soon; I always enjoy 
you so much I should be glad to see more of you," or for the depart- 
ing visitor to say: "I shall hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at 
my home soon." 

Men's Demeanor. — A man calling upon a lady either takes his hat 
and stick into the reception room with him, or deposits them in the 
hall ; she does not instruct him what disposition to make of them. He 
removes his overcoat of his own volition, or retains it, as he pleases ; 
the lady does not suggest its removal. This is the strict letter of eti- 
quette. As a matter of fact, many a man would feel snubbed, and the 
hostess that she failed in cordiality, if she failed to invite him to lay 
aside his coat. One must be governed by the customs of one's circle. 
It is safe to say that unless it is a first call, which is the most formal, 
in our middle social stratum a man expects, if he is welcome, to be 
asked to remove his overcoat. 

A man waits for the woman to invite him to call, since it is her 
privilege to choose her acquaintances. Such an invitation should not 
be given too hastily, nor too soon after a first introduction. It is well 
not to show too much eagerness to cultivate the acquaintance, and tlie 
woman should be reasonably sure that the man is desirous of having 
the pleasure. If invited, he should avail himself of the permission 



MAXXERS AXD SOCIAL CUSTOMS 691 

within a short time, by way of showing his appreciation of the com- 
pliment. Young girls do not invite young men to call on them ; this 
is their mother's prerogative. 

It is more correct in these days when everyone has a telephone, 
to call up and inquire whether it wdll be convenient for the lady to 
receive callers, unless, of course, one is paying duty calls, in which 
case a card discharges the obligation. 

*'Pour Prendre Conge." — In taking leave, it is well not to wait 
until one has exhausted the conversational gamut, and "that awful 
pause" in which neither seems to have anything to say, occurs. And 
having risen, do not "stand upon the order of your going;" do not 
linger for last words, or begin a fresh topic at the door, keeping your 
hostess standing and perhaps detaining her from other guests. "Part- 
ing is such sweet sorrow" in some cases that it becomes awkward and 
embarrassing because so prolonged. Especially does it seem difficult 
for the youth who has not yet attained the aplomb which makes him 
at ease in society, to "tear himself away." Remember that a too 
abrupt departure, though regrettable, is better than one too prolonged. 

Girls' Manners. — When the young girl accompanies her mother on 
a calling expedition, she waits for the latter to take the initiative in 
regard to departure. She must allow the older person to precede her 
in entering and leaving, and she must be careful not to monopolize 
the conversation. Good manners give precedence to age. 

*'P. p. c." — The social novice is sometimes puzzled by "P. p. c." 
written in the lower corner of a card. The letters stand for the 
French phrase. "Pour prendre conge" — to take leave. Such cards are 
sent w4ien one is to be absent from home for a considerable period. 
They are left to be mailed after departure. Thus the intending traveler 
is not incommoded by well-meant but ill-timed calls at an hour when 
she is most busy. "P. p. c." cards intimate the acquaintance is to be 
resumed on the sender's return. 

The custom of turning down the corner to signify the call was 
made in person is now entirely obsolete. 

First Calls. — It is desirable, when making i first call, to meet the 
lady called upon, and it is best to have been properly introduced. In 
the case of a stranger, the oldest or most prominent member of the 
social circle of the town should call first. A polite expedient by which 
a newcomer makes entree into the society of a new place of residence 
is by sending her cards to those whom she wishes to know. These are. 
if possible, to be accompanied by the card of some well-known friend, 
who thus becomes her social sponsor. 

A first call must be returned, and within two weeks at the out- 
side. Not to return such a call is a gross breach of etiquette. Even 
if one does not wish or intend to keep up the acquaintance the return 
call must be made. After this call she may act her pleasure. If a 
newcomer extends an invitation to an older resident, she should at 



692 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

once leave cards and send a regret or an acceptance. If the invita- 
tion comes through a friend, and she is unacquainted with the hostess, 
she must call soon; but if the call is not returned, or another invita- 
tion extended, she must understand the acquaintance is ended. The 
newcomer may invite her late hostess to some affair at her own house, 
and if the invitation is accepted, may understand the acquaintance is 
established. 

A stranger often finds her social progress slow unless she has 
acquaintances in her new location who can help place her where she 
wishes to be. The easiest way is to identify herself with some 
church, attend regularly, and the pastor calling on the new member 
of his congregation and finding, her acceptable, will ask some of the 
ladies of the church to call. These calls should be returned within 
two weeks ; it would be a discourtesy to the pastor not to acknowledge 
them. 

INVITATIONS. 

The Formal Invitation. — A dinner-party is the mcst formal and 
inost important of all social functions. We may invite all our acquaint- 
ances to a ball or a reception. We may select more carefully for our 
teas and luncheons, but the dinner is reserved as the greatest compli- 
ment to be paid those we wish to honor. Therefore an immediate 
acceptance or regret must be sent, and nothing but illness, accident or 
death should prevent us from presenting ourselves. If such obstacles 
intervene, immediate notice should be given the hostess, that she may 
supply the place at her table thus made vacant. 

Do not write you will "try to come ;" that you will come but your 
husband will not be able to do so, or in any way make your accept- 
ance conditional. Your hostess may wish to invite another couple; 
she must know who will be present that she may arrange her table 
accordingly. Nothing is so annoying to a hostess as to be obliged to 
rearrange her table because of some slight excuse on the part of a 
guest who has once accepted. 

Do not forget that an invitation to dinner is the highest social 
compliment, and value it accordingly; also answer at once. 

Formulas for Invitations. 

The formula for a dinner invitation is this: 

Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith 

request the pleasure of 

Mr. and Mrs. George Brown's company at dinner, 

I2y Blank Avenue. 

on March -fifteenth at seven o'clock. 

This invitation may be written on note paper or engraved on a 
card. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 693 

The correct form of reply is this: 

Mr. and Mrs. George Brown 

accept with pleasure the polite invitation of 

Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith for dinner 

on March -fifteenth, 

at seven o'clock. 

If the dinner is in honor of guests, the formula may be: 

To meet 

Mr. and Mrs. William Dash, 

Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith 

request the pleasure of 

Miss Anderson's 

company at dinner, 

on Wednesday, January twenty-sixth, 

at seven o'clock. 

R. S. V. P. pr East Ninety-fourth street. 

If the invitation must be declined, this form may be observed: 

Mr. and Mrs. Broum 

regret that owing to a previous engagement 

they are unable to accept 

Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith's 

very kind invitation 

for Tuesday evening, March -fifteenth. 

Any other reason, as illness, proposed absence, or the like, may 
be substituted for a "previous engagement." 

In acknowledging invitations it is better to err on the side of 
over-politeness than the reverse. 

If a dance or theatre party is to follow the dinner, words indi- 
cating the fact are written across the lower part of the card or in the 
lower left-hand corner. 

"R. s V. p." stands for the French phrase, "Respondez, sil vous 
plait," — meaning that a reply is desired. 

Replies. — The reply to an invitation should be in the same form 
as the invitation ; thus if in the third person the reply should also be 
made in the third person. Such invitations are the most formal. The 
reply is to be addressed according to the wording of the invitation: 
thus if Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith issue it, address the re^ly to 



694 MOTHERS' FEMEDIES 

them ; if Mrs. John Henry Smith's name alone appears, address it to 
her. The same rule applies to a wedding invitation. The acknowledg-e- 
ment is sent to the parties issuing the invitation, not to those to be 
married. 

Must Not Ask Invitations. — P is not allowable to ask for an invi- 
tation to a dinner, a luncheon or a card party for a guest or friend. 
These are functions arranged for a definite number of guests ; to in- 
clude another person is not pc:sible. If your hostess knows you have 
a guest, she will, if her arrangements make it practicable, include her ; 
if not, there is no slight to you or your guest. The presence of a 
guest does not excuse one from a dinner, luncheon or card party, the 
invitation having been already accepted. Provide some pleasure for 
your friend, or leave her to a quiet evening at home. 

In case a guest drops out at the last moment, as sometimes hap- 
pens, one may ask a very intimate friend, a relative, or some member 
of the family to fill the vacant seat. Such a "last minute" invitation 
is no compliment: one knows she is simply a substitute, but good 
sense and kindliness should prompt the recipient to help out in the 
dilemma, which may happen ^~ her next time. 

Other Particulars. — Dinner invitations are issued in the name of 
the host and hostess, so also those for luncheons to which both men 
and women are invited. Invitations to teas, card and garden parties, 
"at homes," balls, and women's luncheons are in the name of the 
hostess alone. 

Guests should present themselves punctually at the hour named 
in a dinner or luncheon invitation, allowing themselves just time to 
remove wraps, etc.. before the meal is announced. It is almost un- 
pardonable to be late. 

Invitations are sent to people in mourning after the month fol- 
lowing bereavement, not because acceptance is expected, but as a 
compliment, except that cards for dinners, luncheons and balls are 
not sent. Wedding cards and announcements, and cards for large 
general receptions are sent. During the year of mourning people thus 
remembered send cards with a narrow black border in acknowledement. 

Unless an entertainment is exclusively for women, an invitation 
to a married woman should include her husband. That he is person- 
ally unknown to the hostess does not matter. 

INFORMAL INVITATIONS. 

Invitations by telephone are permissible for informal affairs, but 
why a woman should spend hours at the telephone, calling up various 
parties and losing her temper over "Central's" dilatoriness w^hen she 
could sit comfortably at her desk and write notes, is difficult to under- 
stand. 

Whereas the formal luncheon invitation simply substitutes the 
v.'ord "luncheon" for "dinner," the informal invitation is written in the 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 695 

first person and requires a reply in the same form. It may be said 
again that the response should follow the form of the invitation ; this 
is an invariable rule. This model is usually employed: 

My dear Mrs. Henderson: 

Will you and Mr. Henderson dine with us informally on 
Tuesday evening, January twenty-seventh, at half-past six 
o'clock? Trusting we may have the pleasure of seeing you, I am. 

Yours sincerely, 

Mary Bronson. 
In reply the recipient will write: 

My dear Mrs. Bronson: 

Mr. Henderson and I accept with much plectsure your very 
kind invitation to dine with you on Tuesday evening, January 
twenty-seventh, at half past six o'clock. 

Yours sincerely, 

Helen Henderson. 

If the invitation is for luncheon, that word is substituted ; after- 
noon written in the place of evening, and Mr. Henderson is left out. 
In an acceptance, one should repeat the date and hour, that no mis- 
take may occur. If the invitation must be declined, it is not correct 
to explain the nature of the engagement or whatever reason occurs 
for refusal. We say we "are unable to accept," not that we **will not 
be able ;" the refusal rests in the present. 

An invitation sent by mail is enclosed in an envelope addressed 
to Mr. and Mrs. A., and then in an outer envelope bearing full name 
and address. Informal notes of invitation are written on one's best 
note-paper and no outer envelope used. 

Afternoon Tea. — The afternoon tea is a favorite method of paying 
off social debts. Elaborate refreshments are not served. Tea is 
poured at the dining table, by some friends asked to do so — it is 
thought quite a compliment to be asked *'to pour." For a very in- 
formal "at home" the hostess may have a small table at hand and 
herself offer a cup of tea to her visitors. For such a small affair she 
sends her visiting card with the date written in the lower left hand 
corner. If many guests are expected servants must be at hand to 
remove soiled dishes and replenish the tea and cakes. 

In acknowledgement of invitations, it is highly improper to send 
your card with "regrets" written on it. An invitation is a courtesy 
offered ; it must be received courteously. You regret you "must de- 
cline the pleasure" of accepting somebody's "kind — or polite — invita- 
tion.'' 

The Verbal Invitation. — ^Verbal invitations do not count for much. 
"Come and dine with us some day" has no standing among invitations. 



596 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The day and hour must be named if it is to be reckoned with. And 
then — suppose the hostess forgets she has given the invitation, or she 
prepares for a guest who does not come! Except among very inti- 
mate friends the verbal invitation should be looked upon with great 
caution. A verbal invitation should be followed by a note repeating it. 

WEDDING INVITATIONS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

The number of wedding invitations often must conform to the size 
of the church or the house, and to the character of the wedding. If 
it is to be a large one, cards are usually sent as liberally as possible. 
An invitation to the church may not invite to the reception at the 
hou<^e afterwards, which may necessarily be limited because of the 
size of the house or the means of the family. No guest receiving cards 
for the church should let herself feel aggrieved because of failure to 
receive the other. Answers to invitations should invariably be sent; 
many omit this, not thinking it necessary, but why not? 

Announcement cards are sent to every one you know, or, more 
properly, to all those whom you wish to recognize socially. It is 
quite correct to send them to people you know but slightly. They are 
mailed immediately after the wedding. They imply no obligation in 
the way of gift or reply. If an "at home" card is enclosed, calls are 
expected. 

Correct Form. 

Wedding invitations of course must be engraved. The following 
form is employed: 

Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Harmon 

request the honor of your presence 

at the marriage of their daughter 

Harriet 

to 

Mr. Harrison Richard Ames 

on Thursday, the sixth of January, 

at twelve o'clock. 

Church of the Messiah. 

If the wedding is at home, the street and number are given in 
place of the church. 

If the bride has no mother, the invitations are issued in the name 
of the father; if no father, the mother's name is used. If an orphan, 
invitations are issued in the name of the nearest of kin in the town 
where the wedding occurs. If a married sister and her husband issue. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 697 

the words "their sister" are used. If a girl has a stepfather her own 
name is engraved in full. Announcement cards follow the same rules 
as to who issues them, and are couched in these words: 

Mr. and Mrs. Hughson Smith 

announce the marriage of their sister 

Bettina 

to 

Mr. James Rhodes Grayson, 

on Monday, the tetith of January, 

Nineteen hundred and ten, 

at the Church of the Messiah, 

in the City of Cleveland. 

For a home wedding, this formula is correct: 

My dear Mrs. Jennings: 

My daughter Julia is to be married to Mr. George Branson 
Holmes on Monday, the tenth of January, at twelve o'clock, and 
it will give Mr. Brush and myself much pleasure if you and Mr. 
Jennings will come. 

Yours sincerely, 

Eleanor Graves Brush. 

For informal church weddings, with small reception to follow, or 
for a simple home wedding, most people prefer to use the engraved 
cards, but personal notes may with perfect propriety take their place. 
For a home wedding, the above formula is correct. 

The Bridegroom's Family. 

In inviting the bridegroom's parents by note, the mother may 
write : "Will you and Mr. Holmes come to the quiet informal wedding 
of my daughter Julia and your son on Monday," etc. Such invita- 
tions are written by the mother. Other members of the family are 
included by adding "you and Mr. Jennings and your daughter will 
come." Written invitations may follow the form of the engraved, but 
for a small wedding at home, which will be of course more or less 
informal, the personal form seems more in keeping. 

Other Items. 

Formal wedding invitations and announcements are addressed, 
one to the head of the family, Mr. and Mrs. Jones ; one to Miss Jones, 
or to The Misses Jones, if there are several daughters, and one to 
each young man of the family 

Note that the year is given in an announcement, but not in an 
invitation. Announcements are engraved on note-paper, as in the case 
of invitations. 



698 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

A double wedding, which requires two ceremonies, also requires 
two sets of invitations and announcements. 

It is quite correct for a girl who has been employed in an office 
to send an announcement of her marriage to her former employer, but 
if he is married, it must be addressed to ''Mr, and Mrs." So-and-So. 

Do not abbreviate in writing notes of invitation, nor permit it on 
engraved invitations. Doctor, Judge, Reverend, are to be in full. Mr. 
before a man's name is the only abbreviation permitted. The names of 
the month, day, year, and of the street or avenue are written out in 
full. 

DINNERS AND LUNCHEONS 

FORMAL DINNERS. 

"A Hg for your hill of fare ; show me your hill of company" 

As has already been remarked, we ask our "dear Five Hundred" 
to our balls and receptions, reserving our dinner invitations for those 
whom we particularly wish to compliment. The dinner we provide is 
by no means of the comfortable "pot-luck" kind. It is, in society, an 
elaborate and expensive form of entertainment. A dinner to eight 
people, not specially elaborate and without wines, rarely costs the 
giver less than $25 or $30, and may easily run much higher. It 
requires delicacies for the palate, flowers and bonbons and other dec- 
orations for the table, and ceremonious serving. The finest of linen, 
cut glass and silver adorn it, and the repast may easily be prolonged 
through two or more hours. Such a dinner is served in courses ; 
begins with an appetizer, extends through soup, fish, joint, salad and 
dessert courses at the very least, and ends with coffee, served at the 
table or in some other apartment — the library or drawing room — where 
the guests converse over their cups. 

Such a meal cannot be prepared or served without competent ser- 
vice in the kitchen and dining-room. The cook must know how to 
prepare every dish in the best manner, and have it ready at the right 
moment; the waiter must be experienced and noiseless. The hostess 
must have such perfect confidence that everything will progress in 
perfect and proper order that she can give her full attention to the 
guests. 

Serving the Dinner. — Let us suppose a dinner for eight people is 
to be served. The ceremonious dinner, the world over, is served a la 
Russe, that is, according to the Russian fashion. By this fashion noth- 
ing but the covers — a term which includes the china, silver and glass 
at each plate — flowers, dishes of bonbons, salted nuts and olives, occa- 
sionally small cakes, are on the table when the guests are seated. 

The hostess has inspected the table, after it is laid, seeing that 
everything is correct. Silver must have had a fresh polish, the cut 
glass must shine and sparkle. There must be plenty of light, yet no 
glare; to prevent this, ground glass globes on the electric lights are 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 699 

preferred. The hostess herself will arrange the place cards, separating 
married people, and in so far as possible so seating her guests that each 
may be pleased with his or her neighbor. The centerpiece is of flow- 
ers ; for this never choose a strongly scented flower like hyacinths or 
narcissi. The heat, the odor of the food, combined with the scent of 
the flowers, may induce letharg>% so that the dinner may be ''gar- 
nished with stupidity." 

There must be a service plate at each place. These are to be as 
handsome as you can afford. At the side of this is laid the dinner 
napkin, within which a roll is folded. The guest removes the napkin, 
unfolding it for use. The waitress removes the service plate and puts 
down another on which is a grapefruit, vermouth, or other kind of cock- 
tail. This plate and glass removed, there comes another plate, and 
little dishes of caviarre are passed. These plates also disappear, others 
are substituted, and soup is served. After the soup is eaten the soup 
plates are removed, leaving the other plates, and celery and radishes 
and salted nuts and olives are passed, not necessarily all, but at least 
two, say celery and olives ; nuts and radishes. If the little individual 
almond dishes are used, of course the salted nuts will not be passed. 

These plates are again changed when the fish is served, the rule 
being that at no time during the dinner must a guest be without a 
plate before him until the table is cleared for dessert. Moreover, the 
waitress, in placing plates that have a monogram or heraldic device 
for decoration, must so place the plate before each guest that the design 
faces him. In taking up the plates, one is taken up with the right 
hand while with the left the waitress replaces it with another ; one 
plate is never placed upon another. 

The fish, meat, and other courses are served from the pantry, the 
portions being arranged for convenience in helping, and garnished with 
parsley or lemon. The dish is passed first to the guest seated at the 
host's right hand, next to the one on the left, and afterwards in reg- 
ular rotation, irrespective of sex. All service is at the left; this leaves 
the guest's right hand in position to help himself. The waitress holds 
the dish upon a folded napkin on the flat of her hand, and low down. 
Vegetables are passed in the same fashion. 

You will see how much depends upon having well trained ser- 
vants at such a dinner. The service must be without haste, yet with- 
out delay ; there must be no clatter of china and silver, no awkward- 
ness in removing plates, etc. The waitress must be quick to refill 
glasses or supply whatever is needed. 

The Help Required. — A dinner to twelve or fourteen guests can- 
not be served properly without two or three waiters — usually men at 
such large dinners — and additional help in the kitchen. So much 
thought and anxiety are required for the success of a home dinner 
party that it is small wonder many prefer to add a little to the expense, 
in cities at least, and order a dinner for the requisite number at hotel 



700 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

or club, where the responsibility rests with the management after the 
details of the menu are settled. Such a dinner is less of a compliment 
to one's guests than the entertainment at one's own home, however; 
and why should one possess stores of beautiful and expensive furnish- 
ings without their use? 

One dinner generally means another a short time afterwards, since 
in selecting the small number who can be entertained one must nec- 
essarily leave out others who have equal claims to hospitality and 
whose sense of being slighted must be appeased. And if the hostess 
is socially prominent she may find herself embarked on a course of 
entertainments that will tax her time and her funds to a considerable 
degree. 

Invitations to a dinner must be sent at least two weeks in advance. 
As has already been stated, an immediate and unconditional accept- 
ance or regret is demanded. 

Precedence. — At these formal dinners, the question of precedence 
engages the hostess's attention. If all the guests are about on equal 
terms, the host takes out the oldest or most prominent lady, seating 
her at his right. The other guests are paired off according to the 
hostess's ideas of social propriety or congeniality. No man ever takes 
his wife in to dinner. The place of honor for men is at the hostess's 
right hand. Dinner cards, legibly written, are placed on the napkins. 
The men draw out the chairs and seat the ladies, then seat themselves. 
Generally, at a small dinner, the hostess tells each man before leaving 
the drawing room, whom he is to take out: at large functions, he finds 
in the men's cloak room an envelope addressed to him containing the 
lady's name. He seeks out his partner and gives her his arm when 
dinner is announced. 

Be Prompt — It is almost unpardonable for a guest to be late at 
a dinner. The arrival should be within fifteen minutes of the time 
named on the invitation, never earlier. The hostess must be ready in 
ample time, and must appear calm and untroubled. Nervousness be- 
speaks the novice in entertaining. Generally, however, even if the 
affair passes off without any contretemps she is ready to say ''Thank 
heaven it's over !" 

Now this is not to say that one may not serve a good and very 
enjoyable dinner or luncheon to a few friends, without as much trouble 
and. expense as are here indicated. This is simply to state how such 
meals are served, formally and informally. Knowing the proper pro- 
cedure one may adopt as much or as little as her circumstances and 
style of living warrant. 

THE INFORMAL DINNER. 

The informal dinner resembles the formal, save that fewer courses 
are served, the menu is simpler, and the decorations less elaborate. 
The serving is on the same order — a la Russe. If one is fortunate 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 701 

enough to have a maid who combines the experience of a waitress 
with the qualities of a good cook, by ingenious planning it is possible 
to serve six persons acceptably in the approved fashion. 

But there are thousands of households in which but one maid is 
kept, and in this case what may be termed "the family dinner" will 
be found better, because there will be no endeavor to do more than 
one can accomplish with the means at her command. Better by far 
serve well and simply than attempt something more elaborate and 
fall short in it. 

Family Dinners. — At the family dinner, the grape fruit or oyster 
cocktail, or the raw oysters which form the first course, is on the 
table when the guests are seated. The grape fruit may be served in 
glasses, like the cocktail. If oysters are served, the maid passes the 
condiments. She then removes these plates, replacing them with ser- 
vice plates as she does so, and brings in the soup. This the hostess 
serves and the maid carries about. While this is being eaten — celery 
or olives being passed after the guests are helped — the maid slips out 
in the kitchen to dish up the vegetables unless these are already in the 
warmer. Returning, she removes the soup-plates, never taking more 
than two at a time. She then brings on the joint or roast, placing it 
before the host, who proceeds to serve it. (If oysters are served first, 
a fish course is generally omitted ; indeed, so many courses tax one's 
resources too severely.) The maid carries about the dinner plates, 
removing the service plate with the right hand and placing the other 
with the left. She then passes the vegetables. The serving begins 
with the lady at the host's right hand. If the piece de resistance is a 
turkey, white and dark meat and a portion of dressing are placed on 
each plate ; gravy and the vegetables, then cranberry or currant jelly, 
are passed. Here the waitress should refill water glasses. 

The plates are then removed for the salad course, and the table 
cleared. This should be ready on the plates, and kept where it will 
be perfectly cold. While this is being brought on, the hostess will 
start dishes of salted nuts and bonbons down the table, the guests 
passing them. After the salad the plates are removed and the dessert 
brought in. This may be a mould of ice cream or a pudding; pie .is 
seldom or never served. This the host or hostess serves. The coffee 
service may be brought in, and the hostess pours it ; little cakes or 
wafers, or mints, are usually passed with it ; then the maid is excused 
from further service. The hostess always gives the signal for leaving 
the table by a slight nod toward the lady on her husband's right, and 
rising. 

Requirements. — A dinner of this kind requires a serving-table or 
sideboard where china and silver may be in readiness. Such an aid 
is even more indispensable where the hostess serves the meal herself. 
Many very enjoyable ''company dinners" are served where the hostess 
is also the cook, and she and her husband serve. If one has daughters 
they should be taught how to serve, and may rise from the table to 



702 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

change plates and bring in courses with perfect propriety. In such 
case, the soup is served at the table and, as it is awkward to pass 
without spilling, some one should carry it about if more than two or 
three guests are present. The roast or fowl is carved by the host; 
vegetables are on the table and are passed from hand to hand. After 
this course the hostess, or the daughter delegated to do this, clears the 
table and brings in the salad. The dessert follows. Coffee is occa- 
sionally served with the meat course, but it is better to bring it on 
with the dessert. Cups, etc., should be in readiness on the side table, 
to be transferred to the table. There should be an apparent absence 
of formality at such a meal, though everything should progress in reg- 
ular order, systematically, quietly, without orders or clash. Above all 
things, see that everything likely to be wanted is at hand; nothing 
looks worse than someone jumping up to get some article that has 
been forgotten. If dishes, spoons or forks must be washed during the 
progress of the meal, have warm water ready in the kitchen, wash 
them quickly, and wipe them out of cold water ; then their heat will 
not betray your limited resources. 

Setting the Table. — The "best cloth" and napkins are brought out 
for the dinner party. The cloth must be laid with mathematical exact- 
ixess, its center exactly on the center of the table. The centerpiece, al- 
most invariably of flowers, only occasionally of fruit, is also exactly 
placed. This should be low ; it is awkward not to be able to see one's 
vis-a-vis, and the hostess should be able to command an uninterrupted 
view of her table, so that if the waitress omits any service she may by a 
glance direct her to supply it. The arrangement should be graceful and 
pretty, and, in summer, garden flowers may be used with propriety. 
The flowers give the keynote of the color scheme ; dinner cards, bon-* 
boms, ices and creams and the decorations of the small cakes usually 
served with the dessert, conform to it. Candelabra are less used than 
at one time, but are by no means "out." A handsome silver candelabra 
may be used as a centerpiece, its base banked in flowers. On a square 
or oblong table, candlesticks with shades give a touch of color that 
relieves the whiteness of napery and glass. 

There is a plate — your handsomest — at each place; a napkin 
squarely folded and lying flat; a row of forks at the left^ oyster fork 
outside, then fish fork, dinner and salad fork, four in all, laid in the 
order in which they will be used. Knives are at the right of the 
napkin, always two, a large and a small one. Fashion has re-introduced 
the steel-bladed knife for the meat course ; it is surprising to notice 
how much more tender meat is than it used to be when we tried to 
cut it with the silver knives. The soup-spoon is laid at the top of 
the plate. The salad fork may be brought in with the salad if pre- 
ferred, spoons with the dessert and coffee. Grape fruit is eaten with 
an orange spoon, laid at the right. No "fancy folding" of napkins is 
permissible. The glasses stand at the top of the plate, a little to the 
right. Small cut glass or fancy dishes containing the relishes are 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 703 

placed near the corners of the table within the circle of plates if tht' 
table is square ; if it is round they are so arranged so as to balance 
each other in the form of a square. There may be two of nuts and 
two of stuffed olives or of bonbons. Individual salt cellars are at the 
top of the plate ; a roll is folded in the napkin, sometimes laid on the 
bread-and-butter plate, which is placed at the left. Such rolls should 
be small and well-baked. At formal dinners no butter is served, and 
the plates are omitted. Finger bowls are brought in after the ices or 
the pudding. They are on a small plate on which is a doily, and the 
fruit knife, if to be used, is on the plate. The guest lays bowl and 
doily at his right, lifting the two together, the plate being for fruit, 
if any is served. If no fruit, the bowl is left on the plate. 

LUNCHEONS. 

The luncheon is a less elaborate function than the dinner, but 
ranks next it in point of compliment and display. The "stand-up" or 
buffet luncheon is much less popular than formerly, in fact even at 
the so-called buffet luncheons the guests are now seated at small 
tables accommodating four. Invitations are sent out ten days or two 
weeks in advance, and require prompt replies. 

Formal Luncheons. — Save in a less elaborate menu, the formal 
luncheon differs very little from the dinner, except that the latter is at 
seven o'clock, and the luncheon almost invariably at one. The menu 
generally begins with grape fruit, served in glasses on small plates 
and doilies, and on the table when the guests are seated. An orange 
spoon is used. The table is set as for dinner, save that less silver is 
laid. Bouillon, served in bouillon cups, with a spoon on the saucer 
may follow. Then may come lobster a la Newburg; sweet-breads and 
peas ; salad ; ices and coffee. In place of the sweet-breads one may 
serve squab on toast, fillet of beef, or broiled chicken ; peas, beets, and 
potatoes cut in balls and cooked in deep fat may accompany any one 
of these. The meat, cut in portions, and surrounded by mounds of 
the vegetables, is often served from a large platter, from which the 
guests help themselves. The hostess is served first; this is, that, in 
case any unfamiliar dish is served, she may show how it is to be 
handled. The lady on her right is next in order of serving. The 
same etiquette in regard to serving, changing plates, etc., is observed 
as at the dinner, save that the rolls are on bread-and-butter plates 
instead of being folded in the napkin. The decorations, ornamental 
dishes, candies, and the like are used as at a dinner. 

Minor Particulars. — The roast never figures at a luncheon; the 
courses consist largely of what are called entrees, the idea being that 
the repast is of a lighter character than a dinner. The salad is a 
special feature ; it may be chicken, Waldorf, fruit, or any kind pre- 
ferred, but must be carefully studied in its relation to the other 
dishes. 



704 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The guests keep on their hats during the luncheon, removing the 
gloves as they are seated ; at an informal luncheon the gloves are 
removed in the dressing room. 

Ver>' often bridge or some other card game follows the luncheon. 

If not, guests are not expected to remain more than half an hour after 
leaving the table. 

The luncheon — never say lunch — is a favorite form of entertain- 
ment for girls. In this case the dishes served are light and delicate. 
Mushrooms on toast, oyster patties or croquettes, a salad, and ices; 
the menu prefaced by grape fruit and bouillon, are often thought suffi- 
cient for a girl's luncheon. Sweets are served freely for them. 

It is no longer thought correct to go to extremes in carrying out 
a ''color scheme." Sandwiches are not tied up with ribbons, nor 
cakes colored to correspond with the preferred hue. Flowers, ices, 
and the decorations on the small cakes passed with the dessert are 
quite sufficient. Candles, if used, should have shades to correspond. 

Large Luncheons. — The large luncheon has few friends these days ; 
it is too heterogeneous an affair. Those invited feel it is an easy way 
of paying off social obligations; few find it entirely enjoyable. There 
is more or less of a crush ; one experiences difficulty in finding a table 
and being served ; it is not appetizing to note evidences that others 
have eaten at the same table and departed. And one is likely to be 
seated with the wrong people and thus miss much that belongs with 
and makes pleasant the smaller affair. 

No woman need hesitate at inviting a few friends to have lunch- 
eon with her. She may prepare a simple meal, and if it is nicely 
served and she herself gives the cordiality and the conversational 
impetus that "keeps things going." her guests w^ill find it enjoyable. 
She may adopt as much of the regular method of ser\'ing as befits her 
home and its resources, but she must make her table as beautiful as 
possible, and she must not serve "stewed hostess." 

TABLE ETIQUETTE. 

We have seen how a table should be laid and a meal served; now 
let us see how it should be eaten : 

There is no situation in which one's good breeding is so much in 
evidence as at the table. For that reason, mothers should begin to 
train their children in infancy to correct usage. As soon as a child 
is able to hold a spoon and fork, he should be taught how to hold 
them properly, and the training should be continued until the right 
habit is established. 

One should not be seated until the lady of the house Is seated, 
unless especially requested to do so. Children should observe this 
rule as rigidly as that which requires the removal of the hat on 
entering the house. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 705 

At the Table. — On being seated, the napkin is unfolded and laid 
across the lap. It is more correct to only unfold one-half, that is, open 
it at the center fold. One is not supposed to require further protection 
than from the accidental crurhb. On no account should it be used as 
a bib, or be tucked in the dress or waistcoat. 

Grape fruit is eaten from an orange spoon. If oysters are served 
raw, they must not be cut but eaten whole. 

Soup must be taken from the side of the spoon, quietly, with no 
hissing or other sound, nor should the spoon be so full that it drips 
over. The motion of the spoon in filling it, is away from instead of 
towards the person; and tilting the plate to secure the last spoonful 
is bad form. Crackers are never served with soup: croutons— small 
squares of bread toasted very hard and brown, or small H. & P. 
biscuits are passed. These are never put into the soup, but are eaten 
from the hand. Neither soup nor fish should be offered the second 
time. 

Fish is generally eaten with a fork and a bit of bread, though 
silver fish knives are in occasional use. The entree which follows the 
fish should be eaten with the fork only. A mouthful of meat is cut 
as required ; it is never buried in potato or any vegetable and then 
conveyed to the mouth. Vegetables are no longer served in ''birds' 
bath-tubs," as some wit once called the individual vegetable dishes, 
but are cooked sufficiently dry to be served on the plate with the 
meat. All vegetables are eaten with the fork, so also jellies, chutney, 
etc., served with the meat course. 

Using the Fork. — The fork laid farthest from the plate is to be 
used for the first course requiring such a utensil ; the others are used 
in their order. The knife is held in the right hand; by the handle, 
not the blade. The fork should not be held like a spoon, or a shovel, 
but more as one would hold a pencil or pen; it is raised laterally to 
the mouth. The elbow is not to be projected, or crooked outward, in 
using either knife or fork; that is a very awkward performance. The 
fork should never be over-burdened. The knife is never lifted to the 
mouth; it is said that ''only members of the legislature eat pie with a 
knife nowadays." The handle of neither knife or fork may rest on 
the table nor the former be laid across the edge of the plate. 

Tender meat, like the breast of chickens, may be cut with the 
fork. A bone is never taken in the fingers, the historic anecdote 
about Queen Victoria to the contrary notwithstanding. The table 
manners of the twentieth century are not Early Victorian. Olives and 
celery are correctly laid on the bread-and-butter plate. The former is 
never dipped in one's salt cellar; a small portion of salt it put on the 
edge of the plate; both are eaten from the fingers. 

Vegetables, Fruits, etc. — ^Green com is seldom served on the cob at 
ceremonious dinners. If it is served, it is to be broken in medium-sized 
pieces and eaten from the cob, a rather messy process, and one not 
45 



706 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

pretty to observe. The fastidious avoid it. If eaten, the piece is held 
between the fingers of one hand. To take an unbroken ear in both 
hands and gnaw the kngth of it suggests the manners of an animal 
never named in polite society. 

It is correct to take up asparagus by the stalk, and eat it from 
the fingers, but the newer and more desirable custom is to cut off the 
edible portion with knife and fork. Lettuce is never cut with a knife; 
a fork is used, the piece rolled up and conveyed to the mouth. 

Hard cheese may be eaten from the fingers; soft cheeses, like 
Neufchatel, Brie, and the like, are eaten with the fork, or a bit is 
spread on a morsel of bread and conveyed to the mouth with the 
fingers. 

A soft cake is eaten with a fork. The rule is that whatever can 
be eaten with a fork shall be so eaten. 

Roman punch and sherbets require a spoon. Berries, peaches and 
cream, custards, preserves, jellies, call for the spoon. Strawberries are 
often served as a first course in their season. They are then arranged 
with their hulls and a portion of stem left on, dipped in powdered sugar 
and eaten from the fingers. A little mound of the sugar is pressed into 
shape in the center of the small plate and the berries laid around it. 

Peaches, pears, and apples are peeled with the fruit knife, cut in 
quarters or eighths, and eaten from the fingers. Bananas are stripped 
of the skin, cut in pieces with a fork and eaten from it. Oranges are 
cut in two across the sections and eaten with an orange spoon. 
Plums, like olives, are eaten by biting ofif the pulp without taking the 
stone in the mouth. Pineapple, unless shredded or cut up, requires 
both knife and fork ; it is usually prepared for more convenient eating. 
Grapes, which should be washed by letting water from the faucet run 
over them and laid on a folded towel until the moisture drips ofif, are 
eaten from behind the half-closed hand, which receives the skins and 
seeds, then to be deposited on the plate. 

If the small cup of cofifee — the demi-tasse — is served, the small 
after-dinner coffee spoon is necessary. Cream is seldom served with 
the black coffee — ^cafe noir — with which a meal concludes; cut loaf 
sugar is passed. 

The Spoon. — The spoon must never be left in the cup, no matter 
what beverage is served. Most of us have seen some absent-minded 
individual (we will charitably suppose him absent-minded instead of 
ignorant), stir his coffee round and round and round, creating a min- 
iature whirlpool and very likely slopping it over into the saucer; then, 
prisoning the spoon with a finger, drink half the cup's contents at a 
giilp. To do this is positively vulgar. Stir the coffee or tea very 
slightly, just enough to stir the cream and sugar with it, then drink 
in sips. To take either from the teaspoon is bad form. Bread is 
broken, not cut, and only a small portion buttered at a time. Do not 
play with bread crumbs or spoon, etc., during the progress of a meal. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 707 

Leave knife and fork on the plate, handles side by side, when it is 
passed for a second helping, and at a conclusion of a course, or the 
meal, lay them in the same position, points of the fork upward. 

Finger Bowls. — When finger bowls are brought, the tips of the 
fingers are dipped in the bowl and dried on the napkin. Men may lift 
the moistened fingers to the lips ; women seldom do this, but wipe the 
lips with the napkin. At any function the napkin is not folded, but 
laid at the side of the plate at the conclusion of the repast. If a guest 
for a day or so, or for more than one meal, note what your hostess 
does with her napkin and follow her. If a guest at only one meal, 
never fold the napkin. Be careful not to throw it down so carelessly 
that it is stained with coffee, fruit, or fruit juices; your hostess will 
thank you for your consideration. 

Be ready to rise when your hostess rises ; you do not push your 
chair into place; simply rise and leave it. Rise on the side of your 
chair so you will not have to go around it in following your hostess 
to the drawing room. 

RECEPTIONS. 

When invitations are sent out for a reception, the recipient dons 
her handsomest afternoon gown for the occasion. This may be a 
dressy tailored suit ; by this is meant one not severely simple ; or she 
may wear some handsome trained gown under a long coat. Small 
cards for presentation at the door are sometimes enclosed with invita- 
tions to a large reception or buffet luncheon, since "the pushers" have 
been known to present themselves at such functions without having 
been invited. These cards are handed to the man who opens the car- 
riage door. An awning extends from the door to the curb, and strips 
of carpet are laid under it, A maid opens the door and directs guests 
to the dressing room, where wraps are laid aside, hats and gloves 
being retained. 

Receiving. — The hostess stands near the door of the drawing 
room, welcoming her guests with hand and smile. Next to her stand 
the ladies who receive with her. During the hour of arrival there i? 
seldom opportunity for more than a word of greeting, and one should 
not linger but pass on down the line. A reception is often given to 
some visiting stranger, who is introduced by the hostess. 

The guests then circulate through the rooms, greeting acquaint- 
ances, and drifting eventually to the dining room, where refreshments 
are served. They may stay as long as they find it agreeable, within 
the hours named on the card of invitation, but people seldom stay 
more than an hour. 

The hostess remains near the door after the rush is over to greet 
the belated guest and bid adieu to those who are leaving. 

Decorations. — It is usual to decorate the rooms with flowers, and 
the services of the florist as well as the caterer are required if it is a 
large affair. Cards are usually left, as a token that one has been 



708 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

present, but in this case a card is manifestly not a visit, since it would 
be absurd for a woman to invite fifty, a hundred, or even five hundred 
people, who would expect her to call on them afterwards. Cards arc 
sent by those who do not attend, on the day. 

A reception given for forty or fifty people is less formal, perhaps, 
but requires flowers — in less profusion — and refreshments. The awn- 
ing may be dispensed with if the day is fine, but seldom is. The 
door must be promptly opened, and the maid remains at her post dur- 
ing the affair if there are many guests, to open it for those who leave 
as well as those who arrive. 



HOSPITALITY IN THE HOME. 

"There is an emanation from the heart in genuine hospitality which comnet be 
described, but is immediately felt, and puts the stranger at once at his ease,** — Wash- 
ington Irving. 

Were we to look up the meaning of the word hospitality in the 
dictionary, we would find it defined as the act of receiving and enter- 
taining guests kindly, generously, and gratuitously, without expecta- 
tion of reward. 

According to such a definition, much that passes for hospitality in 
the social realm does not deserve the name. Society is a give-and- 
take arrangement, somewhat resembling the gift exchange we prac- 
tise at Christmas. If you do not give you do not get; if you do not 
entertain you are not invited, unless it is understood that circum- 
stances prevent your doing so. Then one is asked for what one can 
contribute in the way of good company, promotion of gayety, and 
the like. One "pays her way" by being agreeable, well gowned, pop- 
ular. Thus, in a way, much social hospitality is merely social bargain- 
ing. The woman who feels indebted to her circle — or circles, for these 
impinge upon each other — gives a large reception or *'at home." She 
can seldom do more than welcome the coming and speed the parting 
guest. Her greeting is "So delighted to see you here;" her farewell, 
"Good-bye ; so glad you were able to come." Her guests have greeted 
each other in much the same casual fashion, have had some refresh- 
ments warranted to destroy their appetite for dinner; have shown a 
handsome gown and hat — and perhaps had the former injured in the 
crush. One is reminded of Bunthorne's "Hollow! Hollow! Hollow I J" 

Real Hospitality. — Quite different is this from what we offer when 
we invite our friends to visit us. Here is j^enuine hospitality — ^the re- 
ceiving and entertaining gratuitously those whose companionship we 
enjoy. One of the chief joys of having one's own home is the pleasure of 
being able to welcome one's friends and afford them the privilege of enjoy- 
ing it also. An invitation of this kind means we are willing to incom- 
mode ourselves, incur expense, and give a measure of our time to the 
entertainment of those of our friends whose society we wish to enjoy 
familiarly. Thus it seems that an invitation to visit a friend in her 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 709 

home is a compliment of no mean order, although Nicole says: 
**Visits are for the most part neither more nor less than inventions for 
discharging upon our neighbors somewhat of our own unendurable 
weight." 

Short Visits. — Visits are of much shorter duration than in those 
"old times" people talk about so enthusiastically — and would find so tire- 
some were they to return again. Then visitors stayed week after week ; 
were urged to remain longer when they proposed departure. The story 
goes of a Virginia planter who invited an old war-time friend to visit 
him. At the end of a month the major proposed departure. His host 
objected so strenuously that he agreed to stay another month. And 
so it went on, the guest regularly proposing to leave, the host hos- 
pitably insisting on his remaining, until in the end the old veteran 
died in and was buried from his friend's house. This, however, is an 
example not to be emulated in these less hospitable days. 

There is a saying, "Short visits make long friends," that is worth 
consideration by those who visit. Probably the truth of the saying 
has been so often attested that it has given rise to the custom of 
specifying the date of arrival and departure of a guest when giving the 
invitation. It has become to be understood that the vague, indefinite 
invitation "Do come and see us sometime," means nothing. No one 
would think for a moment of taking it in good faith. If the giver 
wishes to entertain her friend she will ask if it will be convenient for 
her to visit her at a certain specified date. Nothing less counts. An 
understanding of this might save the unexperienced from the awk- 
wardness of making an unwelcome visit. 

The Unexpected Visit. — Nothing is worse form than ''the surprise 
visit." Generally you do surprise your hostess and very often most dis- 
agreeably. A housekeeper does not enjoy an intrusion^ — for such it is — 
of that kind any more than you would be pleased to have a chance caller 
rush unannounced into your private rooms. Even among relatives and the 
most intimate friends, there is nothing to justify the unexpected arrival. 
Nothing so strikes terror to a woman's soul as the thud of trunks on 
the piazza and the crunch of wheels on the gravel, meaning someone 
has "come to stay." 

Such an arrival is a piece of presumption on the part of the 
visitor. She assumes she will be welcome at any time she chooses to 
present herself. This may be true ; but at the same time there is an 
obligation of courtesy which requires her to consult her friend's con- 
venience. Instead, she consults her own and utterly ignores that of her 
hostess, who is thus forced into entertaining her. 

The Inopportune Arrival. — Many awkward and sometimes amus- 
ing anecdotes are told in connection with the inopportune visit. Thus 
not long ago the newspapers chronicled the plight of a woman who 
undertook to surprise an acquaintance from whom she had not heard 
for several years. She was driven to their house and dismissed the 



710 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

carriage. A strange face met her at the door, and she learned that 
her friend had removed to another city nearly a twelvemonth before. 
"Served her right" will be everybody's verdict. 

Suppose one arrives unexpectedly and finds the friend's house 
full of other and invited company. Then, if ever, she ought to feel 
herself "a rank outsider." If she is tactless enough not to give notice 
of her intended arrival, she probably has not the good sense to depart 
as quickly as possible. The man of the house may have to sleep on 
the parlor sofa, or the children on the floor, and ninety-nine times out 
of a hundred the whole family will wish her in Halifax. 

Or she may arrive to find some member of the family ill, or 
house-cleaning or repairing in progress, or the house in the hands of 
the decorators. Indeed, so many unforeseen accidents may occur to 
make her visit an unpleasant memory, both to herself and her hostess, 
that only the most selfish and inconsiderate of women will so violate 
the social conventions as to make "surprise visits." 

Visits That Save Expense. — Something equally reprehensible is 
the visit we pay to a friend in town where we have business or desire 
a pleasure trip, and do not propose to have it cost us much of any- 
thing. We force hospitality on our acquaintances in order to save hotel 
bills. They know it, and they feel about it just exactly as we would 
in their places — that is, that it is an imposition on good nature and a 
mean and selfish thing to do. 

"We gave up our house and went to boarding simply because my 
health and my husband's salary were inadequate to the demands made 
upon them by our out-of-town relatives and acquaintances, who used 
us as a restaurant and hotel. There was seldom a week when we did 
not give ten or twelve meals and two or three nights' lodging to people 
better able to pay for them than we were to furnish them. So we gave 
up housekeeping." This is an actual experience. 

WEEK-END VISITS. 

The "house-party," as the week-end visit is now often styled, is a 

comparatively recent addition to social entertainments. It is a fashion 
imported from England, and a very good one. It is the "from Satur- 
day to Monday" visit, and so universally recognized that during the 
summer extra trolley cars and railroad trains are in use to convey 
resorters and their guests to summer homes in the country. 

Invitations to a house-party are given several weeks in advance, 
and great care should be taken to invite those who are congenial and 
will "mix well," since where a few are thrown together congeniality is 
absolutely essential to success. The invitations are informal ; the length 
of the visit definitely fixed; even the train by which the visitor is 
expected to arrive and leave is mentioned, that there may be no 
misunderstanding. 

The Invitation. — One may write to her friend: "Won't you give 
us the pleasure of entertaining you from Friday afternoon to Monday ? 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 711 

The 3:45 train will bring you here in time for tea. Theie is to be a 
musical in the evening; an automobile ride is planned for Saturday 
afternoon, to show you the beauties of our vicinity, and there is to be 
the usual Saturday evening dance at the hotel. A train leaves here 
at 10:30 Monday morning, which will take you back to the city in 
ample time for lunch. Hoping to have the happiness of seeing you on 
Friday, I am," etc., etc. 

This not only suggests to your friend at what time she is expected 
to arrive and depart, but gives her an idea of what she should bring 
with her in the way of clothes. One should always take her prettiest 
gowns that will be suitable to the entertainments proposed for her 
pleasure — for a hostess naturally wishes to have her guests make a 
good appearance. From four to six is the number generally asked to 
a small house-party, since the usual summer cottage has few guest 
rooms. The guests are, if possible, evenly divided as to sex, and a 
hostess may, with perfect propriety, arrange that the men of the party 
shall be lodged at a hotel, coming over to breakfast with their enter- 
tainer. 

Amusements. — Some amusements are always provided for the 
visitors at a house-party. Often a dinner-party is planned for Sunday, 
in which several other guests are included. Men who cannot leave 
business for even a week-end often come out Sunday for a dinner and 
a breath of country air. Now that automobiles are as plenty as black- 
berries the railroad train can be ignored. Young people living in the 
country should take advantage of this method of entertaining their city 
friends, who will find the change delightful in summer, and will gladly 
reciprocate by inviting them to the city during the social season. 
Remember that a hearty hospitality, a sincere joy in seeing your 
friends, and the fresh milk, eggs and fruits you can offer will do much 
toward counterbalancing your lack of "city conveniences." 

The Hostess's Arrangements. — The hostess should arrange to have 
the guests met at the station. She will naturally try to have them ar- 
rive by the same train, is possible ; but she must see that their baggage 
arrives at the house nearly as soon as they do, that they may at once 
remove the soil of travel and dress for the evening meal. She may or 
she may not meet them at the station, according to her own conveni- 
ence, but she must be ready to receive them when they arrive at the 
home. If the journey has been long, a cup of tea may be offered; 
otherwise they are at once shown to their rooms. The hostess does 
this for her women guests, the host or a servant for the men. 

If a visitor is so unfortunate as to miss her train she should 
immediately telegraph or telephone her hostess, explaining the acci- 
dent, and saying she will arrange to have herself conveyed from the 
station to the house on her arrival by a later train. Of course, the 
hostess will not permit this, but will send some vehicle to meet the 
next train. 



712 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The matter of g^est rooms and their conveniences, proper fur- 
nishings, etc., will be taken up in a later section. 

What Is Expected of Guests. — One does not invite guests to make 
them uncomfortable, therefore it is best not to expect them to rise for 
an early breakfast. If they are expected to present themselves, as late 
an hour as possible should be named. But they may be served with 
coffee, rolls, fruit and any other easily prepared breakfast dish when- 
ever they please to arise, being given to understand that a substantial 
breakfast is the price of the extra ''forty winks." Guests at a house- 
party are expected to entertain themselves, among themselves, to a 
considerable extent. They may walk, or row, or play croquet or 
tennis, or read or gossip or play cards, while the hostess attends to 
her domestic duties. If the party is large, or if but one or no servants 
are kept, the women should quietly attend to their own rooms, making 
up the bed and picking up their own belongings. Whether they may 
do this or not depends upon circumstances of which they must judge. 

The most enjoyable house-parties are given in these roomy old 
houses with broad verandas, surrounded with lawn and garden. But 
this need not deter those having less delightful surroundings from 
offering their best to their friends. It is not so much the elegance of 
what we offer as the manner in which it is offered that makes our 
friends remember their visit with pleasure. 

Dress at Week-End Visits. — Women wear a simple tailored suit 
while traveling, with white waist or silk skirt to match. If the weather 
is warm, white duck, pique or linen skirts with white shirts are worn 
mornings; afternoons, foulard, or some of the fine and dainty fabrics 
suited to the season. For evening, nothing is prettier than white for 
the young — and, indeed, "everybody wears white." By change of 
accessories, the same white gown may be made to do for the two even- 
ings. If an automobile trip is part of the entertainment, one should 
take an ulster or long loose coat and veil. 

The woman's greatest trouble is to carry a second hat — some- 
thing she may need under some circumstances, though the fashion of 
going bareheaded helps considerably. But if the entertainment in- 
cludes a garden party, a tea or reception, she must have a hat. The 
trunk is uncalled for, and the suitcase is disobliging. What shall 
she do? 

Her best plan will be to have a becoming shape covered with 
black tulle or malines, and a made bow attached to it to travel in. On 
arrival, she will detach the bow and pin on a couple of plumes, an 
aigrette, or flowers, converting it into a dress hat. 

Men's Wear. — The man wears the ordinary business suit for travel- 
ing, sack or cutaway. He wears in the countr}^ in the morning a suit of 
flannel, tweed or cheviot, a straw hat and tan shoes. His shirt may be of 
striped madras or linen, with a white collar. The cutaway coat is 
correct for ordinary afternoon wear, with a white waistcoat, white 
shirt and four-in-hand tie. This takes the place in summer of the 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 713 

frock coat, which is the formal da}'- wear. He will seldom, if ever, 
have occasion for a dress suit at a week-end visit in summer. Of 
course, the size of the party and the gayeties in which one will par- 
ticipate have a bearing on the dress question, but the tendency is for 
men's dress to be more comfortable and less formal in summer, 
especially in the country. 

THE DUTIES OF A HOSTESS. 

The woman who is entertaining guests must remember two things: 
that she must not neglect them, and that she must not tire them out 
with too much attention. There is a "happy mean" to be attained, 
which is the climax of pleasure and comfort to both. 

One woman makes her visitor feel that "the domestic veal" has 
been slaughtered in her behalf. The usual manner of living and 
habits of life have been put aside that she may be "entertained." 
Elaborate meals are planned; there is a straining after hospitality 
which defeats its own purpose and makes the visitor uncomfortable, 
because the hostess has so manifestly incommoded herself. The fussy 
hostess puts too much endeavor into her entertainment. 

On the other hand, there is the hostess who announces her inten- 
tion of regarding her visitor as "one of the family," "making no fuss" 
on account of her being in the house. This sounds much better than 
it works out in actual practice. Unless we are prepared to modify 
our routine in accordance with our friend's pleasure and convenience, 
at least to some extent, we should not invite her. We do not _sk 
people to our houses to make them more uncomfortable than they 
would be at home. A visit is in the nature of a holiday, or vacation, 
to the visitor; we are to see to it that she is deferred to and efforts 
made to please her. 

The Visitor's Comfort — It is hospitable to consult her tastes in 
the matter of food. It is uncomfortable for both hostess and guest if 
the principal dish at dinner is something the latter dislikes. Nor 
should we ask her to conform to the family breakfast hour if we know 
she is unaccustomed to early hours, or is very much fatigued. In 
that case it is best to say that the early breakfast is a family necessity 
and that she will not be expected to appear at it, but may have her 
coffee and toast in her own room or down stairs at the hour at which 
she wishes to rise. This, though it may necessitate the preparation 
of a tray to be sent up, is really a convenience to the hostess, who is 
then left free to attend to her domestic duties. As some one has said, 
"It is not hospitality to ask a guest to your rooftree and expect her 
to find sufficient delight in being there and doing as you do." Very 
often she would be far more comfortable at home, physically at least. 
Remember your object in inviting people is to make them happy. 
Unless you are willing to make some sacrifices to do this, do not 
invite them. 

Preparing for Company. — An expected guest should always be met 
at the station by some member of the family. The guest room should 



714 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

be in readiness, closet and bureau drawers vacated for her use. The 
bed should be freshly made up, the bedding having been properly aired. 
It would seem that no one would offer a visitor a bed that has not been 
changed and aired after having been slept in, yet guests, exchanging 
experiences, acknowledge it has been done — let us hope through inad- 
vertence, though it is really inexcusable. 

There should be plenty of fresh towels and water; a fresh cake of 
soap, a candlestick and matches, and a waste paper basket. On the 
dressing-bureau there should be a spotless spread, a pincushion well 
stocked with pins, hand mirror, comb and brush. The guest will 
1. ...-^^ her own, but may need to use these before her luggage arrives. 
The brush and comb should have been washed after a previous using. 

A lounge, preferably placed at the foot of the bed if there is room ; 
a light quilt or blanket for use upon it; an easy chair, and a clock in 
good working order are desirable furnishings. Writing materials 
should be provided. Some careful and painstaking hostesses include 
a small writing desk, well stocked with paper, pens and ink, postage 
stamps, even picture postal cards already stamped and ready to be 
addressed. A new magazine and a few books, and a little basket con- 
taining thimble, needles, scissors and several spools of cotton com- 
plete the conveniences arranged for the guest. A potted plant, or a 
few flowers in a vase, give a personal touch that bespeaks the hostess's 
solicitude for the pleasure of her friend. 

There is no more delicious flattery than that of having one's per- 
sonal tastes remembered and recognized. 

The Visitor's Entertainment. — The entertainment of a guest is, of 
course, dependent on the hostess's means, mode of life, social standing, 
the season of the year, and whether one lives in town or in the country. 

She will ask some of her friends to call on her guest; she will 
give a little entertainment for her, at cards, or a tea, or a reception, 
according to circumstances. No doubt her friends will include her 
visitor in their invitations during her stay. She will take her friend 
to see the sights of her home city if she is a stranger ; she may give a 
theatre party, or at least take her friend several times. She will pay 
her guest's carfare, unless the other anticipates her, and pay for the 
theatre tickets. It will be perfectly correct for the guest to "stand 
treat" by inviting her host and hostess to accompany her to concert 
or play, paying for the seats herself. 

The Hostess's Invitations. — It often happens that a hostess has 
invitations not extended to her visitor. She may have accepted, before 
her guest's arrival, an invitation to dinner, card party or luncheon. 
In neither of these may she ask to have her guests included. They 
are formal functions for which arrangements are made long in advance. 
She may say to an intimate friend who is giving a musical or an "At 
home" or any informal aflFair, that she has a visitor staying with her, 
and the friend will no doubt extend an invitation to the latter. It is 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 715 

proper for host and hostess to accept invitations in which a g^est is 
not included if they make some provision for her pleasure during their 
absence. 

She may be asked to invite some friend to dine v/ith her, or 
someone provided to take her to the theatre. Nor has she a right to 
feel affronted at being left at home. 

One thing must be carefully avoided, the hostess must not let 
her guest feel, for one moment, that she is the cause of inconvenience 
or trouble. Even if she is, the fact must be sedulously concealed. 
Bear with the annoyance until the visit ceases ; then do not invite her 
again. It is the hostess's privilege to invite; having invited she must 
not allow her equanimity to be disturbed. 

THE OBLIGATIONS OF A GUEST. 

If it is the duty of the hostess to be attentive to the comfort of 
her guest, there is quite as much obligation resting on the guest to 
show a disposition to be pleased and to make herself agreeable. Some 
women — young girls more particularly — seem to think too much cannot 
be done for their entertainment. They make themselves burdensome 
by their wish to have "something doing" all the time. The visitor 
who conveys the impression that she is neglected unless some festivity 
is in the immediate future easily becomes tiresome. 

The guest should accommodate herself to the ways of the family. 
Especially should she be punctual at meals and ready on time when 
going out with her friends. Her host may acquire a dislike to her if 
she keeps him waiting. She should always be neatly dressed, never 
appearing at the breakfast table in kimona or dressing-jacket if men 
will be present. She should respect the privileges of the host, not 
occupying his easy chair, appropriating the newspaper, or the best 
position round the lamp. She should give as little trouble as possible, 
and be especially careful about scattering her belongings about the 
house. This particularly applies to young girls, who are apt to be 
careless in this respect. It annoys a hostess to find Missy's rubbers 
kicked off in the hall, her hat on the piano, and a half eaten box of 
candy on the parlor sofa. 

About Being Thoughtful. — She should be careful to avoid injury 
to any of her hostess' pretty things or her furnishings. The story is 
told of a girl who, conducted to her hostess's beautiful guest room, 
furnished with the utmost daintiness in white, threw her umbrella 
and dusty coat on the spotless counterpane, exclaiming: "What a 
lovely room!" It was not lovely when she left it. The wall was 
defaced by marks made by scratching matches; the bureau scarf was 
blackened by the curling-iron; there were ink spots on the hem- 
stitched sheets where she had written letters in bed, and something 
that would not come out was spilled on the table cover. It does not 
show that you are accustomed to nice things to be so negligent and 
careless; it shows you are not accustomed to them, and do not know 
how to treat them; and it makes you a visitor the hostess is glad to 
get rid of, and never invites again. 



^16 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The guest, young or old, should take herself out of the way part 
of the time; she shouldn't be always in evidence. Let her go to her 
own room and write letters, read, or take her work out of doors; in 
other words, show an ability to entertain herself which releases her 
hostess from that responsibility for the time being. This is much 
better than having one's friend in one's constant presence. 

Outside Acquaintance. — If one is staying with a friend and has other 
acquaintances in the same place she will naturally expect them to call on 
her. If her callers are strangers to her hostess, they should ask for her. 
The hostess may see them or ask to be excused with equal propriety. The 
guest is at liberty to accept outside invitations which do not include 
her hostess, but should always consult her in reference to them. She 
has no right to invite any of her friends to a meal without first men- 
tioning her wish to her hostess and securing a cordial acquiescence. 
She must not make a convenience of her friend's house, and if a girl 
or young woman, she must not receive there any man or woman of 
whom her parents disapprove. This is disloyal to them, and an impo- 
sition upon her hostess. 

Other Points to Observe. — If a visitor can play, sing, recite, tell stories, 
or in any way contribute to the pleasure of her friends or other guests, 
she should comply cheerfully with requests that she do so. On the 
other hand, she should not monopolize the piano. She should enter 
readily into any plans proposed for her entertainment; even though 
they may not be especially agreeable, she should subscribe to the 
kindly intent. 

The question as to how much assistance the visitor should volun- 
teer in case her hostess keeps but one servant, or does her own work, 
is dependent upon circumstances. She certainly shouldn't follow her 
hostess all over the house with offers of help: "Can't I do this?" 
''Shan't I do that?" Let her quickly and unostentatiously render such 
small services as are helpful without being obtrusive. She may care 
for her own room ; she may fill the vases with flowers ; she may tell 
stories to the children or take them for a walk, but she must care- 
fully respect the hostess's privacy and not intrude in the rear regions 
where the domestic rites are performed, without her hostess's permis- 
sion. And whatever aid she renders she should give according to her 
hostess's method, not her own. 

A visitor should carefully avoid any comment on the cook's 
failures, should such occur; she must not criticise the children's man- 
ners, nor reprove them; nor should she criticise the chance caller or 
visitor, who is a friend of her hostess, but not of her acquaintance. 
Above all she must avoid comparisons. If she has been visiting more 
wealthy people it is not good form to wax eloquent over the elegance 
of their establishment or their more expensive mode of entertaining. 

Concerning Departure. — If there has been no time named as the 
length of her visit, she should take an early opportunity to mention 
how long she will remain "if perfectly convenient." And it is almost 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 717 

invariably a mistake to remain beyond the date named. Better go, and 
have your departure regretted, than linger to find the later days give 
a flat ending and you and your hostess alike relieved at parting. 

It is customary, on leaving, to give a small fee to the maid wlio 
has cared for one's room, and to the waitress, if one is employed. 
Any one who has rendered personal service is generally remembered. 
A dollar is usually given at the close of a week's visit: something 
depends upon the style of the household. Men generally tip the 
chauffeur. 

After having been received as a guest in a family it is the height 
of incivility and bad manners to criticise their mode of living, discuss 
the peculiarities of any member, or make unkind remarks in reference 
to a slight, real or fancied, or any negligence or oversight. Having 
eaten your hostess's salt, there is an obligation of silence imposed, 
unless one can speak in terms of praise. 

At Home Again. — Immediately after one's return home it is obli- 
gatory to write what is sometimes called "the bread-and-butter letter" 
— ^that in which one expresses her pleasure in the visit and her appre- 
ciation of the hospitality received. A serviceable form for this follows : 

My Dear Mrs. Blank : 

/ wish to tell you at once how much I enjoyed my visit to 
your charming home and how truly I appreciate all you did to 
make my stay so pleasant. I shall always remember my good 
times with you, and especially that most delightful picnic to 
Ferndale. 

With kind remembrances to Mr. Blank and to Lois, who 
helped so much to make me happy, believe me, 

Yours most sincerely, 

Mary Annesley. 

This recognition of hospitality enjoyed must on no account be 
omitted. 

VISITING ETIQUETTE FOR GIRLS. 

The best personal asset a girl can have is "nice manners;" they 
will contribute more to her lasting popularity than beauty or wealth. 
Girls sometimes wonder how it happens that a girl they have regarded 
as "too homely" to be accounted dangerous, still carries off the matri- 
monial prize of "her set." Ten chances to one it is because she has 
that charm of manner that makes a man overlook her physical 
deficiencies. Her manners, in such case, are the spontaneous expres- 
sion of a kind and generous disposition, aided, of course, by a famil- 
iarity with the social code that prevents awkwardness. She has ease, 
and that puts others at their ease ; she is companionable ; and not being 
engrossed by her own good looks, she has had time to cultivate the 
intellectual graces. 



718 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Nothing is more becoming to a young girl than respect and 
deference to her elders. If for no other reason than that it gives 
observers an unfavorable opinion of her manners, she should avoid 
any disrespect or rudeness toward her parents or older sisters. The 
young girl is often negligent in this respect. Her own ego is exag- 
gerated, owing to her youth and inexperience ; she thinks 

"What there is to know, I know it; 
What I don't know isn't knowledge;" 

and is much inclined to dub her own mother ''old-fashioned." So 
she contradicts her, precedes her in entering a room, takes the easiest 
chair, monopolizes the conversation, and in other disrespectful ways 
endeavors to assert her own importance. Instead of crediting her 
with more social experience, bystanders consider her a very crude and 
untrained young person. 

Deference to Age. — One reason why convent training is so highly es- 
teemed in our best circles is because girls are taught such beautiful man- 
ners. No convent-bred girl would think of showing the slightest disrespect 
to an older person. They are taught all the little matters of etiquette that 
contribute to gentle and refined manners. A lady staying at a large 
summer hotel noted the charming manners of a young Southern girl, 
especially in regard to the unfailing deference paid to her mother and 
aunt. She rose when they addressed her and remained standing dur- 
ing the conversation. When the aunt came to the breakfast table 
the girl rose, standing until the elder lady was seated; if her mother 
entered one of the reception rooms she excused herself if conversing 
and advanced to meet her, finding a seat for her and perhaps asking 
permission to introduce an acquaintance. And it was all done so 
easily, so naturally, that it was plainly seen there was no affectation, 
but the unstudied courtesy due to good-breeding. 

On the other hand, girls who undertake to show their respect for 
their seniors sometimes overdo the matter. No elderly person likes 
to be **fussed over." She doesn't want someone continually thrusting 
a cushion behind her shoulders or insisting on providing a foot-stool. 
The unwelcome service provokes a little resentment. One must have 
an intuitive sense of what to do and when to do it, and tact enough 
to perform a trifling service without the appearance of saying "See 
me! how polite I am!" As young men should rise when an elderly 
woman enters the room, so a young girl may pay the same pretty 
deference to her mother or an acquaintance. She should be careful 
not to take precedence of older women, not to interrupt them when 
speaking, and to render any small service unobtrusively. 

THE YOUNG GIRL»S SOCIAL AFFAIRS. 

There is no special code of etiquette for girls. Why should they 
be trained in one code, only to discard it for another when they enter 
society? Their etiquette is simply more informal. Until they are 
"out," they do not give formal invitations. Their functions are chiefly 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 719 

luncheons, invitations being given by telephone or personal notes, 
and the menu more simple. They may give theatre parties, but 
never without a chaperon. They do not invite young men to call on 
them; that is their mother's duty. They do not send written invita- 
tions to young men; these are in the mother's name. Thus: 

My Dear Mr. Smith: 

My mother wishes me to say that it zvill give her much 
pleasure if you will spend Friday evening, March tenth, with us, 
quite informally. We h-ope to see you at eight o'clock. 

Yours sincerely, 

Mary Gray. 

Such an invitation presupposes the presence of other guests. If 
for cards, or music or games, mention may be made of the proposed 
entertainment. 

A girl should not receive calls from young men without the 
presence of some member of the family, her mother by preference, 
at some time during the evening. A young man should not feel that 
the girl he calls upon is not properly looked after by her parents. 

The Girl and the Chaperon. — Youth scorns the chaperon, regard- 
ing her as superfluous. "I can look out for myself," is the young girl's 
motto. Yet scandal has dimmed the fair name of many a girl through her 
disinclination to submit to proper chaperonage. The chaperon is much 
more of a social necessity in the East than she is in the South and West. 
If a girl proposes to ''look out for herself," there are some things she 
must carefully abstain from doing. She must not go to a restaurant 
with a young man alone ; she must not travel about with him alone, 
even if she is engaged to him; she must not go "on excursions" 
unattended, nor go for a ride with a man and stop anywhere for 
refreshments ; indeed, she should not accept such an invitation unless 
another couple or another girl are included in the party. This is 
not prudery; it is protection; and any young man's acquaintance is 
not desirable if he objects to such arrangements. He would not permit 
his sister to do what he asks some other man's sister to do. A young 
man loses in respect for a girl if she holds herself cheap. 

If a girl receives invitations of the character just mentioned, it is 
far better to say frankly "My father (or mother) does not allow me 
to accept," than to make excuses or plead previous engagements time 
after time. 

The Girl and the Young Man. — Do not ask a young man to call on 
the occasion of your first meeting. Young people often meet and make each 
other's acquaintance when the girl's mother, whose place it is to give the 
invitation to call, is not present. After several meetings the girl, having 
ascertained the young man's antecedents, may say, if he seems desirous 
of the invitation, "My mother will be glad to know you," or "Mother 
and I will be pleased to have you call some evening." The young 



720 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

man should acknowledge the compliment by calling at an early date, 
and should meet the girl's mother. The girl does not suggest when 
he shall call, though she may mention that she receives calls on a 
certain evening. She must not give him her card; if he is not 
sufficiently interested to remember her address he probably does not 
intend to call. 

It is not correct for girls to suggest a walk, ride, hint a wish to 
dance or row, or tacitly invite a tete-a-tete. Let those who wish such 
favors ask for them. The girl who shows herself most anxious for 
young men's attentions generally receives fewest. Despite "the 
woman's movement," man still insists on his privilege of taking the 
initiative. 

About Gifts. — It is not correct form for a girl to receive presents from 
young men, aside from flowers, candy and an occasional book or piece of 
music. In some circles, to ofifer a girl a piece of jewelry would be 
considered insulting. Not until he is engaged to her may a man offer 
expensive presents. This rule, it is lamentably true, is often violated 
by a certain order of young persons, who rather boast of the gifts of 
their gallants, and are thus the object of rather unkind criticism. 

As a rule, a girl makes a mistake when she sends a gift to a 
young man. It is generally something that is as superfluous to him 
as a fifth wheel to a wagon, and it entails an irksome sense of obliga- 
tion. It is presumed, if he has been very courteous and shown her 
many attentions, that it has been been his pleasure to do so, and her 
gracious acceptance and pleasure in them is sufficient reward. A girl 
may give Christmas and birthday gifts to her fiance, but he should not 
give her any article of wearing apparel except gloves. 

The Telephone. — A girl should be chary of calling up her young 
men acquaintances by telephone. If forced to do so, she should make 
her communication as brief as possible. It is annoying to a young 
man to be called from his business to answer social or "nonsense" 
calls — the latter when some idle, ennuied or "smitten" girl takes a 
notion she would like to chatter to somebody awhile. It exasperates 
an employer to have his men called from their duties to answer such 
calls, and fellow employes are likely to "guy" the man about his 
"mash." The "note habit" is just about as bad, though not quite as 
annoying, as the telephone habit, because a man can carry such 
missives in his pocket unopened. 

A wise girl will not give her photograph to any young man until 
she is engaged to him. What nice girl would care to see her picture 
neighbored by ballet dancers and footlight favorites in a young man's 
rooms ! She will be equally careful about corresponding with men, 
writing to but a few intimate and long-known friends, making her 
letters bright and gay, but carefully avoiding any warmer expressions 
of regard than those warranted by the friendship. Many a girl has 
bitterly regretted the affectionate missives sent to some young man 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 721 

who made "werry fierce love" to her for a time, and whose regard 
afterward cooled. AVhen the man she truly loves comes along, she 
would give her most precious jewel to get those letters into her 
hands again. It is a great deal safer not to write them. 

A young woman, receiving back her letters at the close of a 
mistaken engagement, once said : 

"I sat down on the floor and read them over, and I tell you I 
was proud of myself. There wasn't one I w-ouldn't have been willing 
to have my father read — and you know what I think of my father!" 

THE DEBUTANTE. 

A large number of young girls enter society without formal intro- 
ductions. After leaving school, they assume their social responsibil- 
ities w^ith no formality. It is seldom that a girl enters the social world 
under eighteen, or over twenty-two. The early appearance implies 
no college career; the later, that she has spent several years at col- 
lege or finishing school. 

Increasingly, however, it is becoming the custom to introduce the 
young aspirant for social recognition at some function given in her 
honor. This may be a ball, a reception, a "coming-out party," a din- 
ner, a tea, at which the debutante is introduced to the older members 
of the circle in which she will move. Whereas her associates hereto- 
fore have been young folk of her own age, she now meets the people 
of all ages who constitute what we call society. Her circle of acquaint- 
ances will be much enlarged, and her breeding wnll be judged by the 
manner in which she accepts her new obligations. 

A Grave Mistake. — The greatest mistake the debutante can make is 
to treat with carelessness and lack of respect the matrons, young or old, to 
whom she is introduced. In the arrogance of her youth and ignorance she 
may think them "old frumps" and devote herself to her mates in age and 
inexperience. But the "old frumps" hold the trump cards ; she will 
be dependent on them for invitations to many pleasant little functions, 
especially those exclusive affairs to which it is an honor to be invited, 
and if she is not personally agreeable, there will always be some one 
else to take the place that might have been hers, for a chaperon 
often influences a young man's invitations. Moreover, by her dis- 
respect for age and position she advertises her lack of good breedinj^ 
and social training. 

Her Dress. — The debutante dresses in white at her "coming-out 
party," as a rule : white being supposed to tj-pify her virginal attitude in the 
social realm. The mother receives her guests with her daughter standing at 
her side. It is not uncommon for two girls of about the same agi'e 
who are close friends to be introduced at the same function. The 
celebrant's friends send flowers ; sometimes the number of bouquets is 
so great that a screen is arranged behind her on which they are dis- 
played. Girls pique themselves on the number of such tributes. 
46 



722 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

If Not a Belle. — But suppose a girl is not pretty enough, nor rich 
enough, nor attractive enough to become a social success. She will 
suffer countless mortifications. In society, as in business, "Nothing 
succeeds like success." If she is popular, she will have a very happy 
time as debutante. If sihe is not *'a success," her chaperon will de- 
spair of her. She will be partnerless when other girls have too many; 
she will have to retire to the dressing-room, deeply humiliated because 
unescorted to the supper-room. She will be a wall-flower while others 
dance. Young men are very selfish; unless a girl has some claim to 
consideration, personally, or they expect invitations through her par- 
ents, they often will selfishly neglect her. 

What shall she do in such a case? She will be happier and more 
contented to give up the losing fight, find some sphere that is con- 
genial, and determine to adorn it. There are many kinds of belles; 
she may make herself a belle of the home, a belle in out-door sports, a 
queen of the chafing-dish. Far better these humbler triumphs than 
neglect and unhappiness in the social world. 

A girl looks forward to her debut with many joyous anticipations, 
but often finds her second social season a happier one than her first. 
She is more sure of herself, less shy and reserved; little things — the 
small mistakes made through ignorance — do not worry her so much; 
she has gained ease and grace of manner, having shed her self-con- 
sciousness. 

THE ETIQUETTE OF BALLS. 

"Dinner dances" have largely taken the place of balls, the latter 
having seemingly passed into the hands of clubs and assemblies or 
being known as "subscription dances." One must have a very large 
house, with ball-room, to give a ball successfully, so it is customary to 
engage private apartments at some fashionable restaurant or hotel, 
where there are accommodations for s'uch an affair. 

Invitations are formal, and of course engraved. If a debutante is 
to be presented her card may or may not be, but usually is, enclosed 
with the invitation. The patronesses of a subscription dance are 
entitled to invitations which they send to their friends, enclosing their 
card. The word "ball" never appears on an invitation; its nature is 
indicated by "Cotillion," the fashionable name for what was called 
"the German." The hostess or hostesses stand near the entrance to 
the ball-room, and should see that the guests receive a fair amount of 
attention. The supper is provided by a caterer, of course. Two 
orchestras, playing alternately, proAade music ; they are screened behind 
palms and other plants. Balls generally begin about eleven o'clock, 
the hour named on the cards being half after ten, and everybody wait- 
ing in the hope that someone else may arrive earlier. General danc- 
ing is in order until supper is served ; afterwards the cotillion is 
danced. 

At the dinner dance, the cotillion is preceded by a dinner, given 
by the hostess at her own house, or by several hostesses at some res- 
taurant, where each presides over a table. Dinner and subscription 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 723 

dances are much favored by the younger set, as the hostesses act in the 
capacity of chaperons, and the company is gayer. 

To bid one's hostess good night — or good morning — and express 
one's pleasure in her entertainment is obligatory. 

GARDEN PARTIES. 

Jupiter Pluvius apparently has a grouch against garden-parties, so 
often does he shake his sieve with deliberate intent to spoil the affair, 
which is after all, merely afternoon tea out of doors. The hostess 
anxiously consults "the probabilities" as to weather, and if storm 
threatens must hastily convert her garden fete into an in-door func- 
tion. If blessed with a bright day, a garden party is a pretty affair. 
The women wear beautiful light gowns, en train by preference, and 
their flower-laden hats and gay parasols contribute to the charm of the 
scene. 

The garden-party is the special prerogative of the out-of-town 
hostess. She has the lawn and the trees without which a party of 
this character cannot be undertaken. Invitations may be formal, or 
the hostess may use her card with the hour and the date and "Garden 
Party" written in the lower left hand corner. If guests from a dis- 
tance are expected to arrive by train or trolley they must be notified 
of the train or car which will be met by carriages or automobiles she 
provides. 

The hostess receives on the lawn, and hats are retained. Games, 
like lawn tennis, archery, croquet, should be provided. Guests wander 
about and entertain each other, and seek the refreshment tables when 
so inclined. The supper may be served under a tent or in the house. 
Seats are provided, and rugs spread on the grass. No matter if the 
weather is unfavorable the guests are expected to present themselves, 
as the hostess will quickly transform her out-door fete into an in-door 
affair in case of rain. 

Refreshments. — A hostess is not expected to use her best china and 
linen at a garden party. She should have an ample supply of napkins, 
plates, cups and silver, but the expense of hiring them from a caterer is 
offset by the danger of breakage and loss. 

She may serve salads, sandwiches, cakes, ices and ice creams, 
fruit, and claret cup ; or sandwiches, cakes, ice cream and lemonade 
and fruit punch. Hot tea should be provided for those w^ho prefer it, 
especially if rain drives the guests in-doors. The young matrons are 
invited to pour it. The maids should remove soiled dishes and nap- 
kins promptly, and keep the tables looking fresh. Music is usually 
provided. 

AT SMALL ENTERTAINMENTS. 

Many small, informal entertainments are more enjoyable than 
those larger affairs given for the purpose of paying off social debts. 
Good w^ill and jollity prevail, and people "go in for a good time." 



724 MOTHERS' REMEDI£S 

Card Parties. — The most stringent rule of etiquette at a card- 
party is to be punctual, that the tables may be filled up in good sea- 
son. The second rule is to keep good-natured, even if your partner 
fails to return your lead or trumps your ace. Some people make them- 
selves very disagreeable over cards, and are avoided as partners. If 
unfortunate enough to be paired off with such a person, at least con- 
trol your own annoyance. 

Never descend to the meanness of telegraphing information, hint- 
ing at your preferences in the way of trumps, overlooking a neigh- 
bor's hand, or taking any unfair advantage. A prize thus won is no 
honor. Nor do such violations of good breeding pass unnoticed. 

At the Party. — If one accepts an invitation to a card party she is 
supposed to have sufficient proficiency to play the game proposed 
with some degree of credit ; otherwise she should promptly send regrets. 
Invitations may be formal or informal, or the hostess may send her 
card with "Bridge, at half after two o'clock," or "Euchre," or "Five 
Hundred," written upon it. Replies are to be sent at once. Many 
such invitations are given by telephone. The guests are assigned to 
tables by the hostess, the names being written at the top of the score- 
cards. Two packs of cards are on each table, and small pencils 
attached to the score-cards. Playing begins when all are present. Or 
the hostess may fill the tables as the guests arrive, begin playing at 
the stated time, and assign late comers to places as they come in. 
Hats are kept on at an afternoon card-party. The usual limit for 
playing is two hours. The "progressive" fashion requires the provid- 
ing of two prizes, the first prize and a consolation prize for the person 
having the lowest score. If prizes are given at each table they should 
be duplicates. These prizes are wrapped up in tissue paper and tied 
with ribbons, and are to be opened at once, displayed, and the hostess 
cordially thanked. It is not good form to be ostentatiously generous 
in the matter of prizes, nor should guests show themselves too eager 
to win. 

It is customary to engage card tables and chairs for such an 
entertainment. The refreshments are served on these tables. Punch 
is sometimes served while the game is in progress. 

Very often the hostess invites some of her friends who do not 
play cards to come in for refreshments at half after four or five 
o'clock. 

Refreshments should not be too elaborate for either afternoon or 
evening card-parties. Sandwiches, coffee, and small cakes, or ices and 
cake, for the afternoon; salad of some kind with coffee, olives, and 
some sweet or fancy wafer, for evening. Men enjoy an oyster stew 
served hot in the dining room. 

YOUNG GIRLS' PARTIES. 

Until a girl is formally launched in society, her parties are of the 
simplest and most informal kind. She will invite a few friends to tea, 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 725 

or to a card-party, giving informal invitations and confining them to 
her school friends and most intimate acquaintances. Games, music, 
and the like are the usual amusements. Properly chaperoned, she may 
give a small theater party. 

Birthday Party. — The largest of her social functions will probably 
be her birthday party. For this, her birthday flower will be chosen for 
decorations. Her young friends may give her little presents. Once 
in a season she may be invited to a small dance given for some school- 
mate. This she will attend, prettily and simply gowned, and properly 
chaperoned. On no account will she go alone in a carriage, or with 
a young man alone. If she is a well bred girl she will not pique her- 
self in dancing every dance, nor ''split the dances" into fragments to 
please those who wish to dance with her. She will be careful not to 
romp nor laugh too loud ; nor to permit herself to be held too closely 
in dancing, nor be served too often with punch. 

"STAG" DINNERS. 

The woman who wishes to give her husband a birthday party or 
anniversary will not go amiss if she makes it a "stag dinner" — that is, 
a dinner for men only. 

To this she invites as many of his men friends as she can accom- 
modate, and provides a good, substantial meal, without any "frills." It 
need not be elaborate if everything is good of its kind, well cooked 
and served hot. The menu may include oysters, roast fowl, two veg- 
etables, several relishes, and an entree, with some simple dessert and 
good coffee. She will also see to it that the cigars are of the proper 
excellence. It is optional whether she sits at the table till the coffee 
and cigars are served, or stays in the kitchen to superintend the serv- 
ing. Red is the most appropriate color for decorations, since a man's 
ideas of color are usually rather crude. Men always enjoy a dinner 
of this kind. The evening may conclude with cards. 

A stag card-party sometimes takes the place of a dinner; it is 
followed by a substantial supper. 

THE MUSICAL AND INFORMAL TEA. 

At a musical, guests are seated, the hostess remaining near the 
door to welcome late arrivals. If these arrive while a selection is in 
progres^s, they stand till it is finished, then find seats. Guests do not 
leave their seats during the intermission, but converse with those in 
the vicinity. Refreshments are always served. Hats are removed. 

For a very informal tea the hostess sends her card with the date 
and hour written across the lower corner. If a friend is staying with 
her, she may write *'to meet Mrs. A." at the top. She will offer a cup 
of tea and cakes or wafers to each comer, or may ask some friend to 
do so for her, leaving her free to mingle with her visitors. Simplicity 
and informality characterize this form of receiving friends. 



726 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ETIQUETTE FOR CHILDREN. 

"The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother." — Bonaparte. 

Children reflect the manners of their homes. As they learn to talk 
after the fashion of their parents' speech, so they learn to be polite by 
example, aided by training, and in both cases the habit of youth per- 
sists in greater or less degree all through life. 

To train children properly requires patience and persistence, but 
to have polite children, and to feel that they know what to do and 
how to do it when they begin to go out, is certainly a great source 
of satisfaction to a mother, on whom the burden of training falls. 

The secret, of success is beginning early. Before the baby is three 
years old he should be in process of training. When he comes into 
the use of spoon, knife and fork, he should be taught how to hold 
these properly, and how to feed himself. He should never be per- 
mitted to play with his food ; out of that baby habit comes the later 
playing with crumbs, holding the fork in the hand when not eating, 
drinking tea from a spoon, and other little gaucheries resorted to in 
embarrassment or preoccupation. It is not necessary to wait until a 
child is ten or twelve years old before teaching him not to interrupt a 
conversation, and to make his wants known quietly and without 
iteration, nor yet that your yea means yea, and your nay, nay. 

First Lessons. — The mother's first lesson is usually in regard to 
taking of¥ his hat or cap. Teach him to remove this as soon as he 
enters the house, as soon as he begins to go out of doors alone, and 
the habit will become life-long. It is very charming to see a child of 
either sex rise to open the door for a visitor, or stand while she talks 
to him. One often sees boys of seven, nine and eleven years of age 
occupying the seats in a car while the ladies stand. No mother should 
permit this. 

Whether a child should say "father" and "mother," or use the more 
babyish form of "papa" and "mama" is a matter of parental choice, 
but the preference in some circles is for the former. A blunt "yes" 
or "no" is not thought polite from a child ; he should say "yes, father," 
"no, mama," "yes, Mrs. Smith." "Ma'am" as a form of address is 
quite obsolete. 

Most parents make the mistake of believing their children as 
absorbingly interesting to other people as they are to them, and bring 
them forward so prominently that they become tiresome. A good rule 
is for the mother to allow children to greet the visitor and then send 
them away to their play. The spectacle of a little child primly seated 
on a chair and "taking in" the conversation with eyes and ears is not 
wholly edifying ; while to allow a child to hang on a visitor or mon- 
opolize the attention makes the youngster a nuisance. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 727 

CHILDREN'S PARTIES. 

There is nothing children love better than a party. It takes so 
little to make them happy that the exertion is well repaid by their 
pleasure. A few games, a light supper, an inexpensive souvenir, and 
they have had ''a perfectly splendid time." 

For children from five to twelve, the best hours for a party are 
from three to half past five. This gives time for all to return home 
by six o'clock. Few mothers wish to have their children out evenings 
at that age. Where the children are old enough they should write 
their own invitations. They should receive their guests themselves, 
the mother standing in the background to see that they do it properly 
and to second their welcome. The little host or hostess should early 
learn the lesson that she must study the pleasure of her guests, not 
her own, and be taught the courtesies required of her. 

Games. — The first thing is the games, which are suitable to the 
children's age. Little ones play romping games, like "Cat and Mouse," 
^'London Bridge,'' etc.; those a little older enjoy a peanut hunt or a 
peanut race, or supplying the donkey with a caudal appendage. Many 
novel games are possible. Or the children may be asked to a doll's 
party, or an animal party. To the one they bring their favorite doll ; 
to the other their teddy bears and cotton elephants. 

Supper. — The supper should be simple. Sandwiches, cocoa, jellies, 
and fancy cookies not too rich. After the supper they may dance 
"Sir Roger de Coverley/' or some simple form all know, and then 
little souvenirs may be distributed in a way that leads to a hunt. 
Notes are written and put in a bag; each child takes one; the note 
directs where to look. All rush pell mell to that spot. There they 
find directions to look somewhere else, and finally each gets a little 
card or a note directing a search at some particular place, say in a 
basket in the hall or in the dining room, where each finds and unwraps 
a little gift. Or a large paper sack filled with wrapped bonbons is 
hung between folding doors, each child blindfolded in turn, given a 
cane and instructed to hit the sack if he can. Presently the paper is 
broken and the youngsters scramble for the contents. Each little guest 
should thank the giver of the party and the mother for the pleasure 
enjoyed. The little host or hostess should stand where they can make 
their adieus, for it is no longer proper to ''take French leave" on any 
occasion except ''a crush." 

Games for Older Children. — Older children enjoy a peanut hunt, 
or a spider party where they follow a twine through a labyrinth of 
loopings and find a small prize at the end, or a book party, where each 
guest represents the title of some book. Thus Ouida's "Under Two 
Flags" could be very easily represented. Young folks always enjoy 
"dressing up," and any hostess can either find directions for some 
form of fancy dress, or invent something new for herself. St, Valen- 
tine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, May Day, the Fourth of July, Hallowe'en, 
have their traditional decorations and games, and suggest their own 
refreshments. Elaborate refreshments have rather gone out of style. 



728 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

CONCERNING ENGAGEMENTS. 

A marriage engagement is one of the most serious contracts into 
which young people can enter, second only to actual marriage. It is 
not to be lightly entered upon. It is no credit to a girl to have been 
several times affianced ; indeed, it almost invariably occasions unfavor- 
able comment. There may be reasons for breaking one engagement, 
but when it comes to the second, Mrs. Grundy makes remarks, and is 
inclined to blame the girl, either for too great haste to wed, or for 
being fickle and capricious. 

A girl should be very sure of herself before she gives her promise. 
She must respect the man, and have faith and confidence in him, and 
not permit herself to be carried away by considerations of wealth and 
position. If there is anything about him she dislikes, she may be sure 
dislike will become aversion after marriage, unless she has a genuine 
affection for him. 

Parental Wishes. — She should not engage herself without consult- 
ing her parents. Where can she find better advice than from those 
who have cared for her so long and faithfully? Where there is par- 
ental disapproval, a girl should show her respect for her parents' opin- 
ion by avoiding a hasty decision. Men know men much better than 
women can ever know them; and the opposition of a father or older 
brother should have due consideration. 

In these days and in this country, young women take their matri- 
monial affairs into their own hands. "In the good old times" the 
young man asked the consent of the girl's parents before he was sure 
of her sentiments toward him ; he asked permission to woo, and if in 
his eagerness he forestalled the etiquette of the occasion she modestly 
referred him to her parents, first indicating her consent would accom- 
pany theirs. In the twentieth century the young people too often 
settle the matter between themselves, and announce their intentions to 
wed quite regardless of their parents' sentiments on the subject. So 
many youthful attachments are really youthful follies that the girl who 
submits her wishes to her parents' counsel often has reason to consider 
herself fortunate. Girls, however, almost invariably regard parental 
opposition as unreasonable ; actually it is often founded on a better 
understanding of their temperaments and the character of the young 
men in the case than they imagine — or in many cases can be made 
to see. 

A manly man will approach the father of the girl he wishes to 
make his wife, state his prospects, and ask the father's consent. If 
withheld, he will not urge the girl into a hasty marriage, but will wait 
until the opposition has diminished. In case this does not happen, the 
girl has at least had an opportunity to learn her own mind. Many who 
have married against their parents' wishes have lived happily; it must 
be admitted that others have not. Delay, at least, gives time for rea- 
son to outweigh romance. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 729 

It is especially awkward for the girl if the parents of her fiance do 
not approve his choice. In such case she should give ample time for 
their disapproval to have whatever effect it may on the young man's 
feelings towards her. Some girls refuse to enter a man's family unless 
made welcome. 

No girl should engage herself to a man she has known but a short 
time ; certainly not without searching inquiry into his reputation in 
his former place of residence. No man can reasonably object to such 
inquiries ; indeed, he should welcome them ; invite them by furnishing 
credentials. No matter how violently in love a girl may be, she 
should not throw prudence and discretion to the winds. 

ANNOUNCEMENT OF ENGAGEMENTS. 

An engagement may be announced soon after it is entered upon, 
or not until several weeks before the marriage. Usually the engage- 
ment is known to the two families some time in advance of the later 
formal announcement. This is to save the girl embarrassment in case 
it is broken off. Should this happen, the young man takes the blame 
upon himself, declaring the young lady discarded him. Only an out- 
and-out cad would intimate to anyone that he ''threw her over." 

The announcement of the engagement comes through the girl's 
family; the man waits until it is their pleasure to make it known. 
The usual way is for the girl and her mother to write notes to rela- 
tives and close friends. The man, of course, will know when this is 
done, and may send notes to his relatives and friends, or acquaint 
them by word of mouth, at the same date. No special form is em- 
ployed for such notes ; they are always informal and familiar. 

How Disclosed. — Sometimes a girl announces her engagement to 
her most intimate girl friends at a small tea or luncheon her mother 
or some relative gives for her. In this case the decorations are sug- 
gestive. Heart-shaped place cards, decorated with the entwined 
initials of the two parties ; pink flowers, banked in heart-shape and 
pierced with silver arrows, for a centerpiece, and sandwiches and cakes 
in heart shape, the latter decorated in pink, are often used. At each 
plate may be a small cluster of pink carnations, tied with narrow rib- 
bons, one end connecting with an arrow in the centerpiece. When 
these are drawn out some appropriate sentiment is found attached, 
which is read aloud by the guest. 

Any novel form may be employed in communicating the Joyous 
intelligence. Mid-way the repast some friend previously selected for 
the honor may propose a health to the two who are betrothed; some- 
one may ask a moment's indulgence while she reads an interesting 
paragraph from a letter, or a mock telegram may be delivered. Con- 
gratulations are in order ; sometimes the fiance has been held in re- 
serve, and is brought in to share with his fiancee the good wishes of 
her friends. 



730 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

All who receive notes are expected to call in person or send letters 
of congratulation. Flowers are often sent, and dinners, theater parties, 
and other entertainments given for the young couple. Engagement 
gifts are often given ; china being a favorite choice, though any gift is 
in order. 

After the Announcement. — Immediately upon the announcement of 
the engagement the parents of the young man call upon his fiancee and her 
mother, whether previously acquainted or not. His family takes the initia- 
tive in the exchange of hospitality which follows. Calls are to be returned 
within a week. In case the man's family live at a distance, the members 
should at once write cordial, kindly letters to the girl, to which she 
must reply within a few days. She should not "gush" but should 
show her desire to know them, and a cordial and friendly feeling. The 
prospective mother-in-law may invite the girl to visit her. She should 
remember that no matter how welcome the alliance she is under inspec- 
tion, as it were, and do her best, through courtesy and tact and friend- 
liness to create a favorable impression. 

The Girl's Behavior. — The engagement ring is not worn until the en- 
gagement is announced. If the young man's means permit, it is usually as 
handsome a diamond solitaire as he can afford. No womanly girl would 
wish her fiance to go in debt* to purchase her ring. Should it be less hand- 
some than she had hoped or expected, she should not give the slightest 
evidence of disappointment. That would seem mercenary and grasp- 
ing. Nevertheless, a girl does doubtless get much more joy out of her 
engagement ring than she does out of her wedding ring. 

Though a girl may receive from her affianced gifts of jewelry, 
silver, etc., as well as the bonbons, books and flowers she was priv- 
ileged to accept before her engagement, it is not in good taste for him 
to offer any article of wearing apparel to her. He is not to buy 
clothes for her until after their marriage. Nothing that cannot be 
returned to him uninjured in case the engagement is broken is really 
correct for her to receive. 

She will naturally receive many notes, letters, etc., from her 
fiance, especially if he is called out of town often, or resides in another 
city. The inexperienced, very-much-in-love girl is quite likely to write 
very ardent and affectionate letters. Leave that to the man. If she 
knows her Thackeray she will remember the rose-colored billet-doux 
poor Amelia used to write to her George, and which lay unopened day 
after day, and will model her missives upon the style of Lucy Snowe's 
to the Professor — "a morsel of ice, flavored with ever so slight a zest 
ni sweetness." Let her make them bright, chatty, kindly, but not too 
tender. 

Length of Engagement. — As for the length of an engagement, it is 
often argued that if one has made a mistake, it is much better to find it 
out before marriage than after. A prolonged engagement, however, is 
not advisable. It embarrasses a girl to be asked "When is it going to 
be?" and be obliged to make evasive answers. The old saying "Absence 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 731 

makes the heart grow fonder" often proves untrue. The long" engage- 
ment is a strain, undoubtedly. A year is quite long enough for the two 
to demonstrate their fidelity and for all necessary preparations. 

Breaking Off. — If the two develop incompatibility, after being con- 
vinced it is irreconcilable the only thing to do is to sever the tie. This 
is often heart-breaking if caused by the infidelity of one party, and 
always humiliating, especially to the girl. To spare her as much as 
possible, the man assumes the breaking-off was her act. He never 
allows himself to speak of her save in terms of the most perfect respect. 
The presents, letters, pictures, are returned, and Cupid retires discom- 
fited. The girl's mother writes to her friends and tells them the 
engagement is broken ; no reason is given and no person of tact or 
knowledge of social forms will inquire why or ever allude to the mat- 
ter to either of the parties to the engagement or their parents. 

"Being engaged" does not relax etiquette. It does not justify a 
journey or an excursion together, nor appearance in public places 
unchaperoned. Lovers refrain from caresses or evidence of their devo- 
tion in the presence of others; in short they should conduct themselves 
with decorum. 

The Wedding Trousseau. — In case everything goes well when the 
wedding day is set it is the custom to announce the engagement in the 
society columns in the newspapers. The trousseau is nearly ready, the linen 
chest is filled, the details of the wedding settled. It is not customary now 
for the expectant bride to have dozens and dozens of undergarments, to be 
laid aside, turn yellow and go out of style. One dozen of each gar- 
ment is an ample supply for the average bride ; even half a dozen new 
garments of each kind have been known to answer every purpose. 
She should have a moderate supply of shoes, corsets, gloves, petticoats, 
both silk and cambric, and handkerchiefs. Fashions change so rapidly 
now that it is foolish to lay in a great stock of gowns. The supply 
of these must be in accordance with her social position and its require- 
ments. After she is married, she will find her table-cloths and nap- 
kins, sheets, and pillow slips and towels a much greater source of sat- 
isfaction than a lot of passe gowns and wraps. Her silver and linen 
are marked with the initials of t*€r maiden name. These initials are 
always embroidered on the latter. 

The supply of table and bed-linen will depend upon the size of her 
house and the style in which she lives. Six sheets and six pillow and 
bolster slips are allowed to each bed, and twelve towels, half of them 
bath towels, to each bedroom. She should have dinner and lunch 
cloths, with napkins to match ; it is usual to allow a dozen napkins to 
each cloth. It is good economy to purchase all these in a good quality. 
The dinner cloths and napkins should be of double damask, so called. 
The very large dinner nankins — seven-eighths of a yard square — are 
less in. favor than the medium, three-quarter size. A fairly ample 
supply of comforts, down and silk quilts, and blankets, is often 
acquired by purchase before marriage. 



732 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

WEDDING FESTIVITIES. 

Very soon after the wedding invitations are out. the bride's 
friends bestir themselves and a number of entertainments are planned 
in her honor. These are dinners, luncheons, teas, and theatre parties, 
the latter often prefaced by a dinner at the house of the hostess. 
Often these include the bridal party — bridesmaids and "best man." 
To dinners and theatre parties the br:degroom-to-be is invited ; lunch- 
eons and teas are given by the bride's friends to her. The bride- 
groom's bachelor friends frequently give a dinner for him — a farewell 
to the man so soon to rank as "Benedict, the married man." 

These functions in honor of the bride are exclusive, rather than 
general, invitations being restricted to familiar friends. The bride's 
relatives are the entertainers. At such functions the bride expectanl 
may wear one of the gowns of her trousseau. Because of these enter- 
tainments, which are really quite a tax on the girl's strength and vital- 
ity, the trousseau should be complete and the wedding preparations 
wbll under way before they begin. Most of them seem to be crowded 
into the week or ten days preceding the ceremony. 

Engagement "Showers." — "The shower" — an entertainment that is 
somewhat on the order of an informal tea at which each guest brings some 
gift to the bride — has been called "provincial." It has a recognized place in 
middle class society, at least, and may be made an enjoyable function. No 
two "showers" are alike, hostesses vieing with each other in the ende^voi 
to present something original and attractive. The linen shower is one 
of the most popular, each guest bringing some contribution to the 
bride's linen chest. These are the more valued if the handiwork of 
the. giver, and some girls always have a bit of work in progress which 
may, when finished, be their offering at a linen shower. 

Onlv intimate friends are asked to a linen shower and the occa- 
sion is entirely informal. The invitations may be couched in this form: 

Jl/y Dear Miss Ames — 

/ am gi'i'ing a linen shozver for our mutual friend, Miss Gray, 
who is to he married next month, and zi'ould be very glad to have 
you with us. I am asking a feiv friends for luncheon on Thurs- 
day, January sixth, at one o'clock, and hope you will be able to 
come. As the ''shower'' is to be a surprise to Miss Gray, please 
do not mention it should you see her. 

Very cordially, 

Helen Brown. 

The invitation should be promptly answered. Usually, the nature of 
the entertainment is not known to the guest of honor until she arrives ; 
sometimes not until she is seated at the table. 

How Presented. — The more unique the method of presentation the 
more amusing the surprise of the guest. The gifts are to be neatly 



MAXXERS AXD SOCIAL CUSTOMS 733 

wrapped up in white tissue paper, tied with ribbons, the card of the 
giver being enclosed. Often some sentiment is written on the card, 
or an original rhyme ; this the recipient reads aloud when the gift is 
unwrapped. 

At one long remembered shower, the centerpiece was a white linen 
parasol, beautifully embroidered and the gift of the hostess. This, 
open, was fastened upright, the block of wood which held it being 
hidden under asparagus plumosus interspersed with pink roses. Under 
this were arranged the several packages. Between each course the 
guest of honor was requested to draw and open a parcel, the remainder 
being opened before leaving the table. At another luncheon the gifts 
were brought in by a boy dressed as a messenger, one at a time, as if 
just delivered. The surprise of the guest at the first delivery greatly 
amused her friends. One guest contributed a handsome lunch cloth,. 
another the napkins to match, each marked with embroidered initials. 
An embroidered white linen handbag, for use with a white gown, was 
enclosed in a box about a foot square ; within this was another, neatly 
wrapped and tied, which, opened, contained another and still another, 
keeping expectancy at its height. The '"Jack Horner pie'' has been 
used, and the "showered" girl has been handed a white satin ribbon 
and been bidden to follow where it led her. discovering at the end the 
pile of presents. 

Gifts for a linen shower may include towels of all kinds, the mono- 
grammed damask and initialed guest towels, embroidered linen pillow 
slips ; centerpieces, doilies, bureau scarfs and many other textile gifts 
suggest themselves. The "kitchen shower" suggests the useful; the 
handkerchief shower is dainty. 

Refreshments. — The refreshments at such an entertainment may 
be as simple as one likes, unless the invitations are for a luncheon ; in 
that case they should be more elaborate. Chocolate and sandwiches, 
with cake and ices ; sandwiches, cake and cofTee, are allowable. The 
guests are seated at a table, which should be decorated with pink and 
white flow^ers. Pink carnations are beautiful for this use. The guest 
of honor is seated at the hostess's right hand and is served first. She 
must thank those who have presented the gifts individually, and 
express to her hostess her pleasure in the entertainment and her grat- 
itude for the trouble she has taken for her. 

WEDDING PREPARATIONS. 

The Expense of a Wedding. — It may be said at the outset that no 
wedding should be more costly than the financial standing of the bride's 
family warrants. If the bridegroom's family is wealthy, and that of the 
bride in very moderate circumstances, there will be many to intimate 
that the bridegroom "put up for it." The intimation is a sneer, 
becausie the bride's family should pay all the expenses of a wedding. 
If the expense is manifestly beyond the resources of the bride's father, 
society lifts its eyebrows. 



734 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Of course her wedding is the one pageant in which the girl is the 
central figure — the admired of all beholders. It is quite natural for 
her to wish it to be beautiful, to look lovely herself, and not to go 
empty-handed to her husband. But no sensible girl will have a grand 
wedding if its cost will put her father in debt. If Mary's music lessons 
must be intermitted, or John's entrance into college postponed because 
of her trousseau and her wedding, she should assume some of the 
sacrifice herself and be content with a more modest outfit and a simple 
ceremony. Thousands of thoughtless girls leave their families to 
recover slowly from the financial strain of their wedding. It is sel- 
fish and inconsiderate for a girl to say, "You will never have to do it 
again for me," or "I shall be no further expense to you." That may be 
true, but it is no justification. 

Nor is it permissible for the bridegroom to furnish any part of 
the bride's trousseau. If she is poor, and is to marry into wealth, 
good taste and public opinion counsel her to confine her wedding prep- 
arations to what she or her family can pay for. Let her make ready 
a simple wedding dress and going-away gown, or be married in the 
latter, and take with her to her new home only her under linen and the 
treasured keepsakes of her maiden days. As soon as she is wife, her 
husband may lavish silks and laces and furs upon her, but not before. 

The Bride's PrivilegeSu — It is the province of the bride to name 
the wedding day, subject of course to the insistence of her fiance, who 
will urge an early date. She decides whether her wedding shall be 
formal or informal, at church or at home. She chooses the clergyman 
who shall perform the ceremony, the bridegroom notifying him of her 
desire. Her family issues — and pays for — the wedding invitations and 
announcement cards. It is customary to ask the bridegroom to make 
out a list of those of his relatives and friends to whom he wishes 
these sent. The bride names her attendants, decides upon their num- 
ber and if a bridal procession is contemplated, consults with them as to 
their gowns and the accessories. Here she is in duty bound to con- 
sider the expense to be incurred by those invited to take part in the 
aflfair, unless she is prepared to pay for their gowns herself; this how- 
ever, is seldom done. If she desires her attendants to wear some 
particular adornment which will be of no use to them afterwards, as a 
fancy muff or boa, she should pay for it herself. She may endeavor 
to arrange with her dressmaker to make their gowns if she can obtain 
a reduction on account of their being made alike, or the large order 
placed. To be invited to serve as bridesmaid is often an expensive 
compliment, as it usually involves a new gown and hat, the latter 
always being worn at a church wedding. 

If the bride decides to have but one attendant, the latter is usually 
styled her maid-of-honor, and may be her sister or her most intimate 
friend. If she has more than one maid she should include the bride- 
groom's sister, if he has one. If a matron-of-honor is to participate, 
she should be a friend or sister of the bride who has been recently 
wedded. The bridesmaids are chosen from her unmarried friends. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 735 

Who Pays? — The question is often asked, ''Who pays for" this, 
that or the other item. 

The bridegroom provides the marriage certificate, the wedding 
ring, pays the clergyman, and for the carriage in which he drives away 
with the bride. He sends a gift and the bouquet to the bride; usually 
gives gifts of jewelry to the bridesmaids and the best man, and often 
includes the ushers. 

The bride's family pays for the wedding cards, pays the florist 
and the caterer, the expense of opening the church and the service of 
the sexton ; the music, carriages for the bridal party, in short, the bills 
are for the family to pay. Where a wedding is very elaborate, the 
details are sometimes turned over to a ''manager," who sees to every- 
thing, and receives a fat fee for his services. 

The Wedding Gown. — Choice of a wedding gown depends upon 
the style of the wedding. At a church wedding it is as handsome as 
the bride can afford. Any girl is excusable for wishing her wedding 
to be "an occasion," and her bridal attire as beautiful as possible. 
White is suitable, and there are so many fabrics in that color that all 
purses can be accommodated. The gown may be of satin, crepe de 
chine, messaline, lace or chiffon, or of simple white organdie ; all are 
appropriate for a church wedding. With any of these a veil should 
be worn. Two and a half yards of tulle will be sufficient; other acces- 
sories are white kid gloves, white slippers and white silk hose, if white 
is worn. White is suitable for the most elaborate church wedding and 
for the simplest ceremony at home. The gown is made en train, as a 
rule ; always so for a church wedding, and always with high neck and 
long sleeves. 

A bride may elect to be married in a traveling dress. For this 
some pretty light color, as light gray, champagne, tan or biscuit color 
is chosen. A hat must be worn with such a costume, and for a young 
bride is by preference trimmed with flowers. It is correct to carry 
flowers — not a shower bouquet, however — with such a gown, which is 
to be changed for a plainer one for actual travel. For this dark blue, 
brown, or gray are suitable colors; gloves match, and the hat is in- 
conspicuously trimmed. It is the bride's greatest desire not to look 
"just married." 

Later Wear of the Wedding Gown. — The wedding gown is worn 
at the more formal of the post-nuptial entertainments. The trousseau 
should mclude an evening dress and wrap. For the former, black lace, 
chiffon cloth or net will prove the most serviceable, and almost uni- 
versally becoming. A traveling gown, a handsome suit for visiting, 
receptions, etc., a pretty gown for receiving at home, and several house 
gowns will be needed. Kimonas, bath-robes, dressing-jackets, are 
included in the less ornamental parts of the trousseau. 

A girl often invites her intimate friends to inspect her wedding 
finery, rejoicing in their admiration. The privilege of such a view is 
highly valued. 



736 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Bridal Flowers. — Orange flowers are reserved for the bride, and 

she never wears any other in her hair, at least no other that are arti- 
ficial. She may carry any flowers she prefers ; the florists make all 
seasons alike. Often an order is given months in advance for the 
bride's favorite flower to grace her wedding, and the florist forces it to 
bloom at the appointed time. White roses and carnations can be had 
at almost any season ; sweet peas, white lilacs, lilies of the valley, are 
less easy to procure. The ''shower bouquet" has many narrow white 
satin ribbons falling from it to the foot of the skirt, and knotted at 
intervals round flower sprays. 

The rarest of bridal flowers are the orchids, so costly that only 
the rich may have them, though a few orchids, two or three, are 
sometimes put with lilies of the valley, or Roman hyacinths, inter- 
mixed with stephanotis or stevia, for the bridal bouquet. Bridesmaids 
may carry large clusters of flowers tied with ribbons, the flowers suit- 
ing their costumes. Or, if they all wear white, American Beauties may 
be chosen. The usual preference is for flowers in more delicate hues. 

The Widow*s Bridal Attire. — A widow does not wear white at her 
second wedding, nor a veil, nor does she have bridesmaids. Her usual 
choice is to be married in a handsome traveling gown of some light 
color, wearing hat and gloves to match. The material may be silk or 
broadcloth for a church wedding. She wears her wedding ring up to 
the day of her second marriage. Though she may have no bridesmaids 
she may have a matron-of-honor, some married friend, who wears a 
street or reception dress, with suitable hat and gloves. 

A w^oman w^ho has entered her fourth decade does not, as a rule, 
wear white when married. 

It is no longer customary^ for a woman to go into semi-retirement 
preceding her marriage. She does not parade herself ; no lady would 
do that, but she accepts invitations and appears at all the fetes planned 
for her up to the wedding day. As a result, she is often very tired 
and fagged before the event. 

The Man*s Wedding Garments. — One of the most frequent inquir- 
ies made of the editors of women's departments in magazines relates 
to the proper attire for the bridegroom. '*When is it correct to wear a 
dress suit?" and ''What should the bridegroom wear at a day 
wedding?" 

"The dress suit," so called, is the man's evening clothes. Natur- 
ally, then, he will not don his evening attire until evening — after or 
for a six o'clock dinner. This should dispose of the question of "the 
dress suit." For a man to wear evening clothes at a noon wedding 
would be as absurd as for a woman to appear in a ball dress at that 
hour. 

For a day wedding a man wears a black frock coat and gray trous- 
ers ; his waistcoat may match the coat or be of white duck or mar- 
seilles, white shirt with standing collar, and tie of the fashionable cut 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 737 

in pearl gray or soft white silk. Pearl-colored kid gloves are worn, 
and a silk hat. The overcoat is black. A boutonniere of white flowers 
is usually worn. 

The above is the correct dress for best man and ushers at a day 
wedding, in church or at home. 

For a formal evening wedding, full evening dress is worn by bride- 
groom, best man and ushers. The suit is of fine black worsted, silk 
faced as to the coat. The waistcoat may be of the same material, or 
white duck or marseilles may be worn. A fine white linen shirt with 
standing collar, and pearl or white enamel studs, white lawn tie, white 
or pearl-gray kid gloves stitched in the same color, and patent leather 
pumps complete the attire. A black overcoat, single breasted, and 
silk hat are the additions for out-of-door wear. 

The Bride's Mother. — The bride's mother wears a handsome recep- 
tion dress. Black with much jet and lace, pearl gray, mauve and lav- 
ender are favorite colors for her. White gloves are worn. Mourning 
attire should never be seen at a wedding. If the bride's mother, or 
any of the family, are in mourning, it must be laid aside for the occa- 
sion. Black may be worn, but it must be lightened with white lace, 
jet, or other accessories that will take it out of the conventional garb 
of grief. Guests of course gown themselves handsomely. 

THE FORMAL CHURCH WEDDING. 

Let us suppose that the church has been decorated with fiowers 
and palms, arranged by experienced hands to form a background for 
the bridal party. The seats for the respective families have been roped 
off with wide white satin ribbons ; those on the right for the bride- 
groom's family, those of the left for the bride's. The bridegroom and 
the best man are with the clergyman in the vestry ; the bridesmaids 
have assembled at the bride's house, and have entered their carriages ; 
the relatives, including the bride's mother, and guests are in their seats. 
The carriages containing the bridesmaids* precede that of the bride to 
the church ; they alight and await her in the vestibule. The bride, 
accompanied by her father, arrives. The bridal procession is quickly 
formed, the vestibule doors having been closed by the ushers on the 
arrival of the wedding party. At the signal the organ breaks into the 
familiar strains of the wedding march ; the clergyman, followed by the 
groom and best man, enter from the vestry, and stand on the chancel 
step facing the guests, awaiting the bride, the bridegroom being slightly 
in advance. 

The ushers, walking two and two, lead the way up the aisle; the 
bridesmaids follow at a distance of ten or twelve feet, also walking in 
pairs; then comes the maid-of-honor, walking alone. She is followed 
by the bride, leaning on the arm of her father or nearest male relative. 
At the chancel the ushers separate to right and left, remaining below 
the chancel step; the bridesmaids separate in the same manner, but 
ascend the chancel step. The maid-of-honor places herself at the left 
47 



738 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

of the place left for the bride, in readiness to hold her bouquet and 
remove her glove. The bridegroom descends the chancel step, meeting 
the bride. The two place themselves before the clergyman, the bride 
standing on the bridegroom's left; the best man stands at the right 
of the bridegroom a step or two in the rear. 

The Bride's Father. — The place of the bride's father is at the left 
somewhat in the rear. As the clergyman asks : "Who giveth this 
woman to be married to this man?" he steps forward and places the 
bride's right hand in that of the clergyman, who in turn places it in 
that of the bridegroom. The father steps aside, and as the bridal 
procession forms to retire after the ceremony, he joins his wife and 
escorts her from the church. 

At the proper moment the maid-of-honor removes the bride's 
glove and takes her bouquet. The best man gives the ring to the 
bride, who passes it to the clergyman ; the latter gives it to the bride- 
groom, who places it on the bride's finger, holding it there while 
repeating the formula, "With this ring I thee wed," etc. The signifi- 
cance of this transfer is the forming of a circle, to indicate the end- 
lessness of the contract. 

Another Form. — A form sometimes introduced is for the bridal 
party to stand below the chancel while the clergyman reads the service 
up to and including the sentence, *Tf any man can show just cause,'' 
etc. After the customary moment's pause, there being no unseemly 
interruption, the party ascends the chancel step and the ceremony 
proceeds. 

The order of the procession after the ceremony is this : The 
just married pair lead the way, the wife taking her husband's arm; 
the maid-of-honor follows ; then the bridesmaids, after them the 
ushers. Such is the conduct of a church wedding, a thousand times 
repeated. The ceremony is often rehearsed a night or two previous 
to the event/ to make sure each will be familiar with his or her part. 

The Best Man's Duties. — The best man has charge of the ring. 
At the conclusion of the ceremony he disappears into the vestry, where 
he places the wedding fee, enclosed in an envelope, in the clergyman's 
hands. He then hastens to his carriage and is driven to the house, 
where he assists in the reception of the guests, and takes the maid- 
of-honor or the bridesmaid to luncheon. Or he may escort the maid- 
of-honor from the church. 

The best man also sees to it that the agitated bridegroom's clothes 
are in order, packs his suitcase, orders the baggage to be called for, 
buys the tickets for the wedding journey and sees that they are in the 
bridegroom's possession, and orders the carriage in which the newly 
wedded pair drive to the station. He takes as many of the details of 
the aflFair as possible off his friend's mind and hands, and stands by 
manfully to the last. The best man should fully acquaint himself with 
the duties of his position before assuming it 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 739 

The sexton of the church takes the groom's hat from the vestry 
to the vestibule, and hands it to him at the door. 

Duties of Ushers. — An usher escorts each lady to her seat, giving 
her his arm. The guests should stand during the ceremony, rismg 
as the procession enters, and remaining in their seats until it has 
retired. The ushers often pass ribbons along their seats, not remov- 
ing them until the bridal party and the relatives have left the church. 
Having seen the bridal party to their carriages, the ushers return to 
escort the relatives to theirs, and then hasten to the house, where they 
meet the guests on arrival and escort them, severally, to the receiving 
party. The bride's mother welcomes them first ; they are then pre- 
sented to the newly married pair. The bride offers her hand ; the guest 
wishes her much happiness, congratulates the bridegroom, shaking 
hands the while, greets the maid-of-honor and the bridesmaids with a 
smile and bow, and passes on, making way for the next. 

The Wedding Reception. — The wedding reception follows the cer- 
emony, guests coming at once from church to the house. There 
should be no undue haste in presenting one's self; the party requires 
a little time to arrange itself in proper order for receiving. At a day 
wedding reception womjen lay aside wraps, retaining their hats. At an 
evening reception they remove both, and wear full dress. 

After greeting the bride and groom, as indicated in the preceding 
paragraph, the refreshment room is sought. If the reception is a large 
one, a buffet or ''stand-up" repast is often served, though it is more 
desirable to provide small tables seating four people. If these are not 
furnished the men may assist the ladies, though the service should be 
adequate. No tea, coffee, or chocolate is poured at the table. 

Refreshments. — The refreshments may be simple or elaborate. 
The table is laid in the dining-room, and decorated with flowers. On 
it are the refreshments, and plenty of napkins, plates and silver, in 
piles. Bouillon, creamed oysters or oyster patties ; salads, cold salmon 
or lobster with mayonnaise dressing, ices and cake are suitable. Usu- 
ally one hot dish is passed. Or one may serve a salad, ice cream and 
cake, with punch. If wine is offered it is always champagne. 

The wedding cake, neatly packed in white boxes bearing the mono- 
gram of the bridge and groom and tied with white satin ribbon, is 
.'irranged on a table in the hall, and each departing guest takes a box. 
Wedding cake is no longer sent. 

Going Away. — When the last guest has been greeted, the bridal 
party may be served with refreshments. Their supper is laid in a 
private room, and they are seated, a most welcome rest after the fatigue 
of the ceremony and the reception. The bride then retires to change 
to her traveling dress ; the bridegroom, who has had his valise sent to 
the house in the morning, retires for the same purpose. The maid-of- 
honor accompanies the bride ; the best man assists the groom, and 
packs his suit worn during the ceremony, either to be taken with him 
or to be sent to his home. 



740 MOTHERS* REMEDIES 

At the time agreed upon the bridegroom awaits the bride at the 
head of the stairs. Adieus to the family are said in the bride's room 
and should be brief. The bridesmaids and ushers are awaiting the 
departure in the hall. Half way down the stairs the bride throws her 
bouquet. The bridesmaid who catches it will be married next, accord- 
ing to the old superstition. The bride and groom enter their carriage 
amid a shower of rice or confetti, the carriage door bangs ; the caterer 
has removed the debris of the feast ; the maids have restored the house 
to its wonted order and the wedding is over — all except paying the 
bills. 

Guests at a wedding do not remain until the departure of the 
bride. They congratulate, partake of refreshments, chat a few minutes 
with friends, and depart. 

At a church wedding it is customary — and usually necessary to 
keep out the uninvited — to enclose small cards which are presented at 
the church door to ensure admittance. If the reception is large, the 
same thing is sometimes done as a measure of protection. 

Calls after Wedding. — It is expected that the guests at a wedding 
breakfast or reception will call on the mother of the bride within three 
weeks after the marriage, and upon the bride on one of her *'At Home" 
days, or soon after her return from the wedding journey, if no days 
are specified. 

Cards bearing the date of the bride's "At Home" days, or "At 
Home after" — a certain date, are enclosed with the announcement 
cards, or the date named on the card. If sent they must be ready to 
mail immediately after the wedding. 

THE HOME WEDDING. 

While the home wedding is modeled in its essentials along the lines 
of the church wedding, much less formality is observed. The invita- 
tions to the church wedding are always in the third person and en- 
graved. Those for the home wedding, though often following the same 
formula, may be informal notes in the first person, written by the 
bride's mother. 

Correct Attire. — It Is sometimes supposed that a bride married at 
home may not wear a veil nor be "given away." On the contrary, if 
she wears white she may with perfect propriety wear a veil, and the 
Episcopal marriage ceremony always, and nearly all other forms of 
the service include the giving away, as implying parental sanction and 
consent. The "giving away," then, is customary, even at the simplest 
home wedding. 

If the bride wears a traveling dress she has a maid-of-honor, the 
one attendant being so-called. The groom is attended by his best man. 
There are usually two ushers, though these may be omitted. The 
maid-of-honor wears some pretty costume which is in keeping with 
that of the bride. If the latter wears white, the attendant also wears 
white with colored trimmings. If the bride wears a veil, the maid 
wears a hat ; the veil being the head covering of the bride. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 741 

The bridegroom wears a black frock coat, gray trousers, white 
waistcoat and tie, silk — not lawn, gray or white gloves, and patent 
leather shoes at a day wedding. The ushers are similarly attired, save 
that they may wear black waistcoats. Silk hats are worn. 

Minor Particulars. — The bridegroom and best man will require a 
room. The clergyman expects a room where he may don his surplice 
or gown. The ushers may also require a room. 

The bride's mother receives the guests, her father remaining with 
his daughter to conduct her to the room where the ceremony is to be 
performed. A mother may perform this office if the father is not 
living. . After placing his daughter's hand in that of the clergyman, 
the father steps back a pace or two, awaiting the end of the service. 
Wedding music is played when the party is ready to enter, and may 
be continued, very softly, through the ceremony; it must not over- 
power the voices of the participants. 

Guests should arrive at the hour named, leave wraps in hall or 
dressing room, and descend to the parlors. It is not expected that 
all will be seated, though a few chairs are provided for the elderly. 
The ushers stretch two lengths of white ribbon from end to end of the 
room, making an aisle for the little procession. 

The clergyman, groom, and best man enter and take their places 
at one end of the room, when the music begins. Then come the ush- 
ers, next the maid-of-honor, walking alone ; then the bridesmaids, if 
any, followed by the bride on the arm of her father. The groom steps 
forward to receive her and the two face the clergyman. The best man 
stands on the bridegroom's right. The maid-of-honor will hold the 
bride's bouquet and her glove, if this is removed ; the ring is in the 
custody of the best man. 

Etiquette to be Observed. — At the close of the ceremony the 
clergyman congratulates the pair and steps aside. They face about 
and the bride's mother is the next to offer her good wishes, then the 
groom's parents. The guests then extend felicitations. It is thought in 
better taste to wish the bride happiness and congratulate the groom, it 
being supposed that he is the most fortunate in having been able to 
secure such a prize. 

It is no longer customary for everyone to kiss the bride ; she is 
not compelled to suffer to that extent. 

The best man assists the ushers — whose first duty is to remove 
the white ribbons — in escorting guests to the bride and groom. His 
duties are the same as those of the best man at a church wedding. 

The maid-of-honor stands at the bride's left as she receives. 

The bride and bridegroom lead the way to the dining room, the 
best man offering his arm to the maid-of-honor. 

The bride's father escorts the bridegroom's mother, the guests 
follow in such order as is convenient, and the bride's mother and the 
bridegroom's father are the last. 



742 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

If only twenty-five or thirty guests are present the wedding break- 
fast is preferably served at small tables. The clergyman and his wife, 
who should always be invited, are seated at the bride's table. So also 
the maid-of-honor, the best man, the ushers, and the parents of the 
;}air, with sisters and brothers if convenient. Or, the bride's table 
may be reserved strictly for the bridal party. 

The bride may cut her own cake if she chooses, or the wedding 
cake may be dispensed in boxes as at the reception following a church 
wedding. 

The departure of the newly wedded pair is on the order already 
indicated. 

After the Wedding. — It may be said here that the "horse play" — 
for it is nothing else — sometimes indulged in as "an afterclap" to a 
wedding, in which practical jokes are played on the pair, is not only 
unkind and ill-bred, but in most execrable taste. To placard the 
luggage "Just married;" to tie white ribbons on it and the carriage in 
which they are driven away ; to substitute a suitcase packed with the 
things a man doesn't want on his journey for one containing what he 
does, is not at all "smart." 

Why should some coarse, ill-bred persons, whether they have or 
have not been favored with invitations, strive to embarrass and make 
uncomfortable those to whom the situation is already sufficiently try- 
ing? Why, after so much pains and expense have been employed to 
make the occasion beautiful and impressive, should the "practical 
joker" take it upon himself to spoil it all by an ill-timed "pleasantry" 
which is the acme of rudeness and discourtesy? It is a curious char- 
acter that can enjoy perpetrating what are really outrages upon other 
people's sensibilities. 

Wedding Gifts. — Very soon after the wedding invitations are out 
the presents begin to pour in. The fashion of gift giving on such an 
occasion is not as prevalent as at one time ; it was overdone, carried 
beyond the limits of good taste, and of course a reaction was inevitable. 
Some men profess to share the feeling of the Scandinavian immigrant 
who was so deeply affronted at the offerings made by his bride's 
friends — as if he were not able to furnish his home with the necessary 
articles — that in his Berserker rage he was with difficulty restrained 
from casting gifts and donors together into the street. 

Generally speaking, only relatives and intimate friends send gifts, 
though there is no interdict as regards others who may wish to testify 
to their interest in the bride in this way. An ostentatious gift from a 
person not in the family is in bad taste. The words "No presents" 
on wedding invitations are in the worst possible form. 

An invitation to a church wedding and not to the reception pre- 
cludes the necessity of making a gift; indeed, it would be thought 
rather "pushing" to send one. 

What to Give. — ^The flat silver is g-enerally given by the bride's 
family. In order to avoid duplicates, it is best for the friends and 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 743 

relatives to consult together in regard to their gifts. It is not thought 
good form to offer articles of wearing apparel. Anything the bride's 
immediate family has to offer in this line is best included in the trous- 
seau. Cut glass, silver, bric-a-brac, napery, books, pictures, fans, rugs, 
clocks, handsome chairs and tables, are things that may be chosen with 
propriety. 

The question of the correct form of marking silver and napery 
often comes up. The rule is to have it engraved with the initials of 
the bride's maiden name — not the single initial of her family name, as 
is sometimes ignorantly done — because it is her own private property. 
If a wife dies, the silver bearing her name is packed away for the 
future use of her child, especially if it is a girl. The second wife 
would be forbidden by good taste and convention, from using the first 
wife's silver. 

Acknowledgments. — Wedding gifts are usually packed where they 
are bought, and sent direct from the shops. The card of tie donor is 
enclosed, within a tiny envelope. It is a rule that the wedding gift 
must be acknowledged immediately, before the marriage, and by a 
personal note from the bride. This is not always possible, but the 
note should be written at the earliest moment the bride's engagements 
will permit. Such notes are always in the first person, and should be 
pleasant and cordial. The writer must be careful to render thanks for 
the article sent. Amusing mistakes sometimes happen ; thus a lady 
who had sent a pair of handsome candlesticks was mystified by expres- 
sions of gratitude for a silver berry spoon she had not sent. 

A cordial form of acknowledging a gift is this: 

12 Canton Avenue. 
My Dear Mrs. Bruce: 

The beautiful cut glass vase sent by you and Mr. Bruce has 
just arrived, and I hasten to thank you most sincerely for your 
kind thought of me. It will be a constant reminder of your 
goodness to Mr. Waters and myself, and a most lovely arnament 
to our new home. 

Gratefully yours, 

Marion Moore. 
July tenth, nineteen hundred and nine. 

The wedding gifts may or may not be displayed, according to the 
personal preference of the bride. They are commonly shown to inti- 
mate friends. A room is given up to their display. Cards are to be 
removed. 

Wedding Decorations. — At a church wedding it is customary, and 
wisest, to put the matter of decorating the church and house into the 
hands of a florist, who can furnish the palms and others plants required 
for the chancel, and carry out any color scheme desired. He has the 
paraphernalia requisite to effective disposition of flowers. Usually 



744 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

large clusters of foliage and flowers, ribbon tied, are attached to the 
pews reserved for the relatives ; often they are arranged the entire 
length of the aisle. The mantels in the house are banked with flowers, 
southern smilax is used in profusion, and flowers are arranged upon 
the tables at which the supper is served. 

At a church wedding in the country the bride's friends must come 
to the rescue, and their gardens be robbed to beautify church and home. 
Flowers may be sought in the fields. Large jars of daisies, wild ferns, 
tall grasses, autumn tinted boughs, or in the blooming season, boughs 
of fruit trees, can be used most effectively. At one pretty home wed- 
ding the decorations were boughs of the wild crab-apple in bloom, pink 
and pretty, and kept so by having the stems inserted in bottles of 
water, suspended by wires and concealed by other foliage. A large 
screen sometimes forms a background for the bridal party. If covered 
with wire netting flowers can be very easily attached. 

Walls are not festooned; "wedding bells" and canopies are out of 
date. The most approved setting is tall palms, ferns on standards 
concealed by a lower grouping, with a few potted plants in bloom to 
relieve the sombreness of the green. Large flowers like lilies, hydran- 
geas, chrysanthemums and peonies are most effective. Tulips are 
often employed at a spring wedding. One little country girl made 
good use of ordinary field clover in decorating her home for her 
marriage. 

After a wedding, the flowers are often sent to the hospitals, or to 
those who are known to be ill, at the request of the bride. 

THE SIMPLEST OF WEDDINGS. 

Now, although we have told how the church wedding and the 
ordinary home wedding are conducted, it does not follow that one 
may not have a much simpler and yet a pretty wedding, with less 
"pomp and circumstance" and consequent expense. 

Wherever a girl has a. home, she should be married from it. This 
is hfer due, as "daughter of the house." 

She may make the simplest possible preparations; may be married 
in her best dress, not new for the occasion. She may omit all attend- 
ants, and invite less than half a dozen of her friends ; she may receive 
them herself and at the appointed hour simply stand up and be mar- 
ried to a blushing young man in a business suit, and afterwards cut 
her own cake, and then proceed to her new home, which may be a 
little flat or a cottage. But she should have the ceremony performed 
by a clergyman in her father's house. 

If she has no parents, no home, merely a room in a boarding house, 
she and her affianced may go to a clergyman's house and be married 
there. The church and the law should sanction the rite; therefore she 
will not permit herself to be married by a magistrate or a justice of the 
peace. 

As for "sneaking off" and being married without the knowledge 
of one's parents, this is both disrespectful and unkind — a poor return 
for their care of her. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 745 

WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 

The fashion of celebrating a succession of wedding anniversaries 
has passed its high tide and is on the wane. Nevertheless, the cus- 
tom is not out, by any means. The tenth, twenty-fifth and fiftieth 
anniversaries, known as the tin, silver, and golden, are those most fre- 
quently observed. 

The first anniversary of the wedding day gives occasion for a 
paper wedding; the second is cotton; the third leather. The fourth 
is omitted; the fifth is the wooden wedding; next to be observed is the 
tin, celebrating the close of the first decade. The next skip is to the 
china, when twenty years have elapsed ; and the quarter century of 
wedded happiness is recognized in the silver wedding. 

The wooden and tin weddings are occasions of great hilarity, and 
mean a general frolic. The former began years ago with the gift of a 
rolling-pin and a step-ladder. The gifts are of those practical, useful 
articles that replenish the kitchen, though handsome gifts are of 
course easily selected. Carved wooden boxes, handsome picture frames, 
articles of furniture, are at the service of those who choose to pay their 
price. 

Invitations to a wooden wedding are sometimes written or printed 
on birch bark or thin strips of wood, or are engraved on cards which 
imitate wood in appearance. The refreshments have been served on 
wooden plates procured from the grocer. So far as possible the wooden 
idea is carried out. 

Tin Weddings. — Gifts for the tin wedding are of course in that 
material, and there is a wide range of choice. The tinsmith is often 
called upon to manufacture fantastic articles, anything to raise a laugh. 
Thus one couple were adorned, the wife with a set of tin curls, the 
man with a tin hat. A tin purse enclosing a check for ''tin" was once 
presented to a tin bride on the occasion of her tin wedding. The freak- 
ish fancy of one's friends is generally much in evidence at a tin wed- 
ding. As at the wooden wedding, the bride cuts a wedding cake dec- 
orated with a monogram formed of the initials of her own and her 
husband's name, and the year of the wedding and of its anniversary. 
Refreshments may be served from tin dishes, and the guests provided 
with tin plates. 

The Silver Wedding. — Cards for a silver wedding are printed in 
silver, or in black on silvered cards — the former being in better taste. 
The form — which may be used for all with the variation of but one 
word — that designating the nature of the anniversary, is as follows: 

i88§ Mr. and Mrs. Smith ipio 

request the pleasure of your company on - 

Thursday, February the twenty-fourth, 

at eight o'clock. 

Silver Wedding. 

George Smith Anna Hall 



746 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

As the couple who celebrate are generally in the prime of life, and 
their friends of about the same age, a silver wedding is usually a very 
enjoyable function. The many beautiful articles now made in silver 
afford a wide range of choice in the way of gifts, both valuable and in 
those inexpensive trifles that please everybody because so artistic. 
Silverware is marked with the initials of the married pair, often en- 
closed in a true lover's knot. Toilet articles, pomade jars, silver jew- 
elry, spoons, silver parasol and umbrella handles, picture frames in 
silver, rings and bracelets, besides the manifold pieces for table use, 
offer a wide individual range in choice and price. 

The supper at a silver wedding is quite elaborate. The bride that 
was cuts a w^edding cake in which a silver piece is baked ; the person 
who gets it being expected to live to celebrate his or her silver wed- 
ding. Speeches are made, often an original poem read, and not infre- 
quently the health of the pair pledged in a glass of wine. 

Golden Weddings — Occasions for the celebration of fifty years of 
union are much rarer than any other. Nor are they wholly joyful. The 
aged couple are looking from "life's west windows'' at a fast declining 
sun. A few short years and it must set for them. The festivities are 
usually planned and carried out by their descendants, who so far as 
possible summon to the celebration the friends of "Auld lang syne," the 
clerg}'man who performed the ceremony and any of the bridal party 
yet alive, and the dearest friends of the present. Invitations in the 
conventional form are printed in gold letters ; often a monogram formed 
of intertwined initials is placed between and a little above the years at 
the top of the invitation. The wedding cake has a yellow frosting, 
or if in white, the monogram and the years — 1860-1910 — are in yellow 
to represent gold. 

Gifts in this precious metal are naturally circumscribed, but a 
gold coin is apropos, particularly if Fortune has been chary of her fav- 
ors. In the seventh and eighth decade people have small use for 
bijouterie. 

A golden wedding must be a sad anniversary to the participants. 
When they were wedded, they were looking forward, joyously; now 
they recall the past, its losses and trials and misfortunes. They re- 
member the children who are dead, or far away ; or the prosperity 
once theirs, but now fled. Few old folks would care to celebrate their 
golden wedding; it is usually some well-meaning grandchild who sees 
in it "an occasion." Often, too, the excitement, the fatigue, the un- 
usual strain on mind and body, result in illness which sometimes proves 
fatal. 

The Courtesies of the Occasion. — There is no formal etiquette for 
any of these anniversaries. Friends, as they arrive, are greeted b)^ 
members of the family; then, in the case of the elderly celebrants, are 
conducted to them as they sit side by side, and presented. Failing 
eyesight and dulled ears demand this. The congratulations are of- 
fered, and good wishes for the future. If any speeches are made, 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS .747 

they should be brief, that neither the old couple or their guests be 
over-fatigued. The stay should be brief. 

Gifts. — Gifts for the anniversary wedding are sometimes sent the 
day previous, sometimes carried in person. Anything fantastic is gener- 
ally presented at the gathering, to contribute to its hilarity. The sil- 
ver wedding gifts are nearly always sent in advance, and are dis- 
played on a table, the cards, of the donor usually being left on them. 
The recipients are to tender their thanks in person or by note. 

Every efifort should be made to have these festivities joyous. 
Especially should the wife subdue her emotion if the review of the 
years since her bona fide wedding day have seen the loss of beloved 
children. She must stifle her sad recollections for the sake of her 
guests. 

The members of the bridal party, the more honored guests at the 
first wedding, the clergyman who officiated, are sought as welcome 
guests at the anniversary. The bride that was wears something she 
wore on the first occasion. If the wedding dress and the bridegroom's 
suit have been preserved they are worn — and wonderfully quaint they 
often look, so great the change in fashion. 



CHRISTENING CEREMONIES. 

"Our birth is nothing but our death begun, as tapers waste the moment they 
take Hre'' — Young. 

The arrival of the stork with the new baby is an event of vast 
family interest, especially if it is the first visit of the bird to the dom- 
icile. In America it is not customary to announce a birth in the news- 
papers* as is often done in England, especially among the nobility. 
The personal friends of the parents receive the visiting card of both, 
or of the mother only, to which is attached a small card bearing the 
baby's full name and the date of his arrival. These are enclosed in an 
envelope, this again in an outer one, and mailed. 

It is proper for those thus notified to call at an early date to in- 
quire as to the well-being of mother and babe. As it is not customary 
for the mother to receive any but a very few of her nearest relatives 
under at least three weeks, callers should not be expected to see her, 
but are to leave cards. A note of congratulation is often sent instead 
of calling, and offers to the ingenious and witty an excellent chance for 
the display of delicate pleasantry. Thus it is entirely proper to ad- 
dress the note to the baby, and congratulate him on having chosen 
such charming parents, and such a lovely home. Flowers are not in- 
frequently sent to the mother, and little gifts — soft booties, little gold 
pins for sleeve and neck, little crocheted or knitted sacks, or dainty 
bibs — to the baby. 

The Ceremony. — The baby is usually christened when it is six or 
eight weeks old. Clergymen prefer this should be done at the church. 



748 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

and generally arrange to perform several baptisms at the same time — 
Children's Day being a favorite time. Otherwise, the christening usu- 
ally takes place after the congregation is dismissed at the conclusion 
of a service. Only those interested and a few specially invited friends 
remain for it. There is no objection, however, to having a child 
christened at home, when the affair is made one of more festivity. 

Most young married people prefer to have the clergyman who 
married them christen their first baby, when practicable. 

Sponsors. — The baby's sponsors are chosen, by the parents* agree- 
ment, from among their relatives and close friends, almost always 
those of their own communion. The request is preferred verbally or 
by personal notes. A boy has a godmother and two godfathers; a girl 
two godmothers and a godfather. Occasionally this rule is broken 
and a godmother alone chosen for a girl, and one godfather for a boy. 
Godparents are supposed to stand in a more intimate relation to their 
godchildren than to others, and to take a more personal interest in 
them, especially in case of the parents' death. It is a serious relation, 
involving a certain religious responsibility, and is not to be lightly 
entered into. 

The godparents are expected to make christening gifts to the child 
on his baptismal day. They are usually in the form of silver cups, 
porringers, silver spoons, forks, etc.; these should be solid, never plated 
ware. If the babe is named for one of its godparents, the latter is 
expected to do something handsome in the way of a christening gift. 
Sometimes a bank account is opened in the child's name, the sum 
deposited being left at interest until he becomes of age. 

Church Christenings. — At a church christening, the babe is dressed 
in its handsomest robe and cap. Formerly the robes were very long 
and miracles of lace and embroidery ; at present the finest of linen 
lawn or batiste, with a little real lace at neck and sleeves, and a bit 
of fine French embroidery, is thought in better taste, even in the case 
of the very wealthy. And many a blessed baby is given his name in a 
simple little lawn robe with no embellishment beyond a little tucking — 
done by the mother's own hands, perhaps. 

The nurse carries the child into the church. Sponsors and parents 
group themselves around the font, which is often decorated with 
white flowers. The godmother has the privilege of holding the babe 
until it is time to lay him in the clergyman's arms, the cap having 
been removed. The parents make the responses ; after the naming the 
godmother takes the little one again, holding him until the close of 
the service. She should not wipe away any of the water placed on 
the child's head. A good baby is expected not to cry during the cere- 
mony, and one advantage of an early christening is that the little fel- 
low is less liable to be alarmed at strange surroundings. 

The same forms are observed at a home christening, the hour 
being usually in the afternoon. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 749 

A luncheon to which the clergyman and the christening party, and 
a few friends if desired, are invited, customarily follows the church 
ceremony — unless several children of other families are baptized at 
the same time — and always follows the home christening. It is not 
unusual to make some recognition of a clergyman's services at a 
church christening, and always is in order at the home rite, though 
it is not expected as a clergyman counts on his wedding fee. 

If church or house is decorated for a christening, white flower? 
only are employed, in conjunction with palms and ferns to relieve 
them. White lilies are particularly beautiful. The table is adorned 
with white flowers; the cakes and bonbons are white. Any desired 
refreshments may be served, those for afternoon tea being suitable. 
That old-fashioned beverage known as caudle is never served at any 
other time. It is dispensed in bouillon cups. 



MOURNING ETIQUETTE. 

Conduct of Funerals — 

So brief the span between our birth and death that the etiquette 
of burial may fittingly follow that of the christening ceremony. It 
might be supposed that the funeral, especially the private, could be 
conducted without formality. But informality often means disorder, 
and simplicity without order is confusion. There is no time where 
lack of order and system so grate on one's nerves as at a funeral. 
The less "fuss'' on such an occasion the better, and for that reason, 
the routine of meals should go on as usual, though no one seems to 
have the heart to eat them. Still, it is in a way a comfort to most 
people to feel the chain of accustomed habit ; it brings a trifling sense 
of relief. 

Save in the case of a person who has been prominent in the public 
eye, there is no excuse, or reason, for any but a private funeral. Time 
was when not to hasten to the house of death was thought unkind : 
not to attend the funeral of an acquaintance a mark of disrespect. 
We have changed all that. We do not expect the uninvited to attend 
our weddings and receptions, why should they come at times of much 
more intimate and personal emotion — those times when we can hardly 
endure the words and presence of those we love best? What the 
sensitive have endured at the hands — or tongues — of well-meaning b^it 
clumsy sympathizers — not infrequently curious as well as sympathetic 
— only those who have suffered can relate. In addition to the natural 
grief experienced, the members of the family are usually worn out 
with nights of watching and days of anxiety ; it is a fresh strain to be 
obliged to see people, relate sick-room details and listen to stereo- 
typed condolences. 

The Undertaker. — Cases are rare where there is not some "next 
friend" who is competent to see the undertaker, and arrange detc''^- 



750 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

with him. In fact, the undertaker may well be put in charge. He 
should be competent and experienced. A clumsy, fussy undertaker is 
an affliction. 

The undertaker will obtain the physician's certificate as to the 
cause of death, without which in many cities a burial permit cannot 
be issued. He will secure the necessary permit, see to the prepara- 
tion of the grave, and the purchase of a lot if necessary, arrange the 
house for the funeral, furnish the bearers, and secure the requisite 
number of carriages; and, before the family returns from the cem- 
etery, have the funeral paraphernalia out of the house, so that the 
maids or whoever is left in charge can restore the rooms to their 
wonted order. Everything possible is done to spare the grief-stricken. 

The Duties of the Next Friend. — The actual duties devolving 
upon the person representing the family include ascertaining their 
wishes as regards the officiating clergyman and his notification of 
their desire and the hour of the funeral; for music, if any is de- 
sired; the selection of a casket, and determining the number of 
carriages to be ordered. A written list of relatives and friends 
who will go to the cemetery, arranged in order of their relation- 
ship, four in a carriage, is given the undertaker for his guidance 
in assigning those present to their places. The friend of the family 
will accompany the undertaker to the cemetery if a lot must be 
purchased, or he may go alone, the undertaker receiving his instruc- 
tions from the cemetery authorities. If any special position is desired 
for the new grave, this will be definitely stated. With this knowledge, 
an undertaker will conduct a burial so quietly and decorously that as 
a bereaved wife once remarked, it was "a real comfort to have John 
buried." She did not quite mean what she implied, however. 

Where means suffice, a black cloth-covered casket with silver 
mountings is chosen. If the interment is in a vault, a metallic casket 
is obligatory. The child's casket is white ; that for a young person is 
white or pearl-gray. 

It is no longer necessary to call on friends and neighbors to bear 
the dead to their last resting-place, though it may be done. Honorary 
pall-bearers are chosen among the associates of the dead in case he is 
a prominent personage ; the active may be relatives, or undertaker's 
assistants. A child is sometimes borne by his or her little school 
friends, though it seems a pity to call on children for such offices. 

The House Funeral. — At the house funeral the family remains 
upstairs, or is seated in the room with the casket, the former more 
customary. The clergyman stands at the head of the casket, or in 
the doorway, that his voice may be heard. At the conclusion of the 
service, those not going to the cemetery quietly disperse ; the carriages 
drive up; the undertaker in a low voice assigns the relatives to them 
in proper order, and the cortege moves off. At the grave, the 
remainder of the solemn service is read, the casket lowered, and all 
is over. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 75I 

That dreadful custom known as "viewing the remains," by which 
those present file past the casket for a last look at the dead, is obso- 
lete. The bereaved take their farewell before any arrivals ; those who 
desire to behold the face of the dead do so as they enter, then are 
seated in another room. Sometimes the casket is closed before the 
funeral. 

Church Funerals. — The church funeral is more dignified, perhaps, 
but much less common than a few years ago. Good taste counsels 
that our leaving, like our arrival in this world, be a purely family 
afifair. Those who attend a church funeral are in their seats when the 
cortege arrives. The organ is softly played as the casket is borne up 
the aisle, the clergyman preceding it; its rests before the chancel, the 
clergyman reads the burial service from the step, the mourners, who 
have followed the casket, being seated in the front pews. The proces- 
sion retires in the same order^ the congregation dispersing afterward-s. 

Flowers. — Flowers are usually ordered the day before the funeral, 
to arrive m the morning, that they may be fresh. Cards are removed 
before they are taken to the cemetery. Colored flowers, preferably 
those of pale tints, are admissible, though American Beauties are not 
infrequently sent. Wreaths of galax leaves are often ordered for the 
funeral of an elderly person; sometimes half of the wreath is of the 
leaves and the remainder of flowers. Wreaths and sprays are almost 
invariably sent by private individuals, the stereotyped "emblems" like 
"the broken wheel," "gates ajar," etc., being the offerings of clubs, or 
other organizations to which the deceased may have belonged. Where 
there is a great quantity of flowers, the loose sprays are often sent to 
the sick in hospitals, only enough to cover the grave being reserved. 
The visitor to a cemetery could find it in his heart to wish that when 
the beauty of these floral offerings has departed, the sodden remnants 
might be speedily removed. They speak so forcibly of forgetfulness. 

MOURNING GARMENTS. 

The custom of wearing mourning after a bereavement is almost 
universal. Even the poorest endeavor to show their grief by donning 
a few shreds of black, while among the well-to-do an entire new ward- 
robe is felt to be obligatory. However our religion bids us look for- 
ward to a more perfect existence in the beyond, however truly death 
may be a relief from pain and suffering, custom, that makes cowards 
of us all, must be followed. Often too, mourning garb is but the vis- 
ible evidence of the gloom that oppresses us spiritually. In spite of 
our faith, our sense of loss and loneliness is best expressed in sad 
raiment and abstinence from pleasures. Often it would be kindness to 
the living to go our way as usual, but that is not in harmony with our 
hearts. 

Mourning is in a manner a protection to a woman. Strangers 
respect her sorrow and refrain from the jocular. Behind her crepe 
she may defy intrusion. But it often becomes a hardship to the 
young. 



752 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

"I missed all my youth," complained a middle-aged woman. "We 
were a large family. A brother died when I was sixteen, and we 
went into mourning and shut ourselves away from entertainments. 
Then my father died; next a sister, and another brother, so that, 
looking back, I can remember but one gown I had, between the age 
of sixteen and thirty-one, that was not black — ^and the one exception 
never had a chance to get worn out." 

The Expense of Mourning. — 'Mourning, however, is sometimes a 
distraction. In deciding about trimmings and the width of crepe hems 
many a woman forgets her woe, for a time at least. Mourning wear 
is expensive, and to clothe a whole family in black totals no inconsid- 
erable sum. Many families have been financially swamped through 
the expenses of an illness, a burial, and the conventional mourning. 
In this instance, as in the case of weddings, all these things should 
be regulated by common sense. A costly casket, a profusion of 
flowers and a long funeral procession merely gratify a foolish and 
ostentatious pride on the part of the survivors, and often entail a 
heavy burden on the father or husband. 

It is quite customary to borrow the black garments worn at the 
funeral. These should be returned immediately after the funeral, 
with a message or note of thanks. 

It is well to look over one's wardrobe to see what garments may 
be colored for use during the period of mourning. The art of the 
dyer has made such progress that very satisfactory results are ob- 
tained, and quite wealthy people do not hesitate to resort to this 
expedient. 

Mourning Wear. — Crepe, ugly, expensive and easily ruined by dust 
and dampness, is no longer indispensible to a mourning outfit. If used 
at all, it is in the form of hems or narrow bands on face veils and as 
borders or facings on gowns. Even widows, who wear the deepest 
mourning, no longer wear crepe veils. 

All dress materials for mourning wear have a dull finish. Hen- 
rietta, imperial serges, tamese cloth and nun's veiling are the standard 
fabrics. A lusterless silk is sometimes employed, also crepe de chine. 

Crepe is used as a trimming only during the first period of 
mourning. Hats have almost entirely replaced bonnets, except for 
elderly widows, who often adopt the close-fitting Marie Stuart bonnet, 
with the white ruche inside the brim. A long veil of fine silk nun's 
veiling is worn with this, with a tulle or net face veil with a narrow 
fold of crepe. Veils of crepe or nun's veiling are not worn over the 
face except at the funeral. 

Hats with crepe folds and trimmings, with veils arranged to fall 
in folds in the back are usually selected ; with them is worn a plain 
net face veil. Dotted veils are not mourning. Black furs, lynx, fox 
or Persian lamb are worn. 

Matiy women wear narrow lawn turn-over collars and cuffs; they 
are hemstitched, with no other decoration. Black-bordered handker- 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 753 

chiefs are no longer carried; if, however, one's woeful trappings must 
extend to this detail, the narrower the edge the better. 

Either black glace kid or suede gloves are worn. Shoes and 
slippers must be in a dull kid finish. 

All white may be worn in summer during the later period of 
mourning, but combinations of black and white are not mourning; 
thus a white dress with black ribbons is not correct. 

Jewelry (in gold), ostrich feathers, velvet, lace, satin, and jet 
trimmings, except in dull jet, are barred. One may wear a diamond 
or pearl ring or two, but no colored jewels set in rings. Some women 
have outer shells made in black enamel to enclose diamond ear-rings 
they are accustomed to wearing. 

If one wears mourning, she should hold to the correct form. If, 
however, she elects to wear black, more license is permitted her. 
Whatever is done, should be consistent. Thus if she simply adopts 
black she may have a net or all-over lace yoke in a gown, may wear 
hats with wings and quills or fancy feathers in black, or black flowers 
— which are botanical monstrosities — whereas in correct mourning 
she could not. 

The Period of Mourning. — The length of time during which mourn- 
ing is to be worn has been considerably shortened of recent years. 
Widows formerly wore deep mourning — crepe, bombazine, etc., for 
two years, and ''second mourning" for another year. Now, even among 
the most rigid sticklers for form, two years is the limit, and there is a 
tendency to diminish this period. Eighteen months of woe inconsol- 
able ; six months of grief assuaged. Nor are all recreations debarred 
the widow, as formerly ; she may go to concerts, small entertainments, 
even to matinees, after some months have elapsed. This is as it should 
be. Many women have settled into gloom and despondency which 
have darkened their homes because there has been nothing to lift them 
out of their low frame of mind. 

For a parent, a grown son or daughter, the conventional period 
is two years, one year of deep mourning. For a young child a mother 
wears black for a year. The same time suffices for a brother or 
sister. Six months answers for grandparents ; three for an uncle or 
aunt. Often one does not wear mourning except for husband, child 
or parent. 

Young girls need not wear mourning as long as an adult does, 
nor do they wear crepe, unless it be a hat with crepe trimmings, or 
one with ribbon bows and face veil with crepe border. It seems as 
unnecessary as it is unkind to put young children into black. 

French Mourning. — The French, with characteristic cheerfulness, 

greatly abridge the mourning attire, dividing it into three grades, deep, 
ordinary and half-mourning. For the first only woolen materials in 
black are employed; the second, silk and woolen; the third, gray and 



754 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

violet. The wife laments her husband for a year and six weeks, — six 
months of deep mourning; six of ordinary, and six weeks of gray and 
violet melancholy. The bereaved husband, on the other hand, is let 
off with six months of sorrow, three in deep mourning, three in ordin- 
ary; he has not to pass through the gray-and-violet stage at all. 

Six months is also the period for parents, evenly divided between 
deep and ordinar}'. One gets off with two months for brother, sister 
or grandparent, and three weeks suffices for a mere uncle or aunt. 
Good taste decrees mourning should be discarded gradually. From 
black one may go to quiet costumes in dark colors, gray being an 
approved hue. 

Mourning for Men. — Custom sets more lightly upon men than 
upon women in the matter of mourning. Here, as elsewhere, the 
details of etiquette devolve upon women. A widow would incur cen- 
sure if she married within two years after her husband's death ; indeed, 
if her marriage followed soon after the expiration of that term, Mrs. 
Grundy would infer some surreptitious courting had been going on. A 
man, however, may marry again after a year has elapsed. A widower 
would abstain from society and the theater for six months. A parent 
is mourned for a year. 

The correct attire for men is a black suit, black gloves and tie of 
grosgrain or taffeta silk, and a black band upon his hat. The tailor 
adjusts this hat band with scrupulous nicety to the depth of his afflic- 
tion. It is deepest for a wife ; it diminishes mathematically through 
the gamut of parents, children, brothers or sisters. 

The widower is not expected to wear mourning for two years, 
unless he prefers to do so. If he goes into the niceties of the garb he 
will wear black enamel shirt studs and cuff buttons, and a plain black 
watch fob. After a year he may wear a gray suit, retaining the black 
accessories. 

The custom, followed in some circles, of wearing a black band on 
the left coat sleeve, is to be emphatically condemned. The place for 
the band is on the hat. If not placed there, let it be nowhere. On a 
gray or tan coat the effect is startling. The custom of wearing such 
a band as emblem of mourning for a fellow member in a lodge, or any 
organization, whether worn by man or woman, is more honored in the 
breach than the observance. Better drape the departed member's seat 
in black, or hang crepe on the charter than follow this foolish fad. 

The Duties of Friends. — Where there is sickness in a family, 
friends call to make inquiries or to proffer assistance. Kindness coun- 
sels that such calls should be brief; often duties press heavily upon 
the well, and the time spent in receiving visitors may be sadly needed 
for rest, or for other duties. To stay to a meal, or to take children on 
such a visit is inconsiderate, to say the least. If help is needed, give it 
quietly, unobtrusively, and as efficiently as possible. A little service 
rendered by a thoughtful neighbor is always^ aDoreciated, whereas the 
person who goes "a-visiting" where there is sickness comes near beins; 
a nuisance. 



MAXXERS AXD SOCIAL CUSTOMS 755 

In town, friends call at the door to make inquiries. Unless very 
intimate, they do not expect to see any member of the family. Cards 
are left, and it is correct to write "To inquire" on the card. If death 
follows, cards are properly left, either before the funeral or within a 
week after the event. Upon these may be written "with deepest 
sympathy." One does not ask to see one of the family. Cards of this 
character are often sent by mail, and are acknowledged within three 
weeks by sending one's visiting card with narrow black edge and 
envelope to match. Across the top of the card is written "With grate- 
ful appreciation of your sympathy," or "It is a comfort to feel that we 
have your sympathy in our loss." Cards are sometimes especially 
engraved for this purpose. Such cards have a mourning border and 
are enclosed in an envelope and mailed. One's visiting card, with nar^ 
row black edge and black-bordered envelope, is sent in acknowledgment 
of invitations to weddings, receptions, etc. If a note is necessary in 
reply to an invitation, it is written on note-paper having a narrow 
mourning border^ and follows the customary formula, the border being 
an indication of the reason it is declined. 

In case the request "Kindly omit flowers" is made in the obituary 
notice, the wish of the family should be observed. 

Letters of condolence should be written as soon as possible, 
l-'riends should not be afraid to intrude. If they feel a sincere sym- 
pathy it should be allowed expression, for such tributes, coming from 
the heart, are always grateful to the stricken. Answers to such let- 
ters should not be expected ; it is customary to acknowledge them by 
a card, as above mentioned. 

Friends who send flowers should be thanked, either by note, or 
word of mouth. 



THE ETIQUETTE OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

"Letters should he easy and natural, and convey to the persons to whom we send 
just what we would say if we were with them." — Chesterfield. 

They say nobody has time to write letters these days, and yet the 
postoffice department handles millions of them each year. True, they 
are not the formal, lengthy, somewhat stilted epistles of a century ago, 
when a lad began his home letters "Honoured Parents," and your cor- 
respondent announced, "I take my pen in hand to inform you," etc. 
The letter of today, however, is not less the messenger of good-will 
and remembrance than it was in those days. It remains largely the 
bulletin of business and of family affairs. 

The postman's bag! What may it not contain? News of birth or 
tidings of death, of lover's vows made or broken, of achievements 01 
misfortunes. Every letter is like a new day; we cannot tell what it' 
message may be. 

Tt is no mean accomplishment to be able to write a good letter. 



756 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The Essentials. — The first essential to letter- writing is to have 
something to say, and the ability to say it well. This is a talent that 
may be cultivated. The next requisite is good paper. Better curtail 
in some other item and allow yourself good, plain, heavy paper and 
envelopes. Avoid all fancy papers, whether in tint or design. Plain 
white or cream laid pap^r is always good form. Whatever the vagaries 
of the stationer, the plain white, fine quality paper is to be preferred. 
The intertwined initials of the writer are often placed at the top of the 
first page, either in the center or at the left-hand corner where the 
water-mark used to be. These are done in gold or silver, or some 
pale tint. Just now, the street address of the writer is often engraved 
across the flap of the envelope. The form of the latter, whether square 
or oblong, varies according to the passing fashion. Whichever is used, 
the letter sheet is folded once to fit it. Sealing-wax is little used at 
present; if at all, the *'blob" of wax is small, only large enough to 
receive the impress of a single initial on the seal. 

Use a good black ink. Violet and purple inks are as passe as 
colored stationery. There is a certain writing-fluid, bluish when first 
used, and turning black after a few hours' exposure, that is standard. 

Write legibly. Handwriting may or may not be an index of 
character, but it certainly does indicate certain attributes. A cramped, 
slovenly, awkward handwriting is naturally associated with a careless 
and uneducated person; whereas a free, graceful and trained hand indi- 
cates culture and refinement in the writer. We say again, write 
legibly. Nothing is more exasperating than certain examples of mod- 
ern fad-writing, where one might as well attempt to translate a page 
of Chinese script. Despite the typewriter, one should endeavor to be 
a good penman, because the typed letter or note is inadmissible in 
polite society, being reserved for the world of business. Avoid also 
the microscopic calligraphy with a fine pen ; it is very trying to your 
correspondent's eyes, unless she happens to have a reading-glass con- 
veniently near. 

Take pains to make your signature easily decipherable. Remember 
that while a word may be puzzled out by the context, or by the 
analogy of its letters to others, the signature has no context, and is 
often so carelessly written that the letters composing it are indistin- 
guishable. One should be particularly careful in this respect where 
writing business letters or letters to strangers. 

Letter Forms. — Ceremonious letters and notes in the first person 
are addressed to '"My dear Mrs. Smith." If Mrs. Smith is a friend or 
an acquaintance, she is addressed as ''Dear Mrs. Smith." This is the 
American custom, and is an exact reversal of the English, which is, 
by the way, being more generally adopted in our society. "My dear" 
certainly seems to the uninitiated, at least, more intimate and familiar 
than ''Dear." A business communication to a stranger begins — 
Mrs. Joseph Smith, 
Dear Madam: — 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 757 

There are shades of courtesy to be observed in signing letters. 
"Sincerely yours" is a little more formal than ''Yours sincerely;" 
"Yours with much regard" is more familiar than "Yours sincerely." 
"Yours truly" is for the business letter; "Yours affectionately" for the 
family or those to whom we are much attached. The rule has been 
to capitalize all the words of the address, but only the first word of 
the conclusion, as "My D^ar Friend Mary" and "Yours sincerely," but 
of late this rule seems to be broken in regard to the address, which is 
now often written "My dear Mrs. Smith." 

Abbreviations. — Abbreviations are always incorrect. The month, 
day and date must be spelled out; the street number and the year are 
correctly indicated in numerals. The year is sometimes spelled out 
on formal invitations, but is regarded as an affectation in private cor- 
respondence. To indicate a date in numerals, as 3: 18: '12, is bad 
form. "Street" is not shortened to "St." and "Avenue" is to be 
spelled out. The city and state should be written in full. "Cal." and 
"Col." are often wrongly read by busy railway clerks, and your Col- 
orado letter goes to California. 

The character and (&) is never to be employed. "Hon.," "Dr." 
and "Rev." are permissible on an envelope; "Rev. Father" is incorrect; 
write "Rev." We do not use "Esq." in America as much as it is used 
in England, where it is always employed in addressing a letter to an 
equal, "Mr." being reserved for tradesmen. Here we use "Mr." almost 
entirely. Christian names are not abbreviated in an address ; one 
should write "George" or "Charles" rather than "Geo." or "Chas." 

What Not to Do. — A woman is never to be addressed by her hus- 
band's title, either verbally or in writing. "^Irs. Dr. Smith" is "Mrs. 
Lewis Smith" ; "Mrs. Judge Morris" is "Mrs. Henry Pond Morris." 
Of course she would not think of signing herself "Mrs. Dr. Smith." 
She should sign herself by her own name, "Marion Morris." If neces- 
sary to convey the information, she may, in a business note, place Mrs. 
in brackets, before her name, or after signing her own name, write 
below it, "Mrs. Henry Pond Morris." This is never done in a social 
note. Often, upon her marriage a woman includes her maiden name in 
her signature, thus, "Marion Ames Morris." A hyphen is not used. 
The four-storied name, as "Marion Helen Ames Morris," is too cum- 
bersome for common use. 

A woman uses her husband's full name on her cards. The man, 
in signing himself, writes his full name "Henry Pond Morris" or "H. 
P. Morris," rather than "Henry P. Morris." 

The postscript has been laughed out of existence. If a few words 
must be added the "P. S." is omitted. Dodging about on the pages, 
from first to third, then to second and fourth, is to be avoided. Don't 
write across your written pages ; a plaided letter is so difficult to 
decipher that one is justified in destroying it unread. One is supposed 
to have sufficient letter paper on hand. A half sheet should never be 
used as a means of eking out an epistle. Don't send a blotted, 
smeared letter. 



758 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Placing the Stamp. — Several years ago silly girls occasionally in- 
quired through the newspapers as to "the significance" of the postage 
stamp when placed in certain positions on the envelope. One paper 
made reply that to place it anywhere but on the upper right hand cor- 
ner of the envelope indicated that the sender was a first-class idiot. 
The answer was widely copied and the inquiries ceased. The stamp 
is placed there for convenience in canceling, that being done by a 
machine in all but the smaller offices. 

The last item to be remembered is, spell correctly, though it is 
one of much importance. A mis-spelled word is a grievous error in a 
letter^ — worse than a blot. Keep a dictionary on the desk; when in 
doubt look up the word, and then take pains to fix it in mind so as to 
have no further trouble with it. 

When to Write. — Notes of invitation should be promptly answered. 
So should business letters. As for friendly letters, were they answered 
at once, by both parties, the exchange would be so brisk that too much 
time would be thus occupied. One may let a reasonable time elapse 
before replying; this depending upon the intimacy. Friends whose 
time is much taken up with other cares, but who do not wish to lose 
touch with each other, not infrequently agree to exchange letters at 
certain dates or anniversaries. Both may write simultaneously, or one 
write and the other reply. 

Make it a point to re-read the letter you are about to answer, and 
take pains to reply to any questions your correspondent may have 
asked. Nothing is more maddening than to make several important 
inquiries and find them wholly ignored while your friend tells you how 
busy she is, how many engagements she has in the future, how tired 
she is, and prefaces these uninteresting details with a long apology for 
her silence. Who was it said *'An apology is a mistaken explanation"? 

Postal cards are not considered in correspondence. They are to 
be used only for business, or where one is traveling and wishes to 
inform her friends of her whereabouts. The picture or souvenir postals 
are largely used for this purpose. But the postal card, in correspond- 
ence, is like a call when the lady is out and you do not leave your 
card — it doesn't count. 

In regard to love-letters, bear in mind what Rousseau says : 

"To write a good love-letter you ought to begin without knowing 
v/hat you mean to say, and finish without knowing what you have 
written." Then, having unbosomed yourself, don't send it. 

Care in Writing. — It is well to remember, that once you have 
dropped a letter into the box, it is no longer yours. It belongs to the 
person to whom it is addressed. If you have been indiscreet, the mat- 
ter is out of your hands. Therefore, be careful what you write. You 
cannot tell what use your correspondent may make of it. Your friend 
may be trustworthy, but careless ; some one may be dishonest enough 
to read it; it may be lost. It is a good plan to write nothing yo" 
would not be willing to have read before a roomful of people who 
kv.o\N that you wrote it. 



MAXXERS AXD SOCIAL CUSTOMS 759 

Avoid personalities. Don't commit your unflattering opinions of 
other people to paper. The letter is a witness whose veracity is un- 
questioned. 

Don't read your letters to others, unless they are family letters 
in which all may rightly have a share. A letter is a private com- 
munication. 

Keeping Letters. — It is a bad plan to keep old letters, especially if 
they are of a personal nature, or if they contain confidences or secrets. 
\\'hen the owner dies, there is no knowing to what use they may be 
put. One regrets the publication of the private letters of great men and 
women, showing, as they so often do. the foolish, silly, conceited side 
of a character we have admired. Private letters are often disillusioning, 
or betray the presence of the skeleton of the family, unhappiness or 
disgrace. 

The safest way is to keep a letter till it is answered, then destroy 
it. This does away with a lot of useless lumber. 

Letters of Congratulation and Condolence. — It is not possible to 
give forms for letters of this character. They are meaningless unless 
they come from the heart, and should be characterized by sincerity. 
Nevertheless, they should be written, and promptly, as also letters of 
acknowledgment of gifts, favors offered, and the "bread-and-butter 
letter" — the missive you write to your hostess after a few days' visit. 

Letters of condolence are especially difficult to write. One so 
fears to wound instead of comforting. If one can otter some quota- 
tion that has been a personal help in time of sorrow, it is often grate- 
fully appreciated. But because we ''don't know what to say" we must 
not omit writing. The letter is often a greater kindness than the 
call, which is a tax upon the strength of the mourner. 

"The path of sorrow, and that path alone, leads to the land where 
sorrow is unknown ; no traveler ever reached that blessed abode who 
found not sorrows in his road." 

"AVherever souls are being tried and ripened in whatever common- 
place and homely way, there God is hewing out the pillars for His 
temple." 

Do not think you must write a long letter. A few well chosen 
phrases, sincere expressions of feeling, are more grateful to one who 
grieves. One may say : 

My dearest Friend: — 

It is zcith sincerest sorrozc I hai'e just heard of your great 
bereavement. I cannot hope to comfort you; God only can do 
that, hut I zvant to say how deeply and tenderly I feel for you in 
your sad aMiction. 

Belici'e me, most faithfully yours. 



760 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

On the other hand, if we must congratulate, we may write : 

/ have just heard of your engagement to Mr. Blank, and 
wish to he among the first of your friends to express my sympathy 
with you in your happiness. I have known Mr. Blank for some 
time, and greatly admire his many good qualities. I am sure you 
are very happy with him, and will he more so as you grow to- 
gether in marriage. Hoping good fortune and joy may always 
he your portion in life, and present hliss an earnest of more in 
store for you, I am. Most sincerely yours. 



MANNERS FOR MEN. 

"Politeness and good breeding are absolutely necessary to adorn any or all other 
good qualities or talents." — Chesterfield. 

Though what we call society is largely vested in women, and 
women's customs regulate etiquette, men are by no means exempt from 
the necessity of knowing and practising what we call good manners. 
A man can have no greater charm than that easy, unstudied, uncon- 
scious compliance with social forms which marks what we call "a man 
of the world" — the man who knows what a good manner requires of 
him in any situation, and does it quietly and with the grace of habit. 

There has been no time in the history of the world when good 
manners counted for more than at the present. This is true of both 
men and women. It is so true that in certain fields it is practically 
impossible to succeed without their aid. The value of a pleasing man- 
ner can hardly be overestimated. Such a manner is as far from the 
self-assurance and presumptuous familiarity which some men assume 
under the idea that these are impressive, as night is from day. 

Value of Courtesy. — Courtesy has a commercial value, and exerts 
no little influence upon a man's success in business. Polite attention 
and readiness to oblige bring customers again and again, where their 
lack would send people to rival houses. 

We can forgive, in the intellectually great, or in the man of affairs 
who has done things worth doing, a lack of social training that would 
not be endured in a man with no such claim. Yet this is not saying 
that the great man would not command more unqualified admiration 
were he to practise the social graces instead of ignoring them. The 
truth is, the fact that we have to overlook the absence of these graces 
induces a more critical attitude toward his achievements. Great though 
he be in spite of his lack of courtesy, we feel he would have been 
greater had he known and practised the art of gentle manners. 

The Manners of the Gentleman. — These "gentle-manners," that 
make the ''gentle man" are an indispensable requisite to success in 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 761 

society. They testify to a man's good breeding, to his social affilia- 
tions ; they "place him." They often bring a man many things that 
wealth could not. 

The rich boor is despised in spite of his money. The poor man 
may be popular because of his pleasing personality and his fine manner. 

Men sometimes profess to despise those refinements that are asso- 
ciated with good manners, saying they detest affectations. But these 
things are not to be affectations. They should be the outward expres- 
sion of inward kindness and good-will and unselfishness. The cul- 
tivation of good manners is a duty ; somebody has said that "the true 
spirit of good manners is so nearly allied to that of good morals that 
they seem almost inseparable." John G. Holland says somewhere: 
"Young men would be thoroughly astonished if they could compre- 
hend at a glance how greatly their personal happiness, popularity, pros- 
perity, and usefulness depend on their manners." Emerson remarked 
that, — "Manners should bespeak the man, independent of fine clothes. 
The general does not need a fine coat." 

A Matter of Training. — It may be that politeness is Instinctive 
with some, but with most men (women also), it is a matter of training 
and habit, and careful discipline. In process of time courtesy becomes 
perfectly natural, so gracefully spontaneous it seems to be. 

Here is where the mother's work in the early training of her sons 
comes in. Taught from childhood, by example and precept, the observ- 
ances that make for good manners, the young man wears them as 
easily and as unconsciously as he does his clothes. 

Politeness an Armor. — There is no better armor against rudeness 
and discourtesy than politeness. The individual is impervious to 
slights and snubs who can meet them with the courtesy which at once 
puts the common person in his proper place as the inferior. 

A woman is shocked and repelled by disagreeable manners in a 
man, manifested in discourtesy toward her, by an awkward manner, 
coarse speech, incivility, neglect of the little attentions she expects of 
a man and which men of breeding render as a matter of course. A 
woman is more likely to fall in love with a homely man of pleasing 
address than with an Adonis so clad in self-complacency that he thinks 
politeness unnecessary, or one who does not know its forms. 

THE ETIQUETTE OF THE HAT. 

The first rule a man should observe in regard to his hat is never to 
wear it in the presence of women, save in the open. If mothers would 
take the trouble to train their small sons to rigid observance of the 
rule of removing their head covering the moment they enter the house 
there would be fewer adults guilty of this particular discourtesy, which 
is at once the greatest and the most common. One occasionally sees 
a man wearing his hat and preceding a woman down the aisle of a 
theatre. 



762 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The expression, "tipping the hat," is a vulgarism. A man doesn't 
"tip" his hat, he raises it quite off his head. 

The Coachman's Salute. — The semi-military salute — raising the 
hand to the hat as if to lift it, but merely approaching the forefinger 
to the brim — is a discourtesy to a woman. Such a salute would bring 
a reproof in military circles; it is objectionable among men. Actually 
it is the manner in which a man-servant acknowledges an order from 
his master or mistress, and is not inaptly called "the coachman's 
salute." 

A man wears his hat on the street, on the deck of the steamboat, 
i:i a ,'icture-gallery or promenade concert-room. He removes it in a 
tiicatre, the opera-house, and the parlors of a hotel. 

When to Raise the Hat. — Men raise their hats to each other on 
the street. They extend the same courtesy to all members of their 
family, of both sexes. A well-bred man raises his hat to his little 
daughter, as he would to his wife. 

On the street, a man must wait for a lady to recognize him, but 
should be ready to remove his hat simultaneously with her greeting, 
raising and replacing it quickly. The fashion of removing the hat 
after meeting a lady is absurd. How does she know the courtesy has 
been extended? 

When a man is with a lady who recognizes an acquaintance, he 
must raise his hat, whether he knows the individual or not. He should, 
however, keep his eyes straight ahead, not looking at the person. 

If he meets a man walking with a lady whom he does not know, he 
waits the man's recognition. 

A man removes his hat in an elevator if women enter or are 
already inside. This rule is often ignored in large public buildings. 

If a woman bows to a man in any place where it is his privilege 
to wear his hat, he removes his hat and does not replace it while she is 
talking with him. This rule applies everywhere except on the street. 
"A gentleman of the old school" will stand bareheaded on the street 
if exchanging a word or two with a lady ; in such case she may request 
him to replace his hat. 

A man when driving or motoring cannot remove his hat. He 
bends forw^ard slightly and touches his hat brim with his whip, held 
upright, in the first case, and raises his hand to the visor of his cap in 
the latter. 

At Other Times. — When he is able to render some slight service 
to a woman whom he does not know, she will thank him with a slight 
inclination of the head and a smile, and he should raise his hat. When 
he relinquishes his seat in the street car, he should give the lady a 
chance to acknowledge his courtesy, and then raise his hat. 

Men raise their hats and stand uncovered as a funeral cortege 
passes into the church or from a house, and at the grave. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 763 

They also stand uncovered when the United States flag is borne 
past, or the national hymn — the '"Star Spangled Banner" — is played in 
public, at a military review, etc. 

When a man passes a lady in the corridor of a hotel, or on the 
stairw^ay, he should raise his hat. 

When he takes leave of a lady, the same act of deference is ex- 
pected. 

Hat and Coat When Calling. — When calling, the man looks after 
his own hat, overcoat and stick. His hostess does not offer to relieve 
him of them, nor suggest the removal of his coat. He deposits his hat 
and stick on table or seat in the hall before entering the drawing- 
room, and takes off his overcoat if his call is to be prolonged. Or, he 
may take them all with him into the drawing room if his call is to be 
brief. In any event, it is his business to dispose of them according to 
his own pleasure. 

RULES FOR PRECEDENCE. 

A man precedes a woman in going down-stairs and follows her 
in going up. This is that he mav be in readiness to catch her should 
she fall. 

He allows a woman to precede him on entering or leaving a room, 
and should open the door for her. 

On entering a hotel dining-room the man may precede the lady 
to the table assigned them, on the occasion of their first meal, standing 
until she is seated. Afterwards, he may follow her as the head-waiter 
leads the way. Sometimes he permits her to precede him in the first 
case. 

The question is sometimes asked who should follow the usher on 
entering church or theatre. The rule above stated obtains. The 
woman follows the usher; the man follows her. 

The man allows the lady to enter the carriage first, but descends 
before her that he may assist her to alight. The same rule prevails in 
regard to entering and leaving a street car, etc. 

ABOUT SMOKING. 

The old rule of good manners : "A gentleman does not smoke in 
the presence of ladies,'' is many times violated in these modern times. 
There is a story of an elderly woman who, being asked if smoke was 
offensive to her, replied: "I do not know. No gentleman has ever 
smoked in my presence." The woman of today is more likely to 
answer "Oh, dear no ! I love the odor of a good cigar." The truth 
is the cigar has become such a constant and apparently necessary 
adjunct to a man that to banish it is in effect to banish the man. And 
women prefer to endure the smoke rather than have the man absent 
himself. There are very few cafes and restaurants where men do 
not conclude their repast with a good cigar, even when entertaining 
ladies. 



764 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Where Not to Smoke. — Nevertheless, there are times and places 
when and where a man should not smoke. When he is about to meet 
a lady he knows he removes his cigar before removing his hat and 
bowing. If he wishes to join the lady, walking a short distance with 
her, he throws away his cigar before doing so. He does not smoke 
when driving with a lady, unless possibly in the country. He should 
not smoke when walking with her — but he often does, with her full 
consent and permission. In fact, women, as has been said, are re- 
sponsible for men's lapses in the way of smoking. 

A guest does not smoke in his host's house unless especially invited 
to do so, by his host, not some younger member of the family or 
another visitor. 

At a dinner party at which ladies are present, men do not smoke 
until the ladies have left the dining-room. 

It is a bad form to smoke when anyone is singing, unless in those 
free-and-easy places of amusement where ''everything goes." 

About Expectoration. — No man should smoke, anywhere or at any 
time, who cannot smoke without using a cuspidor. It is a practice so 
much worse than smoking, so thoroughly abominable in itself, that no 
man with any claim to good breeding or good manners permits himself 
to indulge in it. 

In most homes, nowadays, men are permitted to smoke **all over 
the house." It is better, wherever possible, to let the man have a 
**den" where he may smoke with his friends. The practice of smok- 
ing in bedrooms is reprehensible ; the air one will breathe through the 
night should not be vitiated. 



BACHELOR HOSPITALITY. 

"A bachelor's life is a splendid breakfast; a tolerably Aat dinner; and a most 

miserable supper." 

Being a bachelor does not excuse a man from certain forms of hos- 
pitality. Many "society men" live in apartments, at the present time, 
and may entertain the ladies who have favored them with invitations; 
in fact, it is expected that a man who has often been entertained will 
reciprocate in some fashion. 

If a bachelor's quarters are too restricted for any other form of 
entertaining, he may give a theatre party, followed by a supper at 
some cafe. Or he may do this without the theatre party. Of course, 
such an entertainment is expensive, but he must remember that the 
ladies who have entertained him have spent a good deal of money on 
their fetes. 

The Bachelor and the Chaperon. — The first thing the bachelor 

must do is to secure a chaperon. She must be a married woman of 
unimpeachable reputation. Having done this, he invites the other 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 765 

members of the party, first submitting his list to her approval. The 
usual number is six, three men and three women, or two men and four 
ladies. Two men may join forces to entertain a quartet of ladies, or 
more, and thus halve the expense. The carriage or taxicab is sent 
first to the residence of the chaperon; the host accompanies it or may 
meet it there. The other ladies are called for, the other men generally 
meet the carriages at the theatre. The host sits next the chaperon at 
the theatre and at the supper, placing her on his right. 

If a supper is to follow, and it almost always does, the host has 
reserved a table at the hotel or cafe and has perhaps ordered flowers 
and a special menu in advance. He has also settled the account, so 
that he has only to cross the waiter's palm with silver at the conclu- 
sion of the repast, in acknowledgment of faultless service. 

Cheaper Ways of Entertaining. — In summer there are cheaper 
ways in which a bachelor may pay off his social obligations. Most 
bachelors belong to clubs, where they may give luncheons or suppers. 
There are roof-gardens and outdoor vaudeville, open-air concerts, etc., 
that may be made pleasurable occasions. He may charter a yacht, in 
company with several friends, and entertain a dozen or half score ladies 
with a sailing party. At all these, however, he must provide a 
chaperon. 

A very pleasant and informal way for a bachelor to entertain is to 
invite some of his more intimate women acquaintances to afternoon 
tea at his apartments. For this he writes personal notes or gives ver- 
bal invitations. He asks some married lady to assist him, placing it in 
the light of a favor to himself. She must arrive early, and remain until 
the last guest has left. The host pays the chaperon special deference, 
asking her to pour the tea, and either escorting her home or ordering 
a carriage for her. 

Elaborate refreshments are not necessary at such an aflTair. Sand- 
wiches, cakes, tea, served in the American fashion or a la Russe, are 
sufficient. The chaperon presides at the refreshment table. All things 
needed for the refreshment of the guests may be ordered from a caterer. 
If the affair is in the evening, chocolate and coffee may be served 
instead of tea, or cakes, coft'ee and ices. 

The Bachelor's Chafing Dish. — If the circumstances of the bachelor 
permit, he may give a chafing-dish supper, presiding over the manu- 
facture'of a Welsh rarebit or lobster a la Newburg. making the coft'ee 
himself in a machine. This might take the place of the supper at a 
restaurant after the play. After such a supper, or a dinner in his 
rooms, the host escorts the ladies to their carriages, and accompanies 
the chaperon to her home. 

If none of these methods of entertaining chance to be within the 
man's means — for many poor men of pleasing address are social fav- 
orites — he may fall back on the pretty compliment implied in sending 
flowers or bonbons, remembering that matrons as well as "buds" appre- 
ciate such attentions. 



766 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

In Village Society. — In small towns and in the country, the young 
man would ridicule the idea of having a chaperon along. He seldom 
considers the question of repaying social invitations, or paying calls 
after an entertainment. He should be careful to show courtesy to the 
host and hostess, to dance with the latter and her daughter at a danc- 
ing party, and may escort mother and daughter or the mother and 
some one of her friends, to a lecture or concert. Generally he ignores 
all claims of this character. But he should not. 

Should He Offer His Arm? — A man seldom offers a woman his 
arm nowadays, unless she is so elderly or infirm that she needs the 
support. For a couple to walk arm in arm in daylight is decidedly 
provincial. For a man to take a woman's arm is a liberty not permis- 
sible unless she is a member of his family. He should offer his arm if 
holding an umbrella over her at night, on a poorly lighted street or 
a country road at night. A woman, unless very infirm or ill, should 
not walk arm-in-arm with a man in daylight. 

The Outside of the Walk. — A man usually walks on a woman's 
right, in order to protect her if necessary. It looks absurd, however, 
for him to be dodging around her to keep on the outside of the walk 
unless some danger is to be encountered. 

Minor Matters of Men's Etiquette. — A man should not carry a 
girl's parasol ; he should however assume any parcel she may be 
carrying. 

When a man escorts a woman to her home it is not correct for 
him to linger at the door. He should accompany her up the steps, 
ring the bell and wait until she is admitted. If the hour is at all late 
he should not enter, even though invited. 

It is extremely bad form for a man to speak of a woman by her 
Christian name while talking to casual acquaintances. Though long 
acquaintance may sanction the familiarity at home, or among intimate 
friends, to all outsiders she should be Miss. 

The custom of leaving the theatre between acts is inexcusable. If 
a man is escorting a lady, he is guilty of great rudeness if he leaves 
her. 

Cards and Calls. — If calling on a lady who is visiting a person 
who is a stranger to him, he must ask for her hostess, sending up a 
card for her as well as for his friend. If calling with a lady, he should 
wait for her to give the signal for departure. 

The man who attends an afternoon tea should leave a card for 
each lady mentioned in the invitation, and for the host, whether the 
latter was present or not. He must send the same number of cards 
if unable to be present, enclosing them all in an envelope which fits 
the cards, addressing it to the hostess, and mailing it so that it will 
be received on the day of the function. He must call upon his hostess 
within two weeks after an invitation to a dinner or ball. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 767 

In attending a tea or afternoon reception, the right-hand glove 
must be removed before entering the drawing room, as it is bad form 
to offer a gloved hand to one's hostess on such occasions. 

If, when calling on a lady, another visitor arrives, the first comer 
must not attempt to ''sit him out." He should make his adieux within 
a reasonable time after the second arrival, even though a friend in more 
intimate standing. 

Bad Habits. — A man should carefully avoid mannerisms, such as 
twisting his mustache, fussing with his tie, fidgeting with some little 
article taken from a table, as a paper knife, etc. These awkwardnesses 
are the outcome of nervousness. He should strive at all times to be 
simple, at ease, and unconscious of himself. If he tries to "show off" 
he makes himself obnoxious. 

Picking the teeth, chewing a toothpick, cleaning the finger nails 
in company, are gross violations of propriety. 

The Car Fare Question. — -A girl occasionally appeals to writers on 
social forms to find out when she should permit a man to pay her 
car fare. It is expected that he will pay for her if he is escorting her, 
and she should allow him to do so without comment. If they happen 
on the same car by chance she should pay her own fare. If the man 
anticipates her, handing the change to the conductor and saying "For 
two," she should thank him simply and let the matter pass. Really, it 
is not entirely good form for a man to pay a woman's fare under 
such circumstances, unless she has difficulty in finding her purse, or 
her change. Then he may say "Allow me" and pay for her. If she 
finds her money she may return the amount, and he should take it 
without protest. 



THE ETIQUETTE OF DRESS. 

"The best possible impression that you can make with your dress is to make 
no impression at all; but so to harmonise its material and shape with your person- 
ality that it becomes tributary in the general effect, and so exclusively tributary that 
people cannot tell after seeing you what kind of clothes you wear." — Holland. 

MEN'S DRESS. 

A man — lucky creature — is not expected to change his clothes as 
frequently as a woman must. He wears morning dress until dinner, 
unless he is to attend some afternoon function, like a wedding or a 
reception. Dinner is now almost universally at six or half after six 
o'clock. Before that hour, save in the exception noted above, he 
wears a business suit, a derby or "soft" hat, tan shoes if he prefers 
them, or laced calf-skin shoes with heavy soles. The coat may be sack 
or cutaway. Such an outfit is correct for- traveling wear. A white 
shirt, or one of striped madras, is worn, with a white linen collar. 
The tie is usually a four-in-hand in some dark shade. 



768 MOTHERS' REMEDIES , 

The cutaway coat is correc5t for church wear. In summer it largely 
takes the place of the frock coat, which, with the silk hat, is usually 
"out of season," so to speak, from about the middle of May until about 
the same time in September. Straw or felt hats are worn. 

Tweed, flannel and cheviot suits are favorite summer wear for men. 
Flannel trousers, white, with flannel shirt and leather belt, constitute 
the usual wear for tennis, golf, etc., and blue cheviot or serge tor 
yachting. 

Afternoon Wear. — For formal afternoon wear the double-breasted 
frock coat of black worsted, with waistcoat of the same or of white 
duck, is reserved, dark gray pin-stripe trousers are worn with it. 
patent leather shoes, gray gloves, silk hat and standing linen collar. 
The standing collar is for formal wear. This attire is suitable for all 
social affairs between noon and evening. 

After dinner evening clothes — the ''dress suit" — are worn. This 
has been fully described in the chapter on wedding etiquette, under the 
head of correct dress. 

Incongruity in Dress. — A man must avoid incongruities in dress. 
Tan shoes are inadmissible with formal afternoon dress. They do not 
accompany a silk hat. A lawn tie is never worn save with evening 
clothes, nor a turn-down collar with them. Gloves should be incon- 
spicuous. A man's hands encased in bright tan gloves make one think 
of sugar-cured hams. 

The Tuxedo is a dinner coat, hence never seen before six o'clock; 
it must not be worn at a theatre party, or if a man escorts ladies. It 
may be worn in summer at informal dinners, and at summer hotels. 
Silk hat, white waistcoat, or white lawn tie are not correct wear with 
a Tuxedo. 

APPROPRIATE DRESS FOR WOMEN. 

The real beauty of dress resides in being suitably gowned. Suit 
the attire to the time and place. Fashion prescribes and regulates 
styles; etiquette settles the appropriate garb for the occasion. Every 
detail, from shoes to hat, should be harmonious and suited to the occa- 
sion and consequently to the hour of the day. But how many, many 
violations of this rule we see! Ostrich feathers worn with shirt- 
waists; low shoes on the street; dressy hats in the morning; jewels at 
breakfast — ^all inappropriate and unrelated ! 

The correct street wear in the morning in the winter is a tailored 
suit with medium sized hat in felt or beaver, walking shoes, and 
rather heavy gloves in glace kid. More elaborate suits or gowns in 
fine smooth cloth or velvet are worn at afternoon functions, for calling 
and receptions. One does not choose light or showy colors for these 
if she must walk or take a street car. Ostrich feathers can be worn 
on the velvet or satin hat that accompanies this costume, which is 
completed by patent leather shoes and white or pearl-gray gloves. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 7^9 

When Decollete Gowns are Worn. — High-necked and long-sleeved 
gowns are worn at every daytime function. 

At balls, cotillions, formal dinners, evening parties, and in the large 
cities in opera boxes, decollete gowns may be worn. 

No "nice" woman wears a low gown when dining at restaurant 
or hotel. The neck may be cut low, under a lace yoke, unlined, and 
the sleeves finished from the elbow with lace. Hats are worn. 

One chooses a handsome velvet or other dressy material for a 
dinner dress, and wears with it her rarest jewels. Good taste and 
modesty forbid too lavish a display of shoulders. As a rule, in our 
average social life, the unlined lace yoke and collar and lace sleeves 
are preferred for dinner wear, the decollete gown being reserved for 
balls and cotillions. 

Young girls' dancing gowns are never cut very low ; the "Dutch" 
neck and the slightly low round cut being preferred. A string of 
pearls, a fine gold chain and locket, or gold beads, which have been 
restored to favor, are the usual ornament. 

For theatre wear, where one is not to occupy a box, one may wear 
a handsome reception gown, or a handsome bodice and skirt. Shirt 
and lingerie waists are not appropriate theatre wear, unless one patron- 
izes some second-class house of amusement. 

Wearing the Hat. — The rule to bear in mind as to the wearing of 
hats is this: At all daytime affairs, hats are kept on. At all evening 
affairs — musicales, concerts, receptions, the play, they are removed. 

Tea-gowns and negligees are for the boudoir ; the kimona is for 
the bedroom. 

Gloves are removed at a luncheon or dinner. Of course they 
would not be kept on at a card-party or a tea. One may retain them 
at a stand-up supper. 

Ornaments. — An abundance of ornament is in bad taste. Don't 
be one of the See-me-with-'em-all-on type. A cheap ornament spoils 
a handsome costume, better none at all ; too many ornaments, even 
if good, look tawdry. 

At a certain fashionable summer hotel a young woman was seen 
dancing in high shoes and wearing a demi-trained lingerie gown over 
a petticoat of ordinary walking length. She was certainly "the ob- 
served of all observers," but hardly the object of admiration. 

The Debutante^s Dress. — The debutante usually wears white on 
the occasion of her introduction to society. The material should be 
light and youthful — crepe de chine, some soft white silk like messaline, 
chiffon or organdie being the usual choice, made with high neck and 
long sleeves if the affair takes the form of an afternoon reception. 
Only a ball or cotillion permits a low gown, and then the gown is not 
"low" in the usual sense; it is merely cut out modestly in the neck 



770 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

and the sleeves are short. In the afternoon her mother, who presents 
her, wears a handsom-e reception gown ; her young friends, who "assist," 
wear light colored, dressy gowns of chiffon, net, etc. At such an affair 
guests remove wraps but retain hat and gloves. 

Dressing on a Modest Allowance. — The woman who wishes to be 
well dressed but must produce that effect on a moderate allowance, 
must be particularly careful in her purchases. She should confine her- 
self to two colors, of which black will be one. She must choose con- 
servative styles as well as colors, and above all, she must study very 
closely the relationship of her purchases in order to avoid incongrui- 
ties. A hat may be beautiful and becoming and within her means, yet 
a very unwise purchase because it will not hai;monize with or be 
suited to the costume with which it is to be worn. 

Neat gloves and good shoes are items of dress not to be disre- 
garded by the woman who wishes to look well dressed. Shabby 
gloves are ruinous to a well-dressed appearance. 

DRESS FOR ELDERLY WOMEN. 

The woman who has been "dressy" in her youth must curb her 
fancy as she grows older, and carefully avoid things that are "too 
young" for her. She may "love pink" or pale blue, and because she 
could wear it when a girl, unwisely clings to it in her fifth and sixth 
decades. A bedizened old woman dressed in a fashion suitable for 
one twenty years younger, is a sight more pitable than admirable. 
She must not permit the milliner or costumer to convince her that 
she is still young enough to "wear anything" but must try to have 
sense enough to distinguish what is suitable from what appeals to her 
because she would have looked well in it in her youth. 

Ermine furs, for instance, are absurd on a woman of forty-five or 
fifty. The dead white brings out the yellow in her complexion and 
the faded color of eyes and hair. A very light "dressy" hat makes 
the wrinkles more obvious. 

The Suitable. — Dark, unobtrusive colors, relieved by white lace at 
throat and wrists, hats modest in size and coloring, set off gray hair 
and matronly figure far better than showy and more youthful garb. 
No elderly woman should attempt to wear brown ; somehow it kills 
her complexion if she is sallow. Black, very dark blue, the softer 
shades of gray, are generally becoming if relieved with white. Lav- 
ender and mauve can be becomingly worn by those dear old white- 
haired ladies who have pretty complexions. The lemon-colored lady 
must avoid them. We must remember Joubert's saying: "In clothes 
fresh and clean there is a kind of youth with which age should sur- 
round itself." 

Materials must be as handsome as can be afforded ; soft wool 
materials may be chosen, cashmere, henrietta, voile, make up suitably. 
In summer most old ladies can wear white to advantage. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 771 

Simplicity should be the guide as to styles. Leave the fussy and 
elaborate to younger women, and adopt a dignified simplicity. 

DUTIES OF A CHAPERON. 

"The art of not hearing should be learned by all." Young America 
flouts the chaperon. The young girl of the middle class guesses she 
can "look out for herself," and knows "how to behave." Very often 
she doesn't know, and sadly demonstrates her lack of the knowledge 
of life and good sense that would enable her to avoid situations that 
create gossip. In European society the chaperon is indispensable and 
has an acknowledged and honored position. In America, young women 
ridicule the idea and young men are decidedly impatient of her pres- 
ence. And yet in our more conventional circles it is understood that 
she is a protection to the girls in her charge, and an oft-needed re- 
straint on young men who are inclined to be too free and familiar. 

Mothers as Chaperons. — A mother is her daughter's best chaperon. 
Very often her health, her home duties and her own lack of social 
experience unfit her for such a duty. In that case, she should be glad 
to put her girls in charge of some more experienced woman. If all 
young men were honest and honorable and temperate, the unchaper- 
oned girl would meet with fewer embarrassments. Think of the awk- 
ward plight of a girl should the carriage or the taxicab break down 
as she is returning home, or the miserable state of the girl whose 
escort at play or party has taken too much wine ! These things don't 
often happen, some one says. They do happen — far more frequently 
than the world at large is aware. 

Chaperon's Lot Not Easy. — The duties of a chaperon are so oner- 
ous that she deserves much gratitude, rather than revilement, for 
undertaking them. She must stay at balls and parties when she would 
infinitely prefer her bed ; she must frequent places of amusement that 
are tiresome to her but agreeable to her young charges ; she must 
remain in the parlor, or in the adjacent room separated only by draper- 
ies from it, while the girl entertains men callers, and no woman enjoys 
being "gooseberry;" she must check too high spirits and prevent 
"loud" behavior. And she will many times know that her presence is 
resented, and sad to say, endure slights in the discharge of her duties. 

Chaperons a Social Help. — Nevertheless, if girls only knew it, the 
chaperon may be very helpful and aid them materially in having a 
good time. She should be a woman of wide acquaintance, accustomed 
to good society. Then she will introduce the girls under her charge 
to nice men whom they should know, and to partners for the dance; 
see that they are invited to nice places, and that they are correctly- 
dressed. She must have tact combined with dignity, and be able to 
reprove little lapses in decorum so tactfully that youth will not take 
umbrage. She must make her charges like her, and win and hold 
their respect. And it is very important that she should know what 



772 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

not to see — ''the art of not hearing'* — yet she should never overlook 
anything vital. It will be seen that she should be a person of infinite 
tact, good nature and courage. 

The Chaperon of the Motherless Girl. — Nowdays, the wealthy 
widower, instead of putting his young daughter at the head of the 
household, secures some woman of good reputation and social stand- 
ing as his daughter's chaperon. She is, practically, the feminine head 
of the house, and in so far as possible, takes a mother's place with the 
girl. She sees to it that the girl has proper companionship and does 
not make undesirable acquaintances. She accompanies her on shop- 
ping expeditions, travels with her, attends theatres and parties with 
her, takes the head of the table if the girl gives a luncheon, and 
everywhere strives to make life pleasant for her young charge, giving 
up her own pleasure and convenience for that purpose. 

Even the young woman of twenty-five or twenty-seven, at the 
head of her father's household, or living in a hotel, should have a 
companion. 

Avoid Espionage. — ^And yet, with all this responsibility, the chap- 
eron must avoid anything like espionage. She must not open letters; 
she must not be prying and inquisitive; she must not give reasons for 
the girl she chaperons to regard her as "a dragon." 

A giddy, flirtatious chaperon is a disadvantage to a girl. She is 
so desirous of securing attention and having a good time herself that 
she neglects her charge. Often she undertakes chaperonage chiefly 
or entirely in order to go about herself. Such a chaperon is worse 
than none at all. 

The Girl and the Chaperon. — A girl should remember that her 
chaperon stands in the relation of a mother to her for the time being, 
therefore any disregard of her chaperon's suggestions or wishes is the 
same as disregarding her mother's. No well-bred girl ever does this — 
well, at least not publicly. If her chaperon gently intimates that it 
is time to go home, that she is dancing too many times with the same 
man, or "sitting out" too long, she should cheerfully comply with the 
hint. She should not vanish with an escort, leaving her chaperon — 
and others — to wonder at her absence, but at the close of every few 
dances, before the beginning of another, ask to be taken to her chap- 
eron. There her next partner will naturally look for her. 

She must at all times treat her chaperon with the utmost respect 
and deference, remembering the lady is bestowing a favor by taking 
charge of her, and that it is often at her parents' request. 

At a theatre party, bachelor's tea, sailing party, excursion, etc., 
one married woman is sufficient chaperon. 

The girl who works, the art and music student, may look after 
herself, but the society girl must submit to the thralldom of the 
chaperon. 

The Chaperon in Middle Class Society. — While the rules of eti- 
quette are intended to be of general application, there are certain 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 773 

relaxations in middle class society not permissible in more fashionable 
circles. This is the case as regard the chaperon. Many young men 
on moderate salary would not feel they could afford to buy a ticket 
to the theatre or concert for a chaperon, or order a carriage. But is a 
girl then to be denied permission to accept the invitation? Under 
such circumstances middle class etiquette requires that the young man 
shall be well known to the family as a person of good habits and rep- 
utation. The girl, however, is not supposed to accept an invitation to 
a supper afterwards. She may go to a dancing party at a private 
house or a club in case proper chaperons are provided for the affair — 
and they almost invariably are. But it is better taste for a party of 
young people to go together under the care of a chaperon. 

When a girl receives a young man visitor, her mother should 
always meet him. She should enter the parlor, be introduced if he 
is a stranger, converse for fifteen or twenty minutes, and excuse her- 
self, leaving the young people to their tete-a-tete. No girl ever loses 
a young man's estimation through being properly looked after. 

Under no circumstances should the young girl be allowed to accom- 
pany a young man on an excursion without a chaperon. She should 
not motor with him alone ; another pair of young people should go 
with them unless a chaperon is included. 

GOOD FORM IN SPEECH. 

"Il isn*t so much what you do; it is how you do it. Not so much what you 
think OS how you clothe your thoughts that enables you to make a pleasant impres- 
sion.'* 

Good breeding is shown in the use of words, quite as much as in 
manners. Correct use is evidence of culture and personal refinement. 

• Use of Slang and Colloquialisms. — Slang, we are often reminded, 
is common — meaning vulgar. And yet, there arc some slang phrases 
that are so expressive, and convey so much meaning in few words that 
the temptation to use them is irresistible. Much use of slang, how- 
ever, is very undesirable, indicating lack of refinement. We may be 
colloquial, but must eschew the vulgar. 

Among the words that are bad form we find "folks," used instead 
of "family" or "relatives." "Ain't" is one of the most common impro- 
prieties of speech and one that has no standing whatever in good lan- 
guage. '^Gentlemen friend," "lady friend," are vulgarisms. We should 
not speak of young men as "fellows." 

We should say "shops" instead of "stores," and "station'* instead 
of "depot." A depot is a place where provisions and stores are accum- 
ulated. Just how it came to be applied to a railway station is an 
etymological puzzle. The use of "learn" for "teach" is incorrect. 
"Pupil," "student" and "scholar" are often used interchangeably, but 
incorrectly so. "Pupil" refers to the younger classes in a school. 



774 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Those in the most advanced grade of a high school, and those in col- 
lege are students; while scholar signifies those who are learned and 
out of school. "Dresser," "bureau" and "dressing case" are incor- 
rectly applied to a chest of drawers. "Vest" for "waistcoat," and 
"dress suit" for "evening clothes" are incorrect. "Visitors" is in bet- 
ter taste than "guests." "Got" is a word often used superfluously and 
always inelegantly. "I have it" sounds much better than "I have got 
it"; leave out "got" wherever you can. As for "gotten" — it ought to 
be unspeakable. 

"Don't" for "doesn't" is, perhaps the most common grammatical 
error. "I don't," "you don't," "they don't," are correct. "Don't" is a 
contraction of "do not." You wouldn't say "he do not," "she do not," 
would you? Then don't say "he don't," or "she don't." 

As a rule the simpler the speech the better. "Residence" for 
"house," "peruse" for "read," "retire" for "going to bed"— all these 
and their like sound stilted. 

The use of French words and phrases is to be avoided, both in 
writing and speaking. Generally they are mispronounced — ^as in the 
case of the very affected lady who spoke of "Mrs. Brown, nee Smith," 
pronouncing "nee" as if spelled "knee." 

Form of Address. — T6 acquaintances, a woman speaks of "my 
husband"; to friends, she calls him by his Christian name. To ser- 
vants, he is "Mr. Smith." This is a rule often violated, so often in 
fact, that few are aware of the impropriety of saying "Mr. Smith" to 
friends and acquaintances. The man employs the converse of the rule; 
it is "my wife" to acquaintances, etc. To speak of a daughter as 
"Miss Mary" or "Miss Jane" to anyone but a servant is insulting, 
placing the person thus spoken to on a par with an inferior. If form- 
ality is desirable one should say "my daughter Mary." The same rule 
applies to a son. 

It has already been said that we do not address a wife by her 
husband's title. He is Dr. Brown ; she is Mrs. Brown. Mrs. General, 
Mrs. Judge, are not current in polite circles. 

We do not use "Sir" in addressing equals. Children no longer 
say "sir" or "ma'am" to their parents, but "Yes, father," or "No 
mother." Ma'am is seldom heard now except from old-fashioned ser- 
vants. Maids and men-servants say "yes, Mrs. Smith," or sometimes, 
"No, madam." 

Courtesy in Conversation. — ^**Things said for conversation are 
chalk eggs," said Emerson. There are many chalk eggs on the market. 
Most of us feel that to "be sociable" we must talk incessantly. True, 
there are sometimes dreadful pauses in conversation when no one 
seems able to think of anything to say, and the longer the pause the 
more vacuous one's mind. 

What passes for conversation at receptions, dinners, ordinary social 
affairs, is merely chatter made up of persiflage and repartee. One 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 775 

must be able to furnish it, however, for small talk is conversational 
"small change," without which it is not easy to *'do business." Lack- 
ing it, one is like Mark Twain's man with the million dollar check 
and not change enough to buy a postage stamp. 

SUBJECTS OF CONVERSATION. 

No one can tell another person what to talk about. Advice on that 
subject is valueless. There are some things we may do, however, to 
make ourselves agreeable in conversation. We may study the art of 
expressing ourselves clearly, — saying what we wish to say without 
circumlocution. Some people seem to begin in the middle of a subject 
and talk both ways. 

Avoid personalities in your conversation. Don't talk about your- 
self; nobody is interested in your personal perplexities and troubles. 
Don't recite your ''symptoms" nor tell what the doctor says, nor what 
diet he has prescribed. Nothing, positively nothing, is so tiresome. 
Don't indulge in animadversions upon the absent, nor make sarcastic 
remarks about them. 

Try to discover some subject in which your companion is inter- 
ested, and get him to talking. Then show yourself a good listener. A 
woman may get the reputation of being bright and clever if she will 
simply show herself a good listener. To do this, she must give her 
attention to the person who is talking. She must seem interested. 
Her eyes must not wander around the room ; she must not take up 
picture or book and glance over it ; her questions must be intelligent 
and to the point. Then, unless the speaker is a well-known bore, she 
need never suffer under the imputation of being neglected in society, 
and she will be thought courteous and intelligent. 

Discourtesies. — To interrupt a speaker, to take the words out of 
of his mouth and finish the sentence for him, to broach a new topic, 
irrelevant to that in hand, unless the latter is in danger of leading to 
thin conversational ice, — all these are discourtesies. 

To yawn while listening to anyone ; to show lack of interest in a 
story or anecdote that is being told, or let the attention wander, is 
marked impoliteness. We are not to remind a speaker that his story 
is an old one, or that he has told it before. 

Some Things to Avoid. — A man should avoid raving over the per- 
fections, the beauty or chic of one woman to another. He shouldn't 
talk golf to one who doesn't know the language of the game, nor 
discourse on music to the unmusical. Above all, he shouldn't under- 
take to entertain the whole company, nor introduce a topic in which 
he only is interested or informed. The more serious questions of life 
are barred in society; people wish to be amused, not instructed. An 
inveterate talker, especially one of a didactic turn, is a bore. So is 
the man who puts a hobby through its paces. Avoid exaggerations in 
conversation, also extravagances, such as "beastly this" or "awfully 
that," also avoid over emphasis. Don't talk in italics. 



776 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The Speaking Voice. — A clear, distinct enunciation should be culti- 
vated. The voice need not — should not — be raised above the ordinary- 
conversational level to make one perfectly understood, if only one 
speaks clearly. This is something that can be cultivated. So also a 
discrimination in the use of words, so that which most nearly expresses 
the meaning of the speaker comes to him readily. 

A pleasant voice is a charm, either in man or woman. A noted 
teacher of singing once remarked that the cultivation of the speaking 
voice is a positive duty, and possible to almost everyone. Certainly 
a harsh, squeaky, shrill or affected tone of voice may be improved by- 
care and endeavor. 

CHURCH ETIQUETTE. 

Surely the church is the place where one day's truce ought to be allowed to 
the vanities, the dissensions and animosities of mankind." — Burke. 

The church is sometimes sarcastically referred to as "the social 
stepping-stone." It is a fact that the newly made rich and the vulgar 
often choose a church attended by the people of fashion whose ac- 
quaintance they most desire, rent a high-priced pew, and become prom- 
inent through their benefactions and their services in church work. 
They are "taken up," after a time, in a fashion, and unless too socially 
impossible through lack of good breeding, may, from "fringers," be- 
come "climbers." "I might go to that church for a hundred years 
and no one would notice me," bitterly complained a woman who had 
undertaken the social uplift via the church. The woman in question 
defeated her own object. She dressed in the extreme of style; she 
always came in late, with much rustle of silk and rattle of bangles ; 
her hair was "touched up" and her face rouged. The well-bred and 
refined members condemned her on these grounds. Nevertheless, 
where a stranger comes who bears the hall-mark of culture and refine- 
ment, the church connection is often an aid to social habilitation^ 
though it should never be sought as such. 

Friendly Advances. — Friendly advances generally come from pew 
neighbors. Respond to them courteously but without undue eagerness. 
Do not expect your pastor to become your social sponsor with his 
congregation, and remember that though he will probably call after 
letters of church membership are presented, you have no claim upon 
his family, nor the families of any of the church officers through 
acquaintance in business life. This is often a grievance to people from 
smaller towns who, moving to a city, expect the families of their bus- 
iness associates to assist them socially. Two men may be partners 
for ten years without their wives knowing each other by sight, if they 
chance to move in different social circles. 

Demeanor.— -One should dress quietly at church, give attention to 
the service and the clergyman, and not linger unduly in the vestibule 
to gossip or greet friends. To notify the usher if one's pew will not 
be occupied is a courtesy if the preacher is popular and the church 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 777 

crowded. To be disagreeable in case strangers are shown to one's 
pew, or mistakenly seated there, is unkind and unchristian. Giggling, 
smiles, exchange of smiles or bows in the church proper are regarded 
as bad form. 

NEIGHBORHOOD ETIQUETTE. 

Neighborliness is a quality little exercised in cities, where one may 
live next door to people for years and merely know their names. 
Some people prefer not to know their neighbors, fearing undue fam- 
iliarity on their part. The relationship may be a very pleasant one if 
both parties observe certain restraints. It is not well to become too 
intimate. Nobody wants a neighbor running in at all hours, with or 
without an errand. Sometimes to sit on the back porch with a book 
or paper seems to invite a neighbor to "run over" and the hour's rest 
or mental recreation is given over to small talk. 

A neighbor has no more right to enter without knocking than any 
other caller, whether by kitchen or front door. It is an intrusion, a 
disregard of the reserve that should characterize neighborly intercourse. 
No matter how friendly, friendship will last longer where the forms 
of decorum are observed. 

Borrowing. — The exchange of "kitchen-kindnesses" sbould be ven- 
tured upon rarely. By these is meant the plate of cookies or biscuit 
or doughnuts we send our neighbor on baking-day. Some families 
prefer their own cooking. A woman who had been annoyed by many 
unsolicited donations of this kind, persisted in though unreciprocated, 
finally piled the sent-in biscuit rather ostentatiously on the garbage 
can in full sight of her neighbor's window. Other hints had failed, 
this was effective — a rather violent remedy, but after all not unde- 
served. In case of illness, where one has no maid, or the family must 
care for the sick, a fresh cake or a tasty dessert may be offered, and 
will seldom fail of appreciation. Knowing the circumstances, one need 
not hesitate over the proffer of a neighborly kindness. 

There is little excuse in the city for the borrowing of kitchen 
staples which is the bane of some country neighborhoods. A borrow- 
ing neighbor is an affliction — a nuisance which unfortunately doesn't 
come under the jurisdiction of the Board of Health. 

CARRIAGE ETIQUETTE. 

A story is told of a certain great lady who visited at the court 
of a reigning monarch on a secret matrimonial mission. The monarch 
had three daughters; the emperor of her own country had a marriage- 
able son. Before overtures were made for an alliance, the lady was 
to see the three princesses and decide which one should be honored by 
the proposal. It was her whim to rely upon "the carriage test." She 
watched the young princesses as they alighted from the royal carriage. 
The oldest one descended clumsily, displaying too much of the royal 



778 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

lingerie. The second skipped out, disdaining the step. The third 
descended gracefully and with dignity, and Cupid's ambassador de- 
cided she would make the most fitting empress. 

At certain finishing schools, lessons in deportment include training 
in how to enter and leave a vehicle gracefully. Stepping out on the 
right-hand side, the right foot is placed on the step, the left naturally 
falls on the ground. Entering, the left foot is first advanced. In this 
way the other foot clears the body of the carriage without awkward- 
ness. 

Minor Items. — The rule that the owner of the carriage occupies 
the right-hand seat even when accompanied by a guest, is almost 
universally observed. The only exception seems to be when the guest 
is a person of unusual distinction. 

To place one's carriage at the disposal of a friend is a great cour- 
tesy, and should never be abused by the recipient. In case of accident 
the occupant should pay the bills for repairs, or at least urge that she 
be allowed to do so. 

If a lady invites a friend to pay calls with her, dropping her com- 
panion to call on some acquaintance while she goes on to see a friend 
of her own, the lady thus favored must not keep her waiting on her 
return, more than the few moments necessary to make her adieux. 

CIVILITY IN PUBLIC. 

One is shocked, often, at the prevalence of rudeness in human 
intercourse. People who are courteous in the drawing-room are some- 
times horribly uncivil in public. They crowd and jostle and elbow in 
the endeavor to secure better places for themselves, violating every 
canon of politeness. Women have fainted, gowns have been ruined 
and valuable articles lost in "crushes" incident to gatherings in "our 
best society." 

Many people carry an umbrella with utter disregard of the eyes 
and headgear of the passing crowd. Closed, it is tucked under the 
arm, the ferrule projecting behind on a level with the face of a ped- 
estrian. They go through a heavy door, pushing it open for themselves 
and letting it swing back against the next comer. They step in 
advance of those who have prior claim to be shown to seats, and 
accept civilities and service without so much as a "Thank you." They 
endeavor to obtain "something for nothing" by piling their luggage 
into seats they have not paid for on the train; on the boat they for- 
tify themselves in a circle of chairs that are "engaged" — generally to 
hold their wraps and lunch-boxes, while others look in vain for seats. 

Rude Tourists. — Tourists have a reputation for a disregard of the 
rights of others, which makes them obnoxiously uncivil. They enter 
a church where worshipers are kneeling and audibly criticise the archi- 
tecture and decorations, or the faith to which it is consecrated. They 
comment flippantly on great pictures in art galleries, and snicker over 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 779 

undraped statues, evincing the commonness of their minds and their 
lack of knowledge of art. But one of the worst lapses of decorum is 
to sit in a theatre and anticipate the action of the play, or the develop- 
ment of a musical number, by explanations to a companion. To do so 
may show familiarity with the play or the score, but it also shows a 
painful lack of good breeding, and a disregard of others' rights to peace- 
ful enjoyment. On a par with this is the incivility of a person who 
undertakes to accompany a soloist with his (or her) own little pipe, 
to the annoyance of those who prefer to listen to professional rather 
than amateur efforts. 

Of course all these rude people excuse themselves by saying they 
"get left" if they don't ''rush," and that they *'paid for their seats," 
as if this atoned for their disregard of those who, equally with them- 
selves, have paid for a pleasure spoiled for them by the greed or 
impertinence of their fellow men — and women. 

Telephone Etiquette. — "Central" could disclose how discourteous 
many women who pique themselves on their good manners can be 
when they are "calling down" the tradesman who has made a mistake 
in filling their order. And how often a party line is held for a lengthy 
"telephone visit" while others wait their really important affairs be- 
cause the "line's busy!" 

The manners of the public need reforming. Civility is a public 
good. Without it, we would be barbarians. It is the practical applica- 
tion of the Golden Rule to everyday life. To lay aside our own cour- 
tesy because we are in a crowd, or among people who do not know us, 
reduces us below the level of those who are not versed in the social 
requirements, because we know them and should practise them, 
whereas they do not know. 

DUTIES AND DRESS OF SERVANTS. 

In many large and well-to-do households in this country only one 
maid, the "girl for general housework" is engaged, the mistress and 
her daughters assisting with the lighter parts of the work. In such 
case each must have a certain definite portion of the daily duties and 
be responsible for its performance. Very few maids are capable 
enough to do all the work of a good sized family without assistance, 
even though the linen be sent to the laundry. 

The One Maid. — Where but one maid is kept she must rise early 
and put in a couple of hours' work before breakfast, airing the house 
and perhaps putting in order and dusting the living rooms, then pre- 
paring breakfast. She will probably serve it unless everything is put 
on the table, in which case she may busy herself in the kitchen, wash- 
ing the rougher dishes used in preparing the meal. The mistress of 
each household must make out her own schedule for the week, accord- 
ing to the convenience of the family. 

The maid is supposed to have her dress changed by three o'clock. 
She will wear a simple but neat cotton gown about her work, morn- 



780 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

ings ; in the afternoon she will put on a black dress with white apron, 
collar and cuffs. She is expected to keep a clean apron in the kitchen 
to slip on if summoned to the door before luncheon. She should never 
answer the bell with her sleeves rolled up. The mistress provides the 
white apron with shoulder pieces, the linen cuffs and collar worn by 
the maid of all work in the afternoon and evening. These are the mis- 
tress's property, remaining in the family through the changes of ser- 
vants. So many girls object to the cap that it is seldom seen save in 
very formal establishments. If worn, the mistress furnishes it. 

Instructing the Maid. — If the mistress finds her maid's education 
in her duties is deficient, she should teach her to open the door wide, 
as if the visitor were welcome ; to have her tray ready to receive cards ; 
to be informed as to whether the mistress is at home or not that she 
may answer the visitor's inquiry at once. She is to usher the visitor 
into the drawing room or parlor, take the card to her mistress, and 
return to say that *'Mrs. Blank will be down in a few minutes," never 
alluding to her mistress as "she," as some ill-trained girls do. 

If a lady who keeps but one maid entertains at all she must in- 
struct the girl in the proper serving of meals. In the first place, 
everything that is necessary for the service must be ready ; there must 
be no getting out of extra silver or china at the last moment, with its 
upsetting confusion. The menu must be so carefully planned that 
most of the food to be served can be prepared beforehand. For a six 
o'clock company dinner, the soup may be hot in the kettle ; the fowl 
or joint in the oven; the entree waiting the finishing touches on the 
back of the range, the vegetables in the warmer, and the dessert in the 
ice-box. All the china and silver being in readiness and the table 
properly laid, the maid slips into her black dress and apron, and pre- 
sents herself at the drawing-room door, announcing "Dinner is 
served." 

The Maid's Serving. — The guests being seated, she brings in the 
soup tureen, uncovers it, taking the cover to the pantry as she goes 
for the hot soup plates. She then stands at the left of the mistress 
with a tray, covered with a doily, in her left hand, a folded napkin 
under the tray ; takes the soup plates as they are filled, passing them to 
the left of each guest, taking the plate from the tray with the right 
hand. She then removes the tureen. Removing the plates she takes 
them from the left side of the guest. The roast is brought in and 
served in the same manner as the soup; the vegetables are passed, 
each guest helping himself from the dish. The salad is usually served 
on the plates upon which it has been arranged. After the salad the 
table is cleared and the crumbs brushed with a napkin upon a plate 
or tray, and the dessert brought on for the hostess to serve. The lat- 
ter starts the little dishes of bonbons or salted nuts on their travels, 
guests passing them along. 

Chocolate is a good beverage to serve on such occasions; it can 
be made in the morning, or even the day before, and heated without 
in the least impairing its quality. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 781 

Given a capable, willing girl, one anxious to learn and not too 
self-conscious, a woman may entertain two or three or four guests 
very adequately if she will plan her menu carefully and see, personally, 
that everything is in readiness. She should, however, avoid any over- 
elaboration. Better a simple meal well prepared and served than a 
more pretentious one that fails in these particulars. 

Duties of Waitress and Cook. — Where two maids are kept they are 
waitress — "second girl" or "housemaid," sometimes so-called — and 
cook. The housemaid — we will so style her — opens and airs the house 
and dusts and arranges the rooms before breakfast. She serves the 
breakfast, clears the table and washes the dishes taken frcm it. She 
then proceeds to the bedrooms, putting them in order, dusting, making 
beds, etc. She will probably have fine lingerie waists, etc., to wash 
and iron on certain mornings. She does the sweeping, unless there 
is a man to take out and beat the rugs, and wipes up hardwood floors. 
She must clean the silver once a week and rub up brass ; keep the pan- 
tries in order, clean the bathrooms, wait on table, answer the bell, 
both the door bell and her mistress's bell, and usually assist the latter 
in dressing. She is expected to do part of the family mending, keeping 
table linen and bed linen in good condition, and in some households is 
expected to wash and iron the napkins and dish-towels, unless a laun- 
dress is employed. 

The Cook's Work. — The cook must prepare the meals, and put 
the food into the proper dishes and these in the pantry, ready for the 
waitress, who is not expected to enter the kitchen during the service 
of a meal. She washes the dishes used in the kitchen and the meat 
dishes from the table ; she must keep the kitchen and its adjuncts, 
including back stairs, refrigerator, back porch and closet in order. 
Her mistress plans the meals with her, and she is expected to make 
good and economical use of left-overs. She often does the ordering 
by telephone, and sees to the milk, ice, etc., as they are delivered. 

Should Understand Duties. — Most of the difficulties between ser- 
vants arise from misunderstanding of and friction about their respec- 
tive duties. It is best to have a definite and thorough understanding 
as to the work expected of each before engaging her. Both cook and 
housemaid have one afternoon and one evening each week and every 
other Sunday afternoon. When one is off duty the other must neces- 
sarily assume part of her work. Some mistresses allow a girl the 
afternoon and evening of one day; others give one afternoon, and the 
evening of another day, requiring the cook to return to prepare dinner 
on her "day" and the maid to come back to serve it on hers. If after- 
noon and evening go together the cook is expected to leave everything 
in readiness for the evening meal ; the cook, on the housemaid's day 
out, must wait upon the table. 

Servants always respect a mistress who knows her rights, exacts 
them, and respects her servant's rights. She should permit no famili- 



782 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

arities ; at the same time she must not regard her household assistants 
as mere machines, beyond her sympathy. Good mistresses make good 
servants. 

The Nurse. — The nurse must wash and dress the children; keep 
their clothes in order, washing and ironing the finer articles ; eat with 
them, keep the nursery in order; sleep in the room, or in a room 
adjoining them with the door open, and take care of them when they 
are ill. A nursery governess teaches them, and is excused from the 
laundry work and from keeping the nursery in order. 

The mistress who can conduct her domestic menage with two ser- 
vants only is usually better served and with less friction than where 
more are employed. Rarely can three servants get on harmoniously. 
The more servants there are, unless there is a housekeeper, the more 
shirking there is, and the more waste and extravagance. 

SUMMARY. 

Remember — 

That, in introducing people the man must always be introduced to 
the woman. 

That the younger woman, the unmarried, the less socially promi- 
nent, are introduced to the older, the married and the more renowned. 

That to pronounce names distinctly avoids much awkwardness to 
those introduced. 

A casual meeting on the street does not necessitate an introduc- 
tion. 

Never present yourself with a letter of introduction. Leave it at 
the door. 

That a card represents a visit, and that leaving your name in this 
way makes your friend your debtor. 

That after dinners, luncheons, theatre and card parties a call is 
required, whether the invitation is accepted or not. 

An invitation to a wedding must be acknowledged by sending 
cards to those in whose name the invitation was issued, and may, if 
she so pleases, call on the bride on her return from her wedding 
journey. 

One should send announcement cards rather than invitations to 
those with whom acquaintance is slight. 

An invitation to afternoon tea does not require reply. Leave 
cards if present. 

The etiquette of calling on an "at home" day does not differ from 
that of an ordinary call, save that some light refreshment is offered, as 
a rule. 

That the bachelor and the widower should respond to every invita- 
tion whether accepted or declined, by calling and leaving cards, whereas 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 783 

the married man's wife may leave his cards with her own. Men ignore 
this rule a great deal, however. 

Cards must be engraved, never written or printed. 

That a married woman uses her husband's full name on her cards; 
that a man's name always has the prefix Mr., and an unmarried 
woman's or young girl's that of Miss, and that "pet" names are not 
"good form" on cards. 

The extreme limit of a call is twenty minutes, and the first caller 
to arrive should be the first to depart. 

That you should not prolong your leave-taking. 
That the lady invites the man to call, and being thus complimented 
he should soon avail himself of the permission. 

It is the mother's place to invite young men to call, not the 
daughter's, though she may say "My mother would be pleased to have 
you call on us." The mother must then meet and assist, for a time 
at least, in entertaining him. 

A first call must always be returned. Afterwards the acquaint- 
ance need not be continued. 

"Not at home" is no discourtesy to a caller if she is so informed 
when the maid opens the door. The maid should know whether her 
mistress wishes to see callers or not. 

P. p. c. on a card means "To take leave," and intimates your friend 
• is leaving town for a season. 

It is customary for mother and daughter to use a card on which 
both names appear when calling together. A debutante, in our most 
conventional society, has no separate card of her own. If she calls 
without her mother, she uses this double card, running a pencil mark 
lightly through her mother's name. 

Sisters may use a card in common ; It should be engraved "The 
Misses Jones," and used when calling together or sendmg gifts. 

The divorced woman, if she drops her husband's name by permis- 
sion of the court, uses her maiden name on her cards, with the prefix 
Mrs. If she retains her husband's name, she usually combines her 
family name with it, as Mrs. Jones Brown. 

A card should never be handed to a hostess or any member of the 
family. Lay it on the table. If a member of the family opens the 
door, a card need not be used, though one is often left as above. 

At afternoon teas, receptions and "At Homes" the visitor leaves a 
card for. the hostess on the tray in the hall, and one for the guest of 
honor, or the debutante if one is being introduced, 

A card to an "At Home" or an afternoon reception does not 
require either acceptance or regret. If the person invited attends she 
leaves her card ; if not, she sends it by mail to reach the home on the 
day of the reception. 



784 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

An invitation to a dinner must be answered immediately, and un- 
conditionally accepted or declined. 

If, having accepted, it becomes absolutely impossible to keep the 
engagement, the earliest possible notice must be given to the hostess. 

It is unpardonable to be late at a dinner party. Arrivals are 
expected within ten minutes of the hour named. 

One wears the best she has that is suitable for a dinner party. 

The reply to an invitation must follow the style of the invitation. 
If formal, that is, in the third person, the reply must also be in the 
third person. If informal, the personal form being employed, the reply 
is also informal. 

Do not send your card with "Regrets" written upon it, in response 
to any invitation, formal or informal. 

Telephone invitations are admissible only for informal affairs. 

General invitations, given verbally, have no social footing. "Do 
come and dine with us some day," unless followed by a definite date 
or note of invitation, means nothing. 

An invitation given by a man to dine or visit, or to a home enter- 
tainment, is not to be accepted unless seconded by his wife. 

A girl, sending invitations to commencement exercises, encloses 
her card. 

It is bad form to show that one feels slighted or affronted at not 
having been invited to any function, or not given the precedence one 
feels herself entitles to. The hostess, in her own home, obeys such 
rules as she believes correct. 

A visitor is expected to contribute her share to the pleasure of the 
occasion by being conversationally agreeable. 

If hostess, one must overlook every awkwardness on the part of 
the guest or servant, and any accident to one's belongings, but be 
deeply solicitous and apologetic if an accident happens to a guest. 

The guest of honor at a dinner party should take leave first. 
Other departures follow speedily. 
Remember — 

That an invitation to spend a few days with a friend requires a 
speedy reply. It is not allowable to say one will come either earlier 
or later than the time specified. 

A visitor should adapt herself to the ways of the household, be 
punctual at meals, and make no plans or arrangements without con- 
sulting her hostess. 

She may not invite a friend of her own to a meal without request- 
ing permission of her hostess. 

She should be careful not to infringe upon the privileges and pre- 
rogatives of the man of the house. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 785 

She may accept invitations in which the hostess is not included, 
but never without due consultation with her hostess. 

She should show herself pleased with the efforts made to entertain 
her and enter into them readily. 

She should leave promptly at the expiration of the time set for 
her visit. It is almost invariably a mistake to outstay the limit. If 
no limit was named in the invitation, she should. Avithin a day or two 
of her arrival, state the date on which she will leave. 

On her return home, her first duty is to write her hostess, announc- 
ing her arrival and expressing her pleasure in the visit. To omit this 
is a grave discourtesy. A hostess once said of a woman who failed in 
this particular: "We don't know whether she reached home or not; 
we never heard from her after she left." 

On departure, maids or servants who have attended one should 
receive a gratuity, proportioned to the means of the visitor and the 
style of the establishment. 

The hostess should arrange to have the visitor met, either meet- 
ing her in person at the station or being first to greet her on her 
arrival at the house. 

Guest rooms should be in perfect order and equipped with every 
possible convenience for the comfort of visitors. 

The hostess arranges whatever pleasures are possible for her 
guest's enjoyment, invites her friends to call on her, and probably 
gives a tea or reception in her honor. 

Do not forget that it is ill-bred as well as unkind to discuss the 
family affairs of one's hostess with others; to criticise or complain of 
her arrangements; or gossip about her or her family. 

Remember — 

The announcement of an engagement comes from the family of 
the girl. 

The parents and relatives of the bridegroom-elect should call on 
the girl and her mother, or if living in another city write cordial letters 
without delay. 

The bride-elect should respond to these advances with cordiality. 
She should try to make her future husband's family like her. 

Etiquette is not relaxed in the case of an engaged couple. They 
do not make calls together except on relatives or very close friends. 
They may not make journeys together unchaperoned. 

The cost of a wedding, whether at church or at home, is borne 
by the bride's family, the bridegroom paying for the wedding ring, 
the clerg^^man's fee, and the carriage in which the pair leave the 
church after the ceremony. 

Though it may be necessary to limit the number of invitations 

to a wedding, announcement cards should be sent to all the friends 

and acquaintances of the two families. 
50 



786 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The "giving away" of a bride by her father is no mere form; it is 
a recognition of family authority, the claim of a father upon his 
daughter. It should therefore be a part of the ceremony. 

Invitations to the church ceremony do not necessitate a wedding 
gift. Those invited to the reception may send gifts if they so desire. 

Cards are usually removed from gifts, but in some cases are 
left on. 

All gifts should be acknowledged before the ceremony if possible, 
by the bride herself. 

If the bridegroom's parents live out of town, it is customary for 
the parents of the bride to invite them to their home as guests of the 
occasion. If this is not practicable, they may engage rooms for them 
at a hotel, paying the bill in advance. 

It is thought unlucky to postpone a wedding. Better withdraw 
the invitations in case of severe illness or death, and have a quiet 
home ceremony with few present. 

A bridal procession always moves up the central aisle of the 
church. In case there is no center aisle, it moves up one aisle and 
retires down the other. The relatives of the bridegroom are seated in 
the body of the church on the right; those of the bride are similarly 
placed on the left. 

The hats of the father and ushers are left with the sexton in the 
vestibule and handed to them as they leave. 

At a church wedding a bride almost invariably wears a veil. Her 
attendants wear hats. The maid-of-honor may wear a short veil. 

The dress of the bridal party has already been fully described in 
a preceding chapter. 

It is the custom for the bridegroom to give a gift, almost invari- 
ably a piece of jewelry, to his bride ; and a small gift of silver or 
jewelry to each of the ushers and to the best man. The bride generally 
gives some souvenir of the same character to each of her attendants. 

The bridegroom sends the bride her bouquet, and often one of 
violets or her favorite flower to the bride's mother. 

The bride's father seems a rather subordinate figure at the fash- 
ionable wedding. After he has given away the bride, he retires into 
the background, escorting his wife to her carriage at the conclusion of 
the ceremony. . He does not assist her in receiving the guests at the 
house, but circulates among them after congratulations have been ten- 
dered the newly wedded pair. 

Formal afternoon dress is necessary for men who attend a day 
wedding, at church or at home. At an evening wedding they wear 
evening clothes. 

After a wedding, the members of the bridal party are expected to 
call on the bride's mother within ten days or two weeks. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 787 

A bridal party always stand with their backs to the audience, the 
clergyman facing it. 

Remember — 

That men's evening clothes are not worn before six o'clock. 

That women wear their hats at afternoon functions, teas, lunch- 
eons, bridge parties, etc., and remove them at evening affairs. 

That in society, personal affairs, servants, dress, household diffi- 
culties, "symptoms," illnesses and bereavements, are not to be made a 
subject of conversation. 

It is not good form to talk of the cost of articles or mention 
money affairs in company. 

The social aspirant should cultivate the art of saying polite noth- 
ings acceptably. Small talk is the small change of social life. 

One should be prompt at dinner, a card-party or a musicale. 

At a dancing-party the hostess does not dance, as a rule, during 
the first part of the evening. She receives her guests and sees that the 
women are provided with partners. 

A man who dances should pay his hostess the courtesy of invit- 
ing her to dance. He should certainly dance with her daughter. 

Engaged couples should be careful to avoid demonstrations of 
affection or pre-occupation in each other while in company. 

Remember — 

That the salt-shaker is out of favor; the open salt cellar and the 
salt-spoon are much preferred. 

Never cut bread ; break it with the fingers. Never butter a large 
piece, or spread it in the palm of your hand. 

The finger-bowl will be brought on a plate with a doily under it. 
Lift both from the plate to the table. The plate is then ready for 
the fruit course. 

Black coffee — cafe noir — is usually served without cream. Cut 
loaf sugar is passed with it. 

If a visitor for one meal only, the napkin is not folded at the con- 
clusion of a meal. If staying a day or two follow the practice of the 
hostess. 

Creme de menthe is served before the coffee, in small liquor 
glasses. 

Do not break bread or crackers into the soup nor tip the plate to 
obtain the last of it. Do not play with crumbs, or finger knife or 
spoon. 

Never touch a knife to fish or salad. 



7S8 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Ren mbcr — 

Do not move glass, spoon, etc., when the maid brushes the crumbs 
from the cloth. 

Knife and fork are laid upon the plate, tines of the latter upward, 
when the plate is passed for a second helping. This "second help" is 
permitted only at family or informal dinners. 

A host must not urge food upon a guest after it has once been 
declined. 

Lift the cup or glass to the lips, instead of bending toward it. Do 
not throw the head back and raise the cup to get the last of its con- 
tents. 

Remember — 

To prepare a list of the members of the family who will go to the 
cemetery at a funeral, for the undertaker's guidance, arranging them in 
the order of the relationship. 

Flowers should be sent early in the morning of the day of inter- 
ment, or on the previous afternoon. Acknowledgment by note or ver- 
bally is expected. 

A letter expressive of sympathy in a friend*s bereavement should 
be sent immediately upon learning of a death 

During an illness, make inquiries at the door, leaving a card with 
"To inquire" written upon it. This apprises a friend of your interest 
in her troubles, yet makes no claim upon her time. 

Men wear mourning bands on their hats, not on the coat sleeve. 

Borders on mourning stationery and cards should be narrow. 

Invitations to receptions, weddings, and general entertainments, 
excepting dancing parties, balls and cotillions, are sent to people in 
mourning. A response on black bordered stationery sufficiently indi- 
cates the reason for non-acceptance. 

Remember — 

That the typewriter does not jfigure in social correspondence, 

A neat, well written letter or note is a credit to the writer, and a 
compliment to her correspondent. 

Avoid "fancy" or bizarre stationery. A good quality of white 
or cream paper, in several sizes, is indicative of refined taste. 

The forms of address, under the head of "Letter forms" may be 
profitably studied. 

Abbreviations are incorrect. Write out the name of the state on 
your envelope ; otherwise it may go astray. 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 789 

To keep a dictionary on one's desk is a wise precaution unless one 
is sure of herself in regard to spelling. 

Answer all notes of invitation promptly, and unconditionally ; and 
all friendly letters within a reasonable time. 

If you never say an unkind or hateful thing in a letter, you will 
never fear you may be some day condemned by your written evidence. 

Don't keep old letters; it is unwise. 

Avoid discussions on any subject on which people feel strongly, 
like politics and religion. Do not hold an argument in society. 

Remember that good manners are made up of petty sacrifices, 
gracefully made. 

A kind "no" is often more agreeable than a rough "yes." An 
assent, given grudgingly, is always ungracious. 

Take note of this quotation: "Life is like a mirror. It reflects 
the face you bring to it. Look out lovingly upon the world and the 
world will look lovingly in upon you." 



BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 

INCLUDING MANICURING, CARE OF THE COMPLEXION, 
TEETH, EYES, FEET, Etc 

""The one thing that woman prizes most is her beauty. Though she have none, she 
yet persuadeth herself that she possesses some charm upon which men's eyes rest 
admiringly." — Johnson. 

"There is no wound a woman will not more willingly forget than 
a blow to her vanity." 

Although woman's chief desire is to be beautiful, it is a historical 
fact that nearly every woman whose beauty has been renowned has 
either led an unhappy life or met a tragic fate. Strangely, too, the 
most famous attachments of which we have record have been inspired 
by women who were not only not beautiful, but who had some notice- 
able defect. So to be attractive, and to charm, it is not necessary to 
be beautiful. Beauty gives a woman a start in the race; her other 
qualities must enable her to keep her advantage. 

THE FACE— HEALTH AS AN AID TO BEAUTY. 

The first essential to good looks is good health. The clear com- 
plexion, the bright eyes, the lustrous hair that are such helps are bom 
of good health rather than of creams and hair tonics. Health depends 
a good deal on wholesome diet and out-door exercise, which make 
pure blood. Pure air is invaluable. Country girls often have exquisite 
complexions because of the pure air they breathe — unless they eat too 
much heavy^ greasy food. 

Study hygiene, then, instead of relying upon "Bloom of Youth" 
and "Cream of Roses" as aids to a good complexion. Such things 
deceive no one, and by use ruin the skin, wrinkling and withering it. 
It is a good thing to drink plenty of water. A glass on retiring, 
another on rising, and a third an hour before the noon meal is little 
enough. Keep the stomach and bowels in good order. 

BLACKHEADS.— The most frequent inquiry in the "beauty 
pages" of the papers is what to do for blackheads. In the first place, 
don't allow yourself to get them. Keep your face clean. A blackhead 
is simply a pore that is filled with oil and dirt. Sometimes they are 
as large as the head of a pin. When taken out they leave an enlarge- 
ment known as a coarse pore. Do not steam the face to remove them. 
Wash the face well with soap and hot water; wring cloths out of hot 
water and hold to the face then massage with cold cream. Several 

790 



BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 79t 

treatments will soften them so they may be pinched out between the 
thumbs. Never attempt this treatment before going out ; do it at night, 
before retiring. 

Blackheads are a reflection upon one's personal cleanliness, there- 
fore bathe the whole body often. 

PIMPLES. — Pimples are due to an impure condition of the blood, 
for which sulphur is a good remedy, taken internally and applied 
externally. One dram each of camphor and flowers of sulphur in four 
ounces of rose-water is a good lotion for external use* Do not pick 
or squeeze pimples, unless pus has formed in them. Nothing is more 
disgusting than a face broken out in pus-filled pimples. See a physician 
if thus afflicted. 

FRECKLES.— These have been poetically called "the kisses of 
the sun," but no girl cares for evidences of that sort of affection. Pre- 
vention is easier than cure. Simple home remedies are lemon juice 
and glycerin, sour buttermilk, and elderflower soap used in bathing. 

A well-known application is six grains of bichloride of mercury in 
one ounce each of glycerin and alcohol, and a few drops, say ten or 
twelve, of oil of lavender. The trouble is that after using these 
remedies the skin is delicate and freckles more easily. 

The fad for going bareheaded has ruined many a girl's complexion. 

SUNBURN. — Avoid it when possible. If going on the water, 
apply magnesia to the face rather thickly. If sunburned, rub the skin 
with cold cream, leaving it on as long as you can before using water 
on it. A wash that is good for tan and sunburn requires half an ounce 
of borax and an ounce of lemon juice in a pint of rose water. 

CHAPPED HANDS AND FACE.— Many cases of "chaps'* may 
be avoided by the simple precaution of wiping the face and hands per- 
fectly dry. If the skin chaps easily keep at hand a bottle of glycerin 
and lemon juice mixed in about equal proportions, and after wiping 
rub a little on the hands. Before going out in the cold, rub a little 
cold cream or oil of sweet almonds over the face ; leave it on a few 
minutes, rub off lightly with a dry towel and dust with rice powder. 
Camphor ice is good for chapped lips. 

A PURE FACE CREAM.— Set a bowl in a basin of hot water 
over the fire. In it put a quarter of an ounce of white wax and. two 
and a half ounces of spermaceti, and the same quantity of oil of sweet 
almonds. When melted and hot, add a pinch of borax and an ounce 
and a half of rose-water. Beat these ingredients with a silver fork, 
briskly, till the cream is cold. Warm the jar before filling it and keep 
in a cool place. 

ANOTHER GOOD CREAM.— One ounce each of white wax 
and spermaceti ; two ounces each of lanolin and cocoanut oil anvl foui* 
ounces of sweet almond oil. Melt in a double-boiler, or a bowl set ii» 
hot water, and stir in two ounces of orange flower water and thirty 



792 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

drops of tincture of benzoin. Stir briskly till cold, and of the con- 
sistency of a thick paste. This is to be used at night, after thoroughly 
washing the face. It is a good cleansing cream also. 

WRINKLES. — It is a great deal easier to prevent wrinkles than 
it is to get rid of them after one has acquired them. A little study of 
women's faces will show how wrinkles, that no amount of massage 
will obliterate, are being made. They make perpendicular wrinkles 
between the eyes by drawing the brows together when sewing or 
reading, sometimes through habit and sometimes because of insufficient 
light. Some wrinkles are born of ill-temper, of fretfulness, or sorrow. 
As the skin loses its elasticity, through age or ill-health, wrinkles come 
more and more easily. The best remedy for wrinkles is a light heart 
and a contented mind. Assist these with good, wholesome food that 
makes pure blood to feed the body, and render external aid through 
gentle massage and some good face cream and you have done the best 
you can.. It is a good plan to some day take your hand-mirror with 
you as you go about your daily duties and watch the process of 
wrinkle-making. Say you are sewing and note the glass. Without 
changing your expression, take a look at yourself. The chance is it 
will be a revelation. You will realize why wrinkles come. 

MASSAGE. — Unless properly done, massage may do more harm 
than good. If one can afford a few treatments by a scientific masseur 
and study her methods, it is a great help. The thing is not to rub in 
more than you rub out, by improper manipulation. 

Rub the face up, not down. This is because of the tendency of 
the muscles to sag. Rub across, not with, the lines. Rub the *'par- 
entheses" around the mouth up and out, and give a rotary motion to 
the rubs given the cheeks, gently pinching and pulling them out. 

But after all, there's nothing like good temper and steady nerves 
to prevent the tell-tale lines. 

WRINKLED HANDS.— Wrinkled hands belong to age, and are 
due to loss of oil in the skin. After washing and wiping them, rub 
with a little cold cream or olive oil. Rub well into the skin. At night, 
use the cream or oil freely and put on a pair of old gloves. 

Camphor is a good whitening agent for the hands, and a teaspoon- 
ful of spirits of camphor beaten into any greasy, cold cream will be 
beneficial. A piece of the gum camphor melted with the ointment 
blends more readily. A piece of camphor size of a walnut to two 
tabkspocmfuls of the cream is about right proportions. 

RED HANDS AND NOSE.— Sometimes a too tight corset, im- 
peding the circulation of the blood, is responsible for the blemishes; 
sometimes poor circulation due to poor health. Cold feet may send 
the blood to the nose. Find out what is the cause and remove it. 
Local applications are ineffective. 



BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 793 

COLD OR FEVER SORES.— These unpleasant afflictions may be 
cured if taken at the first indication of what is coming — a smarting or 
burning sensation — by frequent applications of dilute spirits of 
camphor. 

FACE POWDERS. — There are few women who do not at times 
have occasion to use face powder. A woman once remarked: "It 
isn't decent not to in summer — one looks so greasy without." There 
are many face powders on the market, some of which are compara- 
tively harmless, while others are deleterious. The injury done by 
powder is that it fills the pores, stopping them up and thus clogging 
the skin. Many powders contain lead or bismuth, both of which are 
very injurious. Magnesia is drying. Rice powder is most harmless, 
but does not adhere. The most innocent powder is probably a pref>- 
aration of French chalk. Weigh a box of powder in your hand before 
purchasing. If heavy, it doubtless contains lead, and should be refused. 
Find some powder that agrees with your skin and then buy that 
brand. Suit the color of the powder to your complexion. Don't use 
flesh tint if you are sallow, the "outlying regions" of neck and ears 
betray you. 

TO USE POWDER. — Wash the face ; rub a little cold cream over 
it, rubbing it in well, wipe with a dry towel, gently, then apply the 
powder with a chamois — a clean one. Do not keep it on unnecessarily. 
Remove by rubbing with the cleansing cream, then wash the face. 
Never go to bed with powder on your face. 

LIQUID WHITENERS.— Avoid these. They are "whitewashes" 
that wither and wrinkle the skin and make it prematurely old. Almost 
without exception they contain lead in some form. Constant use may 
produce a facial paralysis due to lead poisoning. Moreover they de- 
ceive no one, and give an unpleasing impression as regards one's good 
sense. 

ROUGE. — Well, don't do it. There may be a few who can have 
a rouge especially prepared that is the exact tint that harmonizes with 
the skin, the hair, the eyes, and can apply it so carefully as to look 
"natural." But ordinarily the deception is evident, and rouge in con- 
junction with liquid washes and penciled eyes and brows, suggest the 
aids employed by women of the demi-monde. 

If any rouge is used, let it be the "Spanish lady's rouge" or crepons 
— bits of white woolen crepe dyed with an ammoniacal solution of 
carmine. These are gently rubbed on the skin to produce the required 
glow. 

THE HAIR. — Beautiful hair is woman's crown of glory. Thous- 
ands of the sex wear it unbecomingly. They follow the latest fashion 
in arrangement without reference to whether it suits the lines of the 
face and head or otherwise. One should never be satisfied with a 
front view alone. Study the back, the sides, the lines produced, just 
as you study the becomingness of a hat from all angles. If a new 
fashion is unbecoming, either avoid it, or modify it into becomingness 
if you can. So many women make guys of themselves by a slavish 
devotion to the freaks of fashion. 



794 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

CARE OF THE HAIR.— The hair is kept in order by frequent 
brushings, which excite the natural oil by which it is fed, and by 
washing it. Dr. Leonard, an authority on the hair, says once a month 
is as often as the hair needs washing. As a shampoo, he advises yolk 
of Ggg, well rubbed into the scalp and roots of the hair, then washed 
out with tepid water and castile soap. A brisk rubbing with dry 
towels excites the blood-vessels of the scalp. There is no doubt that 
this simple shampoo is more beneficial than many new-fangled ones. 

The hair should be taken down and well brushed every night. 
This removes dirt and makes it glossy. Use a brush with bristles as 
stiff as you can use without irritating the scalp too much, and keep 
it clean. Don't drag a fine comb through the hair. The proper comb 
has regular and even teeth, rounded, not sharp. If a tooth becomes 
split, remove it ; it will break the hair. Wire brushes are nothing more 
or less than combs, and are not as good for the hair as good bristle 
brushes. Keep combs and brushes clean. 

USE OF POMADES.— Hair that is dry and brittle really requires 
some oleaginous preparation, used in moderation. Yellow vaselin is 
good. Part the hair and rub it into the scalp with the tips of the 
fingers. A sufficient amount will find its way to the hair itself to 
relieve the dryness. Cocoanut oil is also good. Never apply anything 
of this kind to the hair itself, which is simply made greasy. The bene- 
fit should be to the roots. The application of vaselin may be made 
a couple of days before the monthly washing, or if the hair is very 
dry, may follow it. Remember not to overdo the matter. It does not 
follow that because a little is good, more is better. 

A specialist on the hair who makes biennial trips abroad to advise 
himself as to the most recent methods and treatment, in a moment of 
confidence admitted to a customer that after all pure cold water was 
as good a hair tonic as he knew of. "Do not wet the hair," he said. 
"Dip the tips of your fingers in cold water and rub the scalp, wetting 
it and at the same time massaging it. Do this as faithfully as you 
would apply a tonic, and in all but certain exceptional cases it will 
be as beneficial. 

CLIPPING THE HAIR.— It is a good plan to clip the ends of 
the hair once a month to keep the growth even. If the hair splits, 
trim to a point above it, as the tendency is for the split to extend 
further up the hair-shaft. 

DANDRUFF.- Dandruff is the scaling off of dead cuticle. In 
excess, it becomes a disease, forming so thick a scale as to kill the 
roots of the hair and cause it to fall out. It is rightly called "itch 
dirt." Cleanliness therefore helps a cure. 

An old-fashioned recipe for dandruff calls for five ounces of bay 
rum, one ounce of olive oil, one ounce tincture of cantharides. Dr. 
Leonard advises free applications of sweet oil for the purpose of 



BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 795 

softening the scales, then a washing with warm water and castile soap, 
or the "green soap" of the pharmacy. If the disease is bad, or 
obstinate, apply a little oxide of zinc ointment. 

\yASHING THE HAIR.— One suspects that those who advise 
washing the hair once a week have more of an eye to the increase 
of their business than to the welfare of their customers' hair. The 
egg shampoo has been advised. Use a soap made of vegetable oil if 
possible. Never rub soap in the hair, and be very careful to rinse 
thoroughly, to get all the soap out using hot water for washing, then 
graduating the temperature till the final douche of cold. Do not use 
ammonia, soda or borax on the hair. 

COLOR OF THE HAIR.— Nature has suited the hair to the com- 
plexion in every case, and we cannot improve upon her idea of har- 
mony. That is why any attempt to change the color is so unsatis- 
factory. The "bleached blonde" is always recognizable ; so is the 
woman who dyes her faded locks in vain effort to retain her "youth." 
As the hair changes by natural processes the complexion changes to 
match it, so that we never get a chance to improve upon nature's 
handiwork. 

In Elizabethan days, wigs were worn to harmonize or match with 
the costume. Queen Elizabeth had over eighty. Think of purple 
hair? Yet some dyes give a purple tinge to the locks. 

DYED HAIR. — Dyed hair is a sorry makeshift at best. Far bet- 
ter let nature have her way. There is but one hair-dye that is not pos- 
itively harmful, this is henna, and its use entails no end of trouble 
because it must be frequently renewed, — some use it every day. 

To prepare the dye, get a quarter pound of henna leaves; to this 
add two quarts of cold water. Let stand on the back of the range 
where it will steep slowly for four or five hours. Add three ounces of 
alcohol and bottle. Apply with a tooth-brush. It gives a sort of red- 
dish-brown color. Women whose hair is prematurely gray often use 
this, declaring their white hair prevents them from obtaining or hold- 
ing business positions. But where hair has whitened prematurely 
there is always a freshness and vitality about eyes and complexion 
that bespeaks youth. 

Physicians strongly deprecate the use of hair dyes. No matter 
how strenuously the label insists on "absolute harmlessness," the dye 
relies for its effectiveness upon the presence of lead in some chemical 
combination. The frequent application of lead to the scalp induces a 
certain dangerous form of poisoning, which results in paralysis. If 
"dye you must," pin your faith to henna. 

GRAY HAIR. — "The only thing to do with gray hair is to admire 
it." This is true. Nothing so sets off an aged face like the crown of 
silver. To color it is a great mistake. There is absolutely no cure 
for it; the one thing we can do is to make it a beauty. Gray hair is 



796 MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 

due to the exhaustion of the pigment or coloring cells of the hair, sup- 
posed to be occasioned by the lack of a regular supply of blood. 

For the progressive whitening of the hair due to the advance of 
age, curative agents are rarely of any avail, especially if the trouble 
is hereditary. Not that gray hair and baldness are handed down from 
father to son, but that the peculiarities of constitution which produce 
them are inherent in both. Nervousness, neuralgia, a low physical 
condition, aid the falling and blanching of the hair, and the victim 
should build up the general system. Preparations of iron and sulphur, 
taken internally, are supposed to supply certain elements of growth 
and pigment-forming power to the hair. 

A solution of iron for external application to the hair, calls for 
two drams each of citrate of iron and tincture of nux vomica, and 
one and one-half ounces each of cocoanut oil and bay rum. It may be 
mentioned here, that faithfulness in treatment means even more than 
the tonic applied. To gain any real benefit, one must be persistent 
in application. 

Hair often turns gray "in streaks" to the chagrin of the victim. 
Or it whitens above the forehead and temples and remains dark at the 
back. Nothing can be done for this. 

Gray hair should be kept scrupulously clean, and requires more 
frequent washing than hair that holds its color. A very little blueing 
in the rinsing water gives a purer, clearer white. For this use indigo, 
not the usual washing fluid which is made of Prussian blue. Five cents 
worth of indigo will last a lifetime. 

A HAIR TONIC— ^A lotion Dr. Leonard recommends for the 
hair, especially where it is coming out, calls for two drams tincture 
cantharides, half an ounce nux vomica, one dram tincture capsicum, one 
and a half ounces castor oil, and two ounces of cologne. Apply with 
a bit of sponge twice a day. 

A preparation which is tonic in its properties and is also said to 
darken gray hair, and which certainly contains nothing injurious, calls 
for one ounce of sage and a pint of boiling water, allowed to stand 
twenty-four hours in an iron pot, and then filtered through filtering 
papers. 

Digest half an ounce of pine tar in a pint of water for forty-eight 
hours, stirring occasionally; filter, and put with the other fluid, then 
add one pint of bay rum, one ounce each of cologne and tincture of 
cantharides, two ounces of glycerin and ten ounces of distilled water. 
Apply daily, using a tonic brush. 

THE HAIR AND HEALTH.— The condition of the hair is 

largely predicated on the condition of the general health. In health, it 
should be abundant, glossy and bright — "live" — in color. A low phys- 
ical condition may make it look dry and dead, and induce falling out. 
Take care of the general health for the sake of the hair as well as for 
the sake of the complexion. 



BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 797 

THE HANDS. — One of the woman's continuous tasks is trying 
to keep her hands clean, and one thing that militates against their 
good looks is careless washing. They are washed indiscriminately in 
hot or cold water, the soap not properly rinsed off, nor the drying 
complete. To keep them soft and white, wash in soft, tepid water, 
dry thoroughly, then rub in a little cold cream or compound of glycer- 
in, or fine cornmeal. Use rubber gloves in dishwashing, and if you 
must have your hands in soapy water for a long time, after washing 
them in pure water rub over with a few drops of lemon juice or cider 
vinegar. This kills the potash in the soap that has been used. 

CARE OF THE NAILS.— It is a luxury to have one's nails done 
by a manicure, and if one can not afford this, always, it is profitable 
fQ have it done a few times and carefully observe the process, because 
the nails are a very important part of the care of the hands. 

Finger Nail Powder, Old Tried Remedy for — 

**Violet Talcum Powder H ounce 

Pulverized Boric Acid ^ ounce 

Powdered Starch J^ ounce 

Tincture of Carmine 15 drops 

If the nails become hard or brittle, immerse them in warm olive oil 
every night or rub vaselin into them." 

IMPLEMENTS. — The tools required are a pair of manicure scis- 
sors, which have small curved blades ; get a good pair of steel scissors, 
the silver are not so good ; a package of emery boards, an orange-wood 
stick, a flexible nail file, a small bottle of peroxide of hydrogen for 
bleaching, a bit of pumice stone, a cake of polishing powder, a chamois 
covered "buffer" and a box of rosaline or other paste. 

THE PROCESS.— The nails are to be shortened by filing, as cut- 
ting thickens them. The orange-wood stick is then dipped in peroxide 
and run under the nail to bleach, then the pumice stone, powdered, is 
used in the same way to cleanse. During this the left hand is soaking 
in tepid, soapy water. Of course, if you do your own manicuring you 
will go on with the right hand, waiting while the cuticle at the base 
of the nail softens. This is then anointed with a little cold cream or 
vaselin ; the cuticle is loosened and trimmed if necessary, — do not trim 
if you can avoid it, as cutting thickens it. When both hands have been 
thus treated, they are again soaked a few minutes, then a little of the 
rosaline paste — a very little — is put on each nail, the buffer dipped in 
the polishing powder and the nails polished. The hands are then 
washed, rubbed dry, and the fingers gone over a second time in search 
of roughness of nail or cuticle ; they are then polished again with a 
clean buffer, and may be sprayed with perfume from an atomizer. 

MOUTH AND TEETH.— Many young people owe their homely 
mouths to infantile habits. Sucking the thumb, and these horrible 
"pacificators" or "baby comforters" are responsible for some ill-shaped 



798 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

mouths. A large mouth, if not malformed, is not ugly unless filled 
with bad teeth or set in a disagreeable expression. Thus, in a way, 
we mould this feature ourselves, to a considerable degree. 

CLEANSING THE TEETH.— A good brushing twice a day, 
using cold water and some pleasant antiseptic wash, like listerine, does 
much to keep the mouth and teeth clean. Particles of food lodged 
between the teeth should be removed with a bit of dental floss. 

VISITS TO THE DENTIST.— -Pain and expense are saved by 
consulting the dentist in good season. The smallest cavity should be 
filled as soon as discovered. At least once a year the teeth should be 
carefully examined by one's dentist; it would be better to go every six 
months. Let the dentist clean them and remove the tartar, if any, as 
commercial preparations often injure. Most dentists will save a tooth 
wherever possible. There is little excuse for bad teeth these days, 
since modern dentistry can work marvels. 

CHILDREN'S TEETH.— On no account let a child's second teeth 
come in crowded, irregular or projecting. A good dentist can remedy 
all these malformations and though it may be troublesome at the time, 
the child, when grown, will blame you for not having relieved him of 
them. From babyhood, the child should be taught that cleansing the 
teeth is as important a part of the toilet as washing the hands. 

THE EYES. — No gift is more precious than sight. Therefore 
take care of your eyes. Don't overstrain them, don't put anything in 
them, don't follow any casual prescription, nor use belladonna to 
brighten them. Consult an oculist, not an optician, if there is any- 
thing the matter with them. Bathe them in hot water when they feel 
tired and drawn. Eyesight is too precious to be tampered with. If a 
child is cross-eyed, a simple operation will straighten them, and it is a 
crime not to have it done. 

EYELASHES AND EYEBROWS.— The best application for 
these is the simplest. Just a little yellow vaselin, which encourages 
growth. Don't clip, either. Frequent brushing will generally train the 
brows into a shapely line. A heavy, coarse hair may be pulled out with 
the fingers. 

THE FEET.— The three most frequent evils to which the feet 
are heir are corns, bunions or enlarged joints, and chilblains. Ingrow- 
ing nails are much less common, but make up in painfulness. 

CORNS. — Corns are of three kinds: callous spots, soft corns, and 
corns. Callous spots may be rubbed or pared down and rubbed with 
cocoa butter. Soft corns come between the toes and are very painful. 
Soak absorbent cotton in a little turpentine and put between the toes; 
or sprinkle the cotton with powdered alum. These corns are supposed 
to be due to moisture between the toes and are sometimes cured and 
often prevented by keeping absorbent cotton between the toes. Pre- 



BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 799 

vention saves a lot of suffering. "J^st corns" are calloused spots with 
hard center; pressure on this causes pain. Soaking in hot water, 
and shaving off as much of the hardened skin as can be removed with 
safety, affords relief. The little hard core should be taken out. 

Precautions. — Be sure that your knife, razor, or whatever imple- 
ment is used is perfectly clean (sterilized) and avoid drawing blood. 
If this happens, use some antiseptic. Cases of blood-poisoning that 
have resulted fatally have been caused by such wounds. If you wear 
colored hose, have them washed before wearing, as the dye may be 
injurious. 

BUNIONS. — These painful enlargements are due to a too short 
shoe, or one that does not fit well. Better discard such footwear; it 
will be cheaper in the end. Paint the sore joint with a mixture of 
equal parts of glycerin, tincture of iodine and carbolic acid ; using a 
camel's hair brush. Stockings that are too short may produce the same 
affliction. 

•CHILBLAINS. — People who have, or do not want chilblains 
should avoid woolen stockings. Neither should they "toast their toes" 
at the fire, wear bed-socks, or take a hot water-bottle to bed with them. 
Warm the feet by exercise, or vigorous rubbing. If very painful, try 
ice-cold applications, tincture of iodine, camphor, and tincture of 
chloride of iron are healing. 

INGROWING NAILS.— A bad case should be taken to the chir- 
opodist. Shaving the nail thin on the top, or cutting a V-shaped piece 
out of it, tend to relieve. Raise up the nail and put a bit of absorbent 
cotton under it. The best way is to avoid foot troubles by wearing 
well fitting shoes which are sufficiently large. 



NURSERY HINTS and FIRESIDE GEMS 

For Mother and Her Little Family 



TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR RAISING CHILDREN. 

1. Thou shalt not frighten thy child by threats of punishment. 

2. Thou shalt not visit thine own disappointments upon thy child, 
nor speak to him sharply without just cause. 

3. Thou shalt not administer any rebuke while feeling anger to- 
ward thy child. 

4. Thou shalt not require more of thy child than of thyself. 

5. Thou shalt not speak discourteously to thy child. 

6. Thou shalt not lie to thy child, neither break thy promise, nor 
deceive. 

7. Thou shalt not waste thyself upon the eflFort to destroy evil 
tendencies and wrong activities in thy child, but shall remove tempta- 
tion from him and cultivate his virtues and his righteous activities. 

8. Thou shalt not curtail thy child's liberty but shall insist he 
respect the liberty of all others, even as his is respected. 

9. Many hours shalt thou labor with thy child and do all thy 
work, dressing him, feeding him, teaching him, amusing him, but for 
one hour out of every seven waking hours shalt thou let him alone, and 
bother him not, neither thou, nor thy husband, nor thy nursemaid, nor 
thy friends, nor thy relatives nor any that are in thy house. For in 
that hour shall the Lord come unto him. 

10. Thou shalt not force thy child in any respect, neither phys- 
ically, mentally or morally. Thou shalt not force obedience, for forced 
obedience is not righteous ; but thou shalt gently lead thy child along 
the way that he should go, having first passed over the road thyself. 

THE PRAYING OF A CHILD. 

Pray, little child for me tonight, 
That from thy lips like petals white. 
Thy words may fall anr at His feet 
Bloom for His path wit-- fragrance sweet! 
Pray, little child, that I may be 
Qiildlike in innocence like thee, 
And simple in my faith and trust 
Through all the battle's heat and dust! 

Pray, little child, in thy white gown, 
Beside thy wee bed kneeling down; 
Pray, pray for me, for I do know 
Thy white words on soft wings will go 

800 



NURSERY HINTS AXD FIRESIDE GEMS 801 

Unto His heart, and on His breast 
Light as blown doves that seek for rest 
Up the pale twilight path that gleams 
Under the spell of starry dreams! 

Pray, little child, for me, and say : 
"Please, Father, keep him firm today 
Against the shadow and the care. 
For Christ's sake!" Ask it in thy prayer, 
For well I know that thy pure word 
'Gainst louder tongues will have been heard. 
When the great moment comes that He 
Shall listen through His love for me! 

Oh, little child, if I could feel 
One atom of thy faith so real. 
Then might I bow and be as one 
In whose heart many currents run 
Of joyful confidence and cheer. 
Making each earthly moment dear 
With sunshine and the sound of bells 
On the green hills and in the dells! 

Pray, little child, for me tonight, 
That from thy lips in sunward flight, 
One word may fall with all its sweet 
Upon the velvet at His feet. 
That He may lift it to His ear 
Its tender plea of love to hear, 
And lay it, granted, on the pile 
Signed with the signet of His smile! 

Motherhood. — Motherhood is a profession that is overworked. The 
hours are long and holidays and vacations are few and far between. 
Mother gets a great deal of maudlin sympathy and not enough tang- 
ible aid, says a writer in the Housekeeper. Our poetic conception of 
the true mother is that her whole life is bound up in the welfare of her 
children and her family. At what age are her children not, for her, a 
matter of serious concern? She has ever had plenty of material which 
she can manufacture into worry and heartaches. Alany mothers con- 
.sume too much of their own nervous energy and jeopardize their 
health in what they think their bounden maternal duties. There is a 
judicious limit of all things even though they are virtues. 

Mother. — The babe at first feeds upon the mother's bosom, but is 
always on her heart. — H. IV. Becchcr. 

Baby's Layette. — The principal thing to be borne in mind regard- 
ing the baby's layette is that all the clothing should be light, soft, in 
both surface and texture, and porous also in order that the evaporation 
of perspiration and a certain ventilation of the skin may take place. 
Perfect simplicity, not only in material and trimming, but in the whole 
plan of the little garments will testify to good taste and common sense, 
and at the same time tend to eliminate much fretfulness and wailing. 

Baby. — A sweet new blossom of humanity, fresh fallen from God's 

own home, to flower on earth. — Massey. 
51 



802 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Boy's Garments. — Don't burden the boy with a whole array of sep- 
arate garments, but give him a few good, heavy things. The lessened 
number will allow him freedom, and his comfort, too, is to be consid- 
ered. Boy's trousers are now fully lined, and these with the right sort 
of underwear will give him the requisite warmth with very little un- 
necessary weight. 

Boys. — 'A torn jacket is soon mended, but hard words bruise the 
heart of a child. — Longfellow, 

Pretty Things for Baby. — Among pretty articles for baby there are 
tiny ribbon garters to hold up the little sleeves, in colors to match the 
blue of the eyes or the pink of the cheeks, and there are huge soft 
rosettes of ribbon and hand embroidered strings for the cap, and gold 
baby pins and fleecy robes and bow-decked quilts. 

Baby. — A rose with all its sweetest leaves yet folded. — Byron, 

Baby's Outing. — It is always better for a baby, no matter how 
young, to go out in a carriage than to be carried. Young babies are 
much more comfortable lying full length on a pillow placed in the 
carriage and properly covered than when carried in the arms. 

Baby. — A lovely bud, so soft, so fair, called hence by early doom ; 
just sent to show how sweet a flower in paradise would bloom. — Leigh 
Richmond. 

Wild Flowers. — Children who gather wild flowers should be taught 
that they must not put them in their mouths. The buttercup, which 
is harmless enough to handle, contains an acid poison that will produce 
sore mouth, and taken into the stomach worse effects might result. It 
also contains a narcotic principle, anemonin, which has the property 
of diminishing the respiration and heart action. 

Flowers. — It is with flowers as with moral qualities, the bright are 
sometimes poisonous, but I believe never the sweet. — Hare. 

Reasoning versus Punishment. — There is one great point that all 
mothers should observe and that is not to punish children when reason- 
ing would bring the same results. For needless correction blunts a 
child's sensitiveness. To state that it brutalizes him is putting it too 
positively, but it tends to develop indifference and hardness that one 
does not want a child to possess. 

Discipline. — Be ever gentle with the children God has given you. — 
Watch over them constantly; reprove them earnestly, but not in 
anger. — In the forcible language of Scripture, "Be not bitter against 
them." "Yes, they are good boys," said a kind father. "I talk to 
them much, but I do not beat my children: the world will beat them." 
It was a beautiful thought, though not elegantly expressed. — Burritt. 

Baby's Kimono. — The little flannel kimonos o»* wrappers, so con- 
venient to slip on the baby before the morning bath, or if the room is 
at all chilly, may be made up in pretty styles, in delicate colors, bound 
with silk, and tied with tiny bows to match. 



NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 503 

Early Schooling. — Of ten infants destined for different vocations, 
I should prefer that the one who is to study through life should be the 
least learned at the age of twelve. — Tissot. 

Baby's Fine Dresses. — If the baby's dress is not made of the finest 
of handkerchief linen, French nainsook or a very fine batiste is usually 
chosen. These are the soft materials, soft as well as sheer. They are 
the materials on which embroidery is done most successfully and the 
baby dress de luxe is always hand embroidered. It may have on it 
the merest touch of hand work — scarcely more than a few eyelets and 
a tiny blossom and stem and yet follow the prescribed lines. The lit- 
tle round yokes are attached to the fulled on skirt portion with the 
tiniest of beading or else the yoke scallops are lapped down over the 
fullness. The neck is edged with the little hand-made scallops. 

Nicknames. — A good name will wear out; a bad one may be 
turned; a nickname lasts forever. — Zimmermann, 

Undergarments. — In buying the little wool shirts (wool being con- 
sidered the most satisfactory for infants' undergarments) never get 
the heaviest weights ; there are four usually offered, even for winter 
wear. The next to the heaviest is quite warm enough for winter, and 
for summer the lightest weight obtainable, preferably of a mixture of 
silk and wool ; cotton and wool should not be used. In hot weather 
shirts of cotton gauze or a soft porous cotton stockinet are satisfactory. 

Training. — The education of our children is never out of my mind. 
Train them to virtue, habituate them to industry, activity, and spirit. 
Make them consider every vice as shameful and unmanly. Fire them 
with ambition to be useful. Make them disdain to be destitute of any 
useful knowledge. — John Adams to his wife. 

Baby's Nerves. — Never try to entertain a baby too vigorously. 
Little babies especially, but also children somewhat older, should never 
be subjected to unnecessary excitement. Older people seldom realize 
how exceedingly undeveloped the nervous system of a little child is, 
and any undue shock to it is apt to cause the direst consequence. Do 
not take very small children to the theatre or the circus. They don't 
understand it, and they can't enjoy it. 

Intemperance. — Violent excitement exhausts the mind, and leaves 
it withered and sterile. — Fenelon. 

Second Teeth. — When the baby's second teeth are cut there are 
often injurious influences to be combated. There is more or less 
chance for the formation of caries or tartar ; care must be taken and 
counsel sought, and every effort made to prevent the aggravation of 
the evil. 

Tears. — Tears are the safety-valves of the heart when too much 
pressure is laid on it. — Albert Smith, 

Going Barefoot. — The careful mother does not let her child ran 
barefoot, no matter how they clamor to do it. If they wish to go shoe- 
less, let them wear bathing sandals without stockings, is the advice of 



$04 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

the writer, who adds, the germ of tetanus, better known as lockjaw, is 
frequently found in the soil and a child with even a small scratch or cut 
takes big risks. For girls, especially, running barefoot should be a for- 
bidden pleasure as it makes the feet broad and fiat. 

FROM JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER'S "BAREFOOT BOY." 

Blessings on thee, little man, 
Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan! 
With thy turned-up pantaloons, 
And thy merry whistled tunes; 
With thy red lip, redder still 
Kissed by strawberries on the hill; 
With the sunshine on thy face, 
Through thy torn brim's jaunty grace; 
From my heart I give thee joy, 
I was once a barefoot boy. 

The Children's Sunday. — What can we do with the children on 
Sundays? Do not* attempt to do anything unusual or make yourself 
miserable over their natural antics. Send them to the Sabbath School, 
never deny a child this privilege or be too negligent to give him the 
privilege, says the Woman's National Daily, A walk during the day to 
the park, woods or some place where the recreation is pleasant, is 
advisable. But do not get so modern in your views that you will per- 
mit them the riotous amusements in which they must usually indulge 
through the week. One cannot do wrong in impressing the sacred- 
ness of the day upon the children, for it is one of the deplorable feat- 
ures of modern life that the sacredness is sadly abused, and mostly by 
the young folk. 

Idleness. — Idleness among children, as among men, is the root of 
all evil, and leads to no other evil more certain than ill-temper. — 
Hannah More. 

Learning to Sew. — Every reasonable mother knows that it is wise 
to teach her little daughter to sew. Let her begin on the tiny garment 
of her doll. She will easily form the habit of mending torn places in 
dolly's clothes and replace absent buttons. With this experience, it 
will not be long before she will begin to take an interest in her own 
clothes, and so will not need to be warned that a button is coming off 
or that the hem of her skirt is coming out. But, of course, she could 
not begin by sewing or patching her own clothes, nor by mending 
intricate tears. First see that she sews on buttons correctly and then 
let her do some basting. 

A Good Rule. — St. Edmund of Canterbury was right when he said 
to somebody, "Work as though you would live forever; but live as 
though you would die today." — Henry Giles, 

Double Duties. — Children should never be required to do house- 
work to the extent a housekeeper must do it, for the strength of a 
growing child should be applied almost wholly to duties at school. A 
growing child cannot do mental and hard physical labor at the same 
time. Wiping dishes and assisting in the dusting do not interfere with 



NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 805 

school work, and are really good exercises. But the young girl who 

is compelled to rise early in the morning, prepare breakfast, assist with 

the family washing or irqning and prepare herself for school will lose 

out somewhere. 

THE BABY-CLASS TREE. 

We little folks planted a wee, wee, tree, 

The tiniest tree of all; 
Right here by the school-house door it stands 
With two little leaves like baby's hands, 

So crumpled and soft and small. 

And I really believe it is ever so glad 

That we planted it there to grow, 
And knows us and loves us and understands, 
For it claps them just like two little hands. 

Whenever the west winds blow. 

The Flannel Binder. — The flannel binders for baby should be cut 
from the softest kind of flannel and on the bias to increase their elas- 
ticity. They should be about five inches wide and twenty inches long, 
with the edges raw, or pinked, perhaps, but not hemmed. After the 
first six or eight weeks the knitted, circular band which can be bought 
ready made or may be crocheted at home, is substituted for the flannel 
binder. LOVE. 

Over and over and over 

These truths I will say and sing — 
That Love is mightier far than Hate; 
That a man's own Thought is a man's own Fate, 

And that life is a goodly thing. 

—Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 

Wholesome Pleasures. — Pleasures for the little ones should be 
wholesome and sensible, and the dangers of excitement cannot be over- 
estimated. Their minds so ready to receive impressions should receive 
only the best and most beneficial, the wholesome air play in the park, 
or the country, not too much company, nor too much noise, nor too 
many toys. 

FROM "THE CHILDREN'S HOUR." 

Between the dark and the daylight, 

When the night is beginning to lower, 
Comes a pause in the day's occupations, 

That is known as the Children's Hour. 

I hear in the chamber above me, 

The patter of little feet, 
The sound of a door that is opened, 

And voices soft and sweet. — Longfellow. 

Scrubbing Tender Faces. — Children have tender skins as a rule, 
and yet mothers are very apt to scrub the little faces with soap and 
water and send them out to play. Think of such treatment in connec- 
tion with your own skin. If the children are going out at once after 
the washing, use warm water with plain unscented soap, then rub a 
little good cold cream into the skin. 



806 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

FROM LONGFELLOW'S "VILLAGE BLACKSMITH" 

Toiling, — rej oicing, — sorrowing, 

Onward through life he goes ; 
Each morning sees some task begun, 

Each evening sees it close; 
Something attempted, something done, 

He has earned a night's repose. 

Saving the Coverlet. — It is discouraging to the mother to find the 
eiderdown coverlets becoming soiled where the children rub their hands 
over them. This can be avoided by making a tiny sham of swiss or 
other similar material and basting it across the top of the coverlet. It 
can be pinned into place at the corners with tiny baby pins or caught 
with a few stitches. These shams edged with narrow lace add a really 
attractive touch to the coverlet, and they can be quickly removed and 
easily laundered. 

The Greatness of Love. — There are no little events with the heart ; 
it magnifies everything. It places in the same scale the falling of an 
empire and the dropping of a woman's glove ; and the glove generally 
weighs more than the empire. — Honore De Balzac. 

Oranges as Medicine. — One of the most valuable adjuncts in 
acquiring a generally good complexion in youth is that of eating 
oranges in quantities. Let the mother give her children two or three 
oranges every day, as they possess many virtues, especially upon the 
action of the liver. The mother who buys plenty of oranges for the 
children will note the reduction in her medicine bill. 

THE HUMAN FACE. 

When I meet a human face, 

Lit for me with light divine, 
I recall all loving eyes, 

That have ever answered mine. — Phoebe Cary. 

The Art of Entertaining Children. — Entertaining convalescent 
children is quite an art in itself. Nurses who expect to make a spe- 
cialty of caring for children sometimes take a brief course in kinder- 
garten work, and certainly such knowledge is a valuable asset. Quiet 
games that do not call for too much exertion, paper-doll plays, the 
ever-delightful "cutting out" of pictures or fashion book people, mak- 
ing scrap books for children's hospitals and simple knitting or crochet- 
ing all help to amuse the little folk. Almost all children enjoy being 
read to, but care must be taken not to select stories that will depress 
the child or so excite him as to keep him awake at night or cause 
unpleasant dreams. 

Tireless Talkers. — A sick man that gets talking about himself, a 
woman that gets talking about her baby, and an author that begins 
reading out of his own book, never know when to stop. — 0. W. Holmes. 

Unselfishness. — Unselfishness is the key of a happy and beautiful 
life, and this is one of the first things that should be taught to the 



NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 807 

little one, says a writer in The Woman Beautiful Insist upon her 
sharing her pleasures, even at a great sacrifice with other children. 
One mother whom I know has trained her baby to extend an entire 
box of bon-bons to her little friends with the words "H o p yourself/* 
and she does this with a charm and spontaneity which makes her 
irresistible. 

A Cheerful Giver. — We should give as we would receive, cheer- 
fully, quickly, and without hesitation; for there is no grace in a ben- 
efit that sticks to the fingers. — Seneca. 

Indulgence. — It takes far more than the mere mother love to bring 
up children. It takes training, study, knowledge, says the New York 
Tribune. It takes self-control in the parents themselves. The mother 
who spoils a child through weak indulgence does not truly love her 
child. She loves her own pleasures in going along the line of least 
resistance. 

Selfishness. — When parents spoil their children, it is less to please 
them than to please themselves. It is the egotism of parental love. — 
Carlyle. 

Method. — Now that school days are here, mark umbrellas by writ- 
ing name on muslin with ink and sewing to inside of top with black 
thread ; overshoes and rubbers by writing name on the lining, and 
handkerchiefs by writing name across the center with ink. 

System. — Marshal thy notions into a handsome method. One will 
carry twice more weight packed up in bundles, than when it lies flap- 
ping and hanging about his shoulders. — Fuller. 

Baby's Meals. — To make a healthy baby of eighteen or twenty 
months wait for the meal times of adults before feeding, is putting 
too great a strain on the little system. Its diet should be adapted to 
its needs, says a careful mother. Five light feedings are much more 
scientific, the first at about six-thirty in the morning since baby keeps 
early hours. Milk and toast should be given at this time. At ten- 
thirty a. m., well cooked and well strained cereal might be served with 
rich milk. Cream is for older children. Stewed prunes, baked apples, 
and oranges are also good. Dinner at one-thirty might include meat 
broth, or soft boiled eggs, and bread and toast. Soups must be free 
from grease. Crackers or toast with a cup of milk should be served 
for the five o'clock supper, and another cup of milk at bedtime. 

Forbearance. — There Is a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a 
virtue. — Burke. 

The Romper. — The romper has become an essential part of the 
young child's wardrobe. They are developed mostly in linen, galatea, 
and less expensively still in chambray. The best colors are dark blue, 
brown, green, tan and natural colored linen; green perhaps is best for 
summer. It is cool looking and it does not show grass stains. Short 
flowing sleeves are most satisfactory. 



808 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

BABY'S PURPOSE. 

With mighty purpose in his mind, 

He clambers up. And then, 
With purpose quite as well defined, 

He scrambles down again. 

From "Seven Ages of Clvildhood." 

Picnic Supplies. — Women taking small children to picnics should 
carry along a heavy quilt or blanket to place on the ground for the 
babies to sit on. There is always more dampness in the woods than 
out in the open, and summer colds are not pleasant for grown folk, 
much less wee tots. A few safety pins, needle and thread will not 
take up space in the big basket, and how often such articles are 
needed. ^^^ MYSTERIOUS FUTURE. 

I've been a little girl so long, 
That, somehow, it seems almost wrong 
To think how grown-up I shall be 
In days that have to come to me. 

— Carolyn Wells. 

Zweiback Noodles. — When making soup for children zweiback or 
Jew's bread is excellent for making noodles. Pound the bread to a 
powder,, roll it with the rolling pin, sift and use the same as flour. It 
can also be used in milk as a baby food, and is often given to children 
with very delicate stomachs. AFFECTION 

In the soft soil of little lives 
Affection quickly springs and thrives 

And grows like anything; 
Its tiny tendrils Love puts out, 
Not knowing what it's all about 

But glad to smile and sing. 

—Carolyn Wells. 

Playgrounds for Boys. — In a certain Ohio city there is a large 
placard "Boys, you can play here." It is a large corner lot thronged 
the whole day through during the good weather with boys playing 
ball and other games. This lot which could be sold for thousands of 
dollars, has been donated to the boys for a playground near their 
homes. The owner realized that the streets are not suitable play- 
grounds for the children and that accidents occur there almost daily. 
The streets of our cities are poor places in which to play, bad for the 
boys, and still worse for the community. If you have vacant lots turn 
them over to the boys this summer. A boy never forgets a favor, and 
American boys are not going to abuse good privileges. The loneliest 
boys are those who are not allowed to play on the beautiful lawn at 
home, are not allowed on the streets, and wander about from place to 
place to be told "Move on," every place they go. 

ALL GIRLS AND BOYS. 

Fourscore, like twenty, has its tasks and toys ; 

In earth's wide school-house all are girls and boys. 

— O. ]V. Holmes. 



NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 809 

Disinfection of Toys and Books. — All toys that have been used by 
a child suffering from an infectious disease should be either burned or 
thoroughly disinfected before they are used again. Books read by the 
little patient should be especially guarded against. 

FROM LOWELL'S "AFTER THE BURIAL." 

In the breaking gulfs of sorrow, 

When the helpless feet stretch out 
And find in the deeps of darkness 

No footing so solid as doubt, 
Then better one spar of Memory, 

One broken plank of the Past, 
That our human heart may cling to, 

Though hopeless of shore at last! 

Keep Dainties Away from the Beginning. — ^The well-trained child 
does not crave unaccustomed dainties. It is natural that he should 
feel a curiosity with regard to a dish with which he is not familiar, 
and ask some questions about it. But that does not mean that any of 
it is to be given to him. A boy whose digestive organs were very 
delicate was taught from babyhood to sit in his high chair at the table 
and eat what was on his tray and was perfectly content with what 
he had, as he knew no other diet. Once in awhile he would ask: 
"Is that good for little boys?" and when his mother would answer 
gently, "No. darling, that would make little boys sick," he was per- 
fectly satisfied. Never having tasted things not suited to his age he 
did not crave them. One cannot miss that which he has never had. 
As he grew older he reaped the benefit of the strict regime and his 
digestion was perfect. PROGRESS. 

New occasions teach new duties ; Time makes ancient good uncouth ; 
They must upward still, and onward, who would keep abreast of Truth ; 
Lo, before us gleam her camp-fires ! we ourselves must Pilgrims be, 
Launch our Mayflower, and steer boldly through the desperate winter sea, 
Nor attempt the Future's portal with the Past's blood-rusted key. 

— James Russell Lowell. 

Temperature of Nursery. — Sixty degrees Fahrenheit is the proper 
temperature for the nursery, either in summer or in winter. This is 
not sufficiently warm to be weakening nor sufficiently cool to cause 
chills. Of course, when the natural heat of the atmosphere is higher 
than sixty degrees the temperature of the nursery cannot be kept that 
low, but with darkened windows during the heated portion of the 
day and good ventilation the room can be kept at a reasonably com- 
fortable temperature. ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ 

Backward, turn backward, Time in your flight, 
Make me a child again just for to-night! 
Mother, come back from the echoless shore, 
Take me again to your heart as of yore; 
Kiss from my forehead the furrows of care. 
Smooth the few silver threads out of my hair; 
Over my slumbers your loving watch keep ; 
Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep ! 

— Florence Percy. 



810 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The Pinafore. — The ideal dress for children is, of course, the 
pinafore style. It is so easy to renew the overdress and under bodice 
as required and it is, moreover, invaluable to suit the weather changes 
from day to day. The serge overdress can have a little cotton or 
flannel blouse, just as thermometers demand. 

WEDDING CELEBRATIONS. 

Three days — Sugar. 
Sixty days — Vinegar. 

1st anniversary — Iron. 

5th anniversary — Wooden. 
10th anniversary — Tin. 
15th anniversary — ^^Crystal. 
20th anniversary — China. 
25th anniversary — Silver. 
30th anniversary — Cotton. 
35th anniversary — Linen. 
40th anniversary — Woolen. 
45th anniversary — Silk. 
50th anniversary — Gold. 
75th anniversary — Diamond. 

Afternoon Gowns. — Short afternoon gowns are proper for formal 
w^ear; especially for those who can wear the full skirts attached to 
narrow hem-bands. The dresses escape the floor by several inches 
and reveal the slippers and an inch of the colored hosiery. 

A SONG OF LONG AGO. 

A Song of Long Ago : 

Sing it lightly — sing it low — 
Sing it softly — like the lisping of the 

lips we used to know 
When our baby-laughter spilled 
From the glad hearts ever filled 
With music blithe as robin ever thrilled! 

—Riley. 

Rather Hard on the Baby. — Here is some advice that appeared in 
a paper for mothers the other day: "The bottle must be kept per- 
fectly clean. When the babe has finished drinking it should be un- 
screwed and laid in a cool place under the tap." One feels rather 
Surry for any babies thus treated. 

Learning Wisdom. — We learn wisdom from failure much more 
than from success ; we often discover what will do, by finding out 
what will not do; and probably he who never made a mistake never 
made a discovery. — S. Smiles. 

Nursery. — Today the nursery Is looked upon as an essential apart- 
ment in a house where children abide, and from a hygienic standpoint, 
it may justly be called a sensible room, for children after they walk 
should not sleep in the mother's room. Whether the room is large or 
moderately small it should, by all means, have plenty of ventilation. 



NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 811 

the more windows the better. The room should be papered in light 
colors, also painted in light tones, though the blinds should be the 
darkest shade, to darken the room when necessary. 

Cares of Matrimony. — Husbands and wives talk of the cares of 
matrimony, and bachelors and spinsters bear them. — W. Collins. 

Awkwardness Due to Eyes. — A school teacher has remarked that 
many children are awkward, not through being ungainly in walking, 
but wholly because of impaired vision. It has been her experience 
with children in her department who were usually awkward and who 
had their eyes examined that there was something wrong with the 
vision, which was quickly overcome when glasses were purchased. 

Medicine. — The disease and its medicine are like two factions in 
a besieged town ; they tear one another to pieces, but both unite 
against their common enemy, Nature. — Jeffrey. 

Baby's Petticoats. — Fine white flannel is the best material for 
baby's petticoats. They may be made in one piece, in princess style, 
or may consist of a flannel skirt attached to a loose cambric waist. 
These are decidedly preferable for summer and are really quite warm 
enough for any season. 

Charity. — Prayer carries us half way to God, fasting brings us to 
the door of His palace, and alms-giving procures us admission. — Koran. 

Tub for the Playroom. — Every playroom should be provided with 
a galvanized tub to hold water for sail boats. What boy does not 
like to play with water, boats and artificial fish? Do not expect him 
to be contented with toys or plays that amuse the little girl. The 
boy prefers splashing in water or making a noise with a hammer. 
Aquatic toys are numerous and reasonably cheap. 

NOW OR NEVER. 

Gather the rosebuds while ye may, 

Old Time is still a-flying; 
And this same flower that smiles today 

To-morrow will be dying. 

—R. Herrick. 

Cleaning the Rug at Home. — Baby's fur rug may be cleaned at 
home by giving it a thorough bath in dry cornmeal. Rub the meal in 
as though it were soap, shake it out and rub in more meal, letting it 
remain in the rug for a day or two. Then shake out and the appear- 
ance of the rug will be much improved. 

The Value of Wise Conversation. — A single conversation across 
the table with a wise man is better than ten years' mere study of 
books. — Chinese Proverb. 

Tooth Powder. — Look well at the teeth of the little ones. Char- 
coal and tincture of myrrh are very beneficial to the teeth of the 
young, and both are easily procured at any drug store. 

Silence. — Silence is one of the hardest arguments to refuse. — Show, 



g^2 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

A Dish for Children.— -An old-fashioned dish which never fails 
to delight the children may be prepared as follows: One quart of 
cornmeal, one pint of ripe chopped apples, three tablespoonfuls of 
butter, pinch of salt, one and one-half cups of water. Sweeten the 
apples to taste and bake as ordinary corn bread. 

THE NOON OF LIFE. 
What! grieve that time has brought so soon 

The sober age of manhood on? 
As idly might I weep, at noon, 

To see the blush of morning gone. 

— Bryant. 

Mouth Breathing. — Little ones who habitually breathe loud or 
snore in their sleep may be troubled with an adenoid growth. 

Family.— A happy family is but an earlier heaven.— 5owmn^. 

Obedience. — Prompt, unquestionable obedience in children seems 
to be a thing of the past, is the criticism of a recent writer, who adds : 
The up-to-date mother no longer tells her offspring that they must 
do, or leave undone certain things because it is right. She enters mto 
elaborate explanations and they need no longer blindly obey. This 
is not the wise preparation for the adult life. Unless we have taught 
our children the necessity for life's discipline, which they cannot at 
the time understand, it will make them rebellious and fail to work out 
the peaceable fruits of righteousness." 

The Value of a Laugh. — A laugh is worth a hundred groans in 
any market. — Lamb. 

Sanitary Drinking Cups. — Supply the youngsters on going to 
school with folded paper cornucopias which come in sealed packages 
for a small sum. These are used for drinking cups instead of those 
found in public places. Teach the children to make these useful little 
drinking cups from clean white paper, and there will be no danger of 
contracting disease from a drinking cup used by every one who passes. 

Easy to Misjudge Men. — Every heart has its secret sorrow which 
the world knows not, and oftimes we call a man cold when he is only 
sad. — Anon. 

Night Petticoats. — Night petticoats for baby have sleeves. If no 
petticoat is worn, then an extra short jacket is provided in the coldest 
weather, for most babes sleep best with hands and arms uncovered. 

A Bathrobe. — A large Turkish bath towel makes a nice bathrobe 
for a baby or small child. Use white cotton curtain cords for the 
girdle and make the hood of the Turkish face cloth. This little robe 
is very serviceable and convenient, and is easily laundered. 

An Easy Task. — It is easy finding reasons why other people should 
be patient. — George Eliot. 

Money to Children. — Instead of paying children for doing work 
let them understand that they have little duties that they must per- 
form, but give them money at intervals. Teach them the value of 
money and the principles of saving. 



NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 813 

Be Discreet. — Thy friend has a friend; thy friend's friend has a 
friend, therefore, be discreet. — Anon. 

Methods of Cooking Eggs. — If you find that your baby, who is 
just beginning to eat solid food will not eat soft cooked eggs, and 
there are many who do not like them, try scrambling them until they 
are well done. If not found palatable in that form make an egg 
custard. A baby usually enjoys this and receives the same amount of 
nourishment that he would if the tgg were cooked in any other way. 

Politics and Veracity. — Politics and veracity have the same number 
of letters, but there the resemblance ends. — Anon. 

Songs and Story Telling. — It is an unusual child indeed who does 
not delight in listening to story telling or bright little songs at bed- 
time, and the nurse who is much with children will do well to treasure 
up all such material that comes in her way. Being used to children 
and having a sincere love for them makes one's work much easier, as 
even very little children seem to know instinctively who their real 
friends are and to be more easily controlled by them. 

Friendship. — Two persons cannot long be friends if they cannot 
forgive each other's little failings. — Bruyere. 

Harsh Commands. — Can a parent who habitually speaks to his 
children in tones of harsh authority, and gives his commands to them 
in a manner of an officer addressing refractory troops, expect that they 
will feel for him the affection that they would give to one who took 
the trouble to draw out their better natures by loving treatment? The 
above is a question to be considered by parents who govern wholly by 
"authority." 

Maidenhood. — No padlock, bolts, or bars can secure a maiden so 
well as her own reserve. — Cervantes, 

Baby's Sleeves. — When baby's arms grow too large for the shirt 
sleeves, while the body of the shirt is still large enough, purchase a 
pair of infant's white cashmere hose. Cut the feet off and overcast 
neatly into the armholes ; putting in a little gusset under the arms is 
necessary to enlarge armhole. The leg of the stocking makes the 
sleeves and the top fits nicely around the little wrist. 

Reading. — To read without reflecting, is like eating without digest- 
ing. — Burke. 

Princess Skirt. — For long skirts, both flannel and white ones, the 
princess skirt adds to comfort of the body; no bands or fullness around 
the body or neck. Cut the material same as for princess slip, coming 
narrow on the shoulder and low neck back and front, and to flare at 
the bottom, which may be finished as desired. The flannel ones add 
to warmth, having flannel to neck baby needs no little jackets. 

The Two Symptoms of Love. — The first symptom of love in a 
young man, is timidity ; in a girl, it is boldness. The two sexes have 
a tendency to approach, and each assumes the qualities of the other. — 
Victor Hugo. 



814 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Securing Covering at Night. — If a delicate child has a habit of 
kicking the clothes off at night and so contracting chills, it is a good 
plan to sew a large button to each corner of the coverlet and attach 
a long tape loop to each corner of the bed. When fastened this will 
keep the bedclothes securely in place, however much the child may 
toss in its sleep. 

Honesty. — Socrates being asked the way to honest fame, said, 
"Study to be what you wish to seem." 

Amusing Baby. — »A simple device for keeping the baby amused and 
happy is to fasten at intervals upon a broad, bright ribbon the toys of 
which he is most fond, suspending the ribbon above the bed upon which 
he lies, within reach of his little hands, by securing one end^ to the 
head of the bed and the other to the foot. He will then entertain him- 
self by the hour pushing the toys back and forth, and watching them 
swing above him. 

Prominent Ears. — Prominent ears should always be corrected in 
childhood by putting a thin cap on the child at night. 

Disappointing a Child. — A day in a child's life is equal to a week 
in ours ; so think twice before you condemn a child to a whole day's 
disappointment or unhappiness. 

Baby's Veil. — Baby's veil, which should only be used in cold or 
windy weather, may be either a Shetland veil or made of bobbinet. 

Sweaters. — There are cunning little sweaters exactly like those 
made up for older children, which come in sizes to fit an eight-months- 
old baby. 

Wild Flowers. — Every garden should contain a few wild flowers. 
The busy mother will find that they grow without care if proper soil is 
provided and will bloom where there is too much shade for other 
flowers. March brings forth the lovely hepatica, and wild phlox or 
sweet william soon follows. Next comes the wild geranium cranesbill, 
but as its petals fall rapidly it is not as effective as sweet william, 
which will be a mass of delicate bloom for five weeks or more. The 
trillium or wake robin is another desirable flower, and wild violets 
thrive where the cultivated kind will not grow. The Indian turnip or 
Jack-in-the-Pulpit is an interesting plant and a curiosity to many who 
never ramble in the woods to see it in its native abode. All of these 
bear transplanting and are satisfactory as garden plants, but choose 
sweet william if you wish the most desirable for color, fragrance and 
duration of bloom. 

Making Friends. — Blessed is the man who has the gift of making 
friends, for it is one of God's best gifts. — Thomas Hughes. 

Baby's Nose. — But the most pliable of baby's features is the nose. 
By gently massaging this feature every day with the thumb and fore- 
finger a tendency to broadness may be promptly subdued. The bridge 
should be gently pressed between the fingers in the course of an up- 
ward massage movement. 



NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 815 

Flowers. — They are wreathed around the cradle, the marriage altar, 
and the tomb.— Mf^. L. M, Child, 

Bed Time. — One little chap was constantly being deceived as to 
his bed hour, which was 7 :30 o'clock. He could not tell the time, and 
his mother or nurse would tell him that it was bedtime when in reality 
it was only seven o'clock. He would look puzzled and only half con- 
vinced as his reason told him it could not be that late ; but he had no 
choice but to obey. It would have been far wiser to set seven o'clock 
as his bed hour and to have stuck to it. 

Little Minds. — Minds of moderate calibre ordinarily condemn 
everything that is beyond their range. — La Rochefoucauld. 

Tea and Coffee. — Don't give your two-year-old child tea and coffee 
to drink. What if she does cry for them? The crying will harm her far 
less than the drink. 

FOUR THINGS. 

Each man has more of four things than he knows. 
What four are these? Sins, debts, fears and woes. 

— From the French. 

Sanitary Care of Baby's Bottles. — To wash and cleanse baby's bot- 
tles satisfactorily, have a good stout bottle brush ; make a strong suds 
of hot water and soap or soap powder; wash the bottles thoroughly, 
using the brush, then rinse several times, using the hot water and 
borax, and drain. Before using bottles, always rinse again with hot water. 
With this care there should be no trouble with sour or cloudy bottles. 

Moulded by Circumstances. — In all our reasonings concerning men 
we must lay it down as a maxim tliat the greater part are moulded by 
circumstances. — Robert Hall. 

Forming Habits. — The trouble with most bad habits is that they 
are so quickly formed in small children. The mother relaxes her care 
for a day or two, and a new trick appears, or the work of weeks on an 
old one is undone. What is true of physical habits is equally so of the 
moral habits. A tiny baby of a few months old knows very well if the 
habit of loud crying will procure for it what it wants, and if not checked 
will develop into the irritable whining adult we are all acquainted with. 
Habits of disrespect, of indifference to the rights of others, of cruelty, 
may all be irresistibly formed or dispelled in the first few years of life. 

Chains of Habit. — The diminutive chains of habit are seldom heavy 
enough to be felt, till they are too strong to be broken. — Samuel John- 
son. 

Unique Table Protector. — Many mothers prefer to bring their 
young children to the family table on ordinary occasions when there are 
no guests. At the same time they dislike to mar the appearance of 
their table with the tin waiter which is usually set before the children 
to protect the cloth against the depredations of dropped bread and milk. 



816 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

A clever device for this purpose is made of two oblong pieces of 
butcher's linen sewed together in the form of a case, with an oilcloth 
interlining. The linen is hemmed neatly so that it looks like an oblong 
napkin, and while it protects the cloth and the table it protects the table 
underneath \ being white, like the cloth itself, it does not spoil the looks 
of the table. When soiled the oilcloth is slipped out and wiped off with 
a damp cloth, and the linen case goes with the tablecloth and napkin. 
Several of these cases will be needed, for the ordinary enterprising 
baby, but one piece of oilcloth will be sufficient for a long time. 

Banish Tears. — Banish the tears of children ; continual rains upon 
the blossoms are hurtful. — Jean Paul Richter. 

Folding Bathtub. — The thing most desired by a young mother in 
these days is a bathtub for the baby made of sheet rubber that is at- 
tached to a campstool foundation. It can be folded up and put out of 
the way when not in use, and it telescopes into a small bundle when 
one wants to travel. 

Flowers. — Flowers are the sweetest things God ever made and for- 
got to put a soul into. — Henry Ward Beecher. 

Correct Length of Clothes. — In making long clothes for the baby it 
is well to remember that the correct length for long dresses is one yard 
from the shoulder to the hem. The petticoats should be made the same 
lengths as the dresses, or perhaps a half inch shorter. 

Life. — A pendulum betwixt a smile and tear. — Byron, 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE DEPARTMENT. 

The Theory and Practical Methods of Preserving Foods. 

MARMALADES AND BUTTERS. CANNING. JAM 

JELLIES. PICKLES. CHAFING DISHES. 

By Edna Gertrude Thompson, 

Director of Domestic Science Department, Thomas Normal Training 
School, Detroit, Michigan. 



Theory and Practice of Domestic Science. — Domestic Science has 
come to be considered one of the most important factors in our public 
school education of today. We have just awakened to the fact that our 
daughters should receive training in those things which will best fit 
them for housewives and mothers. While many of our girls are earn- 
ing their own livelihood, the majority ultimately settle into homes of 
their own. Many girls have an excellent opportunity to get the training 
they need as homemakers from their mothers, but many of the children 
in this country lack this home training. There are two reasons for this 
neglect on the part of the mothers : first, the mother may not know 
how to do these things herself; and, second, she may be a wage-earner 
and of necessity cannot train her daughter. 

Its Moral Influence. — In the early life of the child it is susceptible 
to influences which may be brought to bear upon it, and if the home- 
making instinct is instilled early much is done toward moral growth of 
the child. The public school is expected to develop the child along 
these lines and consequently the cookery class, together with the class 
in housekeeping, has a mighty influence toward developing noble 
women. All the home duties are developed and made a pleasure and 
not a duty to the child, so that the home is looked upon with favorable 
eyes. 

There is an old saying that "the way to a man's heart is through 
his stomach." This contains much more truth than it would seem on 
the surface. Investigators who have made careful research into the 
divorce question, which has assumed such large proportions, state that 
if women knew more of the science of home making there would be 
fewer homes broken up. What man, or woman either, would not be 
uterly discouraged to come home day after day to poor meals and un- 

52 817 



818 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

tidiness everywhere, conditions which in time bringf poor health and 
disease. The public school aims through domestic science to teach the 
importance and dignity of being a good housewife. 

Economy of Domestic Science. — Then again, domestic science 
makes a plea for recognition on the ground of economy. Many tim'es 
debt and trouble come to homes, not through lack of sufficient funds, 
but through lack of knowledge on the part of the dispenser of the 
funds. One of the principles which domestic science emphasizes in 
its teaching is to show how some of our cheaper foods furnish more 
nutriment to our systems than do some of our more expensive articles 
of diet. With this fact thoroughly established and understood domestic 
science tries to develop new and simple methods of cooking such foods 
and of making them attractive and appetizing. It is a well-known 
fact that it is not the amount of food we eat but the amount that we 
digest that gives nourishment to our bodies, and it has been proven 
that food that is not attractive and palatable to us gives only one-half 
the value to our bodies as when it is made attractive and palatable. 

Greatest Food Value from Proper Cooking. — Then also students 
along this line of study have discovered that some of our common 
foods lose much of their value to us through improper cooking and 
preparation. 

If we are going to prepare food and use it as part of our diet, why 
should we not obtain the most of its value? Is that not true economy? 
For an example of this fact let us take eggs, one of our most common 
articles of diet. We commonly cook eggs to harden the white, or 
albumen, so as to make them more palatable. One common method of 
doing this has been to boil them. Through experiments it has been 
proven that boiling makes this albumen so hard to digest that our 
bodies get practically no value from it. The newer method advanced 
proves that the same results can be obtained by cooking eggs in water 
which is kept just below the. boiling point, and e^^s cooked this way 
are easily and readily assimilated by our bodies. Why should we not 
endeavor then to give to our bodies food so prepared that it gives the 
most nourishment. To take another example, — when salt is added to 
vegetables it draws out from them into the water their mineral salts 
and any proteid which will build tissue for us. In most vegetables 
the cooking water is thrown away so that much of the value of the 
vegetable is lost. Why should we not try to devise a method of 
cooking which will save for us this food value? Salt is added for 
flavor, only, so why cannot the salt be added a short time before the 
cooking is finished so that it will not have time to draw out the food 
value? 

How to Save in Cooking Meats. — Again we cook diflPerent kinds 
of meats in different ways. Perhaps you think these different kinds 
of methods have simply come down to us through the ages. It is, 
however, interesting to know that our mothers probably developed 
these methods through thought. Tough meats, we know, require long 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE 819 

cooking, but do we know why? The fibers and tissues have become 
strong through constant use on the part of the animal, and to be of 
use to us must be softened, so we cook tough meats long and usually 
with moisture to accomplish the softening. Tough meats are our 
cheap meats, but have you stopped to consider that they contain more 
nourishment than our tender meats. As has been stated, the tough 
meats are the parts of the body of the animal most used and conse^ 
quently have been developed and nourished. Why not learn how to 
cook these pieces which give us more nourishment, and which are 
cheaper, in such a way as to be attractive and palatable? This is what 
the Domestic Science Course in our public school aims to teach our 
girls so that as housewives they can get the most value for the least 
money and be economical and intelligent buyers. 

Our Winter Supply. — From an instinct, which ought to be com- 
mon to all of us, in time of plenty we lay something aside for the 
time of need. As housewives this truth comes home to us. especially 
in the summer when we have an abundance of fruit which, without 
care, would soon become worthless. By reason of which fact we have 
developed methods of canning, preserving, etc., which at the present 
time have become so advanced that we can retain a very large share 
of the original color, flavor and shape of the fruit. 

Preserving Foods. — All food products, on exposure to air, undergo 
certain changes which unfit them for use as food. It was once thought 
that these changes were due to oxidation, but they are now known to 
be caused by minute living organisms present in the air, in the water, 
in the ground and in the food itself. To preserve food two things are 
necessary ; first, to either kill or render harmless those organisms 
already present ; and second, to exclude others from entering. The 
first we usually accomplish by cooking, and the second by sealing. In 
order to live these organisms require three conditions ; first, a partic- 
ular temperature ; second, a certain amount of moisture ; third, the 
right kind of food. By taking away all or any one of these require- 
ments we may stop the growth or, in other words, we may preserve 
the food. For example: with the familiar method of cold storage the 
factor of temperature is removed ; in the drying of the fruits and veg- 
etables the factor of moisture is removed ; by salting the factor of food 
is taken away. 

The fruits and vegetables, commonly preserved in the home, are 
divided into five classes: 
1. — Canning. 
2.-— Jellies. 
3. — Jams. 

4. — Marmalades and Butters. 
5. — ^Pickles. 

CANNING. — Under this head there are four common methods: 
1. Steaming. — By this method the fruit is put into the sterilized 



820 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

jars, the jars filled with boiling water and the covers loosely set on. 
Then the jars are set on small blocks of wood in a pan of cold water. 
Cover this pan and let the water come to a boil and boil for 15 min- 
utes. Remove the jars and fill them with boiling water, if necessary. 
Seal tightly. Small berries, such as strawberries and raspberries, 
retain their color and are especially good done in this manner. Whole 
tomatoes done in this way are especially attractive for winter salads, 
and corn will keep indefinitely. 

2. Boiling in Syrup. — This is the common household method of 
preserving fruits, such as peaches and pears. A syrup is prepared of 
sugar and water, into this the fruit is dropped and cooked until soft; it 
is then put into sterile jars, sufficient syrup added to fill jar and the 
jar then sealed. 

3. Preserving.— This is the same as boiling in syrup,, except that 
equal quantities of sugar and fruit are used. Small fruits such as ber- 
ries are usually done in this way. 

4. Cold Water Process. — This is a simple and easy method to 
use, and is especially desirable for vegetables such as rhubarb. Great 
care must be taken to use only perfect fruit, because in this method 
of canning bacteria are merely excluded, not destroyed, and if any are 
present in the food there is nothing to prevent it from spoiling. If 
fruit is over-ripe, or not perfectly fresh one of the other methods, such 
as boiling or steaming, is preferable. 

To Can by the Cold Water Process. — Pack the fruit in a sterilized 
jar; pour over it water which has been boiled and cooled, seal your 
jar and keep in a cool place. Sometimes a solution of salt and water 
is used in place of pure water. When salt water is used food will need 
to be freshened by being allowed to stand in cold water for some time 
before using. Vegetables, such as beans, put up in this way are very 
similar to the fresh product. 

Utensils. — Among the utensils most necessary for use in preserv- 
ing foods in the home are scales, measuring cups, porcelain or agate 
ware sauce pans ; earthen or agate ware bowls ; silver, agate or wooden 
spoons; an agate colander; small dipper and funnel; new rubbers and 
perfect covers for the jars. 

To Sterilize Jars.— Wash the jars, fill with cold water, place them 
on rests, such as small blocks of wood on the bottom of the kettle or 
boiler and surround them with cold water. If blocks of wood are not 
obtainable the jars may be wrapped in brown paper to prevent them 
knocking against each other. Be sure the mouths of the jars are un- 
covered. Heat gradually until the water boils, boil 15 minutes, or 
until ready to fill them. Sterilize the covers of the jars also, and' dip 
the rubber bands in boiling water just before using. 

Directions for Filling Jars.— Remove the jars from the boiling 
water — the handle of a wooden spoon is good to use in removing them. 
Wring a cloth out of hot water and place it on a plate, put the jar to 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE 821 

be filled on the hot cloth, put a silver spoon in it, — silver being a good 
conductor of heat absorbs the heat from the fruit and lessens the 
danger of breakage. Fill the jar with fruit and then add enough 
syrup or boiling water, as the case may be, to fill the jar to overflow- 
ing. Run a silver knife or spoon down the sides of the jar to allow 
any enclosed air to escape ; add more syrup or water, if necessary. 
Put on the sterilized rubber and seal tightly 

Tomatoes Canned Whole by Steaming. — Select medium sized, 
firm, ripe tomatoes. Wash and peel. Pour boiling water over the 
tomatoes and they will peel easily. Pack in sterilized jars, fill with 
boiling water and put on the lid lightly. Set in cold water on rests 
and let boil about fifteen minutes. If necessary, fill the jar with boil- 
mg water to overflowing. Put on the sterilized rubbers and seal 
tightly. These tomatoes are especially good for winter salads. 

Canned Corn. — Cut the corn from the cob while fresh, pack in 
sterilized jars, and fill with boiling water. Put the cover on lightly and 
set on a rest, such as small blocks of wood, pieces of thick paper or 
the corn husks, in a pan of cold water. Let boil from two to three 
hours. Remove the can, fill to overflowing with boiling water and 
seal tightly. 

Canned String Beans. — Select medium sized beans and string. 
Pack in a sterilized jar, fill to overflowing with a brine and seal tightly. 
This brine may be made in two ways : First, by mixing cold water 
and salt ; second, by mixing salt and boiling water and then letting it 
cool before pouring over the beans. This method is best as the salt 
dissolves more readily in boiling water than in cold water. One part 
salt to two parts water makes a strong brine. Keep in a cold place 
and freshen before using by letting the beans stand in cold water for 
an hour. In winter these beans make an acceptable substitute for 
Iresh ones. 

Canned Rhubarb. — Select medium stalks, skin and cut either into 
one-inch pieces, or eight-inch lengths. Pack in sterilized jars, fill to 
overflowing with cold water and seal. Rhubarb put up in this way has 
been known to keep for over a year, and is especially good for pies 
and sauce. 

Steamed Strawberries. — Wash and hull the strawberries, and for 
every quart of strawberries use one cup of sugar. Pack the berries in 
a sterilized jar, cover with sugar and fill with boiling water. Cover 
the jar lightly, put in a pan of cold water, on a rest and let the water 
boil for about fifteen minutes. Remove, seal tightly, and keep in a 
cool place. 

Canned Strawberries. — Wash and hull the berries. Make a syrup 
of sugar and water, using one cup of sugar to every three of water. 
Boil 10 minutes. Drop the berries in the boiling syrup and cook until 
soft. This will require only several minutes. Fill the jars to over- 
flowing with fruit and syrup, then seal. 



822 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Canned Cherries. — Follow the method for strawberries. Cherries 
can be pitted or not, as desired. If pitted, add a few stones for flavor. 

Canning Raspberries. — Use the same method as for strawberries. 
The large number of seeds in raspberries are objectionable, and the 
berries are more often made into jam than canned. 

Canned Pears. — ^The pears should be ripe and of fine flavor. Wipe 
and pare the fruit. If the pears are large they may be cut in halves. 
Make a syrup of sugar and water, using one cup of sugar to one cup 
of water. Boil 10 minutes. Put in the pears, cook until soft. Fill 
sterilized jars and seal. 

Canned Peaches. — Follow the directions for pears. Peaches may 
be canned by the steaming method by cutting them in two and remov- 
ing the stones. 

Strawberry Preserves. — ^Wash and hull the berries, then weigh. 
Make, a syrup by boiling three-quarters of their weight in sugar with 
water, allowing one cup of water to each pound of sugar. Cook syrup 
15 minutes, fill glass jars with the berries, add the syrup to overflow 
the jars. Let stand 15 minutes. By this time the fruit will have 
shrunk; add enough more fruit to fill the jar. Put on a cover; set on a 
rest in a pan of cold water, heat to the boiling point, and keep just 
below boiling for one hour. Raspberries may be done in the same way. 

Raspberry and Currant Preserves. — 

3 lbs. Currants. 3 lbs. Sugar. 

4 qts. Raspberries. 
Pick over, wash and drain the currants. Put into a preserving 
kettle and mash. Cook one hour and strain through cheesecloth. 
Return to the kettle, add the sugar, heat to the boiling point, cook 20 
minutes. Add the raspberries and cook until soft. Fill jars to over- 
flowing and seal. If the seeds of the currants are not objectionable 
the mixture need not be strained. 

JELLIES. — Fruits to be used in making jelly should be under- 
ripe, rather than over-ripe. Green fruit contains two substances, called 
"pectase" and *'pectose" and, by the action of the sun in ripening, 
these substances change into pectin which makes fruit jelly. If the 
fruit is over-ripe the pectin breaks down into pectosic acid which has 
not the power of jellying, and as a result the fruit does not jell. If 
the fruit is a little under-ripe pectin is formed through cooking, and it 
is often advisable to add some green fruit to the ripe fruit in making 
jelly. Nearly all failures in jelly making are due either to over-ripe 
fruit or to the use of too much heat, because in both cases the pectin 
is lost. 

To Prepai'e Glasses for Jelly. — Wash the glasses, put in a kettle 
of cold water, heat the water gradually to the boiling point, and boil 
for fifteen minutes. Remove the glasses and drain ; place, while filling, 
on a cloth wrung out of hot water. If the glasses are wrapped in 
brown paper with the mouths uncovered they will not break. 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE 823 

To Cover Jelly Glasses. — First: with paraffin. Melt the paraffin 
over hot water and pour over the jelly when cold about one-fourth 
inch thick. Be sure to use hot water in melting the paraffin, as it is 
apt to explode if heated to too high a degree. 

Second. — Cut two pieces of white paper, one just the size of the 
glass and the other larger; dip the first cover in brandy or alcohol and 
press down tightly over the jelly. White of egg or water may be used, 
but it is not so good. Then cover with the second paper, sealing edges 
with white of egg. A tin cover could be used in place of the last 
paper. 

To Make a Jelly Bag. — Take a piece of flannel about three quarters 
of a yard long, fold the opposite corners together and sew in the shape 
of a cornucopia, rounding at the end ; if the seam is felled it will be 
more secure. Bind the top with tape and finish with two or three 
heavy loops by which it may be hung. 

Good Fruits for Making Jelly. — Crab apples, snow apples, early 

summer apples, grapes, currants, blackberries, raspberries, quinces, 
barberries are the fruits most commonly used for making jellies. 

General Directions for Making Jelly. — Wash the fruit, remove the 
stems and imperfections. Cut large fruit into pieces. With fruit such 
as apples or quinces add enough water to cover them, but with watery 
fruits, such as grapes and currants, omit any water. Cook the fruit, 
until the juice flows, keeping it just below the boiling point. Remove 
from the fire and strain through a pointed bag, hung at some height. 
Allow all the juice possible to drip through before squeezing the bag 
and keep this juice by itself. Then squeeze the bag and use the juice 
thus obtained for second grade jelly, which, while it is not as clear 
as the first lot, can be used for jelly cakes, etc. Measure the juice, 
bring to the boiling point, boil slowly two or three minutes, then add 
an equal quantity of heated sugar. Boil until the jelly thickens when 
dropped upon a cold plate. Pour slowly into sterilized jelly glasses 
and set away to harden. The jelly bags should be sterilized before 
using. 

Apple Jelly. — ^W^ipe the apples, remove the stem and blossom ends 
and cut into .quarters Put into granite or porcelain lined preserving 
kettle and add enough cold water to come nearly to the top of the 
apples. Cook slowly until the apples are soft. Mash and strain 
through a coarse sieve. Allow the juice to drip through a jelly bag. 
Boil slowly for about 20 minutes, add an equal quantity of heated 
sugar, cook for about five minutes or until the jelly will harden when 
dropped on a cold saucer. Pour into sterilized jelly glasses and seal 
when cold. If the apples are pared a very light colored jelly is 
obtained. 

Crab Apple Jelly. — Follow the recipe for apple jelly and use red 
cheeked crab apples, if possible. 



824 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Quince Jelly. — Follow the recipe for apple jelly, substituting 
quinces for apples. Remove the seeds from the fruit. Sometimes 
apples and quinces are used in combination and make an excellent 
jelly. 

Grape Jelly. — Pick over the grapes, wash and remove stems. Heat 
to the boiling point, mash and boil 30 minutes. Strain through a jelly 
bag, return the juice to the kettle and boil slowly for about five min- 
utes. Add an equal quantity of heated sugar. Boil three minutes or 
until it hardens on a cold plate. Skim if necessary. Pour into steril- 
ized jelly glasses; seal when cold. Be very sure the grapes are not 
over-ripe. It is very desirable to add a few green grapes. Wild 
grapes make excellent jelly to serve with game. 

Barberry Jelly. — This is considered quite a delicacy, and is made 
the same as grape jelly, except that a very little water, — about one 
cup to one peck of berries — is sometimes added. 

Currant Jelly. — Pick over the currants but do not remove the 
stems, wash and drain. Put into a preserving kettle and mash. Cook 
slowly for about 20 to 30 minutes. Strain through a coarse strainer 
and then through a jelly bag. Follow directions for grape jelly. 

A combination of currants and raspberries makes a good jelly. 

Raspberry Jelly. — Follow the directions for grape jelly. Rasp- 
berry jelly is hard to make and should not be tried if the fruit is not 
perfectly fresh or if it is at all over-ripe. 

JAMS. — The pulp, seeds and skins are all retained in jams; often 
material that is left from jellies, and so on, can be used in this way by 
adding spices and nuts to give flavor. Sterilization and the exclusion 
of air are not quite so important in this class of preserving on account 
of the large amount of sugar used which takes away food from the 
bacteria. Equal amounts of sugar and fruits are used in making jams. 

Raspberry Jam. — ^Pick over the raspberries, mash in a preserving 
kettle with a wooden masher. Heat slowly to the boiling point, and 
add an equal quantity of heated sugar. Cook slowly for about 45 
minutes. Put into sterilized jars. 

Strawberry Jam. — Wash and hull the berries. Add the sugar 
gradually so that the juice of the berries will dissolve it. Boil about 
20 minutes, or until it will harden when dropped on a cold plate. Pour 
into sterilized glasses. 

Grape Jam.— 

8 Cups of Grapes. 4 Cups of Sugar. 

Wash the grapes, remove the stems and squeeze the pulp from 
the skins into a preserving kettle. Put the skins on a granite plate 
and save them. Boil the pulp until the seeds separate easily, stirring 
constantly. Strain through a sieve, add the skins to the strained mix- 
ture, measure, return to the kettle, and add an equal amount of sugar. 
Boil gently for 15 minutes or until the jam is very thick. Pour into 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE 825 

sterilized glasses and seal when cold. The mixture needs careful 
watching- and stirring, as it will burn easily, especially after the sugar 
is added. 

Rhubarb Conserve. — 

2 lbs. rhubarb. 2 oranges. 

3 lbs. sugar. 1 lb. shelled nuts. 

Juice of 3 Lemons. 

Remove the leaves and pieces of root from the rhubarb and wash 
the stalks in cold water. 'Cut into one-inch pieces. Do not remove the 
skin unless it is fibrous. If the skin is removed do this before cutting 
in pieces. Wash the oranges and either grate the rind or cut the yel- 
low into strips thin enough to be seen through. Wash the lemons and 
use only the juice. A little rind may be used, if desired, but it will 
take away from the orange flavor. The nuts need not be blanched, but 
should be broken into pieces of medium size. Any nut may be used, 
but walnuts are especially good. Mix all the materials, except the 
nuts, with the sugar. Cook slowly, stirring constantly, until the mix- 
ture is thick, — about three-quarters of an hour. After the first half 
hour's cooking, add the nuts. Pour into sterilized jelly glasses and 
seal when cold. 

MARMALADES AND BUTTERS.— Marmalades and butters are 
really strained jams and the same rules hold true as for jams. 

Apple Marmalade. — Pare and core the apples. Cook until tender 
with just enough water to keep from burning. Force through a fine 
sieve, return to the fire with a scant pound of sugar and the juice and 
rind of one lemon for each pound of pulp. Cook, stirring with a 
wooden spoon until the marmalade is thick when dropped on a cold 
saucer. Pour into sterilized glasses. 

Peach Marmalade. — Follow the recipe for apple marmalade, adding 
spices, such as cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves. 

Crab Apple Marmalade. — When making crab apple jelly, core the, 
apples and, after straining, use the pulp that is left to make marma- 
lade. Various seasonings can be added. Among the best are cinna- 
mon, cloves, nutmeg, grated rind and juice of oranges and lemons. 
When seasoned according to taste, add sugar to the pulp, and cook 
until of the desired consistency. Seal in sterilized jars. 

Rhubarb Marmalade. — 

2 lbs. rhubarb. 3 lbs. sugar. 

Rind and pulp of 6 oranges. 

Boil the ingredients together until thick. The rind of the orang* 
may be grated and cooked by itself until tender before adding to the 
rest of the materials. Pour into sterilized glasses and seal. 

Pineapple. — Pare and remove the eyes from pineapple, then grate. 
Weigh the pulp and heat two-thirds of its weight in sugar. Cook the 



826 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

pineapple in an uncovered dish for some time. Then add the juice 
of one lemon for each pound of fruit. Then add the sugar and boil 
until thick, — about five minutes. Pour into sterilized jelly glasses. 

PICKLES. — Under this heading are classified pickles and relishes, 
such as chili sauce, chow chows and catsups. Pickling is preserving 
in salt or acid liquor. Pickles do not contain much nutritive value, 
but add much to a meal in making it attractive. Cucumber pickles 
should never look as green when pickled as the fruit on the vine ; if 
they do it is almost certain that some preservative has been used. 

Sweet Pickled Pears or Peaches. — 

1 peck peaches. 4 lbs. brown sugar. 

1 quart vinegar. 2 ozs. stick cinnamon. 

Cloves. 

Boil sugar, vinegar and cinnamon for 20 minutes. Dip peaches 
quickly in hot water and rub off fur with a towel. Stick each peach 
with three or four cloves, put into syrup and cook until soft. Cook 
only enough fruit at a time to fill one jar. Seal in sterilized jars. 
Pears may be prepared in the same way. 

Chili Sauce. — 
25 ripe tomatoes (medium sized). J^ cup brown sugar. 

4 large white onions. 6 peppers, (chopped fine). 

4 teaspoons of ginger. 4 teaspoons of allspice. 

4 teaspoons of cloves. 2 tablespoons of salt. 

1 qt. vinegar. 

Mix these materials and cook for one hour, stirring occasionally. 
The consistency should be quite thick and more than an hour's cooking 
may be necessary. Strain or not as desired, but if strained put back in 
the kettle and bring to the boiling point before sealing. Use tall wide 
necked bottles and fill to overflowing, using the same precautions as 
you would in canning fruit. The chili sauce is quite "hot," but this 
can be remedied by altering the number of peppers and onions. In 
preparing, the tomatoes should be washed, scalded and peeled. The 
peppers should be washed in cold water, the stems removed and the 
peppers chopped finely. Chop the onions finely in the same bowl as 
the peppers. 

Olive Oil Pickles.— 
8 qts. sliced cucumbers. 1 teaspoon cloves. 

1 cup olive oil. 1 teaspoon allspice. 

1 cup sugar. 1 teaspoon celery seed. 

1 teaspoon mustard seed. 4 teaspoons cinnamon. 

One dozen onions. 

Slice the cucumbers thin and let stand over night in a weak brine. 
In the morning drain, add the onions sliced thin. Mix the ingredients 
given. Put the cucumbers and onions in a crock, pour over the mix- 
ture and add enough vinegar to cover. Mix well. 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE 827 

Sweet Cucumber Pickles. — Select small cucumbers. Wash well 
but do not peel. Put into a crock one cup of salt and 4 quarts of 
cucumbers. Cover with boiling water and let stand over night. In 
the morning remove from the brine, put in a granite kettle, cover with 
vinegar to which has been added mustard seeds, whole cloves, stick 
cinnamon, two cups of sugar and other desired seasonings. Let it 
come to the boiling point, but not boil. Seal while hot. 

Green Tomato Pickles. — Remove a thin slice from each end of the 
green tomatoes. Slice and sprinkle one peck of tomatoes with one cup 
of salt and let stand over night. Drain, boil 15 minutes in two quarts 
of boiling water and one quart of vinegar. Drain again. Cook for 10 
minutes the following: one gallon of vinegar, 2 pounds or less of sugar, 
1 red pepper, 1^ teaspoon mustard seed, ^ cup cinnamon bark, and 
any other seasonings desired. Add the tomatoes and simmer for about 
one hour, stirring occasionally. The spices should be removed; this 
is easily accomplished if they are tied in a muslin bag. Pack in ster- 
ilized jars. 

SOME HINTS ON CHAFING DISH COOKERY. 
The Use of the Chafing Dish and Some Favorite Recipes. 



Within recent years the chafing dish has become very familiar to 
us. It is, however, not a recent invention, for in the time of Louis 
XIV it was very commonly used. To the housekeeper who wishes to 
save herself and to serve her quests with food at its best, the chafing 
dish comes as an acceptable friend for use at the breakfast table in the 
preparation of eggs and dishes which should be served immediately. 
Toast can be served fresh and hot by using a toaster over the burner 
of a chafing dish. At luncheon a hot dish can easily take the place 
of the cold meat course if the chafing dish is at hand. However, the 
chief use of the chafing dish is in the preparation of late suppers, and 
is largely in use by those who have limited facilities for housekeeping, 
such as college girls. By those who entertain the chafing dish is 
looked upon as a true friend of hospitality. 

Chafing dishes vary in price from the common ones made of tin 
which can be bought for about a dollar, to the more expensive ones 
made of silver. Various wares are utilized for the chafing dish. 
Among those most satisfactory are graniteware, earthenware, nickel, 
copper and aluminum. 

To get satisfactory results with the chafing dish you must have 
certain parts. There should be a pan to use for hot water, and it 
should be furnished with a handle. The cooking pan or blazer, as it 
is called, should have a handle also. Until one becomes an expert 
the hot water pan should be in constant use, but later one need only 
use the hot water pan for keeping food warm. The burner should be 
carefully looked after and be in readiness. Alcohol, electricity and gas 



828 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

are all used as fuel, but denatured or wood alcohol is probably the 
most common of all. If care is taken in the use of alcohol there need 
be no danger. Fill the lamp with sufficient alcohol to cook the dish 
desired, and if necessary to refill during cooking shut off the flame and 
let the burner cool somewhat before replenishing with the alcohol. A 
large tray upon which to set the chafing dish prevents danger of fire 
and protects the table. Large forks and spoons, made especially for 
the chafing dish, can be obtained at a small price, but any table spoon 
and fork can be used. It is well to have a napkin and extra spoon and 
fork at hand if it is necessary to taste the preparation. 

That a chafing dish supper may be a success, care should be taken 
on the part of the hostess to have everything in readiness. The table 
should be set with the required dishes, silver, etc., and all ingredients 
should be at hand for the preparation that is to be made on the chafing 
dish. Most chafing dishes will not supply portions for more than eight, 
so that a larger number should not be included at a chafing dish sup- 
per. Unless skilled in the use of a chafing dish, it is best not to pre- 
pare new dishes for guests. If one will observe some care and have 
everything in readiness, a chafing dish supper can be a very enjoyable 
source of entertainment for informal affairs. 

To use the following recipes with success level measurements of 
all ingredients must be made — level teaspoon, level cup, etc. 

SOME FAVORITE CHAFING DISH CONCOCTIONS. 

Cream Sauce. — 

2 tablespoons flour. ^ teaspoon salt. 

2 tablespoons butter. %, teaspoon pepper. 

1 cup milk. 

Melt the butter and stir in the flour and seasonings until smooth; 
add the scalded milk slowly, stirring constantly. Cook until of the 
right consistency. This makes a medium thick sauce, the thickness of 
which can be varied by increasing or diminishing the amount of flour. 
This is the foundation for a great number of chafing dish recipes, such 
as creamed dishes. A richer sauce may be made by substituting cream 
for milk and omitting most of the butter. , 

Creamed Chicken. — 

1 cup cold flaked chicken. ^ teaspoon celery salt. 

1 cup thin cream sauce. % teaspoon curry powder. 

Prepare one cup of thin cream sauce and season with the celery 
salt and curry powder. Add the chicken and when heated through 
pour over slices of toast or into timbal cases. Garnish with parsley. 
Any desired seasonings can be used in place of the celery and curry. 
Chicken a la Goldenrod. — 
1 cup cold flaked chicken. 2 cups thin cream sauce. 

6 hard cooked eggs. ^ cup mushrooms. 

Seasonings. 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE 829 

Cut the eggs in slices, putting two yolks through a potato ricer. 
Make a thin cream sauce, season as desired with celery seed or curry. 
Add the chicken and mushrooms, drained from their liquor. When 
hot, and just before serving, add the eggs. Pour the mixture over 
rounds of toast and over the top of each portion sprinkle some of the 
yolk which was forced through the potato ricer as .a garnish. A bit 
of parsley improves the appearance. 

Creamed Beef. — 

1 cup shredded dried beef. 1 cup medium cream sauce. 
4 hard cooked eggs. Seasonings as desired. 

Prepare the cream sauce, add the beef and hard cooked eggs, cut 
into slices. When heated through pour over toast diamonds. Gar- 
nish with parsley and serve hot. 

Cheese Fondue. — 

2 cups grated cheese. 2 tablespoons butter. 
1 cup soft bread crumbs. ^ teaspoon salt. 

1 cup cream or milk. 1 teaspoon dry mustard. 

3 eggs. y2 teaspoon paprika. 

6 slices buttered toast. 

Melt the butter and add the seasonings. When hot add the cheese 
and the bread crumbs which have been soaked in the milk. When 
very hot add the egg yolks which have been well beaten. Mix thor- 
oughly, then fold in the whites of eggs beaten stiff. Let cook several 
minutes over the hot water, then pour over the buttered toast. 

Curried Toast. — 

1 cup cream sauce. 1 teaspoon curry powder. 

4 hard cooked eggs. 6 slices buttered toast. 

Make a cream sauce using the curry as seasoning. Chop the eggs 
fine, add to the cream sauce and when hot pour over the toast. Gar- 
nish with parsley. 

Eggs and Cream.— 
6 eggs. • 1 cup cream, 

J4 teaspoon salt. yg teaspoon cayenne. 

2 teaspoons Worcestershire Sauce. 1 tablespoon butter. 

6 slices toast. 

Put the cream and seasonings in a dish. When almost boiling 
drop in the eggs and put in the butter cut in bits. When the eggs 
are poached serve on the toast which has been dipped in melted butter. 
Garnish with parsley. 

Creamed Oysters. — 

1 qt. oysters. 4 tablespoons butter. 

1 cup cream. % teaspoon salt. 

1 teaspoon parsley, minced. 6 slices toast. 



830 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Remove the hard muscles from the oysters, scald and drain. Melt 
the butter, add the cream and seasonings. Cayenne, celery salt, Wor- 
cestershire sauce and onion juice are good seasonings. When this is 
hot add the oysters, cook two minutes and serve on the toast. The 
bread should be toasted on one side only. Sprinkle v^rith the minced 
parsley. 

Welsh Rarebit.— 

1 tablespoon butter. ^ teaspoon mustard. 

1 cup soft mild cheese. }i teaspoon salt. 

1 egg. Few grains cayenne. 

J^ cup ale or beer. 

Cut the cheese into small pieces and beat the eggs slightly. Put 
the butter in the chafing dish, and when it is melted add the cheese and 
seasonings, stirring constantly. Add the ale slowly and when smooth 
the slightly beaten egg. Much of the success of a rarebit depends 
upon the cheese. It should be smooth and creamy, and never stringy. 
Cook over hot water. The rarebit may be served on toast or wafers. 

Cream Welsh Rarebit. — 

1 tablespoon butter. 1 cup soft mild cheese. 

% teaspoon salt. % teaspoon mustard. 

Few grains cayenne. ^ cup milk. 

1 egg. ys teaspoon soda. 

Follow directions for welsh rarebit (above) adding the soda with 
the cheese and the milk in place of the ale. Curry powder and celery 
salt make good additions as seasoning. 

Curry of Tomato. — 

4 tomatoes. 1 tablespoon butter. 

1 tablespoon flour. 2 teaspoons curry. 

^ teaspoon onion juice., y^ teaspoon salt. 

Select large, firm, fresh tomatoes. Peel and cut in slices. Melt 
t'T butter in the blazer. Add the tomatoes and cook for several min- 
utes. Add the cream, flour and curry and seasonings. When hot 
serve on toast. Care must be taken or , the acid in the tomato will 
curdle the cream. 

Salted Almonds. — 
j mp almond meats. J/^ cup olive oil. 

Cover the almonds with boiling water. Remove the skins, then 
soak for several hours in strong salted water. Drain and dry. Put in 
enough olive oil to cover the bottom of the blazer. Put in the nuts 
and cook until brown. Drain on paper. A shorter method is to re- 
move skins and dry the nuts, then cook in olive oil until brown, and 
while draining to sprinkle them with salt. Peanuts, pecans and wal- 
nuts can be prepared in the same way. Butter may be substituted for 
olive oil, if desired. 



ONE HUNDRED CHOICE 
RECIPES 



on 



CANNING, PICKLING, PRESERVING, JELLIES, JAMS 
MARMALADES, RELISHES, CATSUPS, SPICES. 



FOREIGN WORDS IN THE MENU. 

In this list are many of the foreign words used on menu cards in 
hotels, with their translation : 

Cafe—Coffee. 

Demitasse — After-dinner cup of coffee. 

Frappc — Semi or half-frozen. 

Fricasse — Stew. 

Fromage — Cheese. 

Glace — Frozen. 

Cafe au ledt — Coffee with hot milk. 

Neufchatel — A soft Swiss cheese. 

Timbale — Pie crust baked in a mould. 

Croutons — Bread toasted in squares, used for soup and in gar* 
nishing. 

Bouillon — A clear broth, usually of beef. 

Au Gratin — Dishes baked, prepared with cheese. 

Menu — Bill of fare. 

Puree — Ingredients rubbed through a sieve ; usually the term given 
a thick strained soup. 

Tutti Frutti — Various kinds of fruits (chopped fine). 

Consomme — ^Clear soup. 

Jus — Gravy or juice of meats. 

CANNING. 

1. Apples and Quinces. — Pare and cut the apples and quinces, the 
same amount of each. Cook the quinces in enough water to cover 

831 



832 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

them until tender. Remove these from the water and cook the apples 
in the same liquid. When these are done put in a jar or kettle a layer 
of quinces, then of apples until all are used. Pour over them a syrup 
made of a half pound of sugar to pound of quinces, dissolved in a little 
water and let it stand over night. The next day heat them thoroughly 
and seal in cans. 

2. Apple Sauce. — Take as many apples as desired, pare them and 
cut in quarters. Put in a stew pan filled about two-thirds with water 
and cook until tender. Remove from the fire and beat up thoroughly, 
adding a teaspoonful of butter to a quart of apple sauce, half cup sugar 
and grate in a quarter of nutmeg. Serve with or without cream. 

3. Apples to Can. — ^Cook the same as for apple sauce, leaving out 
all seasoning and sugar. Put in glass jars and seal. When these are 
opened in the winter, just add such seasoning as may be desired. 

4. Apple Butter. — Five pounds of brown sugar, three gallons of 
cooked apples, one quart of cider vinegar. Boil this down to about 
two gallons and season with cinnamon. 

5. Canned Pears. — Prepare a syrup of one pint of water and one 
cup sugar to one quart of fruit. Before doing this, have your pears all 
pared and ready for the syrup when done. As you pare each piece of 
fruit drop it into a dish of cold water. This will prevent the fruit from 
turning dark. When the syrup has come to a fast boil, put in the pears 
carefully and boil until they look clear and can be easily pierced with a 
fork, which will probably be about twenty minutes. When done place 
in glass jars. 

6. Canned Pineapple. — Pare the pineapple and cut in slices about 
one-half inch thick. Be sure that all the eyes are cut out, as the fruit 
will spoil quickly if these remain in. Make a syrup of one pound of 
sugar to quart of water. When this syrup becomes thick enough, add 
the fruit and let boil about fifteen minutes. When done place in glass 
jars and seal while hot. 

7. Canned Peaches. — Pare the peaches and cut in halves and lay 
in a dish of cold water until ready to put in the syrup. Make a syrup 
of one quart of hot water to a pound of sugar. Let this cook to a 
syrup, then add the fruit. Cook about eight minutes. Put in glass jars 
and seal while hot. 

8. Brandy Peaches. — Drop the fruit into hot water. Let it re- 
main there until the skin can be taken off easily. Make a very thin 
syrup and cover the peaches, after skin has been removed. Boil in 
this thin syrup until the fruit can be pierced with a straw. While 
these are cooking make another syrup, very rich, into which put the 
fruit after it is done. Remove this from the fire and add an equal 
quantity of brandy while the syrup is still hot. 

9. Canned Plums. — Wash the fruit well in cold water, then add 
one pound of sugar to a pound of fruit and let boil ten minutes. When 
done put in glass jars and seal while hot. 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 833 

10. Canned Strawberries. — Wash the berries thoroughly before 
removing the stems. Then weigh them, and to each pound of berries 
allow a half pound of sugar. Let these boil about ten minutes, and 
they are ready for the cans. 

11. Canned Rhubarb. — Take rhubarb when it is young and ten- 
der, or even the later plant will do, cut into pieces about an inch long. 
Wash well and put in glass jars, into which has been poured a cupful 
of cold water. Fill the jar full of the rhubarb and then cover com- 
pletely with water. Seal and put in a cool place. When opened in 
the winter time a few minutes' boiling with sugar added will make a 
delightful sauce. 

12. Canning Com. — The following is one of the safest and surest 
ways of canning sweet corn, without the use of acids or the necessity 
of putting up the corn with tomatoes, etc. Cut the corn from the cob 
and put in glass jars, pack down tightly and screw covers on loosely 
to allow the air to escape. Set the jars in a boiler and fill the boiler 
with cold water until it reaches the rim of the jars and let boil for four 
hours. Remove the cans and when sufficiently cool tighten the lids 
and set them away. A good plan is to place a board or some corn 
husks in the botton of the boiler on which to set the jars to prevent 
them from cracking. Corn will keep as long as you want it if canned 
in this way. 

13. Canned Grapes. — Take the grapes and wash them thoroughly. 
Have two dishes on the table. Put the seeds in one dish and the skins 
in the other. Boil the pulp until all the seeds come out easily, then 
put through a sieve. Add the skins, allowing one-half pound sugar to 
one pound of fruit. When done put either in glass jars or crocks, tak- 
ing precaution to see that they are sealed tightly in either case. 

TABLE FOR CANNING FRUIT. Time 

Quantity of sugar for boiling 
per quart. fruit. 

Apricots 2 teacupfuls 10 minutes 

Sour Apples VA " 10 

Crab Apples 2 " 25 

Blackberries iy2 " 6 " 

Gooseberries 2 " 8 " 

Raspberries 1 " 6 

Huckleberries 1 " 5 " 

Strawberries 2 " 8 " 

Cherries VA " 5 

Currants 2 " 6 

Wild Grapes 2 " 10 

Sour Pears (whole) 2 " 30 " ■ '■ 

Bartlett Pears V/2 " 20 

Peaches (in halves) 2 " 8 " 

Plums 2 " 10 

Peaches (whole) 1 " 15 " 

Pineapple (sliced) 154 " 15 " 

Quinces 3 " 30 " 

Rhubarb 3 " 10 

g^ Tomatoes " 20 " 



834 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

PICKLING. 

1. Tip-Top Pickles. — Take one peck green tomatoes, one dozen 
large onions. Slice both of these in separate kettles, sprinkling salt be- 
tween the tomatoes, then letting them stand two hours. Pour scalding 
water over the onions and let stand until wanted. After the tomatoes 
have stood the desired length of time squeeze the liquid off from them, 
also the onions and arrange in a crock in alternate layers, sprinkling 
celery seed between them (white and black mustard seed). Pour over 
this a quart of vinegar and a pint of sugar brought to a boil. This is 
ready for use when cold. 

2. Chow-Chow. — Two quarts tomatoes, half dozen green peppers, 
one dozen cucumbers, two white onions, two heads cabbage. Chop 
these all fine and let stand over night, sprinkling a cup of salt on it. In 
the morning drain off the brine and season with one ounce tumeric, one 
tablespoon celery seed, half teaspoonful cayenne pepper, one ounce of 
the following spices, cinnamon, allspice, one ounce black pepper, one 
quarter ounce cloves, one cup brown sugar, vinegar enough to cover, 
then boil two hours. 

3. Sweet Apple Pickle. — Pare the apples, leaving them whole, 
then take three pounds of sugar, two quarts of vinegar, one-half ounce 
each of cloves and cinnamon. Boil them in part of the vinegar and 
sugar until tender; then take them out, heat the remainder of the fluid 
and pour over them. Care should be taken not to boil the apples too 
long, as they will fall to pieces. 

4. -Sweet Tomato Pickles. — Peel and slice eight pounds of toma- 
toes, four and a half pounds of sugar, one pound of mace and cinnamon 
mixed, one quart of vinegar and one ounce cloves. Mix all together 
and boil one hour. 

5. Standby Pickles. — Chop fine one gallon green tomatoes, twelve 
onions, slice fine two gallons of cabbage, one gallon vinegar, one pound 
brown sugar, half an ounce turmeric powder, one tablespoon black 
pepper, one ounce celery seed, one tablespoonful ground allspice, also 
ground cloves, white mustard, one quarter pound, and one gill salt. 
Boil all these together for two hours except spices, stirring well. When 
taken from the fire add the spices, put in air-tight jars. If this pickle 
is kept in a cool, dry place, you will find them in perfect condition at 
the end of the winter. 

6. Pickled Peppers. — Select nice large peppers, cut off the stems 
and rind. Then put into strong hot brine, repeating this for three 
mornings, and then drain off and cover with hot vinegar. When 
wanted to use, take out of brine and stuff with creamed sweetbreads 
and mushrooms and serve on a lettuce leaf. This makes a very attrac- 
tive and appetizing dish. 

7. Piccalili. — One-half peck green onions, sliced, one peck green 
tomatoes, one cauliflower, one peck small cucumbers. Leave in salt 
water twenty-four hours; then put in a kettle with a handful of scraped 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 835 

horseradish, one ounce tumeric, one ounce cloves (whole), one-quarter 
pound whole pepper, one ounce cinnamon, one pound w^hite mustard 
seed, one pound English mustard. Place in kettle in layers and cover 
with cold vinegar, boil fifteen minutes, stirring constantly. 

8. Sweet Pickled Peaches. — Make a liquid of three pounds brown 
sugar, one pint strong cider vinegar, and small handful each of cinna- 
mon and cloves and bring to a boil. Wash clean, but do not peel, 
several pounds of peaches. Put in as many peaches as the liquor will 
cover; cook until moderately soft and put into jars. Cook all alike, 
and pour liquid over them. These are delicious. 

9. Chopped Pickles. — Chop and mix together one peck green to- 
matoes, two large heads of cabbage, three green peppers, one small 
cup salt, let stand over night and drain. Then cover with cider vinegar 
and boil until soft ; drain again and mix with one tablespoon cloves, 
same amount of mustard, two pounds each of raisins and sugar, one- 
half cup grated horse-radish, three chopped onions, celery and salt to 
taste. Hot vinegar enough to make moist, can rather dry. 

10. Pickled Onions. — Select small white onions, peel and boil them 
in equal portions of sweet milk and water for ten minutes, or until 
tender, drain and pour scalding spiced vinegar on them immediately. 
Never use allspice, as it darkens the onions. 

11. Pickled Red Cabbage. — Choose purple red cabbage, slice into 
a colander, sprinkle each layer with salt, let it drain two days, then put 
into a jar, pour boiling vinegar enough to cover, put in a few slices of 
red beet-root. A few spices in bunches and thrown in after being 
salted, will look red and pretty. 

12. Pickled Grapes. — Select grapes that are not quite ripe, but 
dark colored, pick from the stem and wash, put in glass jars; in a 
separate kettle make a syrup of sugar and vinegar and boil a few min- 
utes, add spices to suit the taste ; pour over grapes and seal jars. 

13. Spiced Cherries. — Take nine pounds of fruit, one pint cider 
vinegar, four pounds sugar, one-half ounce cinnamon bark, one-half 
ounce whole cloves, let the syrup come to a boil before putting in the 
fruit ; cook the fruit until the skin breaks, then take out the fruit and 
boil the syrup down until thick, pour over the fruit hot. 

14. Beet Pickles. — Cook beets in hot water until tender. Then remove 
the skin and if the beets are large slice them, as you would for table 
use. Place these in a glass jar. Take a quart of cider vinegar, one 
cup granulated sugar, teaspoonful of salt, let this come to a boil, then 
pour over beets. If vinegar is very strong dilute about half. When 
these are opened in the winter, you will think you are eating fresh 
beets from the garden. 

15. Pickled Cauliflower. — Choose good firm cauliflower, and full 
size. Cut aw^ay all the leaves and pare the stalks. Pull away the 
flowers in bunches. Steep in brine two days, then drain them, wipe 
dry and put in hot pickle. 



836 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

16. Pickled Cabbage. — The cabbage should be sliced and salted 
for two or three days, then placed before the fire for twenty-four 
hours, spread upon a dry cloth, after which they are put into a jar, 
and covered with spiced vinegar. 

17. Cantelope Sweet Pickle. — Select melons not quite ripe, 
weighing about seven pounds in all, put them in a weak brine over 
night. Then boil in weak alum water until transparent. Take them 
out and place in a jar. Then take 1 quart cider vinegar, 2 ounces 
stick cinnamon, 1 ounce cloves, 3 pounds granulated sugar; let this 
boil, then add the cantelope, cooking it twenty minutes longer. Pour 
in a jar and close tight. Scald it over for two mornings. 

18. Mother's Pickled Blackberries. — Take three quarts of black- 
berries, one quart of sugar, one quart vinegar. Put all together at 
the same time into your kettle and boil ten or fifteen minutes. No 
spices are required. After standing a few weeks they are very nice. 

19. Pickled Brocoli. — Choose the whitest, closest and finest vege- 
tables before they are quite ripe, pare off all green leaves and the 
outside of the stalks. Parboil them about five minutes in well-salted 
water. Then drain well and pull the branches in convenient sized 
pieces and put into a jar of pickle, prepared as follows: Heat vinegar 
to boiling point, add a little mace and whole red peppers, and pour 
hot over the brocoli. • 

20. Mixed Pickles. — One quart boiled beets chopped fine, one 
quart raw cabbage chopped fine, two cups sugar, tablespoon of salt, 
one teaspoonful red pepper, one cup grated horse-radish. Cover with 
cold vinegar and keep from the air. 

21. Mustard Pickles. — ^One quart small cucumbers, one quart 
large cucumbers, cut in pieces, one quart large tomatoes, two quarts 
small onions, three heads cauliflower, six red and six green peppers 
cut in strips. Put these in separate dishes and let stand over night. 
In the morning drain off and cook in separate dishes of clear water 
until nearly tender. Then put together and boil a short time in the 
following paste: One ounce pulverized tumeric seed, half pound 
ground mustard, two cups flour, seven cups sugar, one gallon vinegar. 
This is an excellent recipe. 

22. Sweet Pickled Peaches. — Boil together four pounds sugar 
and one pint vinegar to twelve pounds of fruit. Add the fruit and let 
it come to a boil ; the next day drain off the liquor and boil again ; do 
this three times and your pickles are delicious; add cinnamon to the 
liquor and stick two or three cloves in each peach. 

23. Sweet Pickled Prunes. — Soak four pounds prunes for two 
or three hours, then steam them ten or fifteen minutes. While the 
prunes are soaking, boil together for ten minutes two pounds sugar, 
one pint vinegar, one ounce each of cloves and cinnamon and one- 
fourth of an ounce of ginger. After the prunes have been strained, 
pour the hot vinegar over them and boil all together until the prunes 
are soft. These are delicious. 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 837 

24. Celery Sauce that Mother Used to Make. — Take fifteen large 
ripe tomatoes, two red peppers, two onions, two and one-half cups 
vinegar, two stalks (arrowroot) celery, eight tablespoons sugar, two 
spoons salt; chop all fine and boil one and one-half hours. 

25. Spiced Tomatoes. — Take red and yellow pear-shaped toma- 
toes ; prick two or three times with a fork, sprinkle with salt, let stand 
over night, pack in a glass jar and cover with vinegar, prepared as 
follows, for a half-gallon jar: 1 pint vinegar, 1 teaspoon ground cloves, 
1 teaspoonful ground cinnamon, 1 teaspoonful ground allspice, 1 tea- 
spoonful pepper, 1 tablespoon sugar. Let this come to a boil and pour 
over the tomatoes ; after they get cold tie strong paper over them. 

26. Ripe Cucumber Pickles. — Take twelve large cucumbers and 
remove the pulp. Cut them in strips about two inches wide and four 
inches long. Let these stand while you boil for a few minutes the 
following: 2 pounds sugar, 1 ounce cinnamon, y^ ounce cloves, 1 pint 
vinegar. Be sure and skim this while it is boiling, then put in the 
cucumbers, letting them cook until tender. Take the cucumbers out 
and let the liquor boil for fifteen minutes. Pour this over the cucum- 
bers and cover tight. 

27. Green Tomato Pickles. — Chop a peck of green tomatoes and 
stir in half a cupful of salt. Let these drain over night. Then add 3 
green peppers, chopped, 1 teacup of grated horseradish, 2 quarts of 
vinegar, 1 teacupful of sugar. Let this all boil, stirring occasionally, 
gently, until the tomatoes are tender, then add a large spoonful of 
cinnamon and cloves. These are very good and easily kept. 

28. Pickled Tomatoes. — Select tomatoes that are thoroughly 
ripe, and let them lie in strong salt and water for four days ; then put 
them down in layers in jars, mixing with them small onions and pieces 
of horseradish; then pour on vinegar, cold, after having spiced it. 
Be sure and use plenty of spices, cover carefully and let stand for a 
month before using. 

29. Green Tomato Sauce, for Meats or Fish. — Slice two gallons 
of green tomatoes without peeling; slice one dozen good sized onions; 
one quart of sugar, two quarts vinegar, two tablespoons each of salt, 
ground mustard, and ground black pepper, one tablespoonful of cloves 
and allspice. Mix all together and stew until tender, stirring frequently 
to prevent scorching. Put up in small glass jars. 

30. Chili Sauce. — One peck ripe tomatoes, one pint vinegar, one 
cup sugar, two red peppers, three sweet peppers, six large onions, one 
tablespoon each of cinnamon, pepper and salt. Chop the onions and 
peppers fine. Boil for two hours. 

31. Tomato Relish. — One peck good ripe tomatoes, chop and 
drain, 3 large onions, 3 peppers, red or green, 3 heads celery, chopped 
fine, }i cup salt, 2 pounds brown sugar, 2 oz. white mustard seed, 1 
oz. cinnamon, 3 pints vinegar. After the tomatoes have drained thor- 
oughly, mix in the balance of the recipe. Do not cook; keep in a jar. 
This relish cannot be beaten. Everyone will like it. 



838 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

32. Tomato Catsup No. 1. — Take one gallon ripe tomatoes, peel 
them, one teaspoon allspice, one tablespoon mustard, one red pepper; 
let all boil, then strain and to this add one tablespoon salt, one tea- 
spoon ground pepper, one teacup vinegar, two pounds granulated sugar. 
Let all of this boil until reasonably thick, or as thick as desired. 

33. Aunt Mary's Catsup. — One cup onions, one peck ripe toma- 
toes (chopped), one and one-half cups celery, one cup horseradish 
(grated), one cup sugar, half cup salt, one cup white mustard seed, 
two red peppers, one teaspoon each of black pepper, ground cloves, 
mace, cinnamon and celery seed, one quart vinegar. Drain tomatoes 
thoroughly, before adding spices. Keep this in stone jars and tie 
closely and it will keep nicely for a year or more. 

34. Gooseberry Catsup. — To one pound of gooseberries, use three- 
fourths pound sugar and spices to taste. One pint of vinegar to ten 
pounds of the fruit. Boil two hours. This is delicious. 

35. Spiced Vinegar for Pickles. — (This can be used generally for 
pickles.) 1 gallon of vinegar, 1 pound of sugar, 2 tablespoonfuls of 
allspice, 2 tablespoonfuls mustard seed, 2 tablespoonfuls celery seed, 
2 tablespoonfuls salt, 1 tablespoonful of tumeric powder, 1 tablespoon- 
ful of black pepper, 1 tablespoonful mace, 2 nutmegs, grated, 3 onions, 
1 handful grated horseradish. This can always be relied upon as good. 

36. Tomato Catsup No. 2. — 1 gallon tomatoes (strained), 6 table- 
spoons salt, three tablespoons black pepper, 1 tablespoon cloves, 2 
tablespoons cinnamon, 2 tablespoons allspice, Ij/^ pints vinegar, boil 
down to half. One peck tomatoes will make one gallon strained. 

37. Bottled Pickles. — ^Wash the pickles and pour boiling water 
over them, letting them stand for four hours; to every gallon of 
vinegar take 1 teacup of sugar, 1 teacup of salt, 1 teaspoonful of 
pulverized alum, one ounce of cinnamon bark, ^ of an ounce of whole 
cloves. Boil spice and vinegar and pour over the pickles. Seal while 
hot. 

38. Sliced Cucumbers. — Peel and slice one gallon of cucumbers 
and soak them over night in weak salt water. Drain and put them 
in weak vinegar on the stove and let them get hot ; drain and pack 
in glass jars. Then bring to a boil, one quart vinegar, a few slices 
of onions, sugar and spices to taste. Then pour this over the cucum- 
bers, while hot, and seal. 

39. Grandmother's Dill Pickles. — Fill a stone jar with alternate 
layers of grape leaves, fresh cucumbers, dill and salt. Cover with 
water and an inverted plate ; place a brick on the plate to keep all 
under water. The cucumbers will be ready for use in about two 
weeks. 

40. Mustard Pickles.— Wash the pickles and put in fruit jars, 
then cover with the following dressing, do not cook the pickles or 
dressing: 1 cup salt, 2 cups dark brown sugar, 1 cup Colman's mus- 
*.ard, 1 gallon vinegar, mix together and put over picldes. 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 839 

41. Green Tomato Pickles. — One bushel tomatoes, slice and put 
in salt water over night. The next morning put tomatoes in kettle 
after draining them, with five pounds of brown sugar, 34 cup cloves, 
ten cents worth cinnamon stick, two quarts vinegar. Boil until the 
tomatoes are tender. 

42. Oyster Catsup. — Squeeze through a sieve 1 pint of oysters 
with the juice, then add 1 pint of sherry or white wine and salt to 
taste. Flavor with garlic, celery, etc., if desired. Add two or three 
ounces of mixed spices. Simmer fifteen or twenty minutes, strain and 
bottle when cold. 

43. Pepper Catsup. — Select about twenty-five red bell peppers 
without removing the seeds. Add 1 pint of vinegar and boil until 
tender, stirring constantly. Rub it all through a sieve. Set aside the 
juice. Pour over the pulp another pint of vinegar with two table- 
spoonfuls brown sugar, 2 or 3 ounces mixed spices. Stir altogether 
and boil down one-half. Strain through cheese-cloth and bottle when 
cold. 

44. Grape Catsup. — Select grapes that are ripe, but not soft. Pick 
them over carefully and add to five pounds of grapes, half as much 
sugar (by weight), 1 pint vinegar, two or three ounces of mixed spices, 
and salt to taste. Boil until it thickens. Bottle when cold. 

45. Pickled Cherries. — Select firm and medium ripe cherries. Fill 
a wide-mouthed glass bottle or jar with them, then add two tablespoons 
of salt, and fill the jars with cold vinegar. Seal and let stand six or 
eight weeks before using. These are very good. 

46. Sweet Mixed Pickles. — For sweet mixed pickles, scrape and 
wash half a dozen young carrots, and parboil in salted water for three 
or four minutes, then drain and set aside to cool ; meanwhile cut into 
strips. Then take six green tomatoes, three large white onions, one 
large red pepper, (taking out the seeds) three sour apples, one small 
cupful of tender string beans, and finally the carrots treated in the 
same manner; place all these ingredients together in the preserving 
kettle in which they are to be cooked, adding salt and a very little 
paprika and allow them to stand for twelve hours. When ready to 
cook drain off the water that will have formed, adding sufficient vin- 
egar to well moisten, one cupful of sugar, a tablespoon olive oil and 
two teaspoonfuls of celery seed tied in a piece of muslin, for about five 
minutes. Remove from the fire and mix in quickly half a teaspoonful 
ground English mustard blended with a little vinegar; seal immedi- 
ately in small well-closed jars. 

47. Corn Relish. — One dozen ears of corn, one hrge cabbage, one 
large red pepper, chop all these up fine together, mix thoroughly and 
add one pound of brown sugar and one quart of vinegar, salt to suit 
taste. Let this all come to a boil. 

48. Mustard Pickles. — One hundred small cucumbers (if you get 
the larger ones cut them in two), one-half peck of the tiny white onions, 



840 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

large head of cauliflower, one pound brown sugar, 1^ cups flour, ^ 
pound mustard, five cents worth of tumeric powder, one cup salt. The 
cucumbers are to be soaked in salt and water over night and drained 
in the morning, put in the vinegar and let come to a boil, then add 
your onions and cauliflower. Take the flour, mustard and tumeric pow- 
der, work to a cream with a little vinegar, then gradually stir into the 
boiling vinegar to thicken it. Boil this all about fifteen minutes. 
Watch every minute as this scorches very easily. 

49. Spiced Currants. — Steam and wash the fruit carefully, and for 
every four pounds of currants take two pounds of brown sugar, one 
pint cider vinegar, one tablespoon each of ground cinnamon, cloves, 
mace, nutmeg and allspice. Put in the fruit and boil all together for a 
half hour. Fill into wide mouthed bottles, lay a paper wet with vin- 
egar over the currants and tie up the mouth of the bottle with paper. 

50. Spiced Grapes. — Five pounds of grapes, three pounds of gran- 
ulated sugar, half pint of vinegar, two teaspoonfuls each of cinnamon, 
allspice and cloves. Pulp the grapes, boil skins until tender. Cook 
the pulp soft and strain through a sieve, add to skins. Put in spices, 
sugar and vinegar and boil thoroughly. Seal. 

51. Ginger Pears. — Peel a dozen large pears which are not quite 
ripe and cut into long, thin strips. Add two-thirds as much sugar as 
you have fruit, the juice of a lemon, two-thirds cupful of water and a 
dessertspoonful of ginger. Boil all together until the fruit is trans- 
parent, and serve as a relish. 

52. Tomato Soye. — ^One peck of ripe tomatoes, one dozen large 
onions, three large red peppers, one gallon best vinegar, twenty-four 
tablespoonfuls brown sugar, twelve teaspoonfuls ground cinnamon, 
twelve teaspoonfuls of salt, six teaspoonfuls of ground ginger and six 
teaspoonfuls of ground cloves. Chop the tomatoes, onions and peppers 
fine and add the other ingredients. Let simmer for three hours. 

53. Spanish Pickles. — One peck of green tomatoes, one dozen 
onions, sprinkle with salt and let stand over night and strain off the 
juice. Allow one pound of sugar, one-fourth pound whole white mus- 
tard seed, one ounce ground black pepper, one teaspoonful ginger and 
one of cinnamon. Mix dry. Put a layer of tomatoes and onions in a 
kettle and sprinkle with spices, then tomatoes and so on until all are 
used. Cover with vinegar and let boil two hours, after which pack in 
jars and set in cool place, 

54. Chili Sauce. — Take five large onions, eight green peppers, and 
chop fine with thirty ripe tomatoes. Add five tablespoonfuls of broAvn 
sugar, three tablespoonfuls of salt and eight cupfuls of vinegar. Boil 
all together two and a half hours and bottle for use. 

55. Green Tomato Pickles. — Half bushel green tomatoes, six 
large onions, six large peppers, one-fourth pound white mustard seed, 
and three tablespoonfuls celery seed. Chop all fine together, put in 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 841 

layers, one of tomatoes and onions and one of salt, using in all a half 
cupful of salt. Let stand over night. In the morning squeeze dry and 
put on to boil in two quarts of vinegar. Cook until tender, when nearly 
done, add one pound of sugar, put in cans and seal. 

Green Beans Pickles. — "Green beans with the strings taken of? and 
placed in a kettle, salted and cooked until tender, then place in jars, 
fill with good cider vinegar and seal tightly." 

PRESERVES. 

1. Rhubarb Preserve. — y^ lb. almond or walnut meats, chopped, 
3 lbs. rhubarb, 3 lbs. sugar, rind and juice of 2 lemons, boil until thick. 
Serve with meats. 

2. Preserved Pears. — ^Pare the fruit and drop into a bowl of cold 
water to preserve the color. When all are pared, put into a pan of 
clear, cold water, and boil until almost tender. Make a syrup of the 
water in which the pears were boiled, allowing one pound of sugar to 
each half pint of water. Drop the pears into the syrup and cook them 
slowly until they can be pierced with a silver fork. Put the fruit into 
hot jars and cover with boiling syrup. Seal. 

3. Fig and Rhubarb Preserve. — Wash dry and cut up three 
pounds of figs and seven pounds of rhubarb, put them into a basin, 
add six pounds of sugar, one cupful of water, two heaping teaspoonfuls 
of ground ginger and the juice of two large lemons. Cover and leave 
for twelve hours. Boil for half an hour. Divide into jars and cover. 
This is an excellent preserve and keeps well. 

4. Preserved Cherries. — Select large, rich, red cherries ; stone and 
weigh them, adding three-fourths of a pound of sugar for each pound 
of fruit. After the stones have been taken out, allow them to stand in 
a stone jar over night ; in the morning put them in a preserving kettle 
and cook until clear. Put in glass tumblers and cover the tops when 
cool with melted paraffin, before putting on covers. 

5. Strawberry Preserves. — The fruit for this must be solid, and 
must be used as soon as they are gotten ready, and not sugared down. 
To one pound of sugar add one pound of fruit. Use just enough water 
to keep them from sticking, and put fruit, sugar and water all on at 
the same time, and let them cook twenty minutes. Then spread on flat 
dishes and set in sun for three or four days, and then put in glass jars. 
They will need no more heating or cooking. These are considered 
fine. 

6. Lemon Butter. — Take two nice large lemons, grate the rind 
and use the juice, two eggs, two cups of sugar, small lump of butter. 
Boil ten minutes in double boiler. 

7. Apple Preserves. — Make a syrup of three-fourths pound of 
sugar to each pound of apples. Add a little lemon juice or sliced 
lemon : keep skimming this as it boils, and put in only a few apples at 



842 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

a time into the syrup, and boil until they are transparent; skim out 
and put in a jar. When the apples are done, boil the syrup down 
thick, then pour boiling hot over the apples and cover closely. Well 
flavored fruit, not easily broken, should be selected. 

8. Apricot Preserves. — Pare the fruit very thin and stone it. Place 
the fruit in a porcelain or granite kettle, first a layer of fruit, then a 
layer of sugar, using pound for pound of sugar. Let this stand in the 
kettle for a day. The next day boil very gently until they are clear. 
Then place the fruit in a large pan or bowl and pour the liquor over 
them. The following day pour the liquor into a quart of codlin liquor, 
this being made by boiling and straining a pound of fine sugar with 
just enough water to make a syrup. Let the whole boil quickly until 
it will jelly. Put the fruit into it and bring to a boil, being careful to 
remove all the scum. Then put up in small jars. 

9. Citron Preserves. — Select sound fruit, pare It and divide into 
quarters, (carefully take out the seeds) and cut in very small pieces, 
any shape you desire, and weigh it. To every pound of fruit allow a 
half pound of loaf sugar ; put the citron on to cook until it is quite clear, 
then remove it from the kettle where it can drain, and pour out the 
water it was cooked in. Then put on the sugar you have weighed, 
w^ith water enough to wet it through ; let it boil until very clear, and 
before putting in the citron again add to the syrup tw^o large lemons 
sliced, and a small piece of ginger root, to give it a fine flavor; then 
add the citron and let all cook together about fifteen minutes ; fill the 
jars with citron and pour over the hot syrup, then seal up. 

10. Citron and Quince Preserves. — Pare and cut the citron into 
inch pieces ; boil hard in a medium strong alum water thirty minutes ; 
drain and boil in fresh water till the color is changed and they are 
tender; wash the quinces carefully, pare, quarter, core and halve the 
quarters ; boil the cores and parings in water to cover them, an hour 
and a half; remove them and add the prepared juice to the liquid; boil, 
and when they begin to be tender, add the citron and three-fourths of 
a pound of white sugar to every pound of the fruit. These are de- 
licious. 

11. Preserved Pears. — Have a pan of cold water ready to drop 

pears into after they are pared, halved and the cores removed. This 
will prevent them from turning black. Select smooth, sweet pears of 
a kind which will not break when cooked. Put a little over one quart 
of granulated sugar into your preserving kettle ; add just water enough 
to moisten the sugar ; when warm put into this two quarts of pears ; 
let them cook very slowly several hours; when the syrup is thick put 
your fruit in jars. 

3 

12. Pineapple Preserves. — 'Pare and slice the pineapple. Then 
weigh the fruit and allow a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit; then 
put a layer of the slices in a jar and cover them with a layer of sugar; 
do this until the apples and sugar are used up; let them stand over 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 843 

night. The next morning take the apples out of the syrup, cook the 
syrup until it thickens, replace the apples and boil fifteen minutes ; 
remove the pineapple from the syrup and let them cool, then put in 
jars and pour the syrup over them. A few pieces of ginger root boiled 
in the syrup will improve it. 

13. Tomato Preserves. — Select small, pear-shaped tomatoes, not 
too ripe. Prick with a needle to prevent bursting, and put their weight 
in sugar over them. Let this stand over night, then pour off the juice 
into a preserving kettle and boil until it is a thick syrup, clarifying it 
with the white of an egg; add the tomatoes and boil until they look 
transparent. One lemon to a pound of fruit, sliced thin and cooked 
with the fruit, together with a piece of ginger root, will improve it. 

14. Preserved Strawberries. No.l. — Take a couple of quarts of 
berries at a time, remove the stems, and place in a colander. Pour 
water over them to cleanse them. Make a syrup of two pounds of 
white sugar and a half cup of water. Drop the berries into this and 
allow them to boil rapidly for twenty minutes, removing all scum that 
rises, but do not stir the fruit. Pour into tumblers, and when you are 
done cook your syrup and juice to a jelly and fill up your jelly glasses. 
Keep in a dry place. 

15. Preserved Strawberries, No. 2. — To one pound of berries 
use three-fourths of a pound of sugar, — in layers (no water). Place in 
a kettle on the back of the stove until the sugar is dissolved into syrup ; 
then let it come to a boil, stirring from the bottom. Spread on plat- 
ters, not too thickly and set out in the hot sun till the syrup thickens — 
it may take two or three days. Keep in tumblers or bowls like jelly. 
Strawberries done in this way retain their color and flavor. 

16. Spiced Currants. — Three pounds white sugar, five pounds ripe 
currants, one tablespoonful each of cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves and all- 
spice. Boil currants one hour, then add sugar, spices and a half pint 
vinegar, boil a half hour longer. 

17. Spiced Gooseberries. — Six quarts gooseberries, nine pounds 
sugar, cook one and a half hours, then add one pint vinegar, one table- 
spoonful each cloves, cinnamon and allspice. Boil a few minutes. 
When cold they should be like jam. Boil longer if not thick enough. 

18. Tomato Preserves. — Peel the tomatoes and to each pound add 
a pound of sugar and let stand over night. Take the tomatoes out of 
the sugar and boil the syrup, removing the scum. Put the tomatoes 
in and boil gently twenty minutes ; remove fruit again and boil until 
the syrup thickens. On cooling put the fruit into jars and pour the 
syrup over. The round yellow variety of tomato should be used and 
as soon as ripe. 

19. Preserved Pears. — Peel the fruit which should not be over- 
ripe, cut into halves, extract cores and throw at once into a dish of 
cold water. From the water put into jars, arranging the pieces as com- 



844 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

pactly as possible, cover with cold water and then drain off. Make a 
syrup of sugar and water, allowing a teacupful of sugar to a jar and 
fill the jars to the brim; put on the covers, without rubbers and place 
in a kettle of cold water over the fire. The water in the kettle should 
come to the neck of the jars. Note carefully when the water comes to 
a boil, and let it boil twenty minutes or more, according to ripeness of 
the fruit. Take the jars from the water, adjust the rubbers and screw 
on the tops tighter and tighter as the jars cool. A plated knife should 
be used in peeling the fruit as a steel one discolors the fruit. 

20. Preserved Peaches. — Plunge the fruit into boiling water to 
make the skins come off easily, then throw into cold water. For three 
pounds of fruit use one pound of sugar and half a teacup of water. 
When the syrup boils put in the peaches, a few at a time, and cook 
until tender. Fill jars as for pears. The stones will add to the flavor. 

21. Brandied Peaches. — Put the peaches in boiling water for a 
few minutes, when the skin will peel off easily. Make a syrup of half 
a pound of sugar and half a teacupful of w^ater for each pound of 
peaches. Skim as the scum rises in boiling, then put in the peaches 
and boil them gently until tender, no longer. Take them out carefully 
and fill your cans or jars. Remove the syrup from the fire, and add 
to it half a pint of best brandy to every pound of peaches. 

22. Preserved Quinces. — Pare and quarter, taking out cores and 
all hard parts. Boil in clear water until tender ; spread out to dry. 
Allow a half pound of sugar and one-third cup water to a pound of 
fruit. When the syrup boils, put in the fruit, set back on stove and 
cook very slowly for an hour or more if not too tender, as the longer 
it cooks the brighter will be the color. Put in jars, the same as other 
fruit. 

23. Preserved Grapes. — A delicious preserve can be made of Cal- 
ifornia grapes. Cut each grape with a knife and extract the seeds ; add 
sugar to the fruit, pound for pound ; cook slowly for half an hour or 
longer until the syrup and pulp of the grape are perfectly clear and 
transparent. 

24. Purple Plums Preserved. — A very fine preserve can be made 
from these plums, if you take equal weight of fruit and sugar. Take a 
clear stone jar and fill it with the fruit and sugar. First a layer of fine 
granulated sugar, then the plums and so on until the jar is filled. 
Cover them and set the jar in a kettle of water over the fire. Let them 
stand in the boiling water all day, filling up the kettle as the water 
boils away. If at any time they seem likely to ferment, repeat this 
i)rocess. Any housewife trying this recipe will be greatly pleased with 
the results. 

25. Spiced Grapes. — Select five pounds of nice grapes, pulp them, 
and boil until tender. After the pulps are thoroughly cooked, strain 
through a sieve, then add to it three pounds of sugar, two teaspoonfuls 
of cinnamon and allspice, and half teaspoonful of cloves. Add enough 
vinegar and spices to suit the taste. Boil thoroughly and cool. This 
is very nice. 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 845 

26. Spiced Peaches. — Take five pounds of peaches, wipe them 
thoroughly and boil until tender in one quart of vinegar and two 
pounds of brown sugar. When done remove them from the liquid, and 
add one ounce each of cinnamon, cloves and mace. Boil the liquid for 
some time after the spices have been added, then place the fruit in 
jars and pour this over them. 

27. Pear Chips. — Ten pounds of pears sliced thin, seven pounds 
of sugar, four lemons boiled soft; press out the juice and pulp; chop 
the peel very fine. Boil the fruit and sugar together until soft, then 
add the lemon, a half pound green ginger root scraped and cut into 
small pieces. Let the above mixture boil until quite thick. This can 
be placed in jelly glasses, and will keep nicely. This is an excellent 
recipe. 

JAMS AND JELLIES. 

1. Crab Apple Jelly. — Select nice ripe apples, wash and cut out 
any imperfections ; place on the stove and cover with water, cook 
slowly until soft enough to strain, then take them off and drain through 
a jelly bag. To every four pints of juice use three pints of sugar; heat 
the sugar very warm in the oven. Boil the juice fourteen minutes, 
stir in warm sugar, and boil altogether three to five minutes, then turn 
into moulds or jelly glasses. 

2. Apple Jelly. — After you have selected nice tart, juicy apples 
of good flavor, pare them, core and quarter, then put them, with the 
skins and cores, in a jar in a slow oven. When they are quite soft, 
strain all through a coarse muslin bag, pressing hard to extract all the 
flavor of the fruit. Put a pound of loaf sugar to every pint of juice 
and the juice of one lemon, and put the liquor over the fire in a pre- 
serving kettle. Boil steadily for twenty minutes or so, skimming occa- 
sionally. Boil the jelly glasses in hot water and fill them with the 
jelly while hot. This jelly will keep for an unlimited time if kept in a 
cool, dry place. 

3. Currant Jelly. — The currants should be washed very thor- 
oughly, but do not stem ; put in a kettle, scald them but do not cook. 
Cool and strain; boil the juice alone for twenty minutes. Weigh the 
sugar, and to a pint of juice use a pound of sugar. Have the sugar in 
the oven browning lightly and heating thoroughly. When the juice 
has boiled twenty minutes stir in the sugar until it dissolves; then 
put into glasses and keep in a cool place. 

4. Blackberry Jelly. — Cook the berries until tender, then strain 
the juice from them. Add an equal quantity of sugar. Boil hard for 
twenty minutes, then pour into moulds or jelly glasses. 

5. Cranberry Jelly. — Take two pounds of sugar, granulated, one 
quart of water and three quarts of cranberries. Cook thoroughly, 
mashing all the berries fine, then put all through a fine sieve. Return 
the juice to the stove and cook fifteen minutes more; pour into glasses 
and seal when cool. 



846 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

6. Grape Jelly. — Select grapes that are partially ripe, as they 
make the prettiest jelly, and to every eight pounds of fruit take a large 
cupful of water; put them into a porcelain-lined kettle and boil until 
quite soft; strain through a cloth. Measure the juice, then measure 
and put away the same quantity of sugar. Let the juice boil half an 
hour, then add the sugar and let it boil five or ten minutes longer. 
All jellies to be good, should have nearly all the boiling done before 
the sugar is added. 

7. Rhubarb and Apple Jelly. — Cut up your rhubarb and wash it; 
put on the fire without any water at all. Take good sour apples, pare 
and quarter and cook in a very little water. Strain the juice from both 
and put them on the stove to cook for fifteen minutes. Then add the 
heated sugar, using three-fourths as much sugar as juice. Boil hard for 
twenty minutes, turn into glasses and set in the sun, if possible, for 
half a day. Seal the next day. 

8. Spiced Grape Jelly. — Take grapes half ripe, crush all the juice 
out well and strain. Take equal quantities of juice and sugar ; to each 
quart of juice add one-half teaspoonful of cloves and one tablespoonful 
cinnamon. Cook very hard for twenty minutes, then remove from the 
stove and pour into glasses. 

9. Rhubarb Jelly. — After the rhubarb has been thoroughly washed 
and cut up in small pieces, stew until tender in a preserving kettle. 
Strain through a jelly rag and flavor with extract of lemon. Put in 
enough to suit the taste. To each pint of juice add a pound of sugar; 
boil until it jellies on the skimmer, then remove and place in glasses. 
Keep in a cool place. 

10. Orange Marmalade. — Cut the oranges in half; remove the 
pulp with a spoon, take one lemon to five oranges, preparing the same 
way. Then cut the shells of the oranges in two, scrape out the white 
lining and put the skins on to boil ; weigh the pulp, take half as much 
sugar, and simmer together fifteen minutes. When the skins are trans- 
parent and tender, take up, putting several pieces together, cut it 
quickly into the narrowest possible strips. Mix these with pulp and 
sugar; cook until very thick. Put in glasses and then when cold, seal. 

11. Blackberry Jam. — Take two quarts of blackberries, one quart fine 
cooked apples, two quarts of sugar, boil these all together for twenty 
minutes. This is very easily made and is very good. 

12. Plum and Apple Jam. — After canning plums, there is often some 
left, not enough to fill a can; a very nice jam can be made of this by 
putting it through a sieve ; and adding the same quantity of good 
apples, cooked. Sweeten to taste and put in a very little cinnamon and 
cloves. Cook an hour, then tie up in jars when cold. 

13. Tomato Marmalade. — Pare and slice without wetting four pounds 
of unripe tomatoes. Give them a slow boil for several hours until a 
large portion of the water has evaporated ; add for each pound of 
tomatoes three-quarters of a pound of snci-nr and two sliced lemons. 
Boil for one hour longer. 



CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 847 

14. Raspberry Jams. — To three or four pounds of ripe red raspber- 
ries add an equal quantity of white sugar. Crush the whole well in a pre- 
serving kettle; add one pint of currant juice and boil gently until it 
jellies upon a cold plate; put into a small jar and cover with brandied 
paper. Tie over them a thick paper and keep in a dark, cool, dry place. 

15. Strawberry Jam, with Red Currants. — Take four pounds of 
strawberries, one pint of red currant juice, and two pounds of sugar. 
Place in a porcelain kettle and boil the berries and currant juice first, 
then add the sugar and boil up again, skimming well. Put in jars, 
cover with paraffin and keep in a cool place. 

16. Peach Jelly. — Cook peaches and add a few kernels; when done 
strain. To one pint of peach liquor add one lemon and one pound of 
sugar. Dry and heat the sugar in a separate pan and let the peach 
liquor boil twenty minutes. Then add the sugar and boil a few min- 
utes longer. This is very nice. 

17. Gooseberry Jam. — To one pound of pulped fruit, add three- 
fourths pound of sugar. Stew the berries in a little water, press through a 
coarse sieve or colander. Then place on the stove again and add sugar. 
Boil three-quarters of an hour, stirring constantly. Pour in jars or jelly 
glasses. 



CANDY MAKING 

CONFECTIONERS' AND COMMON CANDY. 



From the Following Recipes and Formulae, Hundreds and Even 
Thousands of Candies Can Be Made. 



Candy Making at Home. — The proverbial "sweet-tooth" is a char- 
acteristic of the American people. Hundreds of tons of candy are 
annually consumed, and fortunes have been made in the business. The 
range of price is from ten cents to a dollar a pound, with some speci- 
ally wrapped and boxed bon-bons exceeding the latter price, not be- 
cause of intrinsic excellence, but because of the ornamental form in 
which they are presented. Cheap candies are adulterated and hence 
more or less detrimental to health. Good candies are not harmful, 
unless eaten to excess. Delicious candy may be made at home at 
much less cost, and some famous candies, like the "Mary Elizabeth'' 
and others, had their beginnings in a home kitchen and grew into 
popular favor because of their known purity and uniform excellence. 
The cost of ten one-pound boxes of candies is estimated at $1.50 when 
materials are. bought in small quantities ; such candies, placed on sale 
at church fairs, bazars, etc., are sold at forty and fifty cents per box. 
Even at twenty-five cents a box there is a profit of ten cents on each 
box. Any girl can prepare bon-bons for a luncheon or a party at 
home, if she is willing to take the trouble, — which is, after all, a pleas- 
ure to many. She may save her own candy boxes and by getting a 
supply of paraffin paper, fill them again with candies quite as good as 
those they originally contained ; or buy new boxes of the paper box 
manufacturers at two or three cents apiece. A box of home-made 
candy makes a nice Christmas or birthday gift. 

Boiling the Sugar. — 'Confectioners recognize seven degrees in boil- 
ing sugar for candy, only four of which, however, are practically im- 
portant. The first of these is the "thread" at about 215 degrees, by 
the sugar thermometer, when a short thin thread forms when thumb 
and forefinger are separated with a drop of syrup between them. This 
passes very quickly into a second stage, known as the large or long 
thread, when it can be drawn out to a considerably greater length 
without breaking. In a moment more it can be extended as far as the 
thumb and forefinger can be separated. The next stage is the "pearl." 
shown when the surface of the syrup is covered with bubbles, and is 
the stage at which much candy is made. The "blow" and "feather" 
come next; then the "ball" or fondant stage at 235 to 245 degrees; 

848 



CANDY MAKING 849 

this is the third important stage. To discover when the boiling has 
progressed to this stage, drop a little of the syrup on to ice water, or 
dip the tips of the thumb and forefinger into ice water and then into 
the syrup and instantly into the ice water again with the syrup 
between. One can use a small stick in the same way. If the syrup 
can be rolled into a soft, but not sticky ball, it is in the soft ball stage; 
half a minute more of boiling will convert it into the ''hard ball," if 
tested in the same manner. For fondant, the **soft ball" is chosen. 
The next is the ''crack" or brittle stage, at about 300 degrees ; when 
testing as above the syrup remains dry and hard on the fingers. This 
is the stage for candy that is to be pulled. At the caramel stage the 
syrup begins to brown, and must be quickly taken from the fire or it 
becomes "burnt sugar;" dropped in water it crackles and snaps. 

Making the Fondant. — Fondant ("foundation") is the basis of all 
French bon-bons, so-called. An endless number of varieties may be 
made from it in combination with other material. There are two ways 
of preparing it. The easiest and simplest way is to add to the white 
of an egg an equal bulk of cold water and a teaspoonful of vanilla; 
beat until it froths, then add, gradually, one pound or more, of con- 
fectioners' XXX sugar ; if the egg is large, one and one-half pounds 
may be required. Ordinary sugar will not do. Add sugar until the 
mixture forms a stiff paste ; work this with a spoon until it is very 
smooth, then put away in a cool place for at least twenty-four hours, 
letting it stand in an earthen dish, and cover with a doubled napkin 
wrung out of cold water. 

French, or Boiled Fondant — Put into a porcelain lined kettle a 
pint of the best granulated cane sugar, half a pint of cold water and a 
salt spoon of cream of tartar dissolved in warm water. Stir it till the 
sugar is dissolved and boil rapidly without stirring or moving the 
kettle. Without a sugar thermometer it is impossible to tell exactly 
how many minutes it should boil, but usually in about ten minutes a 
little of the syrup dropped into cold water will form a soft waxy ball 
between the moistened fingers. It should then be removed from the 
fire and put in a cool place until the hand can rest with comfort on the 
bottom of the kettle. If too hot, it will turn back to sugar; if too cold, 
it will not thicken properly. In either case it is not spoiled, try again ; 
add boiling water, stir until dissolved, and repeat the boiling. A little 
experience makes one to seize "the psychological moment" when the 
syrup is in the right condition. When the syrup has cooled to the 
degree indicated above, begin to stir it, using a long-handled wooden 
spoon. It will turn milky at first, then thick and white, finally dry on 
the edge of the dish and get so stiff it is difficult to stir. Then take 
the mass out on a marble slab and knead as you would bread dough; 
if you have no marble slab you may work it in the hands. 

Flavor and Color. — At this point add the flavoring. Make little 
holes in the fondant with the fingers and put in each a little of the 
54 



850 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

flavoring, working it through the mass. The essential oils are better 
than extracts. Three or four drops of any of the oils will flavor a 
pound of fondant. Three cents worth would be sufficient for a num- 
ber of pounds. The flavor should not be strong. About a teaspoonful 
of any extract will be sufficient. If it is desirable to have two or more 
flavors, divide the fondant into the required number of portions, and 
have an assistant take up the kneading of each. Work the fondant 
until it is creamy. The pure food laws discourage the use of colorings, 
and it is difficult for the amateur to procure them in economical quan- 
tities. Cochineal can always be had and provides any number of 
shades of pink. Spinach heated over steam, and the juice expressed, 
gives a pretty 'green which is perfectly harmless. Work into the 
fondant as you used the flavoring oil or extract. The above ingredients 
will make one pound of fondant, all the beginners should undertake at 
one time. It may be kept for some time by packing it in glass cans 
and sealing tightly. The fondant should **mellow" for at least twenty- 
four hours before being used, especially as centers for chocolate creams, 
etc. ; and these in turn should stand as long before being dipped. It 
is also advisable to let the bon-bons stand a day at least before being 
wrapped and packed. Choose a dry, clear, quiet day to make fondant, 
and do not attempt to work with it in wet weather; it is very sensitive 
to atmospheric conditions. 

Making the Bon-bons. — After the fondant has stood the required 
interval it is ready to make up. Here comes in play the ingenuity of 
the candymaker in the employment of various accessories. Candied 
cherries, candied violets and rose petals, angelica, dates, figs, hard jel- 
lies, raisins, white grapes, crystallized ginger, cocoanuts, marshmal- 
lows, nuts, all are employed, while chocolate is used in so many 
forms that it gives rise to an entire class of candies. When ready to 
make up the bon-bons, roll the fondant out evenly and cut in squares 
of equal size ; shape these with the fingers. The hands must be fre- 
quently dipped into ice water and wiped dry, but never greased. Roll 
the fondant into a ball ; while still in the hand, press into the top an 
English walnut meat, or whatever decoration is desired, and lay on 
paraffin paper to harden. Another class is made by using a nut meat, 
say a blanched almond or pecan meat, a raisin, etc.. as center, and roll- 
ing the fondant round it. The ball may be rolled in beaten white of 
egg and then in coarse white sugar. By using various centers, and 
ornamenting the tops differently a great variety of bon-bons may be 
made; in fact, hundreds or even thousands can be worked out by 
changing the flavor, nuts, coloring, etc. 

Chocolate Candies. — If the American girl had to be restricted to 
one class of candies, there would be little doubt she would profess a 
preference for those prepared with chocolate. 

Chocolate Creams. — To make chocolate creams, roll the fondant 
into balls of uniform size; let them stand on paraffin paper twenty- 
four hours or more. Also coat nut meats, raisins, candied cherries, 



CANDY MAKING 851 

etc, with fondant. In making a smiW quantity of chocolate dipped 
candies, get a small bowl that v... -.: Lito the top of the teakettle; into 
this cut half a pound of unswee-er.ti chocolate and a lump of paraffin 
as large as a black walnut, and let them melt; when smooth and well 
mixed let cool a little, and then set on a hot soapstone. Have ready 
a colander and a long darning needle. Cover the bottom of the colan- 
der with paraffin paper, stick the point of the needle into the piece to 
be dipped, immerse in the melted chocolate, let it drip a moment, then 
push the eye of the needle through one of the holes in the colander, 
reach the other hand under and pull out the needle. There then 
remains no disfiguring hole in the bottom of the cream. When the 
colander is filled, lift the paper very, very carefully, and put in a 
cool place to harden. Unless the colander must be used again it is 
best to let the creams stand in it to harden. Nut rrti- r'':ze grapes, 
candied cherries and the like, may be dipped in the r :e: zhocolates 
and coated like the creams. If the chocolate gets ::: :' :n it 

with a little olive oil or unsalted butter; not wi::. vie: :- will 

make it grain. 

Oiocolate Creams. No. 2. — Put two cups of granulated sugar into 
half a cup of sweet cream. Boil five minutes from the time it begins 
to boil hard. Set the pan into cold water and stir in the flavoring, a 
teaspoonful of vanilla, usually. Stir until the candy is so stiff 5iat 
stirring is difficult; drop from a spoon on waxed f>aper : as i: hardens, 
mould into balls, and dip in chocolate as above. 

Chocolate Candy, Plain. — Melt a square of uns veeterei : .;:: i.e 
and stir into plain fondant, flavoring generously with vanilla. 

Chocolate Caramels. — Put together over the fire one cup of 
molasses and two teacupfuls of sugar. Add a quarter of a pound of 
grated chocolate and a piece of butter the size of an egg. Boil, with- 
out stirring, fifteen to twenty- minutes; pour into flat buttered dishes 
to a depth of one-third of an inch, and when nearly cold cut into 
squares. Wrap each in a square of paraffin paper. 

Chocolate Not Caramels^ — Boil tc^ether a cup of molasses, a cup 
of sugar and half a cup of sweet milk until a little hardens in cold 
water. Cut into it a piece of butter the size of an egg and add a cup 
of chopped nuts. Proceed as above. 

Chocolate Fudge. — Put into a porcelair. lined can :v, : cues c: 
granulated surar : .- sections of unsweetened chccclate. grated, cne 
cup of rr h i : : nied tablespoonfuls of butter. Cook, stirring 

constant! - :.ven:y minutes. Dip out a little of the mixture, put 

on a cc! : : i:e. and if it is done it will form a soft pliable paste- 
Flavor ger.erius.v -.nth vanilla, beat hard for a few minutes, then turn 
into buttered zir.s and cut into squares while warm. 

CHOCOLATE CANDIES. Cocoanut Cream Bars,— Boil three 
potir.ds c: r"anu!a:e: s ri- :ne ciip of cold water and half a teaspoon- 
ful :: z-iirr. :: :i-: : :hick — or in the :aii 5:a^e. Let cool 



852 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

slightly, then beat until creamy. Have ready a large cocoanut, grated ; 
mix and stir well, then pour into shallow tins covered with buttered 
paper. When cold, cut into bars. Let stand a day or two before 
using. 

Cocoanut Caramels. — Three pounds of granulated sugar, one cup 
o. milk, a tablespoonful of butter and two teaspoonfuls of lemon extract. 
Put into a kettle, stir till dissolved ; add one grated cocoanut and boil 
to the ''pearl" stage. Pour into buttered pans, after it has cooled a 
little mark off into squares, and when cold break apart. Use when 
quite fresh 

Cocoanut Snow Balls. — Knead dessicated cocoanut into fondant; 
make into balls, and roll in grated cocoanut. Dessicated cocoanut may 
be used but is not as good as grated cocoanut. 

MAPLE CANDIES. Maple Creams.— Beat thoroughly one cup 
of the best maple syrup and the white of one tgg. With XXX con- 
fectioners' sugar, make it into a stiff fondant or paste. Use as the 
centers for bon-bons, or make into balls to be dipped into chocolate. 

Maple Creams No. 2. — To two pounds of maple sugar add a cup 
of water and a quarter teaspoonful cream of tartar. Shave the sugar, 
and stir till dissolved. Boil without stirring to the soft ball stage ; 
let stand in the kettle until cool, not cold; beat until creamy and pour 
into a shallow buttered pan. 

Maple Balls. — Boil without stirring, two cups of shaved maple 
sugar and a cup of water. At the hard ball stage add a heaping table- 
spoonful of good butter. Beat till creamy. As soon as it can be 
handled form into balls and press the half of an English walnut or 
pecan on one side. 

WAFERS. — To make wafers, boil without stirring two cups of 
granulated sugar, a half cup of water. When it will "spin a thread" 
set the kettle in cold water and beat till creamy. Flavor with pepper- 
mint, wintergreen, cinnamon, or any flavor you choose. Squeeze 
through a pastry tube upon paraffin paper in quantities that will spread 
to the size of a quarter dollar. 

Chocolate Peppermint Wafers. — Take some of the fondant pre- 
pared as above, flavor rather strongly with peppermint and dip in 
sweet chocolate. 

MOLASSES CANDIES.— Nothing pleases children more than a 
''candy pull." Turn them loose in the kitchen and let them make 
molasses tai¥y. 

Molasses Taffy. — Boil a cup of good Porto Rico molasses, a cup 
of brown sugar and a piece of butter the size of an ^gg until a little 
will harden, in cold water. Cool on buttered plates, and as soon as it 
can be handled grease the fingers and pull till hard and light colored. 
To prevent boiling over, grease the edge of the pan or kettle in which 
it is boiled. 



CANDY MAKING 853 

Molasses Taffy No. 2. — ^Four cups of sugar, two of molasses, half 
a cup of vinegar. Boil till it hardens in cold water, then add a table- 
spoonful of soda dissolved in a little water. Pour into buttered dishes, 
and pull when sufficiently cool to handle. 

Butter Scotch. — One cup of each of sugar and molasses, half a cup 
of vinegar, one tablespoonful of butter and a quarter teaspoonful of 
soda. 

Nougat. — Nuts intended for nougat should be blanched, skinned 
and dried. Melt in a porcelain lined vessel, one pound of fine white 
sugar with two tablespoonfuls of water, stirring continually with a 
wooden spoon. Heat the nuts in the oven, after chopping them, add 
to the syrup, and stir for five minutes. Remove from the fire and add 
a little grated lemon rind. Oil a flat pan ; place it in a warm place on 
the range and pour the candy into it. When brown, turn out of the 
mould, cut in cubes and wrap in oiled paper. 

Nut Bars. — Chop any kind of nutmeats you prefer, or a mixture of 
nuts, moderately fine. Butter a shallow pan and spread the nuts 
evenly over the bottom. Boil one pound of granulated sugar with 
half a cup of water and a pinch of cream of tartar till thick, but not 
too brittle. Pour over the nuts and set aside to cool. When it begins 
to harden mark into bars with a sharp knife. Let stand several days, 
when it becomes soft and delicious. 

Nut Loaf. — Chop nutmeats into small pieces and work into fon- 
dant Make into a roll, and after standing a day or two, cut into slices. 
Chopped dates, figs and raisins may be used in the same way. 

Peanut Candy. — Carefully remove the shells and brown skins from 
roasted peanuts. Put them an inch thick in a buttered pan. Boil a 
pound of crushed loaf sugar with three gills of water and a salt spoon 
of cream of tartar (to prevent graining) dissolved in water, to the 
caramel stage. The instant the sugar reaches that point, shown by 
its beginning to brown, it must be removed from the fire and the pan 
set in cold water to check the boiling; then pour over the nuts. 

Pop Corn Candy. — Boil two cups of sugar, two tablespoonfuls of 
butter and a cup of water until it threads. Stir in four quarts of nice 
popped corn, rejecting all hard kernels, take from the fire and stir till 
cool. Make into balls. 

Popcorn Baskets. — Prepare the corn as above, instead of making 
into balls, butter the bottoms of tumblers and press the candy around 
them to form little baskets, in which ice cream may be served or 
which may be filled with candies. 

Sour Drops. — Strain the juice of three or four large lemons into a 
bowl, and stir in powdered loaf sugar till it is quite thick. Put into a pan 
and let boil five minutes, stirring constantly. Drop from the end of a 
spoon upon writing paper, and when dry keep in tin cannisters. Tar- 
taric acid is generally used by commercial candy makers, but is much 
more injurious to health. 



854 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Crystallized Fruits. — Other Candies. — Boil two cups of granulated 
sugar with two-thirds of a cup of water until it hardens in cold water, 
do not stir. When it is brittle without being sticky, it is ready to use. 
Dip the fruit to be candied, sections of oranges, white grapes, cherries, 
squares of pineapple, etc., into this, and lay on paraffin paper. Dip a 
second time after the first has hardened, to ensure a good coat. Use 
the same rule for the syrup to glace nuts. 

Cream Dates. — Remove the stones from nice dates. Replace them 
Avith the roll of flavored fondant. Or roll a blanched almond in fon- 
dant and stuff the date wdth it. 

Hoarhound Candy. — Boil the hoarhound in a little water till the 
strength is extracted. Make a sugar syrup, adding the hoarhound to 
it; let it boil up and stir against the sides of the pan until it thickens. 
Pour out on paraffin paper dusted with fine sugar, and cut into squares. 

Marshmallows. — Dissolve over a slow fire eight ounces of best 
gum arable in three gills of water. Boil one ounce of marshmallow^ 
roots in a little water for half an hour. Strain, and boil dcw^n. Put 
this and the gum arable solution with half a pound of loaf sugar, let it 
cook slowly till it makes a paste that can be rolled between the fingers 
to the "soft ball'' stage. Then add the beaten whites of two eggs; 
when w^ell mixed pour in a pan which should be lined with white paper, 
with enough projecting over the sides so that as the mixture cools it 
can be lifted out and cut in cups with a sharp knife, then rolled in 
powdered sugar. 

Marrons Glaces. — Remove the shells from a quart of large Italian 
or French chestnuts. Let stand fifteen minutes in boiling water. 
Drain ; rub off the skin ; cover again with boiling water and simmer 
gently half an hour or till tender, but not soft. Drain in a sieve. Boil 
together one cup of granulated sugar and one cup of water ; add the 
nuts and simmer until they begin to look clear. Make another syrup 
of one pound of granulated sugar and one cup of w^ater; boil till it 
wnll spin a thread, add a teaspoonful of lemon juice and set aside till it 
cools a little ; then beat till it begins to turn w^hite. Set in a basin of 
hot water, flavor with vanilla, and when melted to a syrup, dip each 
nut. When coated, lay on paraffin paper to dry. These sugared chest- 
nuts are highly esteemed as a sweetmeat and are expensive to buy. 

Stick Candy. — Three pounds of granulated sugar, two cups of 
water, one teaspoonful of cream of tartar dissolved in a little warm 
water. Stir over the fire till the sugar is dissolved ; cover the kettle 
while the syrup is boiling and skim carefully a few^ drops. When it 
will harden in cold water, take from the fire and add the flavoring and 
coloring, then pour on well buttered plates. When cool, pull, and make 
jnto sticks or mark off into squares. 

School Girl's Delight. — Two cups of white sugar, three-fourths cup 
oi golden color corn syrup and a quarter cup of water. Put into a 
granite sauce pan and boil till a little will crisp in cold water. Beat 



CANDY MAKING 855 

the whites of two eggs very stiff in a large bowl; pour the syrup very 
slowly into the bowl, beating the while, and beat and stir until it be- 
gins to harden. Then add one teaspoonful of vanilla, half a cup of 
chopped nutmeats, and five cents worth of dates, cut up with the 
scissors. Pour upon oiled paper in a flat pan and cut in squares. Those 
who eat this candy will ask to have it made again. 

A Few Hints. — Many candy makers consider coffee A sugar, bet- 
ter than the granulated, as being purer. Choose a sugar that is dry, 
uniform in quality and with hard, sparkling crystals. Cane sugar is 
greatly to be preferred over beet sugar. When you can, let the sugar 
and water stand together for some time. The syrup may be stirred 
until it reaches the boiling point, but not afterward. Unless otherwise 
specified, cook over a hot fire. The syrup passes quickly from one 
degree to another and must be tested often and carefully. Cream of 
tartar must be dissolved in a little warm water before being put into 
the syrup. So also must soda. If you use nuts, be careful to remove 
every particle of shell and skin before putting them into the syrup. 
Almonds are blanched by letting them stand in boiling water for a few 
minutes and then nipping off the skins between the fingers. They 
should be warmed in the oven b-efore being put into the syrup. Dessi- 
cated cocoanut should be steamed a few minutes before being used : 
put in a dish in a colander over boiling water. Use the fresh cocoanut 
if you can get it. Bonbons made of fondant are probably the easiest 
form of candy making for the amateur to attempt, and the most inter- 
esting on account of the variety possible through the use of other 
materials in combination. 



OVER THREE HUNDRED 
MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 



A GOLD MINE OF INFORMATION FOR 
PROGRESSIVE HOUSEWIVES 



HOUSEKEEPERS' ALPHABET. 

Apples. — Keep in a dry place, as cool as possible, without freezing. 

Brooms. — Hang in the cellarway to keep soft and pliant. 

Cranberries. — Keep under water in cellar ; change water monthly. 

Dish of hot water set in oven prevents cake from scorching. 

Economize health, time, and means and you will never beg. 

Flour. — Keep cool, dry and securely covered. 

Giass. — Clean with a quart of water mixed with a tablespoonful of 
ammonia. 

Herbs. — Gather when beginning to blossom; keep in paper sacks. 

Ink Stains. — Wet with spirits of turpentine ; after three hours, rub well. 

Jars. — To prevent, coax husband to your will rather than order him. 

Keep an account of all supplies with cost and date when purchased. 

Love lightens labor. 

Money. — ^Count carefully when you receive change. 

Nutmegs. — Prick with a pin and if good oil will run out. 

Orange and Lemon Peel. — 'Dry, pound and keep in corked bottles. 

Parsnips. — Keep in ground until spring. 

Quicksilver and white of an egg destroys bedbugs. 

Rice. — Select the large, with a clear fresh look; old rice may have in- 
sects. 

Sugar. — For family use, the granulated is the best. 

Tea. — Equal parts Japan and green are as good as English breakfast. 

Use a cement made of ashes, salt and water for cracks in stove. 

Variety is the best culinary spice. 

Watch your back yard for dirt and bones. 

Xantippe was a scold. Don't imitate her. 

Youth is best preserved by a cheerful temper. 

Zinc lined sinks are better than wooden ones. Regulate the clock by 
your husbands watch, and in all apportionment of time remember 
the Giver. 

856 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 857 

1. Charcoal to Prevent Rust. — Charcoal absorbs all dampness, for 
which reason it should be kept in boxes with silverware to prevent rust. 

2. A Needle Holder. — A guest of ours kept all her needles in a 
bottle in which was a pinch or two of emery. She said that it keeps 
them always bright and free from rust, and she finds it much easier 
to pick out the needle she wants from the bottle than from a tray, 

3. Care of a Scrubbing Brush. — Scrubbing brushes should n^ver 
be put away with their bristles upward, for thus the water would soak 
into the wooden part and the bristles would soon become loose. 

4. In Case of Sickness. — 'In our home, when hot cloths are needed 
wet ones are put in a steamer, and water kept boiling underneath. In 
this way the cloths are more easily handled and can be applied as hot 
as needed. 

5. To Tighten Cane-Seated Chair Bottoms. — Cane-seated chair 
bottoms that have sagged may be made as tight as ever by washing 
them with hot water and leaving them to dry in the open air. 

6. For Chilblains. — To relieve the chilblains bathe the feet in 
warm water at night, then rub them with castor oil. This method will 
cure very bad cases. 

7. Paint, Smoked by Kerosene Lamps. — Paint that has been 
smoked by kerosene lamps may be cleaned with kerosene, which can 
afterward be rubbed off with a clean brush. 

8. A Use for Sacks. — Save all salt and sugar sacks ; wash and boil 
them and they can be put to various uses. Salt sacks are nice to strain 
jellies through ; are also nice to bake veal or beef loaf in. Sugar 5acks 
make nice dish-towels. 

9. Soap With Stove Blacking. — Use a half bar of laundry soap, 
and one cake of blacking". Put in an old kettle with three quarts of 
water. Boil down until thick. This will last a year. 

10. To Remove White Spots from Tables. — Wring cloths out of 
very hot water, lay them over spot and remove quickly. Repeat if 
necessary. When dry, rub the furniture with some of the good polish. 

11. To Clean Mirrors. — To clean a French mirror which has 
grown dull, rub with a cloth soaked in alcohol ; follow this by rubbing 
with a dry cloth. The dullness will vanish, and the mirror will look 
like new. This method is used for cut glass with excellent result. 

12. To Whiten Linen. — If you want your table linen to last do 
not use bleaching preparations. Use only clean soap and soft water. 
If the water is not soft, add a little ammonia. 

13. Velveteen for Polishing Cloths. — Old pieces of velveteen that 
have served their original purpose should be saved for polishing cloths. 
They will answer perfectly the purpose of chamois and save buying 
anything fresh. When soiled the cloths may be washed in soapy water 
and dried in the open air. 



858 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

14. For Clearing Vinegar. — Should your home-made vinegar re- 
fuse to settle, tr}^ this : To each gallon stir in a half pint of fresh milk 
and let stand undisturbed for twenty-four hours. The milk will form 
a curd at the bottom and all the dregs will settle with it, leaving the 
vinegar clear. Pour off very carefully. 

15. Uses for Old Velvet. — A bit of velvet is a fine polisher for 

brass. It quickly removes the dust from woodwork, or shoes soiled 
from walking which do not need reblacking. For dusting a felt hat 
there is nothing better than a piece of chiffon velvet. It is also good 
to keep the bottom of a silk skirt free from the dirt. One housekeeper 
even uses a big piece of old velvet to rub her stove to a high polish 
after it has been blackened. 

16. Removing Warts. — Warts can be removed permanently and 
safely by an application of a salve made by mixing common table salt 
into a yolk of an tgg. Change the application dail}^, and within the 
week they will all drop out. 

17. To Save Time by Sewing. — When sewing on plain garments, 
cut out several garments at a time, and save time by stitching all the 
straight seams, then doing all the basting, etc. 

18. To Remove Stains from Blankets. — Stains on blankets and 
other woolen materials may be removed by using a mixture of equal 
parts of glycerin and a yolk of an tgg. Spread it on the stain, let it 
stay for half an hour or more, then wash out. 

19. Burn from Acid or Lye. — In case of a burn with carbolic 
acid or lye, the speedy application of sweet oil or olive oil will give 
almost instant relief. 

20. To Wash Laces.^ — To wash delicate or tender laces put the 
lace in a fruit jar with shavings of some good soap, cover with warm 
water, let soak for awhile then shake, using if necessary several waters, 
then rinse in same manner, spread between pieces of muslin and roll 
up on a bottle or jar, and leave to dry. They will not be torn in this 
way and will look like new. 

21. For Cut or Bruise. — Bind sugar and turpentine on the wound 
or bruise at once. The healing properties of this simple remedy can- 
not be surpassed. 

22. Lemons; How to Obtain More Juice. — Lemons placed in a 
moderately hot oven, for a few minutes will yield a greater quantity 
of juice than if used in the ordinary way. 

23. Whipping Cream. — ^If cream does not whip well, add to it the 
white of an tgg, and the result will be very satisfactory. 

24. To Clean Lamp Burners. — To remove the black gummy coat- 
ing which sometimes comes on the brass parts of lamp burners, moisten 
the cloth with common household ammonia, rub it on sapolio, and 
apply it to the coated surface with the aid of a little elbow grease. A 
bright brassy surface will soon appear. 



MISCELLAXEOUS RECIPES 859 

£5. To Preserve Hot Water Bottle. — Fill with air, cork tightly, 
and hang in a cool dry place. This keeps the walls of the bottle from 
coming in contact with each other and prevents deterioration and 
decay. 

26. Sweep Stairs with Paint Brush. — My mother uses a paint 
brush with long bristles for sweeping her stairs. .With its use the 
work is more quickly and thoroughly done than by the old way. be- 
cause the bristles reach every corner and crack as a cloth cannot do. 

27. Washing Hair Brushes. — To wash hair brushes take a piece 
of washing soda, dissolve it in warm water, and stand the brush in it, 
taking care that the water covers only the bristles. It will almost 
instantly become clean and white. Place it in the air to dry, bristles 
downward, and it will be as firm as a new^ brush. 

28. Loops on Towels. — Always have a loop on each end of the 
kitchen towel, where a roller is not used. Otherwise all the soil and 
the wear come on the lower end. 

29. Changing Pillow Slips. — To change pillow slips without scat- 
tering the feathers all over the house, sew up the clean tick, all except 
a space of about twelve inches. Take the full pillow unopened and 
baste one side of the empty one to the full one. Then wnth a knife slit 
open the seam of the pillow, the twelve-inch space. Quickly baste 
the other sides together so they will not come apart easil3\ Then 
slowly push the feathers into the clean and empty tick, and when fin- 
ished undo the basting and sew tightly. Soak the soiled ticks in cold 
water immediately to remove remaining feathers. 

30. Use of Old Linen Collars. — Cut them up into narrow strips 
and use them for gas-lighting instead of using wax tapers. They make 
a stead^^ flame and do not drip grease. 

31. Discarded Toys. — My baby came in the other day hugging to 
his breast a toy tin goat. It was evidently one of the discarded play- 
things of a neighbor's child. On inquiry I found that the toy had 
been given to my boy, and he has taken so much pleasure in this cast- 
off plaything that I have been saving his old toys and passing them on 
to other children of the neighborhood. I have discovered that in their 
baby hearts these are as good as new, because they have never played 
with them. It is nothing to them that they are not just out of the 
store. 

32. To Clean Silver. — Try curdled milk for cleaning your silver- 
ware. Let the silver stand for several hours in the milk, and you will 
be surprised at the result. 

33. Removing Stains. — Damp salt will remove tgg stains from 
silver and tea stains from cups. 

34. To Keep Free from Mould.— ^Jelly and jam can be kept entirely 
free from mould by pouring a thin layer of melted paraffin on top. This 
paraffin can be saved when the jelly is taken from the glass and used 
the next season so the cost is very small. 



860 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



35. Hanging Out Clothes. — The other day I came across a pecu- 
liar clothes bar. It was the same as any other, except that the cross- 
bars had been removed, and for them ropes had been substituted. 
The owner told me she had had her husband fix it for her the previous 
winter when she was bothered with salt rheum. *T hang up all the 
baby's little things, fastening them with clothespins, right here in the 
house where it is warm," she explained. "Then it is but the work of 
a moment to take the whole thing out of doors, and there is no fishing 
around for the tiny thmgs when my hands are so cold they feel as 
though they would drop off." 

36. A Fine Cutting Board. — I measured the top of my kitchen 
cabinet, and had a piece of zinc cut to fit it, allowing an inch for turn- 
ing over the edges. My husband tacked it on, and I can cut meat and 
bread or anything on it, without harming it in the least, besides using 
it as a moulding board. 

37. Convenient Place for Stiletto. — It will be found a great con- 
venience to have the stiletto tied to the embroidery hoop by a ribbon 
about a foot long, when that little instrument is necessary for the work 
in hand. 

38. Cleaning Paint and Varnish. — Many housekeepers have been 
annoyed by finding their paint and varnish brushes dry and hard. To 
soften them, heat to the boiling water point some good cider vinegar, 
immerse your brushes and allow them to simmer in it for a few min- 
utes, then wash out in strong soapsuds and your brushes will be soft 
and pliable. 

39. How to Keep Cookies from Burning. — To keep cookies from 
burning on the bottom, turn the baking pan upside down and bake on 
the bottom of the pan. 

40. Non-Sticking Cake Tins. — Cake layers will not stick in cook- 
ing if a little meal is scorched on the cake tins and rubbed oflf with 
paper. 

41. To Clean Sieve. — Hold a sieve which has been used for strain- 
ing oatmeal, tomatoes, fruit, etc., at once under the faucet, or shake 
it in enough water to cover it, then slap it, and it is easily cleaned ; if 
it dries first it is almost impossible to get it clean even by more time 
and effort. 

42. Washing Clothes. — After the clothes have been soaked a while 
to loosen the dirt, spread on washboard, soap, and then rub with a 
common scrub brush. The dirt comes out easier and with much less 
wear on the clothes. Even when the washing machine is used, this is 
a help for the wrist bands that are not quite clean. 

43. Discoveries. — When old clothes, like worn-out aprons or waists 
or linings come to hand, and are absolutely good for nothing else, cut 
them into small pieces, say eight or twelve inches square, some larger, 
and put them into a bag or box easily accessible. Then when some- 
thing is spilled over on stove or floor, or mess of any kind is made, use 
these bits for cleaning up and drop them into the fire. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 861 

44. To Stretch Curtains. — Take curtains while wet and put on a 
curtain rod ; also put a heavy rod as a weight on the lower hem. 
Hang one on curtain at a time at an open window and stretch the 
desired width. 

45. Cleaning Windows in the Winter. — It is a hard task in the 
winter time to wash windows in the old way, but if it is very cold, 
windows can be cleaned by using "Bon Ami." The same is useful for 
cleaning bright pieces on stoves. 

46. How to Kill Black Ants. — A request for information as to 
how to rid plants and trees of black ants, which was received at the 
Pennsylvania department of agriculture's division of zoology, elicited 
the following from Prof. H. A. Surface, State Zoologist. You can 
do this by finding the nesting places of the pests and making holes 
into the interior of them with a sharpened stick like a broom handle 
and pouring into each hole a half tea cup of carbon bisulphide. Fill 
the hole with earth and cover with a wet cloth or blanket to keep 
down the fumes and the ants will be destroyed at once. This is the 
best possible method for destroying ants of any kind. 

47. Washing Windows. — It is better to wash windows on a 
cloudy day or when the sun is not shining directly on them. Before 
washing, dust them thoroughly inside and out, then wash the wood- 
work without touching the glass. For the glass use warm water, to 
which add a tablespoonful of kerosene to each pailful of water used. 
Dry with a cloth or chamois skin, wrung very dry ; then polish with 
a soft cloth or soft old newspapers. 

48. Home-made Soap Shaker. — A baking powder can with holes 
punctured in both cover and bottom, makes a fine soap shaker. Put 
all the small scraps of soap in this, and when you wash dishes, just 
put box and all in your dishpan and shake about. You will have a 
nice suds and no soap rubbing off on the dishes. 

49. Cleaning Rugs. — When cleaning rugs first lay them out 
straight and brush with a stiff dry scrubbing brush. You will be 
surprised at the amount of dirt that is loosened and comes out in 
this way. 

50. Clean Leather Furniture. — A good way to clean leather furni- 
ture is to add a little vinegar to some warm water and wash the leather, 
using a clean soft cloth. Wipe with a dry cloth. To restore the 
polish, mix two teaspoonfuls of turpentine with the whites of two 
eggs ; beat a little and apply with a soft flannel cloth. Dry with 
another cloth and rub well. 

51. Ironing Board, Conveniences for. — Try tacking a pocket on 
the under side of your ironing board to keep your holder, stand and 
sheet of sandpaper in. 

52. Clean Gilt Furniture. — Gilt furniture can be cleaned with 
sifted whiting made into a cream with alcohol. Cover a small space 
at a time and rub ofif before it hardens. To clean brass fixtures rub 
them with cut lemon and then wash off in hot water. 



862 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

53. For Tufted Furniture. — For tufted furniture use a bicycle 
pump to remove dust. Garments to be stored for the summer months 
should first be aired well on a bright breezy day. Brush thoroughly 
and shake free of dust. Do not leave clothing out in the air after 
three o'clock in the afternoon, as from that time until dark all sorts 
of insects are seeking their beds. A trunk or box that has been 
thoroughly cleaned and sunned and then lined with fresh newspapers 
will prove an ideal place in which to store winter clothing. Sprinkle 
each layer with cloves and tuck newspapers well around them, moths 
detest printer's ink. 

54. Clean Linoleum. — To clean linoleum add one cupful of bees- 
wax, shaved fine, to two cupfuls of turpentine and set on the back of 
the stove to melt. When cool it will be thick and ready for use. First 
thoroughly clean the linoleum and then apply the paste with a soft 
cloth. Rub in well, then polish with a dry cloth, preferably flannel. 
Linoleum treated in this manner will look like new. 

55. For Broken Needles. — A receptacle for broken needles in her 
work basket would be a boon to any woman, and this one which I 
am about to describe is very easily made, takes up little space and is 
really very convenient, when one is busy sewing and dislikes to get 
up to take care of the dangerous bits of steel. Take a little two 
dram bottle (homeopathic style), crochet for it a snug covering 
made of embroidery silk or silkaline, crocheting it tightly and cover- 
ing the bottle completely, using some bright color if desired. When 
you break a needle just slip the pieces right through the meshes of 
silk into the bottle; they will go in easily, but the holes will close up 
after them, retaining them in safety till the receptacle is full. 

56. How to Carry House Key. — The pocketless woman often 
finds it troublesome to carry a key, especially the house key, when 
she goes out. If an old-fashioned split metal ring can be found, use 
it to connect the key to be carried to the circular end of a strong, 
sure acting safety pin, not necessarily of the largest size. If such a 
ring cannot be found, fasten pin and key together with a bit of fine 
wire, string or thread will be sure to break just at the wrong time. 
Then the pin may be fastened to the inside of the jacket or slipped 
inside of the shirtwaist band pinned to the undergarment, or attached 
to the skirtband and allowed to hang down outside. 

57. A Sewing Room Hint.— Thread will not become knotted so 
often if the newly-cut end is put into the needle instead of the other 
end, which is already broken. 

58. Convenient Addition to Kitchen.— One of the most highly- 
prized helps in our kitchen is a bird cage hook, one which can be hung 
on a nail, and thus easily changed from place to place. On this when 
placed over the sink, I hang macaroni, greens, etc.. to drain ; and when 
placed over the kitchen table, it is an ideal arrangement for holding 
the jelly bag. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 863 

59. To Remove Candle Grease. — A simple way to remove candle 
grease is to scrape off all that will come off in that way, lay over the 
spot a piece of heavy brown wrapping paper (butcher's paper) and 
press with a very hot iron. 

60. Using Silk on the Machine. — ^When sewing on the machine 
with silk, it often unwinds and twists around the spool spindle in a 
very trying manner. To avoid this make a hole in a small piece of 
felt and slip it on the spindle before the silk is put on. 

61. A Shoe Cover. — When packing my trunk for a journey, I 
have found it to be a good scheme to use my stockings for shoe covers, 
this saves the added bulk of paper, and the shoes will be found less 
liable to muss up other things if protected by this clean and handy 
stocking covering. A stocking occupies practically no room when 
drawn over a shoe, and the two together will be found quite handy to 
tuck into chinks into which they alone can fall. 

62. To Press Skirts. — An easy way to press skirts is to use a 
sheet of paper in place of a cloth ; lay the folds, or plaits and in place 
of ironing over a wet cloth take a sheet of common magazine paper 
lay it on the goods and iron. This presses the skirt very well and 
keeps the shine off and will, I think, give more satisfaction than if 
pressed with a damp cloth or ironed on the wrong side. 

63. How to Attach Holders to Kitchen Apron. — Pin two holders 
with long tape at each side of the apron when cooking. They are con- 
venient for handling hot kettles or dishes. 

64. To Pack Music. — An excellent place in which to pack away 
sheets of music that are not in constant use is a large box fitted with 
a hinged cover and upholstered in cretonne, after the manner of shirt- 
waist boxes so much in vogue. Such a box is kept in the hallway of 
a small flat, where room is at a premium. The music cabinet was full 
to overflowing and there was no closet shelf that could be utilized, as 
so often happens in an ordinary house. An unused shirtwaist box was 
suggested and has been found to answer every purpose besides provid- 
ing an extra seat when such a seat was desirable. The box seems to 
fit in as an article of furnishing and the reason for its being there would 
never be asked. 

65. Pie Crust, How to Bake. — Bake empty pie crusts on the out- 
side of the tin, instead of the inside, and they won't shrink. 

66. Let the Poison Bottle Tinkle. — A wise house mother with half 
a dozen little folk needing all sorts of medicines and medical applica- 
tions, has purchased in a toy shop a handful of little bells, and when 
a bottle containing poison is added to the medicine closet it is adorned 
with a bell tied around its neck with a narrow ribbon. No danger 
with the bottle thus equipped of taking by mistake, in the dark, the 
dangerous medicine. The moment the poison bottle is touched the 
little bell tinkles its warning. 



864 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

67. A New Night Lamp. — Mothers who have timid little ones 
will appreciate the new night lamp, the apparatus of which may be 
carried to the country in a trunk or handbag. This apparatus con- 
sists of a small wooden float through which passes a tiny wick. An 
ordinary china teacup is half filled with cottonseed oil, the little float- 
ing wick placed in this, and a match touched to the upright wick. 
While the sides of the cup prevent the direct light of the flame being 
visible to the person in bed, a pleasant dim light is cast over the room. 

68. Time Saved in Sewing. — In a family of small children there 
are a great many buttonholes to be made. A quick way to make them 
in the everyday underwear, is on the sewing machine. Sew back and 
forth, leaving a small space in the center, three or four times where 
the buttonhole is wanted, and cut in the space left, being careful not 
to cut the stitching. In making little dresses, or slips after the skirts 
are sewed up, attach the gatherer to the machine and gather the top 
and bottom of sleeves and skirt. In this way work is quickly done. 

69. Stews and Hash, How to Make. — Stews and hash made of 
fresh meat or round steak instead of scraps, are delicious. When the 
steak is to be used without being ground, select only tender, young, 
pinkish pieces ; otherwise it will be tough in spite of prolonged cooking. 

70. Dusters. — Another good idea about dusters. Do not use any- 
thing that comes handy, but get squares of five-cent cheese cloth or 
silkoline, fold a neat hem. and whip it nicely around, then turn and go 
back the other way. These materials are the best one can use, as 
they do not leave lint behind. Always wash the dusters after the 
sweeping day. No one can do clean work with soiled tools; besides 
dusters ruin the hands. 

71. Broom Bags. — ^Good material for a broom bag or cover is old 
gauze underwear. The goods takes up dust very readily, and is eas- 
ily rinsed out; or a piece can be thrown away without waste. 

72. To Settle Coffee. — An economical and satisfactory way to 
settle coffee is as follows: Beat one tgg well Avith an egg beater and 
pour over one pound of freshly-ground coffee, mix very thoroughly and 
no trace of dampness then remains. The coffee may then be put away 
as usual, and when used it will be found as clear as amber. 

73. Stocking Tops for Convenient Holders. — For soft, convenient 
holders use old stocking tops. Take two thicknesses, cut in squares, 
bind all around with some bias pieces left from calico dresses and s^w 
a brass ring on one corner. 

74. Hat Hangers. — It is often convenient to hang up hats, even 
"Sunday-go-to-meeting ones." To make sure that every one will stay 
hung up, and not fall to the floor to be soikd or crushed under foot, 
sew a loop of narrow ribbon or elastic braid or even shoestring, to the 
middle of the lining, making the loop long enough so that it will reach 
to the edge of the hat crown when the loop is pulled out. This can be 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 865 

done and passed over hook or nail or peg, and the hat hung over it, 
and even if the hat gets a hard knock, it's a case of "sure on" every 
time. 

75. To Freshen Bread. — To freshen bread pour cold water all 
over the loaf, drain quickly, and place in the oven. When the outside 
is dry and hot remove the loaf and it can scarcely be detected from a 
new one. 

76. Renewing Wringer Rollers. — A neighbor rejuvenated a worn- 
out wringer the other day by covering the rolls with white felt. She 
cut the felt so that it would just come together, not overlap anywhere, 
and caught the edges together with close stitches. It bids fair to last 
her as long again, and it is certain that just now the wringer does as 
good work as any new one. 

77. To Prevent Cake Tins Sticking. — Flour the baking tins after 
greasing them. If the flour is shaken all over the grease, and the tins 
rapped, you will have no difficulty with sticky cakes which break when 
you try to get them out. Lard is just as good as butter, for it will not 
taste through the flour. 

78. Substitute for Chopping Bowl. — ^When chopping mincemeat, 
tomatoes, or large quantities of other fruit, you will probably find that 
your chopping bowl is a good deal too small. Get a clean wooden box 
with a thick bottom, from your grocer and use it instead of your bowl. 
You will notice a great saving of time is effected, 

79. Save the Gas. — Cut strips of asbestos paper an inch and a 
half wide and long enough to go around the burners of the gas range. 
Pin together to form a ring, slip over the burner, and all the heat will 
be concentrated where wanted. In this way the gas can be half turned 
off and the same results obtained. 

80. To Prevent Pitchers Dripping. — Syrup or other liquids will 
not drip from a pitcher if a little butter or grease is rubbed on the edge 
and under the side of the lip. 

81. Medicine Cupboard. — An array of ordinary medicine bottles is 

always unsightly, and a nuisance, too, on cleaning days. Have a tiny 
cupboard with tight closing door, or a well-fitted curtain, and there is 
gain in looks and convenience. 

82. To Prevent Tablecloths from Blowing Off.— We had some 
pieces of brass chain, and found them splendid to run through the hems 
of the tablecovers when in use on the porch in sumwi^r. Such "loaded" 
covers do not blow off easily, consequently they save quite a bit of 
annoyance and laundering. 

83. To Mark Poison Bottle. — When you purchase a bottle of 
poison run a brass-headed tack into the top of tiie cork. It serves as a 
marker, and children will be more cautious of the marked bottle. If 
the label comes off or is discolored, the marker remains as a warning 
that the bottle contains poison. 

55 



866 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

84o To Remove White Spots Caused by Hot Dishes. — For polish- 
ing tables after hot dishes leave a white spot, take a cloth wet in 
alcohol, then have one wet in sweet oil. Do it quickly and spots will 
disappear at once. 

85. Stains from Fly Paper, to Remove. — Almost anything that has 
come in contact with sticky fly paper can be thoroughly cleansed by 
sponging with kerosene. The odor will soon evaporate if the article is 
exposed to the air for a short time. 

86. A Use for Ravelings. — In trimming a tablecloth to be hemmed 
or stitched, one very frequently has to cut off quite a piece of the 
linen. Ravelings from these pieces are invaluable for mending old 
cloths, and ought to be saved for that purpose. 

87. How to Remove a Glass Stopper. — The obstinate glass 
stopper in a glass bottle will yield to a string of seaweed around the 
neck of the bottle. Friction, heat, slight outside expansion solve the 
problem. 

88. To Prevent Starch from Boiling Over. — Add a small piece 
of butter the size of a walnut when the starch comes to a good boil. 
This not only gives a nice, smooth finish and makes the ironing easier, 
but it prevents the starch from boiling over. 

89. To Hold Sheets in Place. — I worked out a little scheme which 
has saved me a lot of trouble and inconvenience, so I thought I would 
pass it on. The sheets and bed clothes are constantly pulling out at 
the foot, so one day I sewed three buttons on to my mattress with 
strong thread, and worked buttonholes in the hems of the sheets to 
correspond, and since then have not had trouble with their pulling up 
in the middle of the night. 

90. Hints for Bathing the Baby. — It is a great advantage when 
bathing the baby to have all the towels heated before using, as they 
absorb the moisture much more readily and are very pleasant and 
soothing to the delicate skin. This is also excellent for bathing an 
invalid as it greatly hastens the work and lessens the danger of catch- 
ing cold. It acts like a charm for the child who dreads a bath, this is 
usually a nervous child who does not like the feeling of the towel, on 
the wet surface of its skin; complains of feeling damp; and refuses to 
don its clothing when a less sensitive child would be perfectly com- 
fortable. 

91. A Satisfactory Shoe Polisher. — Not long since I ripped up a 
\elvet covered hat, only to find the velvet impossible for further use 
in the millinery line. A threw it into the big waste basket that stands 
near my husband's shoe cleaning apparatus. He caught up the velvet 
in a hurry one day to take a spot off a shoe, and now has it laid away 
as a treasure in his shoe kit. He says it is the best polisher he ever 
had, and uses it on my fine shoes to his own entire satisfaction. 

92. Tasty Way of Preparing Beef -tea.— Beef-tea will not prove 
so monotonous to an invalid if a different flavoring is used each day. as 
clove, bay leaf, or celery. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 867 

93. To Preserve Silk Gloves. — If white or delicately tinted silk 
gloves are wrapped in blue paper, then in brown they will not discolor. 
The chloride of lime in white paper is injurious. 

94. Red Ants to Destroy. — Dry sulphur, sprinkled about in cup- 
boards or flour chests where small red ants frequent, will rid the place 
of the pests. 

95. Kitchen Account Book. — I have found a kitchen account book 
is a very useful record. I have a small vestpocket note book hanging 
by a string and pencil near my kitchen range. A page or two is de- 
voted to each month's use. The month and year are entered at the 
top of page. When groceries are purchased, the date, article and price 
are noted, and summed up at the end of each month. It makes a 
handy, permanent record, showing how long supplies last, the expense 
of one month compared with another, and the monthly average of each 
3^ear. 

96. A Brick Pincushion. — A brick pincushion was a dressmaker's 
ingenious way of making easy work of basting and sewing long seams. 
She took a common red brick, topped it with a flat oblong cushion 
size and shape of the brick, covering the whole neatly with a bright, 
chintz cover. This standing on the edge of her cutting table was in 
constant use, and proved a great convenience. 

97. Fruit Stains, to Remove from Hands. — When your hands be- 
come stained from paring fruit or vegetables, dip them in soap suds 
then rub thoroughly with coarse salt, and they will become smooth and 
white. 

98. Eyelet Embroidery, Suggestions for. — For some time after I 
began doing ''eyelet work" I wondered if there was not some way to 
fasten the thread after completing an eyelet. A friend of mine showed 
me a solution of my problem. It was to leave the last three loops loose 
enough so that I could pass the thread back through them after com- 
pleting the eyelet. Then I carefully pulled each of these loops down 
and cut off the thread. This obviates the necessity of any knots that 
are so unsightly, and at the same time, the thread is firmly secured. 

99. To Prevent Stockings from Wearing Out. — Paste pieces of 
velvet soft side up, into the heels of your shoes, bottom and back, and 
you will find your stockings darning reduced by a big per cent. 

100. Needle Sharpener. — I know a woman who always keeps a 
small piece of whetstone in her machine drawer for sharpening needles 
when they become blunted. It is a great scheme, and saves a lot of 
needles, as I have proved to my own satisfaction. 

101. Burned Kettles. — If you have had the misfortune to burn 
your kettle it may be made smooth and clean by filling it with ashes 
and water, leaving it for an hour or so, then washing with clear water. 

102. Children's Petticoats. — When making washable petticoats 
for her small daughters, a mother whom I know attaches two skirts 
to one belt, which in turn is sewed to a little lace trimmed waist. 



868 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

The lower skirt is made of white cambric, and the top skirt is of Swiss 
embroidery. This arrangement saves time in dressing the little ones 
and their upper and lower petticoats are always of the same length 

and set evenly. 

103. Systematic Housekeeping. — A friend of mine who has a si;x- 
room apartment delights in taking care of it in sections, one room a 
day. On each of the six days in the week one room is thoroughly 
cleaned and put in order. She plans, if possible, to add some little 
touch of adornment, a new rocker, or vase, or table cover, or pin- 
cushion. In this way there is always something new to notice and 
admire, and yet no new and startling changes and never any accumula- 
tion of hard work. 

104. To Keep Grape Fruit After Cutting. — When half a grape- 
fruit or melon is left from a meal, place it cut side down on a china 
or agate plate, so that no air can reach it, and the fruit will keep as 
though it had not been cut. 

105. How to Freshen Nuts. — ^We had a lot of nuts that became 
.too dry to be good, and were about to throw them away, when a 
friend told us of a very easy and practical way to freshen them. It 
was this: to let them stand over night in a solution of equal parts of 
milk and water, then dry them slowly in a moderate oven. They 
tasted so fresh and proved to be such an economy, that we thought 
the idea well worth passing along. 

106. Measure the Eggs. — Try measuring the whites of eggs for 
angel food instead of counting them, for best results. 

107. Kerosene Lamps. — A neighbor who has to use kerosene for 
lighting purposes told me the secret of her bright lights. After cleans- 
ing the lamps well and trimming the wick she fills the oil chamber, 
and drops into it a piece of camphor gum about as large as a marble. 
It is a very simple method of securing a splendid light. 

108. Baking Help. — When creaming butter and sugar for cake or 
cookies, add two tablespoonfuls of boiling water, then deduct this 
amount from the other liquid used. Beat hard with a spoon, and the 
mixture will become a light creamy mass in one-third of the time it 
otherwise would take. 

109. To Destroy Disagreeable Odors.— The cooking of onions, 
cabbage, or frymg articles always leaves a disagreeable odor in our 
house. To get rid of this I place an old tin over a lighted burner and 
sprinkle some ground cinnamon on it. When the tin is very hot I 
carry it through the house on the dustpan, leaving behind me the 
pleasant pungent odor of the spice. 

110. The Last Step.— A great many times last winter I had to go 
mto the cellar to tend to the furnace when it was too light to lio-ht a 
lamp, and too dark to enable one to see easily. Almost every time I 
had to feel around to be sure that I was on the bottom step. One 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 869 

day my husband was doing some painting in the cellar and happened 
to think that a little white paint on that step would help. Now we 
wonder why we did not think of it before. 

111. Truth spoken with malicious intent is greater eiror than 
keeping of silence where wrong is meant. 

112. Boiled Potatoes. — Boiled potatoes should be served as soon 
as they are cooled. To make them dryer, drain off the water quickly, 
shake them in a strong draught of air and do not put back the lid of 
the kettle. 

113. To Prevent Ripping. — ^When hemming table cloths, sheets, 
etc., on the machine, try the following plan : Sew the hem as you 
always do, but when you come to the end, instead of leaving a long 
thread to tie it, to keep from ripping, simply lift the presser-foot, turn 
the goods around, place the presser-foot down again and sew back over 
the same seam again, and sew about half an inch more. It makes a 
neat finish and no danger of the hem ever fraying out. 

114. To Mix Corn Bread. — To mix corn bread more easily, warm 
the bowl that it is to be mixed in. 

115. Mending Table Linen. — To mend table cloths and napkins, 
take the sewing machine, loosen the tension, lengthen the stitch, place 
embroidery rings over the place to be mended, and stitch back and 
forth closely. You have a neat darn, easily done. When laundered you 
can scarcely see it. Do the same with stockings. 

116. Children's Toy. — Save all the empty spools, and when any 
dyeing is done in the household, drop the spools into the fluid for a 
few minutes, and they will make fine playthings for the children on a 
rainy day. 

117. To Keep Coffee From Boiling Over. — To keep coflFee from 
boiling over add a lump of butter about the size of a small marble. 

118. — Sour Milk Pancakes. — We are very fond of sour milk pan- 
cakes, and have often had to go without any in the winter when the 
weather was cold, just because the milk would not sour. I have 
learned to put a teaspoonful of vinegar in a pan of milk, that I wanted 
to use for the cakes the next morning, and find that it never fails me 
in making the milk sour. Placing the pan over the register for the 
night helps matters along. 

119. When the Wooden Scrub Bucket Leaks. — When the wooden 
scrub bucket leaks pour sealing wax into the crevice and paint on the 
outside. This will make it last for a longer period. 

120. Rust Spots on Clothes. — Many rust spots on clothes are caused 
by bits of soap adhering to the latter when they come in contact with 
the bluing water. The discovery has been of great help to me because 
I can now easily avoid having these unsightly marks. I merely cut 
the soap into small pieces, and tie them in a salt bag I keep for the 
purpose. With this treatment the soap dissolves just as quickly but 
does not come into direct contact with the clothes. 



370 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

121. Cleaning Stoves. — Before blacking my stove I rub soap on 
my hands, as if washing them, letting the soap dry on. When wash- 
ing my hands after the work is done, the blacking and the soap come 
off together easily, leaving no stain on the hands. 

122. Left-Over Peaches. — If there are not peaches enouo^h left 
from an opened can to go around, mix them with orange pulp and a 
little sliced banana and the family will find them improved. 

123. Substitute for Cream in Coffee. — For a substitute for cream 
in coffee put a pint of fresh milk into a double boiler and let it come 
to a boil, stirring often. Beat the yolk of one egg very light and pour 
it into the boiling milk and mix well. 

124. Cooking cauliflower. — Soak cauliflower an hour before cook- 
ing. Put into boiling water to which a tablespoonful of salt is added. 
Boil from twenty to thirty minutes according to size of the head. 

125. Uses for Child's Broom. — ^A child's broom should find place 
in the bath room. It can be kept in the clothes hamper, and will be 
useful in sweeping under the bath-tub. 

126. Dish Cloths. — Dish cloths are often neglected. They should 
be kept scrupulously clean, and in order that they may be so they 
should be washed out carefully with soap, and well rinsed each time 
they have been used. After this has been done they may be hung in 
the air to dry. Some people, however, like to have a stone jar con- 
taining a solution of soda by the sink, and to keep the dish cloths in it 
when not in use. 

127. Watch for the wishes of the customers and not the hands of 
the clock, and some day you will have your boss's job. 

128. We judge our neighbor as queer and eccentric, but with the 
same measure comes back his judgment of us. 

129. Uses for Men's Worn Out Collars. — Men's collars when worn 
out, can be opened and bound together as a memorandum book which 
can be laundered each Monday. 

130. Broiling Meat— A little salt thrown on the coal flame will 

clear it for broiling meat. 

131. Combinations of Cherries and Pineapple. — A combination of 

cherries and pineapple makes a most delicious pie. 

132. Crepe Paper for Dish Closet.— »A pretty effect for the dish 
closet may be found in crepe paper. Some prefer white, but a tint 
harmonizing well with the china is pretty, too. Have it to fall about 
three inches below the edge of the shelves and ruffle the edge of the 
paper by stretching it lightly between forefinger and thumb. 

133. Boiling Rice. — One cook always puts a very little lemon juice 
in the water in which she boils the rice. She claims that it keeps the 
rice white and the grains whole and separate. It may be worth trying. 

134. To Remove Grease from Silk.— Grease may be removed from 
silk and woolen clothes by the use of magnesia. Scrape a quantity 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 871 

upon the spot, cover with a brown paper and place a hot flat-iron over 
it. The heat of the iron acts upon the magnesia and when the iron 
and the paper are removed and the magnesia brushed off the spot will 
have disappeared. 

135. Hemstitching. — ^When hemstitching wears out, take serpen- 
tine braid and stitch it across twice on the sewing machine. This 
makes the hem look neat and last a long time. 

136. Moths. — When moths get into dresser drawers, sweep them 
clean, expose the wood to the sunlight and with an atomizer spray 
turpentine where the pests are liable to be. A lighted match or sul- 
phur candle will kill them. 

137. To Remove Putty. — To remove putty, rub a red hot poker 
over it, and cut off the putty with a steel knife. 

138. New Method for Sprinkling Clothes. — ^Turn the nozzle of the 
hose to a fine spray and sprinkle the clothes while they are on the 
line; a very quick and good method. All plain pieces may then be 
rolled up and laid in the basket as they are taken down, while starched 
articles need but a little further hand sprinkling on portions not 
exposed. 

139. To Open Packages of Breakfast Food. — To open packages of 
breakfast food and keep boxes in a dust proof condition until empty, 
make an opening in the side of box close to top by forcing a tablespoon 
through cardboard and turn flap downwards. The flap will fit back 
snugly in place each time package is used. 

140. Preparing Oranges for the Table. — In preparing oranges for 
the table take a sharp knife, cut the skin straight around, insert the 
handle of a spoon turned over flat to fit the orange and loosen shell by 
forcing spoon to within one-half inch of the end, around one side, then 
the other, after which cut the orange through the center, making two 
parts. Then turn the skin back in cup form, making a pretty decora- 
tion for the table and serving as handles. Always serve in halves. 

141. To Make a Muddy Skirt Wash Easily. — To make a muddy 
skirt wash easily and look white, take sour milk and dilute with water; 
soak the skirt in it over night, then wash in the usual way ; the skirt 
washes easier and looks white. 

142. To Make Stained Water Bottles Clean.— To make stained 
water bottles clean and bright, put in salt and pour on vinegar, let 
stand a few minutes then shake. Rinse in clear water. 

143. Sanitary Window Screen. — Try tacking cheese cloth on the 
pantry window screen frame. This admits air that is sifted free from 
smoke and soot, before it comes into the pantry. 

144. Cheerfulness at Meals. — Cheer during the meals will do away 
with the need of digestive tablets. Make it a rule to come to the 
table smiling, and continue to smile, though the food does not suit 
you and everyone else is down on their luck. Your smile will prove 
contagious. 



872 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

145. Uses for Stale Bread. — Take stale biscuits and grind them 
with a food chopper ; toast in oven to a delicate brown. Serve with 
plenty of sugar and cream. Makes fine breakfast food and saves the 
stale bread. 

146. Washing Lemons. — Always wash lemons before grating 
them, not only to remove any foreign matter sticking to them, but in 
order to remove the tiny insect eggs so often seen on them in the dis- 
guise of black specks. They may be kept fresh indefinitely, if wiped 
perfectly dry and placed in a sealed top glass jar. 

147. To Give Vinegar a Nice Flavor. — A small button of garlic in 
a quart of vinegar will give it a mysterious delicious flavor, and it will 
immensely improve salads or anything in which it is used. 

148. If Mice are Gnawing Holes. — If mice are gnawing holes in 
the house, rub common laundry soap around the gnawed places, and 
you may depend on it they will cease labor in that district. 

149. To Teach Darning. — If young girls are taught to darn on 
canvas, the method of weaving the stitches is easily explained and put 
into practise. 

150. Bed Sheeting.^ — Sheeting should never be cut, but should be 
torn into lengths, usually two and a half yards for medium beds. 

151. Browning Potatoes. — For some kinds of frying the griddle 
is better and has a less tendency to grease than the frying pan. Among 
the other things potato cakes browned on a hot greased griddle, are 
especially crisp and delicious. 

152. To Keep Bread from Souring. — You will find that light bread 
^vill not sour so quickly in summer if it is not covered when taken 
from the oven. This steam is unnatural and should be allowed to 
escape or it soaks into the bread, making it clammy and more liable to 
sour. Let the bread cool gradually then put a clean cloth in a large 
stone jar, place the bread in and cover with the cloth, before covering 
with the stone, or wooden lid. This keeps bread fresh and moist from 
one bake day to another. 

153. Never Pour Scalding Water into Milk Vessels. — Never pour 
scalding water into milk vessels ; it cooks the milk on the sides and 
bottom of the vessels making it more difficult to clean such articles. 
Rinse them first with cold water. ^ This same rule applies to cleansing 
of catsup bottles. 

154. The Water Pipes in the Kitchen. — The water pipes in the 
kitchen will not be so unattractive, if painted the color of the kitchen 
woodwork. 

155. To Brush Fringe of a Doilie. — Do not use a comb for the 
fringe of doilies. as it pulls out the fringe, but brush it with a nail brush. 

156. Wash Suits. — Large buttons should be removed from wash 
suits before they are sent to the laundry. 



MISCELLAiYEOUS RECIPES s} :S 

157. Sewing Machine Conveniences. — Always leave a piece of 
cloth under the presser foot of the sewing machine. This will save 
wear on the machine. Also it will absorb any drop of oil which might 
gather and spoil the first piece of fabric stitched, and will keep the 
needle from becoming blunted. 

158. To Make a Ruffle Easily. — To make a rufifle easily, just 
above depth of the rufifle make a quarter inch tuck. Insert edge of 
ruffle under tuck, flatten down tuck over the ruffle edge and stitch on 
edge of tuck. If the ruffle is desired on very bottom of garment, 
make a quarter of an inch of tuck, leaving about half of an inch of 
goods underneath. Baste and stitch wrong side of ruffle to wrong side 
of half-inch piece, about quarter of an inch from edge. Turn back, 
making edge come under tuck. Flatten tuck and stitch on the edge. 
This will save all the trouble of bias bands, so dreaded by the dress- 
maker. 

159. Greasing Cake Tins. — In making a cake, grease the tin with 
sweet lard rather than butter and sift a little dry flour over it. 

160. Making Children's Petticoats. — When making children's pet- 
ticoats gather the skirt to waistband before hemming the backs and 
then turn in with the hem, and when band gets too small and narrow 
across the back, all you have to do is rip out the hem and face back, 
and the gathers are already there properly placed ; and no ripping skirt 
from band to adjust fullness is necessary. 

161. After Cake is Removed from Oven. — A cake which has been 
removed from the oven should be placed on a wire stand on the stove 
and the steam allowed to thoroughly escape from it so as to obviate 
any chances of it becoming heavy. 

162. When the Top Cannot be Removed from Fruit Cans. — When 
the top cannot be removed from a fruit can, if the lid is carefully pried 
at one point, so the gum can be caught, the rubber can easily be 
removed. It is not difficult to pull the band from beneath the metal 
cap. 

163. Darning. — When darning must be done in the evening it is 
more easily done if a light colored darning ball be used. 

164. In Pressing a Plaited Skirt. — In pressing a plaited skirt one 
will gain time and have more satisfactory results if the plaits are 
basted before the pressing is done. Clean the skirt and brush it on 
the inside. Next baste the seams, cover with a damp cloth and press 
on the right side with a medium warm iron. Dampen the cloth, when 
necessary and press until the cloth is dry. 

165. Stitching Down a Seam.— After stitching down a seam, press 
with a hot iron, and if no seamboard is at hand, it is useful to know 
that a rolling pin, wrapped in a clean cloth, will answer this purpose 
equally as well. 

166. The Color Meat Should be.— Meat should be red, with the 
tat a clear white. The fat besides being white should be firm, and 



874 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

suety, and never moist. Good meat has very little smell. Bad meat 
shrinks considerably in boiling. Meat which is fresh and good does 
not loose an ounce of weight, but swells rather, when it is being boiled. 

167. Buying a New Oil Cloth. — When you are ready to buy a 
new oil cloth for your kitchen table, take your old one and cut it up 
for aprons. Have it cover the whole front of your skirt, and make a 
large bib on it, and you will find, when you are through doing a wash- 
ing, that you will be as dry as you were before you began. 

168. Galvanized Tub. — The popularity of the galvanized tub due 
to its weight and durability, is the cause of a great many people dis- 
carding the wringer on account of their inability to fasten it to the tub 
securely. If a piece of heavy cloth is hung across the tub where the 
wringer fastens to it, you will find that it will fasten and hold as 
securely as to the old-fashioned wooden tub. 

169. To Remove Mildew. — Mildew, if not of too long standing, 
can be removed by the use of raw tomato and salt. Rub the stains 
with raw tomato, sprinkle thickly with salt and lay in the sun. It may 
be necessary to repeat the process two or three times. 

170. Closed Cupboards in the Pantry. — If there are closed cup- 
boards in the pantry use them for storing provisions kept in screw top 
jars. There should be brass hooks for hanging up all the articles that 
can be suspended from the walls. 

171. Keeping a House Account. — There are fewer reckoning days 
if housekeepers pay cash. If they persist in running accounts for gro- 
ceries and other staples they should have a book and see to it that the 
right price is put down the minute anything is bought. 

172. Chestnuts as a Vegetable. — Chestnuts have considerable 
food value. The boiled and mashed pulp may be used as one would 
use meat or vegetable, even croquettes being made of it. 

173. To Give Starch a Gloss. — A little sugar added to boiled 
starch will give a desirable gloss to the clothes when ironed. 

174. Apples Cored for Baking. — Apples cored for baking are de- 
licious filled with orange marmalade and a little butter and sugar. 

175. Beating Eggs. — When beating eggs observe that there is no 
grease on the beater, as it will prevent the eggs from frothing. 

176. If you judge as evil the actions of another, through the 
judging comes evil to you. 

177. A Toy Saw. — A toy saw may be utilized many times in the 
kitchen for sawing meat bones which are too large. 

178. If a White Dress Has Turned Yellow.—If last summer's 
white dress has turned yellow, put it in a stone jar, cover with butter- 
milk and let it stand a day and night. Then wash well and starch 
with blued starch. This is better to whiten goods than freezing, sun- 
shine or the use of borax. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 875 

179. Scorched Food. — A practical cook says : When food has 
been scorched remove the pan from the fire and set into a pan of cold 
water. Lay a dish towel over the pan. The towel will absorb all the 
scorch taste sent up by the steam and the family need never know it 
was burned. 

180. Mutton Chops to Make Tender. — Mutton chops can be made 
tender quite as much as lamb, if before they are boiled or fried they 
are allowed to simmer in just a little water on the back of the stove. 
This also makes the flavor more delicate. 

181. Hollowing Out a Tomato. — For hollowing out a tomato, 
previous to stuffing, a pair of scissors enables a person to remove all 
the pulp without breaking the skin. They are equally useful for fruit 
salads as the fine skin which separates the sections of the grape fruit 
and oranges is easily clipped off. 

182. The Easiest Way to Blacken a Stove.— The easiest way to 
blacken a stove is to use a flat paint brush about one and a half inches 
wide, and a tin or jar, large enough to receive the brush, to mix the 
blacking in. Apply the blacking to the stove as you would paint, and 
use a newspaper to polish with, which can be burned. In this way the 
hands do not come in contact with the blacking during the whole oper- 
ation, and unsightly cloths and brushes, which soil the hands, are done 
away with. 

183. Making Gravies. — For making gravies, thickening of roast 
gravies, it will be found useful to have browned flour on hand at all 
times, which can readily be kept in a mason jar or any covered vessel. 

184. Kitchen Mittens. — Kitchen mittens can be bought in several 
thicknesses and sizes for various branches of housework. There are 
thick ones with straps across the wrist to wear when polishing the 
ranges, then there are others to put on when scrubbing the sink or 
floors, and still thinner ones with chamois cloth inside to use for pol- 
ishing silverware. These mittens are a great protection to the hands 
and finger-nails, and they really simplify the work to a great extent. 

185. To Improve Baked Potatoes. — To improve baked potatoes 
let them stand in a pan of cold water for about an hour, then put them 
in the oven while wet. This seems to steam them and cook them much 
quicker. 

186. Meat Shortcake. — Give your household a meat shortcake 
sometimes. Make the shortcake as you would for a fruit filling, a 
rather short biscuit dough, and put between the layers creamed chicken 
or creamed veal, and have it served with plenty of gravy. 

187. Put a handful of coarse oatmeal in the water bottle and half 
fill with water. Let stand half an hour, then shake well and rinse. 
The bottle will look like new. 

188. Making a Kitchen Apron. — In making a kitchen apron, pro- 
vide it with an immense pocket in which can be carried a large dust- 
cloth. Often one notices dusty places, on the furniture, windows or 
banisters while doing the morning work, and the dust-cloth is at hand. 



876 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Again one has to pick up numerous little articles to throw into the 
waste basket and the pocket holds such articles until the waste basket 
is reached. It is equally handy for holding a few clothes pins, while 
hanging out the clothes ; in fact the large pocket is recognized as some- 
thing decidedly useful in the kitchen apron. 

189. To Make a Neat Buttonhole. — To make a neat buttonhole 
in thin white material that is likely to ravel when cut, take a piece of 
white soap and apply it to the back of the goods using enough to make 
a generous coat. Cut the buttonhole and work; you will find that the 
work is easily done and the buttonhole w'ill not ravel. 

190. To Mark Scallops. — To mark scallops place your thimble or 
spool just outside the circle line and mark around it with a pencil. In 
this way, any sized scallop can be made. 

191. Delicate Fabrics to Clean. — Delicate fabrics can be cleaned 

perfectly by using gasoline with a teacupful of corn meal. The meal 
scours out all the spots. Place the meal in a dish, pour gasoline over 
it, then press and rub through the hands. Apply to soiled spots, rub- 
bing carefully. Brush out with stiff brush. 

192. When Using a Lap-Board. — While sewing a garment with 

the material lying on the lap-board, use glass top push pins to hold the 
goods on the board. One pin will oftentimes be sufficient. Tlie pin 
is very sharp, and is easily thrust through the material into the board, 
and leaves a hole about the size of that made with a needle. 

193. To Shape Cookies. — Cookies can be shaped with the bottom 
of a **star" tumbler. Flour the bottom of the glass and press it into 
the unbaked cookie until the indentions are imprinted upon the cake. 

194. Have You Been Hoarding an Old Foulard Dress — One of 

that kind of dresses which you liked and hated to part with, but it 
went out of style. Get it out, clean it, rip it, and if there is not 
enough in it to make a scant shirt-waisted one-piece empire dress, 
make it into a pretty shirt-waist, with knife plaiting down the front. 

195. To Wash Tarnished Brass. — Save the water in which the 
potatoes have been boiled, and use it to wash tarnished brass. It will 
come out as bright as new. 

196. Sewing Lace. — ^When sewing two raw edges of fine lace to- 
gether, like the tiny lace ruffles on lingerie blouses or dresses, do not 
fell it in the old-fashioned way, but place the two right sides together 
and bind the edge with the finest thread, making a buttonhole stitch 
along the edges. ' Put a stitch in each mesh, and you wnll have a neat 
lace seam which, when pressed, can scarcely be observed, and it will 
not fray. 

197. Roasted Chestnuts. — Roasted chestnuts are said to be very 
delicious when salted the same as peanuts. 

198. Mud Stains, to Remove. — Mud stains will disappear from 
cloth by the following method of cleansing: After brushing the dry 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 877 

mud away sponge the remaining stain with a weak solution of am- 
monia and water. This is absolutely safe to apply to black cloth. 
Colored goods, however, should be sponged with a solution of bicar- 
bonate of soda as the latter does not affect coloring matter. 

199. Drop Table for Kitchen. — ^A woman can have a kitchen made 
in a very cramped quarter if she provides it with a small work table, 
and a drop leaf table attached to the wall. If the stationary table is 
covered on all sides with a curtain and furnished with an undershelf, 
it will hold as much as a cupboard. Two large shelves will be found 
very convenient, even though it will be necessary to mount a chair or 
stool to reach the kitchen articles. Usually extremely small kitchens 
are more convenient than large ones, in which many steps must be 
taken. 

200. A Convenience for Ironing Day. — The laundress who knows 
how to take care of herself has a high stool with rungs for her feet, 
on which she may sit when she is ironing the light pieces. It will 
help reserve her strength for the next day's work. 

201. Quickest Way to Core Apples. — One of the simplest and 
quickest ways to core apples for baking is to use an ordinary clothes 
pin. 

202. To Remove Iron Rust. — Tartaric acid will remove almost 
any iron rust blemish from material and is excellent for removing yel- 
low marks. 

203. The Kitchen Apron. — The kitchen apron should cover the 
skirt and the front of the waist, though not necessarily the shelves, as 
most house dresses are made with short sleeves. 

204. Cookies, to Keep. — ^Cookies put in an earthen jar lined with 
clean cloth, while they are still hot, and kept covered closely, will be 
much more melting and crumbling than if they were allowed to cool 
in the air. 

205. Discolored China Baking Dishes. — Discolored china baking 
dishes can be made as clean as when new by rubbing them with whit- 
ing. 

206. Care of Drippings. — The care of drippings in the kitchen, 
with the price of food so high, should receive more attention. In 
cooking all meats, poultry, and in making soup the grease should be 
carefully skimmed off and saved. Render it out once a week and after 
a good boiling, strain through cheesecloth. When cool skim the fat 
off and use in place of lard, — except for pie and biscuit. 

207. To Mend Rubber. — To mend rubber, use soft kid from an 
old glove and paste to the patch the gum of automobile paste. The 
leather adheres better to the gum than a gum patch. 

208. Cleaning Black Woolen Clothing. — The following is a good 
recipe for cleaning black woolen clothing: Dissolve borax in water 
and saturate a sponge or cloth in the solution. Wash the greasy spots 
by rubbing vigorously, then rinse in clear water the same way and dry 
in the sun. This is especially good for cleaning men's coat collars. 



378 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

209. To Prevent Tinware Rusting. — To prevent tinware from 
rusting rub over with fresh lard and put in a hot oven for a few min- 
utes before using it. If treated in this way it will never rust. 

210. To Remove Machine Grease. — Cold water and a teaspoonful 
of ammonia and soap will remove machine grease when other means 
would not answer on account of the colors running. 

211. To Keep Cheese From Drying. — Wring a cloth from vinegar 
and wrap several thicknesses around the cheese to keep it from mould- 
ing and drying. 

212. Small Hand Churn. — A small hand churn makes home-made 
butter and cheese possible. It is no trouble whatever to make a pot 
of yellow butter, fresh and sweet, by the aid of one of these convenient 
little churns. After it is made it may be rolled into a delicate little 
pat and kept in an earthen jar made purposely for butter. 

213. Larding a Piece of Meat. — Larding a piece of meat is a sim- 
ple operation, and it is one which will greatly add to the juiciness of 
the dish. Cut a piece of salt pork into strips quarter of an inch thick 
and two or three inches long. Slip these into a larding needle and 
draw the needle through the meat, so either end of the pork will pro- 
trude beyond the meat. 

214. To Make Vegetables Tender. — ^Cutting onions, turnips, and 
carrots across the fiber makes them more tender when cooked. 

215. Clear black cofifee diluted with water containing a little 
ammonia, will clean and restore black clothes. 

216. To Make Linen Easier to Write on. — ^To make linen easier 
to write on when marking, dip the pieces you wish to mark into cold 
starch, rub over with hot iron and you will be able to write without 
the pen scratching. 

217. To Air Pillows. — ^To air pillows, rip the corner of the ticking 
an inch or more. Insert a piece of rubber hose pipe a few inches long, 
first covering the exposed end of the tube with strong netting. Sew 
the ticking firmly to it and then hang all day on the line, in the air 
punching and shaking many times during the day. They will be 
light and fluffy besides being thoroughly aired and sweet and clean. 

218. Uses for Pea-Pods. — Never throw away pea-pods; they give 
a delicious flavor to the puree for the next day. 

219. To Remove the Skins of Tomatoes Quickly. — To remove 
the skins of tomatoes quickly, put them into a wire basket and sink it 
quickly into a kettle of hot water. Do not let the tomatoes stand in 
the water long enough to heat through, and plunge into cold water 
immediately from the hot. Another way is to rub the skins backward 
with the blunt edge of a knife. In this way the tomato does not need 
scalding, and according to epicures is more tasty. 

220. Dyeing at Home. — In dyeing at home amateurs often make 
the mistake of putting the dyed article through the wringer, possibly to 
avoid staining the hands for one reason, or perhaos "hoping to dry 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 379 

the garment more quickly. This however, should never be done, for 
the creases so formed are most obstinate and in fact, often only disap- 
pear with wear, despite all pressing. Dyed articles should be squeezed 
and hung out of doors to dry. 

221. — To Save Children's Shoes. — To save children's shoes wash 
them occasionally to remove the dirt and old polish, and soften them 
with oil. When any part of the sole becomes badly worn, it should 
be mended at once, for usually a shoe will wear out at one point more 
quickly than elsewhere, and by paying ten or fifteen cents to have that 
part mended it saves dollars in time. Gunmetal shoes are preferable 
for everyday wear, for such shoes are lusterless and can be cleaned 
with oils instead of polish, which is destructive to the best leather, 
even when sparingly used. 

222. A Systematic Housewife. — It is a handy plan for the busi- 
ness woman or the housewife who has much domestic accounting to 
do to keep two calendars, one to tear off day by day, the other to refer 
back to past dates when necessary. The reference calendar which 
can be very small and inconspicuous should have its special hook on 
the desk or table. 

223. To Keep Candles in Warm Weather. — Keep your candles in 
the ice box this warm weather. They will remain beautifully upright 
through a whole evening's use, if they are hardened first in this way. 

224. Tea Towels. — Keep the tea towels in sight, then have them 
fresh, clean, and whole, and hang them on a long metal curtain pole, 
in a convenient place, say back of the sink. This is better than plac- 
ing the towels on a nail against the wall as is usually done, and it 
permits them to dry out quickly. 

225. A Spotless House. — A house that is spotless at the price of 
the family's peace or of the housekeeper's best self, is the worst sort 
of an investment. You, the woman, are of vastly more importance 
than your surroundings. If you feel yourself becoming a mere drudge, 
if your family is growing away from you mentally, if your nerves are 
weakening under a fetich of cleanliness, get time to read. 

226. To Keep Flooring in Place. — Strips of moulding may be 
tacked around the edges of a room at the baseboard, so as to cover the 
edge of oilcloth or linoleum. This holds the floor covering in place 
and prevents dust from getting beneath it. 

227. Light Colored Wall Paper. — Light colored wall paper may 
be cleaned by a careful rubbing with a very clean rubber of the kind 
which artists use. If the spot cleaned seems lighter than the sur- 
rounding color it may be toned down by a gentle rubbing with a clean 
chamois skin. 

228. To Keep Canary Seed Away from Mice. — If there are any 
mice in the house, the best way to keep the canary from being robbed 
of its food is to empty the contents of a cardboard box of bird seed 
into a quart preserve jar and cover with a screw top. 



880 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

229. Convenient Scrub Bucket. — The most convenient scrub 
bucket is light, and is made of galvanized iron with a wide flaring top. 
The bucket is to be fitted with a wire soap tray on the outside, for 
often the soap is wasted while floating in the water if there is no con- 
venient place to put it, while scrubbing. Holes can be punctured in 
the bucket and the wire tray fastened on with a heavy cord or a pliable 
wire. 

230. Fruit Stains on Table Linen. — Fruit stains on table linen 
should be taken out before the cloth is put in the wash tub. Soap and 
water will set the stains. 

231. Wicker Furniture. — Do not scrub your unpainted wicker 
furniture with soap and water„ as it will turn it yellow and ruin its 
looks. Instead, try scrubbing it with a strong solution of salt water. 
If you have pieces that are so shabby that they must either be painted 
or thrown away, try the salt water treatment first. Scrub well and put 
in the sun and air and dry quickly. 

232. Removing Dirt from Carpet. — Of all the ways to remove 

dirt from a carpet, the worst is by the use of the ordinary short brush 
which involves the housemaid's kneeling down in the dust. 

233. Hov to Preserve the Household Broom. — The ordinary 

household broom will last twice as long, if care is taken of it, as it will 
if it is just used anyhow. When it is new, before using it, put it in a 
pail of hot water and let it remain there until the water is quite cold. 
Then thoroughly dry in the sun if possible. Ahvays clean it after 
sweeping, by dipping in water and shaking well before putting it away 
and occasionally give it a thorough washing in hot soda water. 

234. A Good Furniture Polish. — A good furniture polish may be 
made of paraffin oil and turpentine. Kerosene too is very good, while 
crude oil may be used to darken wood that has not been varnished. 

235. Delicious Salad. — Seeded raisins cut in pieces, broken nut 
meats, and a small part of celery in thin bits make up a delicious salad. 

236. To Clean Light Rugs. — Rugs with white or ver}^ light ground 
may be cleaned by sprinkling with cornstarch, mixed with one-sixth its 
bulk of prepared chalk. Let the starch remain several hours and brush 
it out with a fine whiskbroom, then hang in the sun and heat well 
before putting down. This method is recommended for fine, silky 
rugs, as it injures neither tint nor texture and makes a beautifully 
clean surface. 

237. To Light a Closet of Any Kind.— To light a closet of any 
kind, but especially a linen closet, the safest thing next to electricity 
is a light clear glass lantern with wire guards outside the glass. Swing 
it by a light chain pulley, some little way in front of the shelves. Thus 
a touch sends it up or down, throwing the light wherever it may be 
needed. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 881 

238. To Remove White Marks on Furniture. — A mixture com- 
posed of equal parts of turpentine and linseed oil will remove the 
white marks on furniture caused by water. Rub it on with a soft rag 
and wipe off with a perfectly clean duster. 

239. If Your Paint Has Been Marred. — If your paint has been 
marred by careless scratching of matches, try rubbing it with the finest 
sand paper. Use a half lemon for removing match marks from paint. 

240. To Remove Inkstains from Cotton. — To remove ink-stains 
from cotton material, place the stain over the steam and apply salt and 
lemon juice which will soon remove the ink. 

241. To Clean Plaster-of-Paris. — To clean plaster-of-paris figures, 
cover with a thick coating of starch and water, let it dry on the sur- 
face and the dirt will brush off with the dry powder. 

242. To Clean Piano Keys. — A cloth moistened with alcohol will 
clean piano keys. 

243. Washing Veils. — When veils are washed at home they usu- 
ally come out quite limber and flimsy. To give them the stiifness add 
a pinch of sugar to the rinse water. 

244. To Take Candle Grease Out of Linen. — To take candle grease 
out of linen, place the linen between two sheets of thick white blotting 
paper, and set a hot iron on it, leaving it there long enough for the 
iron to become perceptibly cooler. If necessary repeat this until the 
grease is removed. 

245. Cleaning the Sweeping Brush. — Try cleaning the sweeping 
brush with an old comb. It is a good plan, for it preserves the brush 
and keeps it clean, and at the same time saves your hands. 

246. Bright Wood Berries May be Preserved. — ^Almost any kind 
of bright wood berries may be preserved for decorative use in the 
winter, by dipping in melted paraffin and putting away in a cool place 
until needed. Treated in this way berries will remain firm and bright 
for a long time, and may be used in many ways. 

247. Old Wood Work to Keep Clean. — Old woodwork, that is so 
hard to keep clean, can be made to look like new grained wood, by 
first painting it with cream colored paint to give a body alike, and 
when dry go over it with a dark oak varnish stain ; with a little prac- 
tice it can be made to look like grained wood. The varnish dries 
quickly and leaves it darker in some places. Any old furniture can be 
treated in the same way. 

248. To Prevent Chairs Marring the Floor. — One should have all 
rockers covered with half rounds of rubber to prevent the scratching 
of the porch floor. These rocker tires are procurable at any furniture 
establishment and are easily adjusted. 

249. Summer Homes. — Some of the wealthiest women are fur- 
nishing their summer homes with rag rugs, instead of the handsome 
oriental floor coverings, that are a mark of luxury ; and what seems odd 
to those who cannot afford to please each whim, the rooms are being 
66 



382 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

repapered with simple sprigged effects and all evidences of up-to-date- 
ness are being eliminated, to be in keeping with these copies of the col- 
onial rag carpets. 

250. To Destroy Flies. — Flies will get into the house during the 
summer in spite of the greatest care. One method of catching and 
killing them, without having disagreeable looking fly paper lying around 
is to prepare a mixture of cream, sugar and pej-per. Put this on a 
plate and they will eat greedily of it and die. They will instantly 
seek the open air and it is easy to brush them from the screen doors. 
This is an old method and a good one. 

251. Successful Fern Growing. — A woman who has had her re- 
frigerator placed on the porch has a long drain pipe to carry off the 
melted ice, and this is made to flow right into a large bed of ferns. 
The cold water in no way destroys the plants, in fact, they can endure 
the coldest water, and last year her ferns grew to an enormous size 
all due to the daily supply of water from the refrigerator. 

252. Faded Crepe. — Faded crepe can be dipped into a solution of 
water and indigo, the water made very dark with blueing for the pur- 
pose. Dissolve in one quart of water, a teaspoonful of sugar. Lift 
the crepe out, and shake it and pin it to the bed to dry. As it can not 
be ironed pin it carefully over soft muslin with needles. 

253. Sweeping as a Beautifier. — The average woman who does 
her own housework gets exercise enough, only it is not under the best 
conditions, for the air, as a rule, is not sufficiently fresh. If she wants 
to be benefitted physically, while putting her house in order, let her 
make it like outdoors, with the windows wide open so the fresh air 
can sweep througii the rooms. If necessary she can wear a jacket 
while making beds and sweeping, and by the time her work is done 
she is bound to be in a healthy glow. If she does not do housework 
she must go outdoors, and walk, and indeed, a little walking is desir- 
able even for the housekeeper. 

254. Putting Screens Away. — If screens were carefully put away 
last fall there should be little difficulty in getting them in place on the 
first hot fly-breeding day. The wise housekeeper writes on the top of 
her screen, where it is hidden from view by the upper sash, the room 
and window where it belongs. She also covers the wires with a coat- 
ing of vaselin and stores them in a dry place with a cover thrown over 
them. Should the wire have become shabby and rusty looking it can 
be freshened up with a coat of paint. If the wires have gone into 
holes and are badly bulged, replace with copper wire netting. It 
costs more than the ordinary kind, but does not wear out nearly so 
soon. 

255. Attractive Living Room. — The living room is sure to have 
a cheery atmosphere if provided with a wooden seat at either side. 
The wooden shelf is a good place for the clock, candlesticks, and a 
few simple flower vases. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 



883 



256. Finger Bawl. — A finger bowel should always have a few flow- 
ers or a leaf floating around on the surface. 

257. Raw Oysters. — Raw oysters are further improved by sec- 
tions of lemon or sprigs of mint among the cracked ice. 

258. Cheerfulness at Meals. — Meals should be something more 
than the consumption of food. All work stops at those times, and 
people meet together. Nothing that can be done should be omitted to 
make it an occasion of agreeable interchange of thought and conversa- 
tion, and when this is done, not only the body, but the mind and 
nerves are refreshed. 

259. To Keep a Rug from Curling. — The edge of the heavy rug 
will not curl if treated to a coat of shellac on the under side. 

260. Grease Stains on Silk. — For grease stains on silk, rub the 
silk with French chalk or magnesia, and then hold it to the fire. Thus 
the grease will be absorbed by the powder, which may then be brushed 
off. 

261. Ironing Centerpieces. — When ironing centerpieces of table- 
cloths, see that the iron moves with the straight grain of the cloth. 
If this method is followed the circular edge will take its true line. 

262. Tucking Children's Dresses. — When hand tucks are to be 
used on children's dresses, they should be very carefully made, and the 
first one kept perfectly straight to use as a guide for the others. A 
good way to do this is to loosen one thread, not to pull out but suffi- 
ciently draw it to show the straight line, and crease the tuck in this 
line. After the width of the tuck and space between each is decided 
use a notched card as a measure for all the other tucks. 

263. A Neat Way to Mend Table Linen. — A neat way to mend 
table linen is to darn it with linen threads off an older tablecloth. It 
will look much neater than a patch sewed on. It is advisable to keep 
a piece of a discarded tablecloth in the mending basket for that pur- 
pose. 

264. A Good Substitute for a Toaster. — If the toaster is suddenly 
lost, you can find a very good substitute in the popcorn popper. It 
can be held over the gas or before the coal fire, and the bread will 
toast in a few minutes. 

265. To Prepare Cauliflower. — To prepare cauliflower remove all 
the large green leaves and greater part of stalk. Soak in cold water, 
to which has been added one teaspoonful of vinegar and a half tea- 
spoonful of salt to each quart. 

266. Preserving Dress Patterns. — Some women, after they have 
used a pattern, just roll it up and tuck it away wherever it happcnj, 
and when they want to use it the next time, it curls up and acts so 
that there is no doing anything with it. If they would just lay the 
patterns out flat and put them where they might stay that way, all 
this trouble would be avoided. 



384 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

267. Lace on Centerpieces. — Lace that is used on centerpieces is 
not fulled, but is just held in enough to lie flat. The best way to get 
this flatness is to draw the thread of the lace and fasten one end to 
the linen, leaving enough to make a neat seam, and then to adjust 
fullness so that it lies evenly. When right side is up one cannot see 
that any fullness exists. 

268. Uses of Mop Handles. — Most women have found the mop 
handle with the handy clasp, a general utility tool. There is a great 
deal of unnecessary bending of the knees to the household gods. It 
is a painful attitude, and work that can be done just as well in a 
standing position, should never be done in a kneeling one. 

269. Iron Holders Made from Asbestos. — Iron holders made from 
a piece of asbestos the desired size, and covered with drilling or heavy 
unbleached muslin are light and keep out the heat. There should be 
a ring or loop sewed to one corner to hang up the holder. 

270. Washing Quilts. — To wash quilts a housekeeper gives the 
following directions : Dissolve a bar of white soap in a cupful of 
water. Run into your bath-tub sufficient water to cover one quilt; 
make a good suds, and put in the quilt, and let it soak for a few min- 
utes. Do not rub, but use the washboard, top end down, to press or 
pound out the water and dirt. Never wring but with the wash-board 
press out the water. Rinse several times. W^hen you have pressed 
out as dry as you can pin the quilt closely on the line to drain. When 
thoroughly dry, whip with a carpet beater until fluffy, before removing 
from the line. This method is especially fine for tied quilts. The 
bath tub is preferred, because of shape and water conveniences. 

271. Shrinking Dress Goods. — Before making the white linen 
dress skirt, or any material that is liable to shrink, fold the goods care- 
fully and place it in a tub and cover with water. Let it get thoroughly 
wet, stretch the clothes line as tightly as possible, hang the goods 
through the center, and pin perfectly straight on the line. When dry, 
let two persons stretch the goods as curtains are stretched, fold it with 
the wrong side of the material out and iron double with the seam run- 
ning through the center of the goods on the length of the material. 
In shrinking colored prints add turpentine to the water, and it will set 
the color. A teaspoonful is used to a gallon of water. 

272. Fixing Worn Corsets. — For stitching over worn corset stays, 
a wide white tape is unequaled. 

273. Cooking Breakfast Food. — Don't leave the tin lid on the 
saucepan if you start the cereal in the evening for breakfast. It will 
rust and the moisture drip into the food. 

274. Tough Meat to Make Tender. — Tough meat can be made 
tender by adding a teacupful of lemon juice to the water in which it is 
boiled. 

275. To Preserve Pineapple. — -To preserve pineapple allow only 
three-quarters of a pound of sugar to each pound of pineapple. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 885 

276. Hemstitching Underclothing. — Hemstitching forms a dainty 
finish for the household linen and underclothing, but the busy woman 
often will not undertake it because of the difficulty of drawing the 
threads. If a piece of white soap be rubbed on the underside of the 
cloth, where the hemstitching is to be done, the threads may be drawn 
with ease, in half the time that is usually required. 

277. To Boil Eggs Without Cracking Them.— To boil eggs with- 
out the risk of cracking, hold them in a spoonful of boiling water be- 
fore immersing them. 

278. Save the Basting Thread. — Basting threads, when saved, 
should be wound on a spool, otherwise they get hopelessly tangled 
and are not used again. 

279. Threading Needles. — Thread will knot less easily, if the end 
that is broken from the spool is run through the eye of the needle. 

280. Measuring Dress Goods. — Do not measure dress goods and 
laces with a tape line, as it stretches the material. Use a yardstick. 

281. Do Not Use Coarse Thread. — An expert needlewoman says 
that the reason why so much embroidery does not look attractive is 
that too coarse a thread is used for the work. It is not a bad rule to 
use a cotton a number or two finer than is recommended, unless the 
advice comes from one who understands embroidery perfectly. 

282. Putting in a Temporary Hem. — The hem of a dress that 
must be lengthened after it is laundered should be turned perfectly 
straight and stitched with number one hundred thread. It can be 
easily ripped and the fine threads will not leave the usual stitched lines 
that one often sees when a hem is lowered. 

283. Serviceable Child's Dress. — A quaint little frock that will be 
serviceable, can be made from a remnant of demi flouncing hemstitched 
on the embroidered edge. This placed at the hem, of course, and the 
top is gathered in Mother Hubbard style into a neck band edged with 
a little frill. The sleeves are in bishop style confined with bands 
trimmed to match the neck. 

284. Convenience for the Sewing Room. — A good sized waste 
basket should be continually close to every sewing machine. Then it 
is easy to form the habit of dropping all scraps into it just as the 
scissors make them, instead of leaving them to litter about the floor. 

285. Buttons for Future Use. — When buttons are removed from 
a dress for future use they should be loosely strung on a thread before 
being put in the button box. This is a time-saver as well as keeps the 
buttons from getting lost or several of a set from being used. 

286. Basting Long Seams. — When basting long seams, if the edge 
of the material is slipped under the machine needle and the needle is 
lowered it firmly holds the two pieces, and one can more quickly do 
the work. 

287. — Mending Table Linen. — A woman who is expert in mending 
table linen does it in this manner: A piece of linen is coated with 



886 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

white soap, to make it stiff and the patch is evenly trimmed. This is 
placed under the hole in the damask after the edges around the hole in 
the tablecloth are soaped and trimmed to remove the rough edge. 

288. Washing Cooking Utensils. — All the cooking utensils should 
be washed with soda immediately after they have been used, which 
will remove every trace of grease. 

289. To Make Soft Soap. — Soft soap made from half a pound of 
shaved hard soap and two quarts of water will save the soap bill at 
cleaning time. 

290. Separate Night and Day Pillows. — If separate night and day 
pillows are not used, as is now generally done, the bed will look neater 
if special pillow slips are kept to put on over the wrinkled pillow cases 
by day. 

291. To Keep An Iron Sink in Good Condition. — To keep an iron 
sink in good condition, scrub once or twice a week with hand soap and 
kerosene. Every night put a little chloride of lime in the strainer and 
pour through it a kettleful of boiling water. 

292. Steaming or Boiling Pudding. — In steaming or boiling pud- 
dings, as the water boils away add more boiling water. If cold water 
is added, for a short time at least, the foodstuff will not be boiling, 
and this state of affairs may prove disastrous to the pudding. 

293. Cooking Peas. — When cooking peas do not shell them. Wash 
the pods and put them on to boil. When they are done the pods will 
break and rise to the top of the kettle leaving the peas at the bottom. 
They have a better flavor cooked this way. 

294. Troubled With Ants. — When troubled with ants in your 
pantry and kitchen pour kerosene around on the edge of your shelves 
and on your doorstep. They will soon disappear. 

295. To Exterminate Roaches. — A housewife says that a few 
drops of turpentine sprinkled around where roaches gather will exter- 
minate them at once. 

296. How to Economize on Gas. — More gas is wasted in the oven 
than elsewhere. Often one burner will suffice after the oven has been 
well heated. It is better to run one burner than to burn two low. as 
they frequently go out. 

297. Less Noise in Washing Dishes. — If your cook insists in 
washinp- the dishes in the pantry while the family is ^ill at dessert, 
insist upon her placing the dishes to drain upon a heav^ urkish towel. 
It will lessen much of the clatter. 

298. A Useful Article in the Kitchen. — A useful article in the 
kitchen is a small microscope. Show the cook how to use one. She 
will be so horrified if shown dates, prunes, or figs that are germ in- 
fested that she will take special pains in washing them. The m.icro- 
scope is also useful to examine cereals, cornmeal, buckwheat and other 
things which unless kept tight may be unpleasantly infected. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 887' 

To Restore Freshness to Vegetables. — For the housewife 
who must practise strict economy, as well as for her who lives at a 
distance from the market, it is well to know that cabbage, celery or 
lettuce and their like which have lost the first freshness, may be re- 
stored by putting first into warm water, just comfortably warm to the 
hand, and after fifteen or twenty minutes, you will be surprised to note 
that it will have the original snappy crispness so much desired. Often 
the grocer will sell the second day celery and lettuce at half price. 
The above method will freshen same, and may make quite a saving of 
bills. 

300. Worn Brooms or Whisks. — ^Worn brooms or whisks may be 
dipped into hot water and uneven edges trimmed off with shears. This 
will make the straw harder, and the trimming makes the broom almost 
as good as new. 

301. Making Over a Heatherbloom Petticoat. — ^When you make 
over a heatherbloom petticoat, do not cut it off at the top and place 
the drawing string in again, and do not plait it to fit the band. 
Instead, place a band around the waist of the person being fitted, pin 
the petticoat to the band, then make large darts at each seam and cut 
off that superfluous material that otherwise would need to be put into 
gathers. It does not destroy the shape and permits the petticoat to lie 
smoothly over the hips. 

302. The Gingham Apron for the Housewife. — The gingham 
apron for the housewife at her daily tasks, especial!}^ if the maid is out 
and she has any kitchen work to do, is imperative, and she will find 
the long apron that buttons over the shoulders the most acceptable. 

303. After Cleaning the Sewing Machine. — ^After cleaning the 
sewing machine, several yards of stitching must be accomplished be- 
fore the machine runs smoothly and without leaving marks. If you 
have any long seams on dark material to sew up, sew them now before 
attempting any light work. 

304. To Remove Tangled Threads. — No doubt you often have 
stopped sewing and patiently picked the threads out of the bobbin 
under the machine plate, or around the wheels, for this often occurs, 
says the Woman's National Daily. Save time in the future by lighting 
a match and burning out the threads, then brush the ashes off and oil 
the parts. 

305. Clothes Rack for Children. — In one home, in the rear hall, 
is a low rack on which children can hang their coats, hats and mittens 
when they come in from school. The hanger was made with two stout 
steel brackets and a curtain pole fitted up with hooks on which the 
articles were held. On one end of the pole was hung a whisk broom, 
and each tot was tau^nt its use. 

306. To Remove Dust from Any White Fabric. — To remove dust 
from any white fabric lay the spot over a tea-kettle of boiling water. 



888 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

Place a cut lemon over the spot, pressing firmly. Remove occasion- 
ally, in order to allow the juice to evaporate, and the stain will dis- 
appear before one's eyes, no matter how stubborn or how deep set. 

307. Amateur Dressmakers. — Amateur dressmakers will probably 
find it difficult to decide just how to finish the necks of the collarless 
frocks and waists that will be worn this summer. If the material is 
net, there is no prettier decoration than a band of the net piped with 
silk or satin and braided in a simple design. Necks of tub dresses 
while there is to be no contrasting yoke, may be trimmed with a 
threaded beading. 

308. To Prevent Marks on the Dining Table. — If you have a 
highly polished dining table which you are afraid of spoiling, lay a 
piece of oilcloth on the table under the pad and you will have no 
trouble. 

309. For Cupboard Shelves. — Put a white oilcloth on kitchen 
shelves instead of paper. The cloth will not turn yellow as the paper 
does, and can be kept clean while washing dishes. 

310. Cleaning Gilt Frames. — When gilt frames or mouldings of 
the rooms have specks of dirt on them they can be cleaned with white 
of an Q^gg, rubbed on with a camel's hair brush. 

311. To Clean Kid Gloves. — Take a fine soft cloth, dip it into a 
little sweet milk, then rub it on a cake of soap, and rub the gloves with 
it. They will look like new. 

312. Washing Fine Woolens. — To keep baby's sacques and socks 
and your own shawls and scarfs as flufify as when new, dry and put in 
oven of range, shaking often between the palms while drying. 

313. To Wash Grained Woodwork. — To wash grained woodwork 
take a half pail of hot water, add half a pound of soap chips, and boil 
until dissolved. Take from fire, add one pint kerosene, then boil for 
five minutes longer. Add one quarter of this to a half pailful of warm 
water. Wash woodwork thoroughly, wipe and dry, and lastly use a 
flannel to polish with. 

314. Sewing on Buttons. — How often the mother hears the com- 
plaint : 'T do wish you wouldn't sew these buttons on so tightly that 1 
can't button them." When you start to sew on a button, before you 
take a stitch, lay a pin across the face of the button, and sew over the 
nin. Fasten your thread before you remove the pin, else you will 
draw the last stitch and spoil it. You will find there is a good shank 
to the button and yet it is perfectly secure. 

315. Airing House After Meals. — After each meal, there should 
be another thorough airing of the lower floor in the home. No matter 
liow perfectly the system of ventilation, it is impossible to prevent 
cooking odors. This airing is doubly necessary should there be smok- 
ers in the family. 

316. House Cleaning Hints. — For the last few days before house 
cleaning, ornaments and pictures can be washed at one's convenience. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 889 

They need only be removed or covered when a room is cleaned. With 
these preparations, the actual cleaning can be done quickly and with 
much less disturbance of the family routine. 

317. Uses for Men's Old Silk Handkerchiefs.— Men's old silk 
handkerchiefs should never be thrown away when worn thin. They 
are just the thing for dusting the polished surface of the piano, orna- 
ments and fine china and glass and bric-a-brac. 

318. — Cleaning Fine Fabrics. — In cleaning fabrics great care should 
be taken not to rub them roughly between the hands. The gentle rub- 
bing on of the solvent with a fresh cloth is sufficient. 

319. To Wash White Woolen Blankets. — To wash white woolen 
blankets, dissolve four tablespoonfuls of good washing powder in a 
dipperful of boiling water and pour into a tub of warm water. Open 
the blanket out wide and put it in the tub and let it soak all over for 
a half an hour. Then rub it all over between the hands, and if there 
are any stains left, rub them with soap. Rinse in clear water of the 
same temperature as the wash water. If you do this your blankets 
will be soft and will not shrink. Do not rub blankets on a washboard, 
as it makes them hard, and blueing added makes them a dull gray 
color. 

320. To Take Out Wagon Grease. — To take out wagon grease, 
which is of two kinds, that made from coal tar may be removed from 
cloth by an application of petroleum ; the other, made from animal fat, 
responds to a sponging of ether. 

321. Old Perspiration Stains. — Old perspiration stains may be re- 
moved by applying oxalic acid and water in solution, one part of the 
former to twenty parts of the latter. 

322. Eyelet Embroidery. — Eyelet embroidery is one of the dain- 
tiest as well as the simplest of embroideries, and, best of all, with a 
little practice the work can be accomplished quite rapidly. Eyelet 
embroidery is equally effective done on sheer or heavy material; and 
neat sewing is all that is required to gain good results. 

323. A Convenience for the Household. — A convenience for the 
household, that will be appreciated by men as well as women, is a 
wire rack to hang in the closet. It has a series of projecting arms 
upon which coat hangers may be placed without interfering with each 
other. This greatly augments the closet room. This rack may be 
slipped over an ordinary closet hook, and will accommodate five coat 
hangers. 

324. To Turn the Hems of the Table Linen Easily and Accur- 
ately. — ^To turn the hems of the table linen easily and accurately, re- 
move the needle from your sewing machine, adjust the hemmer to the 
desired width and pass the goods through. They are then ready for 
hemming by hand. You will find this saves a great deal of time, and 
gives you a straight, even hem. 

325. Soft Wood Floors to Paint. — If a soft wood floor is glue 
sized, before painting, it will take less paint. 



890 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

326. Hanging Out Quilts. — ^When hanging out quilts and pillows, 
pound and brush them the first thing, and let the fresh air get into 
them all day. Most people do this just before taking them in. Conse- 
quently the beds did not get the proper airings. 

327. Paint that Sticks to Glass. — Paint that sticks to glass can 
be removed with hot vinegar. 

328. Books with Delicate Bindings. — Books with delicate bind- 
ings which have become soiled through much handling, can be satis- 
factorily cleaned by rubbing with chamois skin dipped in powdered 
pumice stone. 

329. Cleaning Silverware. — Old tooth brushes and nail brushes, 
and old knitted underwear should always be reserved for cleaning sil- 
ver. Nothing is better than a tooth brush for brushing the dried whit- 
ing out of the heavily chased silver or repousse work. The chamois 
skin is best for the final polishing. If table silver be steeped in hot 
soap suds immediately after being used, and dried with a soft clean 
cloth, a regular cleaning will not be needed so often. 

330. Cleaning Crockery and Enamel. — By immersing, for a day 
or two in sour milk, glass, crockery or enamel ware articles may be 
perfectly cleaned of stains or limey accumulations from hard water. 
This is much better than a scouring, as the surface is not injured in 
any way, and every part can be reached. 

331. Going to Market. — The housekeeper who goes to market 
rather than order by telephone will find she gets better things for less 
money. 

332. Moths in Carpets. — If moths have attacked the carpet try 
putting gasoline on the edges, soaking the nap of the carpet. Also 
work powdered borax into the carpet wherever there is a sign of 
moths or under heavy pieces of furniture, which cannot easily be 
moved in the weekly sweeping. 

333. A Serviceable Furniture Brush. — A serviceable furniture 
brush is made of turkey tail feathers. Take a stout twine and needle, 
sew the quills tightly together and cover the handle with a piece of 
oilcloth, smoothly stitched into place, or wrap the handle with cloth 
and stitch. A brush of this kind is very soft and may be used to dust 
any highly polished piece of furniture. 

334. Uses of a Wooden Spoon. — Never use any but a wooden or 
silver spoon to stir anything with in cooking. Many a dish is spoiled 
by the cook stirring it with an iron or metal spoon. Wood is the best 
when any acid, such as vinegar, is used in the ingredients to be stirred. 

335. Boiling Vegetables. — Boil parsnips and such vegetables witli 
thin skins ; then peel when cold. The flavor is preserved and yonr 
hands are not stained. 

336. To Wash Furniture. — Furniture washed with castile soap 
and tepid water and rubbed with a piece of old silk will look like new. 



MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 891 

S37. Old Suitcases and Purses. — When suitcases and purses begin 
to show wear, coat all the spots with tan water color paint, and when 
perfectly dry rub over with a little sweet oil. Let stand for an hour, 
then rub with woolen cloth. Tan and brown shoes which have become 
scuffed may be treated in the same way. 

338. Putting up Lunches. — Those who find the putting up of 
lunches a part of the daily routine may take comfort in the suggestion 
of one resourceful woman. When using eggs she sees to it that only 
a small piece of the shell is broken off from the end of one Qgg. The 
egg shell from which the piece has been cut is then washed and kept 
as a receptacle for jelly or jam for the noon lunch basket. The open 
end being protected by a piece of paper dipped in paraffin. 

339. Paint Wicker Furniture. — If you must paint wicker furni- 
ture see that you buy paint that is well mixed and thinned to the 
proper consistency. If too thick it gets lumpy and the paint is apt to 
rub oflF on the clothes. Porch chairs which are exposed to weather 
should be finished with a coat of enamel to make them last longer. 
The coat of enamel is also more easily dusted. 

340. Bureau Drawers that Stick. — Wax is better to use on the 
bureau drawers that stick than soap. It works better and will not 
catch dirt so much. 

341. — Uses for Old Envelopes. — -Cut out the corners from all heavy 
envelopes, for they are excellent for holding coins sent by mail. They 
always make good corner protection. 

342. To Prevent Fruit from Moulding. — A layer of absorbent cot- 
ton laid over the fruit in the mouth of the fruit cans is an excellent 
preventive against the mould. If mould should form, it will cling to the 
cotton and leave the fruit clean. 

343. Linoleum or Oilcloth That is Cracked. — Linoleum that is 
badly cracked may be improved by a filler made of ochre and boiled 
flour paste. After the filling is dry the linoleum may be painted. 

344. Borax as a Purifier for Ice Box. — Borax is an invaluable aid 
to the woman who wishes to keep her ice box immaculate. It is espe- 
cially desirable for use in small refrigerators where little food is kept, 
and where ice is kept more for the purpose of preserving butter and 
milk and keeping bottled water cool. Cold water with plenty of pure 
borax, is preferable to hot water to use in wiping off the walls of the 
refrigerator. It does not heat the box and, being a germ killer, it pur- 
ifies everything it touches. It may also be put in the corners of the 
refrigerator. Its best use of all is perhaps in keeping the receptacle 
for the ice itself and the outside tube in pure and sanitary condition. 
It may be sprinkled freely over the bottom of the ice box proper and 
on the rack holding the ice. 

345. To Clean Gilded Surfaces. — To clean gilded surfaces, dip a 
soft brush in alcohol to which a few drops of ammonia water have 



892 MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

been added, and with it go over the surface. Do not rub roughly or 
harshly. In about five minutes the dirt will have become soft and 
easy of removal. Then go over the surface again gently with the 
same or similar brush dipped in rain water. Now lay the damp article 
in the sunlight to dry. If there is no sunlight place it near a warm 
(but not hot) stove, and let dry completely in order to avoid streaks, 
taking care that the position of the article, during the drying is not 
exactly vertical. 

346. Hints for the Housewife. — Every housewife should have 
plenty of waxed paper or paraffin paper about the house. It is of the 
greatest value in preserving eatables from the air and keeping them 
properly moist. In the sandwich basket it is indispensable. Cake 
wrapped in it will keep moist and fresh for a much longer time than if 
put directly into the box. When the paper has become sticky run cold 
water on it, and it may be used again. Cheese wrapped up in it and 
put in the refrigerator will keep fresh for a week. 

347. Excessive Gas Light Weakens the Eyes. — When the exces- 
sive light of the gas light or the electric bulb tires weak eyes, resort 
to the tallow candle. For the sick room wax candles are preferred, as 
they never produce smoke or smell. They seem to soothe the nerves 
of the invalid and in this way help to produce a restful night. 

348. Handy Disinfectant for the Household. — Chlorate of lime 
moistened with vinegar and water, equal parts, is a handy disinfectant 
for the household. It can be kept in the cellar, and in case of sickness 
a few drops scattered around the house will purify the air. 

349. For Closing Windows. — A piece of bamboo, an old blind 
roller, or any strong smoothly rounded stick about three feet long, 
with a small flat piece of wood about the same thickness, twelve inches 
long and covered with flannel, nailed across the ends, makes an admir- 
able and useful article for closing top windows without either going 
outside or standing on a stool or a chair to reach, or straining one's 
self with the weight to be raised upward. 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



SIMPLE and PLAIN DEFINITIONS of MEDICAL TERMS 



For Reference in your Newspaper and General 
Reading and Throughout this Work. 



Abdomen (ab-do'men). That portion 
of the body, lying between the thorax 
and the pelvis, or "belly." 

Ablution (ab-lu'shun). The act of wash- 
ing or cleansing. 

Abnormal (ab-nor'mal). Contrary to 
the usual structure or condition. Not 
normal. 

Abortion (ab-or'shun). The expulsion 
of the fetus before the sixteenth 
week. 

Abrasion (ab-ra-zhun). A spot rubbed 
bare of the skin or mucous mem- 
brane. 

Abscess (ab'ses). A localized collec- 
tion of pus in a cavity formed by the 
disintegration of tissues. 

Absorbent (ab-sor'bent). Taking up 
by suction. A medicine or dressing 
that promotes absorption. 

Acid (as'id). Sour, having properties 
opposed to those of the alkalies. 

Acidity (as-id'it-e). The quality of be- 
ing acid or sour. 

Acrid (ak'rid). Pungent; producing an 
irritation. 

Acetabulum (as-et-ab'u-lum). The 
rounded cavity in the innominate 
(hip) bone which receives the head of 
the femur. 

Accoucheur (ah-kosh'er). An obstet- 
rician. One who attends a woman in 
confinement. 

Actual Cautery (kaw'tere). Fire, a red 
hot iron, or the moxa, used as a cau- 
terizing agent. 

Acholia (ah-ko'leah). Lack or ab- 
sence of the secretion of bile. 



Acupuncture (ak-u-punk-tur). The in- 
sertion of needles into a part for the 
production of counter-irritation. 

Adhesive (ad-he'siv). Sticking or ad- 
hering closely. 

Adipose (ad'ip-os). Of a fatty nature; 
fat. 

Adjuvant (ad'ju-vant). An auxiliary 
remedy. 

Adult (a-dult'). A person grown to full 
size and strength or to the years of 
manhood. 

Affection (af-ek'shun). A morbid con- 
dition or diseased state. 

Affusion (af-u'shun). The pouring of 
water upon a part or upon the body 
for reducing fever or correcting 
nervous symptoms. 

Ailment (al'ment). Any disease or af- 
fection of the body. 

Albuminose (al-bumin-os). A primary 
production of the digestion of a pro- 
teid, not coagulable by heat. 

Aliment (al'im-ent). Food, or nutritive 
material. 

Alimentary^ Canal (al-imen'ta-re). The 
portion of the digestive apparatus 
through which the food passes after 
mastication. The canal from the 
mouth to the anus; gullet, ston-;nch, 
bowel, anus. 

Alkali (al'kal-i). A compound which 
forms salts with acids and soaps with 
fats. Potash, soda, lithia, ammonia. 

Alterative (awl-ter-at-iv). A medicine 
that produces a favorable chans^e in 
the processes of nutrition and re- 
pair. 



893 



894 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Alveolar (al-ve'o-lar). Pertaining to an 
alveolus. 

Alveolus (al-ve-olus). Bone socket of a 
tooth; air sac of the lungs, etc. 

Amaurosis (am-aw-ro'sis). Blindness 
without any visible defect in the eye, 
from disease of the optic nerve, re- 
tina, 'brain. 

Amenorrhea (am-en-or-re'ah). Ab- 
sence or abnormal stoppage of the 
monthly sickness. 

Amniotic Liquid (am-ne-ot'ik). A fluid 
enclosed within the amnion which 
nourishes and protects the foetus 
(unborn child). 

Amputation (am-pu-ta*shun). The sur- 
gical cutting off of a limb or other 
part. 

Amylaceous (am-il-a'she-us). Starchy. 

Analysis (an-al'is-is). Separation into 
compound parts or elements. 

Anchylosis (Ankylosis) (ang-kil-o'sis). 
Abnormal immobility and consolida- 
tion of a joint (stiff joint). 

Anemia (an-e'me-ah). A condition in 
which the 'blood is deficient either in 
quantity or quality. 

Anastomose (an-as'to-moz). Communi- 
cating with one another, as arteries 
and veins. 

Anastomosis (an-as-to-mo'sis). ^ The 
surgical or pathological formation of 
a passage between any two normally 
distinct spaces or organs. 

Anasarca (an-ah-sar'kah). An accumu- 
lation of serum in the cellular tissues 
of the body. General dropsy. 

Anesthesia (an-is-the-zhe-ah). Loss of 
feeling or sensation of a part or 
whole body. 

Anesthetic (an-es-thet-ic). A drug that 
produces anesthesia, without the 
sense of touch or pain. 

Aneurism (an'u-rizm). I^ pulsating 
tumor consisting of a sac or pouch 
into which blood flows through an 
opening in an artery. 

Animalcule (anim-al'kul). Any minute 
animal organism. 

Anodyne (an'o-din). A medicine that 
relieves pain. 

Antacid (an-tas*id). A substance that 
counteracts or neutralizes acidity. 

Antiphrodisiac (ant'af-ro-diz-e-ak). An 
agent that allays sexual impulses. 

Anthelmintic (an-thel-min'tik). De- 
struction to worms. 

Anthrax (an'thrax). A carbuncle. 



Antibilious (an-te-bil'yus). Good 

against bilious conditions. 

Antidote (an'te-dot). A remedy for 
counteracting a poison. 

Antidysenteric (an'te-dis-en-ter'ik). Re- 
lieving, curing or preventing dysen- 
tery. 

Antiemetic (an'te-e-met'ik). Arresting 
or preventing emesis or vomiting. 

Antilithic (an-te-lith'ik). Preventing 
the formation of stone or calculus. 

Antimorbific (anti-mor-bif'ic). Prevent- 
ing disease. 

Antioeriodic (an'te-pe-re-od'ik). Ser- 
viceable against malarial or periodic 
recurrence. 

Antiscorbutic (an'te-skor-bu'tik). Cor- 
recting or curing scurvy. 

Antiseptic (an-te-sep'tik). A substance 
destructive to poisonous germs. 

Antispasmodic (an'te-spaz-mod'ik). An 
agent that relieves spasms. 

Antis3rphilitic (an'te-sif-il-it'ik). Useful 
in cases of syphilis. 

Anus (a'nus). The distal end and out- 
let of the rectum. 

Apathy (ap'ath-e). Lack of feeling or 
emotion; indifference. 

Apparatus (ap-ar-a*tus). A number of 
parts acting together in the perform- 
ance of some special function. 

Aphasia (ah-fa'ze-ah). Defect or loss 
of the power of expression by speech, 
writing, or signs. 

Aphthous (afthus). Pertaining to, 
characterized by, affected with aph- 
thae (thrush). 

Apex (a'pex). The top or pointed ex- 
tremity of any conical part. 

Apnea (ap-ne'ah). The transient cessa- 
tion of breathing that follows a 
forced respiration. 

Aperient (ap-e're-nt). A gentle purga- 
tive or laxative. 

Appetite (ap'et-it). A natural longing 
or desire, especially that for food. 

Areola (ar-e'o-lah). The colored circle 
round the nipple or round a pustule. 
A minute space or interstice in a tis- 
sue. 

Aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik). A medicinal 
substance with a spicy fragrance and 
stimulating qualities. 

Aroma (ah-ro'mah). The fragrance or 
odor, especially that of spice cr medi- 
cine, or of articles of food or drink. 

Arthrodia (ar-thro'de-ah). An articula- 
tion or joint which allows a gliding 
motion of the surfaces. 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



895 



Articulation (ar-tik'u-la'shun). A con- 
nection between two or more bones 
whether allowing motion between 
them or not. 

Articulated (ar-tik'u-la-ted). Connect- 
ed by joints. 

Arthritic (ar-thrit'ik). Pertaining to or 
affected with gout or arthritis. Re- 
lating to inflammation of a joint, 

Ascaris (as'kar-is). A worm found 
in the intestines. 

Ascites (as-si'tez). Dropsy of the ob- 
dominal cavity. 

Aspirate (as'pi-rat). To treat by aspi- 
ration. To pronounce with full ■emis- 
sion of breath. 

Assimilation (as-sim-il-a'shun). The 
transformation of food into living tis- 
sue. 

Asthenic (as-then'ik). Characterized by 
weakness or feebleness. 

Asthmatic (az-mat'ik). Affected with 
asthma. 

Astringent (as-trin'gent). An agent 
that arrests discharges by causing 
contraction, such as tannic acid, alum, 
zinc, etc. 

Attenuant (at-ten'u-ant). Causing thin- 
ness, as of the blood. 

Atony (at'on-e). Lack of normal tone 
or strength. 

Atrophy (at'ro-fe). A wasting or dimi- 
nution in the size of a part. 

Auricle (au'rik-1). The pinna or flap of 
the -ear. The chambers of the heart 
on either side above the ventricles. 

Auscultation (aus-kul-ta'shun). Listen- 
ing with the ear or an instrument to 
organs, such as the lungs, heart, etc. 

Autopsy (au-top-se). The post-mortem 
examination of a body. 

Axilla (ak-sil'lah). The arm-pit. 

Axillary Glands. Lymphatic glands sit- 
uated in the arm-pit. 

Balsamic (bawl-sam'ik). Of the nature 
of balsam. 

Biennial (bi-en*ni-al). Happening once 
in two years. 

Bifurcation (bi-fur-ka'shun). Division 
into two branches. 

Bile or Gall (Bil). The golden brown 
or greenish yellow substance secret- 
ed by the liver. 

Bilious (bil'yus). Characterized by 
bile. Full of bile. 

Blister (blis'ter). A collection of se- 
rous, bloody or watery fluid beneath 
the epidermis (outer skin). 

Bronchioles. A minute bronchial tube. 



Bronchia (brong'ke-ah). Bronchial 
tubes smaller than the bronchi, and 
larger than the bronchioles. 

Bougie (boo-zhe'). A slender instru- 
ment for introduction into the ure- 
thra or a large one for the rectum or 
other opening. 

Bronchial (brongTce-al). Pertaining to 
the bronchi. 

Bronchitis (brong-ki'tis). Inflammation 
of the bronchial tubes. 

Bright*s Disease (britz). Inflammation 
of the kidne-'^s. Any disease of the 
kidneys associated with albumen in 
the urine. 

Bulbous (bul'bus). A bulb. 

Cachexia (kak-ek'seah). A profound 
and marked state of constitutional 
disorder. A depraved condition of 
general nutrition due to some serious 
disease such as cancer, tuberculosis 
(cancerous cachexia). 

Cacumen (kak-u'men). The top or apex 
of an organ. 

Callous (kal'us). Hard. 

Calcareous (kal-ka'reus). Chalky. Per- 
taining to or having the nature of 
limestone. 

Callus (kal'lus). The new growth of 
bony matter between the extremities 
of broken bone serving to unite them. 

Capillary (kap'il-la-ri). Pertaining to 
or resembling a hair. A minute blood 
vessel connecting the arterioles with 
the venules; very minute blood ves" 
sels. 

Capsicum (kap'si-kum). Cayenne pep- 
per. 

Capsule (kap'sul). A soluble case for 
enclosing a dose of medicine. A 
fibrous or membraneous covering as 
of the spleen or kidneys. 

Carbon (kar'bon). Charcoal. 

Carbonic Acid Gas (kar-bon*ik). An 
acidulous liquid made by dissolving 
carbon dioxide in water. 

Cardiac (kar*de-ak). Pertaining to the 
heart. 

Carminative (kar-min'-a-tiv). A medi- 
cine to relieve flatulence, such as an- 
ise, cinnamon, cloves, peppermint, 
soda. 

Caries (ka're-ez). Rottenness. The 
molecular decay or death of a bone. 
It becomes soft, porous and discol- 
ored. 

Carotid Artery (kah-ro-tid*). The large 
artery in the neck. 

Carpus (kar'pus). The wrist. 



896 



MOTHERS* REMEDIES 



Cartilage (kar'til-ej). Gristle. The 

gristle attached to joint surfaces and 
forming certain parts of the skeleton. 

Catamenia (kat-ah-me'ne-ah). Monthly- 
sickness. 

Cataplasm (kat'ap-lazm). A poultice. 

Catarrh (kat-ahr'). Inflammation of a 
mucous membrane with a free dis- 
charge. 

Cathartic (kath-ar'tik). A medicine 
that produces free movements of the 
bowels. 

Catheter (kath'it-er). A hollow tube 
for introduction into a cavity through 
a narrow canal or channel. 

Caustic (kaws'tik). Burning; destruc- 
tive to living tissues. 

Cautery (kaw'ter-e). Application of a 
caustic substance or hot iron. 

Cauterize (kaw'ter-iz). To sear or burn 
with a caustic or cauter}-. 

Cell (sel). A small hollow cavity in 
any one of the minute protoplasmic 
masses which form organized tissues. 

Cellular (sel'u-lar). Relating to or com- 
posed of cells. 

Cerebellum (ser-e-bel'um). The infe- 
rior part of the brain lying below the 
cerebrum and above the pons and 
medulla. 

Cerebro Spinal (ser'e-bro-spi'nal). Per- 
taining to the brain and spinal cord. 

Cerebral (ser'e-bral). Relating to the 
cerebrum. 

Cerebrum (ser'-e-brum). The main 
portion of the brain occupying the 
upper part of the cranium, and con- 
sisting of two equal portions, called 
hemispheres. 

Cerumen (se-ru'men). Ear-wax. 

Chalybeate (kal-ib'e-at). Containing or 
charged with iron. 

Chancre (shang'ker). The primary le- 
sion (or sore) of syphilis. 

Cholagogues (ko'la-gog). A medicine 
causing an increased flow of bile. 

Choleraic (kol-er-a'ik). Of the nature 
of cholera. 

Chorea (ko-re'ah). St. Vitus' dance. 

Chordee (kor-dee'). Painful deflection 
of the penis in gonorrhea. 

Chronic (kron'ik). Long continued; 
not acute. 

Chyle (kile). The milky juice taken up 
by the lacteals from the food in the 
intestines after disgestion. 

Chyme (kim). The thick grayish liquid 
mass into which the food is con- 
verted by stomach (gastric) diges- 
tion. 



Circulation (sir-ku-la*shun). Passing 
in a circle, as the circulation of the 
blocd. 

Cicatrix (sik-a'trix). A scar; the mark 
left by a sore or a wound. 

Clavicle (klav'ik-1). Collar-bone. 

Climacteric (kli-mak-ter'ik). A period 
of the lifetime at which the system 
was believed to undergo marked 
changes. Now generally applied to 
the "change of life." 

Clinical (klin'ic-al). Pertaining to bed- 
side treatment or to a clinic. 

Clonic (klcn'ik). Applied to spasms 
where the parts are rigid and relaxed 
in succession. 

Clyster (kli'ster). An injection into 
the rectum; an enema. 

Coagulation (ko-ag-u-la-shun). The 
process of changing into a clot. 

Coagulum (ko-ag'u-lum). A clot or 
curd. 

Coagulate (ko-ag'u-lat). To cause a 
clot. 

Coalesce (ko-al-es'). The union of two 
or more parts or things. 

Collapse (kol-laps'). A state of extreme 
prostration and depression with fail- 
ure of circulation. 

Colon (ko'lon). That part of the large 
intestine which extends from the cae- 
cum to the rectum. 

Colostrum (ko-los'trum). The first 
fluid secreted by the "breast" (mam- 
mary gland) after confinement. 

Colliquative (kol-liq'wah-tuv). Charac- 
terized bv an excessive fluid dis- 
charge. 

Collyrium (kol-lir'e-um). An eye-wash. 

Coma (ko'mah). Profound stupor oc- 
curring during a disease or after a 
severe injury. 

Comatose (ko'mat-os). Pertaining to 
or affected with coma. 

Combustion (kom-bust'yun). Burning; 
rapid oxidation with emission of heat. 

Concussion (kon-kush'un). A violent 
jar or shock, or a condition resulting 
from it. 

Concretion (kon-kre'shun). A calculus 
or inorganic mass in a natural cavity 
or in the tissues of an organism. 

Condiment (kon'di-ment). A seasoner. 

Condyle (kon'dil). The rounded emi- 
nence at the joint (articular) end of 
a bone. 

Confluent (kon-flu'ent). Becoming 
merged together. 

Congenital (kon-jen'it-al). Existing at 
or before birth. 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



897 



Congestion (kon-gest'jun). Excessive 
or abnormal accumulation of blood in 
a part. 

Conjunctiva (kon-junk-ti'vah). The 
delicate membrane that lines the 
eyelids and covers the eyeball. 

Constipation (kon-stip-a'shun). Infre- 
quent or difficult evacuation of feces 
(bowel material). 

Constriction (kon-strik'shun). A con- 
stricted part or place. Tight feeling. 

Contagious (kon-ta'jus). Propagated 
by contagion or by immediate contact 
or efifluvia. 

Contusion (kon-tu'zhun). A bruise. 

Contamination (kon-tam-in-a'shun.) In- 
fection of the person or of matter by 
contact. 

Convalescence (kon-val-es'ens). Get- 
ting well after an illness. 

Convoluted (kon'vo-lut-ed). Rolled to- 
gether or coiled. 

Convulsion, (kon-vul'shun). A violent 
involuntary contraction or series of 
contractions of the voluntary muscles. 

Cordial (kord'yel). Stimulating the 
heart; invigorating. 

Cornea (kor'neah). The transparent 
anterior portion of the eyeball. 

Corpse (korps). The dead body of a 
human being. 

Corrective (kor-ek'tiv). Modifying or 
changing favorably. 

Corroborants (kor-ob'er-ants). Aiding 
in proving. 

Corrosive (kor-ro'siv). Eating away. 
A substance that destroys organic 
tissue either by direct chemical 
means or by causing inflammation 
and suppuration. 

Counter Irritation (kown'ter-ir-rit-a'- 
shun). A superficial irritation. 

Cosmetics (koz-met'ik). Beautifying 
substances. 

Costiveness (kos'tiv-nes). Constipated 
bowels. 

Cranium (kra'neum). The skull or 
brain-pan. 

Crassamentum (kras-sam-en'tum). A 
clot, as of blood. 

Crepitus fkrep'it-us). The grating of 
broken bones. 

Crisis (kri'sis). Turning point of a dis- 
ease for better or worse. 

Cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us). Pertaining to 
the skin. 

Cuticle (ku'tik-1). The epidermis, outer 

_ or scarf skin. 
&7 



Cyst (sist). A cavity containing fluid 
and surrounded by a capsule (cover- 
ing). 

Debility (de-bil-i-ti). Lack or loss of 
strength. 

Decoction (de-kok'shun). A medicine, 
etc., made by boiling. 

Decomposition (de-kom-po-zish'-un). 
Putrefying. The separation of the 
component parts of the bod3^ 

Deglutition (deg-lu-tish'un). The act 
of swallowing. 

Dejection (de-jek'shun). Discharge of 
excrementitious material; mental de- 
pression. 

Deleterious (del-e-te're-us). Hurtful; 
injurious. 

Deliquium (de-lik'we-um). A fainting 
or syncope. 

Delirium (de-lir'e-um). A condition of 
mental excitement with confusion 
and usually hallucinations and illu- 
sions. 

Demulcents (de-mul'sents). Soothing; 
allays irritation, especially of mucous 
surfaces. 

Dentition (den-tish'in). Teething; cut- 
ting of teeth. 

Dentrifice (den'trif-is). A substance 
for cleansing teeth. 

Duodenum (du-o-de'num). The first 
part of the small intestine. 

Deobstruent (de-ob'stru-ent). A medi- 
cine to remove obstructicn. 

Depletion (de-ple*shun). Diminished 
quantity of fluid in the body or in a 
part, especially by bleeding, condi- 
tions due to excessive loss of blood 
or other fluids. 

Depuration (dep'u-ra-shun). Purify or 
cleanse. 

Derm (derm). The skin. 

Desiccate (des-ik-at). To dry thor- 
oughly. 

Detergent (de-ter'gent). A cleansing, 
purifying medicine. 

Desquamation (des - kwam - a' shun). 
Scaling; shedding of the epithelial 
elements, chiefly of the skin. 

Determination (de - term - in - a' shun). 
Tendency of the blood to collect in 
a part. 

Diagnosis (di-ag-no'sis). The art of 
distinguishing one disease from an- 
other. 

Diaphragm (di'af-ram). The membrane 
that separates the abdomen from the 
chest cavity. 

Diaphoretics (di-af-o-ret'ik). Sweating 
remedies. 



898 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Diathesis (di-ath'es-is). Natural or con- 
genital predisposition to a special 
disease. 

Dietetics (di-et-et'iks). The science or 
study and regulation of food. 

Dilatation (di-la-ta'shun). StretchecJ 
beyond the normal dimension. 

Diluent (dil'u-ent). Makes less irri- 
tant. 

Diluent (dil'u-ent) . An agent that 
makes less irritant. 

Discutients (dis-ku'te-ent). Remedies 
that scatter. 

Disinfectant (dis-in-fek'tant). Agent 
• that destroys disease germs or ren- 
ders ferments inactive. 

Dislocation (dis-lo-ka*shun). The dis- 
placement of any part, especially a 
bone. 

Diuretic (diu-ret'ik). Agent to in- 
crease secretion of the urine. 

Dorsal (dor'sal). Pertaining to the 
back or back of any part. 

Drastic (dras'tic). Powerful acting 
remedy or agent. 

Dyspepsia (dis-pep'se-ah). Difficult di- 
gestion. Impairment of the power or 
function of digestion. 

Dysuria (dis-ur'e-ah). Painful or diffi- 
cult passing of urine. 

Dyspnoea (disp-ne'ah). Difficult or la- 
bored breathing. 

Dyspragia (dys-pra'je-ah). Difficulty 
in swallowing. 

Dyscrasia (dis-kra'ze-ah). A depraved 
state of the humors; abnormal com- 
position of the blood and humors. 

Ebullition (eb-ul-ish*un). The process 
of boiling. 

Ecstacy (ek'stas-i). A kind of trance 
or state of fixed contemplation, with 
mental exaltation, partial abeyance 
of most of the functions and rapt ex- 
pression of the countenance. 

Edema (e-de'mah). Swelling due to the 
accumulation of serous fluid in the 
tissues. 

Effervesce (ef-fer-ves'). To bubble; 
sparkle. 

Efflorescence (ef-flo-res'sens). A rash 
or eruption. 

Effluvium (ef-flu've-um). An ill-smell- 
ing exhalation, especially of a nox- 
ious character. 

Effusion (ef-fu-zhun). The escape of 
fluid into a part or tissue. 

Electrization (e-lek-tri-za*shun). The 
act of charging with, or treatment 
by, electricity. 



Electuary (e-lek*tu-a-re). A medicinal 
preparation consisting of a powdered 
drug made into a paste with honey, 
syrup, etc. 

Elimination (e-lim-in-a'shun). The act 
of expulsion from the body. 

Emaciation (e-ma-se-a'shun). Lean- 
ness, or a wasted condition of the 
body. 

Embryo (em'bre-o). The foetus (un- 
born child) in its earlier stages of 
develoment, especially before the end 
of the third month. 

Emesis (em'e-sis). Vomiting. 

Emetic (e-met-ik). Any substance 
that causes vomiting. 

Emmenogogue (em-men'ogog). Any 
agent stimulating or favoring the 
monthly flow. 

Emollient (e-mo'le-ent). Soothing or 
softening. 

Emphysema (em-fis-e'mah). A swell- 
ing or inflation due to the presence of 
air in the interstices of the connec- 
tive tissues. 

Emulsion (e-mul'shun). An oily or 
resinous substance divided and held 
in suspension through the agency of 
an adhesive, mucilaginous, or other 
substance. 

Enamel (en-am'el). The white sub- 
stance that covers and protects the 
dentine of the crown of the teeth. 

Empirical (em-pir-ic-al). Based on ex- 
perience. 

Encephalon (en-sefal-on). That por- 
tion of the central nervous system 
which is contained within the skull 
or cranium. 

Encysted (en-sis'ted). Enclosed in a 
sac, or cyst. 

Endermically (en-der-mik'ally). Ab- 
sorption through the skin. 

Enema (en'em-ah). An injection 
thrown into the rectum. 

Enervation (en-er-va'shun). Languor; 
lack of nervous energy. 

Enteritis (en-ter-i'tis). Inflammation 
of the intestine, usually the small in- 
testine. 

Enteric (en-ter'ik). Pertaining to the 
intestines or bowels. 

Epidemic (ep-id-em'ik). A disease 
which attacks many people in any 
district at the same time. 

Epidermis (ep-id-er'mis). Outer skin; 
scarf skin; cuticle. 

Ephemeral (ef-em'er-al). Transient; 
for one day or less. 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



899 



Epigastrium (ep-a-gas'tre-um). The 
upper middle portion of the abdomen 
(belly) ; over or in front of the stom- 
ach. 

Epigastric (ep-e-gas'trik). Pertaining 
to the epigastrium. 

Epileptic (ep-e-lep-tik). A person 
troubled with epilepsy. 

Epiglottis (ep-e-glot'tis). The lid-like 
structure covering the entrance into 
the larynx (upper windpipe). 

Epiphora (e-pif-o-rah). An abnormal 
overflow of tears down the cheek, 
usiially due to lachrymeal stricture. 

Epispastic (ep-e-spas-tik). A congen- 
ital defect in which the urethra opens 
on the dorsum (back) of the penis. 
On the female, a fissure of the upper 
wall of the female urethra. 

Epistaxis (ep-e-stax'is). Nose-bleed. 

Epithelium (ep-ith-ele'um). The cover- 
ing of the skin and mucous mem- 
brane consisting wholly of cells of 
varying form and arrangement. 

Erethism (er'e-thizm). Excessive irri- 
tability or sensibility. 

Erosion (er'o-zhun). An eating or 
gnawing away; a kind of ulceration. 

Eructation (e-ruk-ta'shun). The act of 
casting up wind from the stomach; 
belching. 

Eruption (erup'shun). A visible lesion 
on the skin due to disease and 
marked by redness, etc. 

Errhine (er'rin). A medicine that pro- 
motes a nasal discharge 

Erysipelations (er-is-ip'el-a-shuns). 

Pertaining to or of the nature of ery- 
sipelas. 

Eschar (e's-kar). A slough produced by 
burning or by a corrosive aplication. 

Escharotic (es-kar-ot'ik). A caustic 
substance capable of producing a 
slough. 

Esophagus (e-sof'a-gus). Gullet, ex- 
tends from pharynx to stomach. 

Eustachian Tube (u-sta'ke-an). The 
bony cartilaginous canal that extends 
frcm the middle ear to the throat. 

Evacuation (e-vak-u-a'shun). The act 
of emptying, especially of the bow- 
els. 

Evacuant (e-vak'u-ant). A medicine 
that causes the evacuation. 

Exacerbation (eks-as-er-ba*shun). An 
increase in the symptoms of a dis- 
ease. 

Exanthema (ex-an-the'mah). An erup- 
tion upon the skin; An eruptive dis- 
ease- 



Excision (ex-sizh'on). The cutting out 
of a part. 

Excitant (ek-si-tent). Stimulating. 

Excoriated (ex-ko-re-ated. Any super- 
ficial loss of substance, such as that 
produced on the skin by scratching. 

Excrement (eks-kre-ment). Fecal mat- 
ter; matter cast out as waste from 
the body. 

Excretion (eks-kre'shun). The dis- 
charge of waste products. 

Excrescence (ex-kres'ens). An abnorr 
mal outgrowth upon the body. 

Exfoliate (ex-fo-le-ate). A falling off 
in scales or layers. 

Exhalation (ex-ha-la*shun). The giv- 
ing off of matters in a vapor form. 

Expectorate (ex-pec'to-rat). The act 
of coughing up and spitting out ma- 
terials from the lungs and wind-pipe. 

Expectorant (ex-pec-to'rant). A rem- 
edy that promotes or modifies expec- 
toration. 

Exostosis (eks-os'to-sis). A bony out- 
growth from the surface of a bone 
or tooth. 

Expiration (eks-pi-ra'shun). The act 
of breathing out or expelling air 
from the lungs. 

Extravasation (eks - trav - as - a' shun). 
The passing of fluid (blood, etc.) 
outside of the cavity or part nor- 
mally containing it. 

Extremities (eks-trem'it-ies). Pertain- 
ing to an extremity or end. 

Exudation (eks-u-da'shun). The pass- 
ing out of serum or pus in or upon 
the tissues. 

Facial (fa'shal). Pertaining to the face. 

Facet (fa'set). A small plain surface 
on a bone or hard body. 

Fauces (faw'sez). The passage from 
the mouth to the pharynx (throat). 

Faeces. Same as feces. 

Fecal (fa'kal). Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of feces. 

Fascia (fa'she-ah). A sheet or band of 
tissue which invests and connects the 
muscles, or the areolar tissue, form- 
ing layers beneath the skin or be- 
tween muscles. 

Farinaceous (far-in-a'se-us). Of the 
nature of flour or meal. 

Febrifuge (feb'rif-ug). A remedy that 
allays fever. 

Febrile (feb'ril). Feverish; pertaining 
to fever. 

Femur (fe'mur). The thigh-bone. The 
bone from the hip to the knee. 



900 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Ferruginous (fer-ru'gin-us). Contain- 
ing iron or iron-rust. 

Fetid (fe'tid). Having a rank or foul 
smell. 

Fetor (fe'tor). Stench or offensive 
odor. 

Fibrin (fib'rin). A whitish proteid 
from the blood and serous fluids of 
the body. 

Filtration (fil-tra'shun). The passage 
of a liquid through a filter. 

Fistula (fis'tu-lah). A narrow canal or 
tube left by the incomplete healing 
of abscesses or wounds and usually 
transmitting some fluid, either pus 
or the secretions or contents of 
some organ or body cavity. 

Flaccid (flak'sid). Weak, lax and soft. 

Flatulence (flat'u-lense). Distended 
with gas in stomach or bowels. 

Flatus (fla'tus). Gas, especially in the 
stomach and bowels. 

Flexible (flex'ib-1). That which may 
be bent without breaking. 

Flocculent (flok'u-lent). Flaky, downy, 
or wooly. 

Flooding (flud'ding). A copious bleed- 
ing from the womb. 

Flush (flush). A redness of the face 
or neck. 

Flux (flux). An excessive flow of any 
of the excretions of the body, espe- 
cially feces. 

Foetus (fe'tus). Same as fetus. The 
child in the womb after the end of 
third month, called embryo before 
that time. 

Fomentations (fo-men-ta'shun). Treat- 
ment by warm and moist applications 
to a part to relieve pain or inflamma- 
tion. 

Formula (for'mu-lah). A prescribed 
method of preparing a medicine. 

Fracture (frak'tur). The breaking of 
a part, especially of a bone. 

Friction (frik'shun). The act of rub- 
bing. 

Fumigation (fu-mig-a'shun). Disinfec- 
tion by exposure to the fumes of a 
vaporized disinfectant. 

Fungus (fung'gus). Any one of a class 
of vegetable organisms of a low 
order of development, including 
mushrooms, toadstools, moulds, etc. 

Function (funk'shun). The normal, 
special or proper action or ofiice of 
any part or organ. 

Fundament (fun'da-ment). The founda- 
tion or base of a thing. 



Fungous (fung'us). Of the nature or 
resembling a fungus. 

Galvanization (gal - van - iz - a* shun). 
Treatment by galvanic electricity. 

Ganglion (gang'le-on). Any mass of 
gray nervous substance that serves 
as a center of nervous influence. 

Gangrene (gang'gren). The mortifica- 
tion or nonmolecular death of a part. 

Gargle (gar'gle). A solution used for 
rinsing the mouth and throat. 

Gastric (gas'tric). Pertaining to the 
stomach. 

Gestation (ges-ta-shun). Pregnancy. 

Gelatinous (gel-at'in-us). Like jelly 
or softened gelatine. 

Genital (gen'it-al). Pertaining to the 
organs of generation or reproduc- 
tion. 

Gland. An organ that separates any 
fluid from the blood; or an organ 
which secretes something essential to 
the system or excretes waste mate- 
rials the retention of which would be 
injurious to the body. 

Glottis (glot'is). The space between 
the vocal cords, together with the 
larynx, which is concerned in voice 
production. 

Gluteus (glu-te'us). One of the large 
muscles of the buttock. 

Glandular (glan'du-lar). Pertaining to 
the nature of a gland. 

Granular (gran'u-lar). Made up of, or 
containing granules or grains. 

Granulation (gran-u-la'shun). The 
formation in wounds of small round- 
ed fleshy masses. 

Grumous (gru'mus). Clotted. Lumpy. 

Guttural (gut'tur-al). Pertaining to the 
throat. 

Habit (hab'it). The tendency to re- 
peat an action or condition. 

Hallucination (hal-lu-sin-a'shun). Per- 
ception of an object, etc., which has 
no external existence, as by sight, 
sound, smell, taste, or touch. 

Hectic (hek'tik). Associated with con- 
sumption and with septic poisoning. 
Due to absorption of toxic sub- 
stances. 

Hematemesis (hem-at-em'es-is). The 
vomiting of blood. 

Hemorrhage (hem'-or-rej). Bleeding. 
An escape of blood from the vessels. 

Hepatic (hep-at-ik). Pertaining to the 
liver. 

Hereditary (her-ed'-it-a-re). Derived 
from ancestry or obtained by inher- 
itance. 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



901 



Heredity (he-red'-it-e). The inherit- 
ance of qualities or of diseases from 
ancestry. 

Hematuria (hem-at-u'-reah). The dis- 
charge of urine containing blood. 

Hematosis (hem-at-o'sis). The process 
of the formation of blood; also its 
arterialization in the lungs. 

Hemiplegia (hem-e-ple'jeah). Paraly- 
sis of one side of the body. 

Hernia (her'neah). Rupture. Breach. 

Hydragogue (hi'drag-og). A purgative 
that causes copious liquid discharges. 

Hydrargjrrum (hi-drar'gir-um). Mer- 
cury or quicksilver. 

Hydrogen (hi'-dro-gen). A light in- 
flammable gaseous element, odorless 
and tasteless. 

Hydrothorax (hi-dro-tho'rax). The 
presence of a serous fluid in the pleu- 
ral cavity. 

Hydrophobia (hi-dro-pho'bia). 

Acute infectious disease communi- 
cated to man by the bites of an ani- 
mal suffering from rabies. 

Hygiene (hi'-gen). The science of 
health and its preservation. 

H3rperesthesia (hi-per-es-the'zeah). Ex- 
cepsive sensibility of the skin or of a 
special sense. 

Hypochondrical (hi-po-kon'-dri-kal). 
Affected with hypochondriasis, mor- 
bid anxiety about the health. 

Hymen (hi'men). The fold of mucous 
membrane that partially occludes the 
vaginal orifice. 

Hypnotic (hip-not'-ik). Inducing sleep. 

H3rpertrophy (hi-per'tro-fe). An in- 
crease in the size of a tissue or or- 
gan independent of the general 
growth of the body. 

Hypodermic (hi-po-der'mik). Applied 
or administered beneath the skin. 

Hjrpogastrium (hi-po-gas'treum). The 
lower median anterior region of the 
abdomen. 

Hjrsterical (his-ter'ikal). Pertaining to 
or affected by hysteria. 

Ichor (ikor). An acrid thin puriform 
discharge. 

Idiopathic (id-eo-path'ik). Not depend- 
ent upon another disease , or upon a 
known or recognized cause. 

Idiosyncrasy (id-eo-sin'kras-e). A habit 
or quality of body or mind peculiar 
to any individual. 

Ileum (il'-e-um). The lower portion of 
the small intestine terminating in the 
cecum. 



Ileus (il'-e-us). Severe colic due to in- 
testinal obstruction. 

Iliac (il'-e-ak). Pertaining to the ilium 
or to the flanks. 

Iliac Region. One of the regions into 
which the abdomen is divided. Flank 
region. 

Illuminant (il-lu'min-ant). That which 
aids in lighting up a part, cavity or 
organ for inspection. 

Impotence (im'-po-tens). Lack of pow- 
er. Especially of sexual power in the 
man. 

Imbecility (im-bes-il'-it-e). Feebleness 
of mind, congenital or acquired. 

Immersion (im-mer'shun). The plung- 
ing of the body into a liquid. 

Inanition (in-an-ish'un). Emptiness; 
wasting of the body from starvation. 

Incontinence (in-kon'tin-ens). Inabil- 
ity to restrain natural discharges like 
the urine, feces, etc. 

Incubation (in-ku-ba*shun). The per- 
iod between the implanting of an in- 
fectious disease and its manifestation. 

Incisor (in-sis'-or). Any one of the 
four front teeth of either jaw. 

Incubus (in'-ku-bus). A heavy mental 
burden. 

Indigenous (in-dij'-en-us). Native; 
originating or belonging to a certain 
locality or country. 

Indigestible (in-dij-es'tibl). Not sus- 
ceptible of digestion. 

Indisposition (in'-dis-po-zish*-un). 
Slight illness. 

Induration (in-du-ra'shun). Hardening. 
The process of hardening. 

Infection (in-fek'-shun). The commu- 
nication of disease from one person 
to another, whether by effluvia or by 
contact, mediate or immediate. 

Infiltration (in-fil-tra'shun). The accu- 
mulation in a tissue of substances not 
normal to it. 

Inflammation (in-flam-ma*shun). A 
morbid condition characterized by 
pain, heat, redness and swelling, etc. 

Infusion (in-fu'shun). Steeping; to ex- 
tract the active principles of sub- 
stance by means of water, but with- 
out boiling. 

Ingestion (in-ges'-shun). The act of 
taking food, etc., into the body. 

Inguinal (in'gwin-al). Pertaining to 
the groin. 

Injection (in-jek'-shun). The act of 
throwing a liquid into a part, such as 
the rectum or a blood vessel. 



902 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Inoculation (in-ok-u-la'shun). The in- 
sertion of a virus into a wound or 
abrasion in the skin in order to com- 
municate the disease. 

Inspiration (in-spi-ra'shun). The act 
of drawing air into the lungs. 

Inspissation (in-spis-sa'shun). To make 
thick by evaporation or absorption of 
fluid. 

Integument (in-teg'um-ent). The cov- 
ering of the body; the skin. 

Intercostal (in-ter-kos'tal). Situated 
between the ribs. 

Intermittent (in-ter-mit'-ent). Occur- 
ring at intervals. 

Intestines (in-tes'-tins). The bowels. 

Ischuria (is-ku're-ah). Suppression or 
retention of the urine. 

Joint, An articulation between two 
bones; more especially one which ad- 
mits of more or less motion in one 
or both bones. 

Jugular (ju'gu-lar). Pertaining to the 
neck. 

Labia (la'beah). Two folds of skin, 
etc., of the female genital organs; 
lips. 

Labium (la*-bi-um). A lip or lip- 
shaped. 

Lacerated (las*er-a-ted). Torn; of the 
nature of a rent. 

Laceration (las-er-a'shun). The act of 
tearing; a wound made by tearing. 

Lactation (lak-ta'shun). Suckling. The 
period of the secretion of milk. 

Lachyrmal (lak'ri-mal). Pertaining to 
the tears or to the organs secreting 
and conveying tears. 

Lacinating (la'sin-a-ting). Tearing; 
darting or sharply cutting. 

Lacteal (lak*-te-al). Pertaining to milk. 

Larynx (lar'inx). The organ of the 
voice, situated between the base of 
the tongue and the trachea. 

Larva (lar'-vah). The first stage of 
the insect development after leaving 
the tgg and in which the organism 
resembles a worm. 

Laxative (lak'-sat-iv). Mildly cathartic. 
Loosening. 

Laryngoscope (lar-in*-go-skop). A mir- 
ror attached to a long handle for ex- 
amining the interior of the larynx. 

Laryngotomy (lar-in-got'ome). The 
operation of cutting into the larynx 
(incising the larynx). 

Lesion (le'zhun). An injury, wound or 
morbid structural change. 

Lethargy (lith-ar-gi). A condition of 
drowsiness or stupor that cannot be 
overcome by the will; also a hyp- 
notic trance. 



Leucorrhea (lu-kor-re'-ah). A white, 
muco-purulent discharge from the 
vagina and womb, popularly called 
"the whites." 

Ligature (lig'-at-ur). A thread or wire 
for tying a vessel, etc. 

Ligament (lig'-am-ent). Any tough fib- 
rous band which connects bones or 
supports viscera (internal organs). 

Linctus (link'-tus). A thick syrupy 
medicament to be taken by licking. 

Liniment (lin'-im-ent). Any oily prep- 
aration to be rubbed upon the skin. 

Lithontriptic (lith-on-trip'-tik). An 
agent that dissolves renal stones. 

Lithotomy (lith-ot'o-me). The removal 
of a stone by cutting into the bladder 
(cystotomy). 

Lithotrity (lith-ot'ri-te). The crushing 
of a calculus (stone) within the blad- 
der by a lithotrite (instrument). 

Livid (liVid.) Discolored from the ef- 
fects of congestion or contusion. 

Lochia (lo'keah). The discharge from 
the vagina that takes place during the 
first week after child-birth. 

Lumbago (lum-ba'go). Neuralgia of 
the loins. 

Lumbar (lum'bar). Pertaining to the 
loins. 

Lymph (limf). A transparent slightly 
yellow liquid of alkaline reaction 
which fills the lymphatic vessels. 

Lymphatic (limfat'-ic). Pertaining to 
or containing lymph. 

Maceration (mas-er-a'shun). The soft- 
ening of a solid by soaking. 

Macula (mak'-u-lah). A stain or spot; 
especially one upon the skin not ele- 
vated above the surface. 

Malaria (mah-la'riah). A fever disease. 
now known to be caused by a blooa 
parasite. 

Malarial (mal-a'real). Pertaining or 
due to malaria. 

Malformation (mal-for-ma'shun). De- 
formity. An abnormal development 
or formation of a part of the body. 

Malignant (mal-ig'-nant). Bad. Threat- 
ening life. 

Malleolus (mal-le'o-lus). A hammer- 
headed process of bone. 

Mania (ma'ne-ah). A variety of insan- 
ity characterized by wild excitement, 
hallucinations, delusions and violent 
tendencies. 

Mamma (mam-mah). The breast. 
Mammary gland. 

Marrow (mar'o). The fatty substance 
contained in the medullary canal of 
long bones and in the interstices of 
the cancellous bone. 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



903 



Mastication (mas-tik-a'shun). The 
chewing of food. 

Maturation (mat-u-ra'shun). The for- 
mation of pus. 

Matrix (ma'trix). The womb. The 
groundwork in which anything is 
cast 

Meatus (me-a'tus). A passage or open- 
ing. 

Medulla Oblongata (med-ul-lah ob- 
long-at'-a). An organ or ganglion of 
the brain which connects the spinal 
cord with the pons. 

Menses (men'sez). Monthly flow from 
the wcmb. 

Menstrual (men'stru-al). Pertaining to 
menstruation. 

Menstruum (men'stru-um). A solvent. 

Metastasis (met-as'tas-is). The trans- 
fer of a diseased process from a pri- 
mary focus to a distance by the con- 
veyance of the causal agents through 
the blood vessels or lymph channels, 
like mumps from face to the scro- 
tum. 

Metatarsus (met-ah-tar'-sus). The 
bcnes of the foot — situated between 
the (instep) tarsus and toes. 

Miasm (mi'asm). Anything harmful 
contaminating the air. 

Micturition (mik-tu-rish'-un). The act 
of passing urine. 

Midwife (mid'wif). A female nurse 
who attends women in childbirth. 

Minim (min'-im). About a drop. 

Mitral valves (mit'ral). The valves that 
control the opening from the left 
auricle to the left ventricle. 

Morbid (mor'bid). Pertaining to dis- 
ease or diseased parts. 

Morbific (mor-bif'ik). Producing dis- 
ease. 

Morbus (mor'bus). Disease. 

Mucous Membrane (mu'kus). A mem- 
brane that secretes mucus. 

Mortification (mor-tif-ik-a'shun). See 
gangrene. 

Mucilage (mu-cil'iO). -A solution of 
gum in water. 

Mucus (mu'kus). A viscid liquid. 

Narcotic (nar-kot'-ik). A drug that 
produces stupor. 

Nausea (naw'sheah). Sickness at the 
stomach with an inclination to vomit. 

Navel (na'vel). The umbilicus. 

Nauseant. (naw'she-ant). Nauseating; 
producing nausea. 

Necrosis (nek-ro'sis). The death of 
cells surrounded by living tissue. 



Nephritic (nef-rit'-ik). Pertaining to 
nephritis (inflammation of the kid- 
neys). 

Nervine (nur'-vin). Acting upon the 
nerves. 

Neuralgia (nu-ral'-jeah). Severe pain 
along a nerve without any demon- 
strable structural changes in the 
nerve. 

Neurasthenia (nu-ras-then-iah). A 
group of symptoms resulting from de- 
bility or exhaustion cf the nerve cen- 
ters. 

Nocturnal (nok'-tur-nal). Pertaining to 
the night. 

Node (nod). A knob. Protuberance. 

Normal (nor'-mal). Conforming to 
natural law or order. 

Nostalgia (ncs-tal'-je-ah). Homesick- 
ness. 

Nostrum (nos'trum). A quack; secret 
medicine. 

Nutritious (nu'trish'us). Nourishing. 

Obtuse (ob-tus'). Dull. 

Obesity (obes'rt-e). An excessive de- 
velopment of faL 

Oedema (e-de'mah). An infiltration of 
serum in a part; watery swelling. 

Obstetrics (ob-stet'-riks). Care of 
women during pregnancy, confine- 
ment and after. 

Occipital (ok-sip'it-al). Pertaining to 
the back part cf the head (occiput). 

Olfactory Nerves (cl-fak'-to-re). Nerves 
of smell. 

Omentum (o-men'tum). An apron. A 
fold of the peritoneum connecting the 
abdominal organs with the stomach. 

Ophthalmia (off-thal'-meah). Inflam- 
mation of the eye. 

Opiates (o'-pe-ats). A preparation of 
opium. 

Optic (op'tik). Pertaining to vision or 
to the science of optics. 

Optic nerve. Nerve of sight. 

Orthopnea (or-thop-ne'ah). A condi- 
tion marked by quick and labored 
breathing and relief is only had by 
remaining in an upright position, 

Ossific (os-if'-ik). Producing bone. 

Ossification (os'if-ik-a*shun). The for- 
mation of bone. 

Ovary (o'var-e). One of a pair of glan- 
dular organs giving rise to ova 
(eggs). 

Ovariotomy (o-va-re-ot'-o-me). Re- 
moval of an ovary. 

Ovum (o'vum). An egg; the repro- 
ductive cell of an animal or vegetable. 



904 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Oxygen (oks'e-gen). A colorless, taste- 
less, odorless gas. 

Palate (pal'-at). The roof of the mouth. 

Palpitation (pal-pit-a'shun). A flutter- 
ing or throbbing, especially of the 
heart, of which a person is conscious. 

Palliative (pal'-e-a-tiv). An agent that 
relieves or soothes the symptom of a 
disease without curing it. 

Panacea (pan-a-se'ah). A cure-all. 

Papilla (pap-il'-ah). A small nipple- 
like eminence. 

Paracentesis (par'-ah-sen-te*-sis). Punc- 
ture of the wall of a cavity of the 
body, such as the chest, drum mem- 
brane, etc. 

Paralytic (par-ah-lit'ik). Affected with 
paralysis. 

Paralysis (par-al'-is-is). "Palsy." A 
loss of motion or of sensation in a 
part. 

Paraplegia (par-ah ple'jeah). Paraly- 
sis of the lower half of the body or 
of the lower extremities. 

Parasite (par'ah-sit). An animal or 
vegetable living upon or within an- 
other organism, termed the host. 

Paroxysm (par'oks-izm). The periodic 
increase or crisis in the progress of 
a disease. 

Patella (pat-el'-ah). The knee cap. 

Pathology (path-ol'-oje). The branch 
of medical science that treats of the 
modifications of functions and 
changes of structures caused by dis- 
ease. 

Pathognomonic (path-og-no-mon'ik). 
Characterized by a disease distin- 
guishing it from other diseases. 

Parturient (par-tu're-ent). Giving 
birth; being in labor. 

Parturition (par-tu-rish'-un). The act 
of giving birth to young. 

Pediculus (pe-dik'-u-lus). The louse. 

Pelvis (pel'-vis). A basin or basin- 
shaped cavity. The bony ring formed 
by sacrum and coccyx and innomin- 
ate bones. 

Pepsin (pep'-sin). A ferment found in 
the gastric juice, and capable of di- 
gesting proteids in the presence of an 
acid. 

Percussion (per-kush'-in). Striking 
upon a part to ascertain the condition 
of the underlying organs. 

Pericardium (per-e-kar'de-um). The 
closed membranous sac enveloping 
the heart. 

Pericarditis (per-e-kar'-di-tis). Inflam- 
mation of the pericardium. 



Perineum (per-e-ne'um). That portion 
of the body included in the outlet of 
the pelvis, bounded in front by the 
pubic arch, behind by the coccyx, 
and ligaments and on the sides by the 
projections of the ichium. 

Periodicity (per-e-o-dis'ite). Recur- 
rence at regular intervals. 

Periosteum (per-e-os'teum). Covering 
of parts of the bone except where 
the tendons and ligaments are at- 
tached to the joint surfaces. 

Peristaltic (per-e-stal'tik). Pertaining 
to peristalsis, an wave-like motion 
seen in the tubes, like bowels, etc. 

Perflation (per-fla-shun). To blow 
through. 

Petechia (pet-e-keah). A small spot 
beneath the epidermis due to an ef- 
fusion of blood. 

Permeate (per'me-at). Passing through- 
out. 

Permeable (per'me-able). Capable of 
affording passage. 

Phagedenic (fag-ed-en'ick). Relating to 
phagedena, a rapidly spreading de- 
structive ulceration of soft tissues. 

Phalanges (fa-lan'ges). Plural of pha- 
lanx. Bones of the fingers or toes. 

Pharynx (far'-inx). The throat. 

Phlegmatic (fleg-mat'-ik). Indifferent, 
apathetic. 

Phlebotomy (fleb-ot'o-me). Opening of 
a vein for blood letting. 

Phlegmon (fleg'mun). An inflamma- 
tion characterized by the spreading 
of a purulent or fibro-purulent exu- 
date within the tissues. 

Phthysical (tiz'ik-al). Pertaining to 
consumption (phthisis). 

Physiognomy (fiz-e-og'no-me). The 
countenance. 

Plethoric (pleth'o-rik). A state char- 
acterized by an excess of blood in the 
vessels and marked by a reddish 
color of the face, full pulse, etc. 

Pleura (plu'rah). The sercus mem- 
brane enveloping the lung and lining 
the inner surface of the chest cavity. 

Pleurisy (plu'rise-e). Inflammation of 
the pleura (pleuritis). 

Plexus, (plex-us). A network, espe- 
cially an aggregation of vessels or 
nerves forming an intricate network. 

Polypus (pol'e-pus). A tumor having a 
pedicle, found especially on mucous 
membranes, as in the nose, etc. 

Pregnancy (preg*nan-se). Woman with 
child; state of being pregnant. 



MEDICAL DICTIOSARY 



905 



Prescription (pre-skrqHshim). A for- 
m - 1 ::::en bj a doctor to the <lnig- 
f 5 5 gnatiiig substances to be 



3St-mor^em). An e:c- 
ryy^Y after death. 
Drinkable. 
sis). A jndgment 
: - r - r the duration, 
~ 1 : r rf a disease. 
: -1 An agent 

.:.-. _; irnsent of 



FrilETSOs (pro-l^'sns). '. 

Pr-r r_5 -M-rftus). Inte 
Pss^i: A pre^ : 

Pt7=l;~ 1 zm). S^: 

Puberrr : _ : t--te'« i ; 



Re tr i getau t (rc-£rig'er-ast) . C ; : lin g , 

Re gin en (rej^ni-en). The systematic 

-rz 1 ::r: rf the diet srf hEr::s frr 
i : : : i purpose 



Re 



:Vent). 

.".ItlC'It. 



-tor*a-tiv)- Prompting 

/- or consciousness. 
: - s oLS-^-a'shnn). The 



Poe:; 

Pd^ 



Pair 
Pnz: 



Tbe diverting 

: : = Jiother 

i-i of the 



PurgE 

Pur-e 
Pts 



or catar- 



from tiie 

ring the dor- 

.— idon prod- 
V : :vtes) and 



P.- 



:Ca iili 



£ii£ GuC~ 



c t r— ~ 
Pyr-s 






Heartbnm; a bom- 
he gnllet and stom- 

;:i:::-. f^e to acid 

Tr :~zT part of 
irt r tsdne). 
: : j-\ : . ^ rniog. 



Ve-ah). Sage. 
' " ' - -ta-re) . Favorable to the 
and rest<natic« <rf 



ive (san'at-ir). Promoting heaMi; 

sa'nc-ez). A fetid, ichoroos 
ire from a wcnmd or nicer, 
r 5 emm, pas and blood. 

5 1; The cnist of a siiperSdal 



Ith- 
L'sfam). 



The estab- 



; dermis- 



906 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Scirrhas (skir'rus). A hard cancer. 
Sciatic (si-at'ik). Pertaining to the 

ischium (bone). 

Scorbutic (skor-bu'tik). Pertaining to 
or affected by scurvy. 

Scrotum (skro'tum). The pouch which 
contains the testicles and their acces- 
sory organs. 

Scrofulous (skrof'u-lous). Affected with 
or of the nature of scrofula. 

Sebaceous (se-ba'shus). Pertaining to 
sebum or suet. 

Sedative (sed'at-iv). A remedy that 
allays excitement. 

Sedentary (sed'en-ta-re). Sitting ha- 
bitually; of inactive habits. 

Seminal (sem'in-al). Pertaining to 
seed or semen. 

Serum (se'rum). The clear portion of 
any animal liquid separated from its 
more solid elements; especially the 
clear liquid which separates in the 
clotting of blood from the clot and 
the corpuscles. 

Serous (si'rus). Pertaining to or re- 
sembling serum. 

Semiflexion (sem-e-flek'shun). The 
position of a limb midway between 
bending and extension. 

Senile (se'nil). Of or pertaining to old 
age. 

Septic (sep'tik). Produced by or due 
to putrefaction. 

Sialagogues (si-al'-ag-og). An agent that 
produces a flow of saliva. 

Sinapism (sin'ap-izm). A mustard 
plaster. 

Sinew (sin'yu). The tendon of a muscle. 

Slough (sluf). A mass of dead tissue 
in or cast out from living tissue. 

Sewerage (su'er-ej). Drainage. 

Solution (so'lu'shun). A liquid contain- 
ing dissolved matter. 

Solvent (sol'vent). Capable of dis- 
solving. 

Sordes (sor'dez). The dark brown foul 
matter which collects on the lips and 
teeth in low fevers (typhoid, etc.). 

Spasm (spazm). A sudden, violent, in- 
voluntary rigid contraction due to 
muscular contraction. 

Speculum (spek'u-lum). An instrument 
for dilating the opening of a passage 
or cavity of the body to view the 
interior. 

Speciflc (spe-sif'ik). A remedy espe- 
cially indicated for any particular 
disease. 

Sphincter (sfingk'ter). A ring-like 
muscle which closes a natural orifice. 



Spinal Cord (spi'nal). The cord-like 
structure contained in the spinal 
canal. 

Spleen (spleen). One of the so-called 
ductless glands. 

Sporadic (spo-rad'ik). Occurring here 
and there, scattered. 

Squamous (skwa'-mus). Scaly or 
plate-like. 

Stertorous (ster'torus). Snoring, 
breathing. 

Sternum (ster'num). Breast bone. 

Stertor (ster'tor). Snoring or sonorous 
breathing, especially that of sleep or 
of coma. 

Stethoscope (steth'o-skop). An instru- 
ment for ascertaining the condition 
of the organs of circulation and 
respiration. 

Stimulant (stim'u-lant). Producing 
stimulation. Increasing the heart's 
action. 

Stool (stool). The fecal discharge 
from the bowel. 

Stomachic (stom'ak-ik). Pertaining to 
the stomach. 

Strangury (stran-ju-re). Slow and 
painful discharge of the urine. 

Stricture (strik-tur). Abnormal nar- 
rowing of a canal, duct or passage. 

Strumous (stru'mus). Scrofulous. 

Struma (stru'mah). Scrofula. 

Stupor (stu-por). Partial or nearly 
complete unconsciousness. 

Styptic (stip-tik). Astringent. To ar- 
rest hemorrhage by means of astrin- 
gent quality. 

Subcutaneous (sub-ku-ta'neus). Be- 
neath the skin. 

Submaxillary (sub-max'il-la-ri). Situ- 
ated beneath the jaw. 

Sudor (su'dor). Sweat or perspiration. 

Sudoriflcs (sudor-if-iks). Sweaters. 

Suppurate (sup'pu-rat). To produce 
pus. 

Suture (su'tur). A surgical stitch or 
seam; an unmovable joint. 

Symptom (simp'tom). Any evidence 
of disease or of a patient's condition. 

Synocha (sin'-o-kah). A continued 
fever. 

Syncope (sin'-co-pe). A swoon, faint- 
ing, or a faint. Sudden failure more 
or less of the heart's action. 

Syphilis (sif'il-is). A venereal disease 
(pox). 

Syringe (sir'inj). An instrument for 
injecting liquids into any vessel or 
cavity. 

Tepid (tep'id). Luke warm. 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



907 



Tetanic (tet'an-Ik). Pertaining to or 
of the nature of tetanus. 

Tertian (tur'shan). Recurring every 
third day. 

Tetanus (tet'an-us). An acute disease 
due to the bacillus tetani, in which 
there is a state of more or less per- 
sistent tonic spasm of some of the 
voluntary muscles. 

Tibia (tib'eah). The inner bone of the 
leg (below the knee). 

Therapeutics (ther-ap-u'tiks). The sci- 
ence and art of healing. 

Thorax (tho'raks). The chest. 

Testicles (tes'tik-kl). The two glands 
which produce semen. 

Tendon (ten'don). A band of dense 
fibrous tissue forming the termination 
of a muscle and attaching the latter 
to a bone. 

Tense (tens). Stretched. 

Tension (ten'shun). The act of 
stretching. 

Tincture (tink'tur). A solution of the 
medicine principles of a substance in 
a fluid other than water or glycerol. 

Tonsils (ton'sils). Small almond- 
shaped masses between the pillars of 
the fauces on either side. 

Torpid (tor'pid). Not acting with nor- 
mal vigor and facility. 

Torpor (tor'por). Sluggishness. 

Tormina (tor'minah). Griping pains in 
the bowels. 

Trachea (tra-ke-ah. The wind-pipe. 

Tracheotomy (trake-ot'o-me.) The for- 
mation of an artificial opening into 
the trachea, cutting into the trachea. 

Transpiration (tran-spi-ra'shun). The 
discharge of air, sweat or vapor 
through the skin. 

Tubercles (tu'ber-kl). Any mass of 
small rounded nodules produced by 
the bacillus of tuberculosis. 

Transudation (trans'-u-da'tion). The 
passing of liquid through a mem- 
brane. 

Tumefaction (tu-me-fak'-shun). A 
swelling. Puffiness. 

Tumor (tu'mor). Morbid enlargement. 

Tympanum (tim'pa-num). The middle 
ear. 

T3rphoid (ti'foid). Resembling typhus. 

Typhus (ti'-fus). A contagious fever 
characterized by a petechial (spotted) 
eruption, high fever and great pros- 
tration. 

Ulcer (ul'-ser). An open sore other 
than a wound. 



Ulna (urnah). A bone of the forearm 

on the side opposite that of the 

thumb. 
Urea (u-re'ah). A white, crystallizable 

substance from the urine, blood and 

lymph. 
Ureter (u-re'-ter). The tube that con- 
veys the urine from the kidney to the 

bladder. 
Urethra (u-re'thra). A membranous 

canal extending from the bladder to 

the surface. 
Urine (u'rin). The fluid secreted by 

the kidneys, stored in the bladder and 

discharged through the urethra. 
Uric Acid (u'rik a'sid). One of the 

nitrogenous end products of meta- 
bolism, found in the urine and 

spleen. 
Uterus (u'ter-us). The womb. 
Uvula (u'vu-lah). The pendulum (tip) 

of the soft palate. 
Vaccine (vak'sin). The virus used in 

vaccinating. 
Variolus (va-ri'o-lus). Pertaining to or 

of the nature of smallpox. 
Varicose (var'ik-os). Swollen, knotted 

and tortuous blood vessels. 
Vagina (vaj-i'-nah). A sheath. The 

canal from the slit of the vulva. 
Vaginismus (vaj-in-iz'-mus). Painful 

spasm of the vagina due to local 

over sensitiveness. 
Valetudinarian (val'e-tu-din-a-re-an). A 

person of infirm or feeble habit of 

body. 
Vascular (vas'ku-lar). Pertaining to or 

full of vessels. 
Venery (ven'er-e). Sexual intercourse. 
Venous (ve'nus). Of or pertaining to 

the veins. 
Venesection (ven-a-sek'shun). The 

opening of a vein for the purpose of 

bleeding. 
Ventilation (ven-til'a-shun). The act or 

process of supplying fresh air. 
Vermifuge (ver'mif-uj). Having the 

power to expel worms. 
Ventral (ven'-tral). Pertaining to the 

belly side. 
Ventricle (ven'trik-1). Any small 

cavity. 
Vertebra (ver'te-brah). Any one of the 

thirty-three bones of the spinal 

column. 
Vertigo (ver'tig-o). Giddiness; diz- 
ziness. 
Virulent (vir'u-lent). Exceedingly nox~ 

ious or deleterious. 



9(h» 



MOTHERS* REMEDIES 



Vinifi (vi'rus). Any animal poison; 
especially one produced by and 
capable of transmitting a disease. 

Viscus (vis'-kus). Pl.-Viscera (vis'-er-a). 
Any large interior organ in either of 
two great cavities of the body, es- 
pecially the abdomen. 

Vesicant (vis'ik-ant). Causing blisters. 

Vesication (ves-ik-a'shun). The proc- 
ess of blistering. 

Vesicle (ves'ik-al). A small sac con- 
taining fluid. 

Veterinary (vet'-er-in-a-re). Pertaining 
to domestic animals and their dis- 
eases. 

Vitreous Humor (vit'-re-us yii'-mor). 
The transparent jelly-like substance 
filling the posterior chamber of the 
eye. 



Volatile (vor-at-il). Tending to evapo- 
rate rapidly. 

Vulnery (vul-ne-ra-re). Pertaining to 
or healing wounds. 

Vulva (vul'-vah). The external fleshy 
part of the female organs of gen- 
eration. 

Whites (whitz). Leucorrhea or leukor- 
rhea. 

Zymotic (zi'mot'ik). Caused by or per- 
taining to zymosis. 

Zymosis (zi-mo'sis). Fermentation. 
The propagation and development of 
an infectious disease known by the 
growth of bacteria and their prod- 
ucts. Any infectious or contagious 
disease. 



MEDICAL INDEX 

INCLUDING PAGES 1 TO 682 



Abortion (Herb Remedies) 413, 422, 444 

Abortion (Accidents of Pregnancy) 624 

Abscess 69 

External Abscess 69 

Mothers' Remedies 69 

1. Beech Bark Poultice for 69 

8. Milk and Salt Poultice for 69 

f. More Good Poultices for 69 

Abscess, Ano-Rectal 151 

Abscess Around the Anus and Rectum 151 

Abscess of the Brain 296 

Abdominal Dropsy 135 

Abscess, Hepatic 133 

Abscess, Ischio-Rectal 151 

Abscess of the Liver 138 

Causes 138 

Symptoms 133 

Abscess 138 

Recovery 132 

Treatment 132 

Diet in Liver Troubles 132 

May Take 133 

Must Not Take 133 

Abscess of the Lungs 43 

Causes 43 

Symptoms 43 

Physicians' Treatment .... 43 

Accidents 376 

Acne 53 

Causes 64 

Physicians' Treatment for Acne 54 

Tincture of Nux Vomica 64 

Calomel 64 

Diet 64 

Local Treatment 64 

External Medication, Ointments and Lo- 
tions 64 

1. Soothing Ointment 64 

2. The Following Used as a Soothirg 

Lotion 54 

3. Dr. Duhring's Lotion 55 

4. Kummerfield's Lotions 65 

6. Stimulating Preparations 55 

0. Ointment of White Precipitate 55 

7. The Following Hebra Lotion 65 

Caution 55 

Aconite, Poison by 401 

Actinomycosis 234 

Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis 307 

Acute Bright's Disease 156 

Acute Bronchitis 30 

Acute Bronchitis, Diagnosis of 2 

Acute Catarrhal Angiocholitis 128 

Acute Catarrhal Conjunctivitis 349 

Acute Congestion of the Kidneys 155 

Acute Dyspepsia 100 

Acute Gastritis 100 

Acute General Peritonitis 133 

Acute Indigestion 100 

Acute Inflammation of the Kidneys 160 

Acute Inflammation of the Smaller Bronchi 

and Lungs 40 

Acute Inflammation of the Stomach and Up- 
per Bowel Ill 



Acute Laryngitis 24-26 

Acute Melancholia 318 

Acute Nasal Catarrh 10 

Acute Nephritis 156 

Acute Pharyngitis 21 

Acute Pharyngeal Catarrh 21 

Acute Pleurisy 41 

Acute Rhinitis 10 

Acne, Simple 53 

Acute Tonsilitis 187 

Acute Uraemia 156 

Acute Yellow Atrophy 131 

Addison's Disease 255 

Causes 255 

Symptoms 255 

Treatment 256 

Addison's Disease, Diagnosis of 1 

Adenoids 8 

Symptoms 8 

Treatment 10 

Adenoid Vegetation 8 

Aestivo-Autumnal Fever 228 

Agitans, Paralysis 291 

Ague 229 

Mothers' Remedies 229 

1. DogM-ood Good for 229 

2. Menthol and Alcohol Effective Rem- 

edy for 229 

3. Simple Remedy for 229 

Ague, Chills and Fever (rare prescription) . . 467 

Albuminuric Retinitis 855 

Albumin Water 649 

Alcoholism 371 

Alcohol (Medical Use) 670 

Alcohol, Poison by 401 

Alcohol Sponge Bath 631 

Adenoids, Operations for 663 

All about Baby 644 

Allen's World's Hair Restorer 466 

Allopathy 660 

Almond Milk 649 

Alopecia 65 

Alopecia Areata 60 

Alum (Medical Use) 671 

Amenorrhea 605 

Amenorrhea (Herb Remedies) 418, 419, 

420, 422, 424, 430, 442, 444, 446. 

Ammonia, Poison by 401 

Anaemia 249 

Causes 249 

Symptoms 249 

Treatment 250 

1. Blaud's pills are very much used.... 250 

2. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic 250 

Diet 250 

Anaemia, Diagnosis of 1 

Anaemia, Pernicious 250 

Anaemia, Secondary 251 

Anaesthetica Lepra 240 

Anatomy of the Nose 6 

Anaemic Congestion 301 

Diet 301 

Medicines 301 



909 



910 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Aneurism S4S 

Treatment 345 

Angina Pectoris 344 

Angina, Simple 21 

Angiocholitis, Acute Catarrhal 128 

Anidrosis 57 

Treatment 67 

Animal Parasites, Diseases Caused by 44 

Anthrax 59, 230 

Symptoms 231 

Malignant Anthrax (Swelling) 231 

Internal Anthrax 281 

Charbon or Wool Sorter's Disease 231 

Treatment 231 

Ano-rectal Abscess 151 

Anti-Constipation Pad 465 

Antimony, Poison by 401 

Anus, Diseases of the 136 

Anus, Fistula in 152 

Anus, Itching of the 143 

Aortic Stenosis 343 

Aortic Insufficiency 343 

Symptoms 343 

Aphasia 291 

Varieties 291 

Causes 291 

Symptoms of the Motor Aphasia 291 

Recovery 29^ 

Treatment 292 

Appendicitis 116 

Symptoms 116 

Local Signs 116 

Recovery 117 

Operations 117 

Diet 117 

Mothers' Remedies 117 

1. Home Treatment found Good for... 117 

Physicians' Treatment 117 

Caution 117 

Appendicitis, Diagnosis of 1 

Appendicitis, Operations for 663 

Appetizer (Herb Remedy) 424 

Apple Water 649 

Apoplexy 292 

Causes 292 

Direct Causes 293 

Symptoms 293 

Subsequent Symptoms 293 

What Can I Do at Once? 293 

Mothers' Remedies 293 

1. Simple yet EflFective Remedy for. . . . 293 

2. Simple Injection for 294 

Medical Treatment 294 

Caution 294 

Arkansas, Hot Springs of 666 

Arm, Plate of Bandage 386 

Arrowroot Custard 647 

Arrowroot Gruel 652 

Arsenic, Poison by 408 

Arsenical Poisoning, Chronic Case 402 

Arteriosclerosis 345 

Treatment 346 

Arthritis, Rheumatic 314 

Articular Rheumatism (Rheumatic Fever).. 317 

Arthritis, Gonorrheal 236 

Ascariasis Lumbricoides 44 

Ascites 135 

Local Causes 135 

General Causes ^ 135 

Symptoms 136 

Physicians' Treatment 136 

Ascites caused by an Ovarian Tumor 136 

Asiatic Cholera 228 

Asphyxiation, Gas 395 

Aphthous Stomatitis 97 

Asthma, Bronchial 37 

Causes 37 

Symptoms 87 



Mothers' Remedies 37 

1. Raspberry Tincture for Adults 37 

2. Simple but Effective Remedy for. . . . 37 

3. Lobelia Tea for 87 

Physicians' Treatment for Asthma 38 

1. Inhale Chloroform 38 

To Prevent Recurrence 88 

2. Vapo-Cresolene burned in a room... 38 

3. Tartar Emetic 38 

Asthma, Bronchial, (Herb Remedies) 

420, 426. 439, 442 

Asthma, Hay 17 

Asthma, Spasmodic 37 

Asthma, Spasmodic (Herb Remedies) ... 427, 438 

Ataxia Hereditary 806 

Ataxia, Locomotor 305 

Atrophic Leprosy 240 

Atrophy, Acute Yellow ,. . . 131 

Atropine, Poison by 402 

Ayer's Cherry Pectoral 466 

Ayer's Hair Vigor 466 

Ayer's Sarsaparilla 467 

BABY, ALL ABOUT (DEPT.) 544 

(The following items are divisions and 
sub-divisions of the 400 questions and over 
in the Baby's Department.) 

Adding other Food to Milk 686 

All about Baby 644 

Average Weight 647 

Baby's Bed 662 

Baby's First Meal 662 

Baby's Second Summer 598 

Band for Baby 552 

Barley and Oatmeal Gruels 574 

Bed Wetting 619 

Bath 548 

Bottle-Fed Babies 612 

Bottle-Fed Baby, Special Monthly Rules 

for 571 

Brain, Inflammation of 617 

Bread, Crackers and Cheese 600 

Bruises 621 

Burns 621 

Caked Breasts, Prevention of 566 

Canker Sore Mouth 551 

Cap for Baby's Ears 654 

Cereals 600 

Chafing 552 

Circumcision 549 

Clothing for Baby 553 

Colds in Babies 620 

Colic 608 

Condensed Milk, How Shall I Use? 589 

Constipation in Babies 611 

Convulsions 542, 616 

Cow's Milk 575 

Cow's Milk, Modified 577 

Cracked Nipples 566 

Croup 27 

Cry, How to Distinguish It 661 

Cuts 621 

Desserts 601 

Diapers, C^re of 652 

Diarrhea (For Older Children) 611 

Diet of Older Children— Fourth to Tenth 

Year 698 

Dressing for Different Seasons, General.. 554 

Drooling 664 

Earache 610 

Eggs 699 

Enlarged Glands 619 

Exercise 605 

Eyes, Sore, Treatment of 649 

Feeding During the Second Year 696 

Feeding Directions 698 

Feeding Intervals 59IL 



MEDICAL INDEX 



911 



Peeding and Nursing, Special Rules and 

Formula for Each Month 574 

First Series of Formulas 581 

Fly (Carrying Disease) 564 

Food Healthy Infants, For Early Months 580 
Food for Healthy Infants During the Lat- 
ter Months 583 

Foods for St)ecial Conditions 588 

Foreign Bodies in Throat, Ear or Nostrils 608 

Fourth Series 588 

Fruits 601 

Genital Organs 549 

Healthy Child Twelve Months, For 596 

Hiccoughs 619 

Hives 620 

How to Lift a Child 606 

Indigestion in Older Children 602 

Infant Feeding 565 

Inflammation of the Brain 617 

Kissing 607 

Loose Stools in Nursing Babies 569 

Loss of Appetite 587 

Malnutrition (Marasmus) 613 

Meat and Fish 599 

Milk and Cream 598 

Milk and Cream, Care of 676 

Mosquito Bites 564 

Mouth, Care of 550 

Mouth, Sore, Canker 551 

Navel and Cord 549 

Nervousness 607 

Nipples, Cracked 566 

Nursing 556, 565 

Over-Feeding 587 

Over-Nursing 587 

Peptonized Milk 594 

Permanent Teeth, Usual Order 619 

Poisoning 621 

Pregnancy (40 Questions and Answers) . . 544 

Proprietary Foods 622 

Regular Feeding 593 

Rickets 614 

Rocking Baby 604 

Rubber Rings, or Ivory 560 

Rules for Using Formulas 584 

Rupture in a Baby 620 

Scald Head 617 

Scalp, Care of 550 

Schedule for Three- Year-Old Child 597 

Scurvy 615 

Second Series of Formulas 581 

Sickness, Early Signs of 621 

Sleep 603 

Soft Spot 548 

Soothing Syrup, Overdose of 622 

Sore Eyes, Treatment of 549 

Sore Mouth, Canker 551 

Special Care of the Baby 561 

Splinters 621 

Sprue 551 

Sterilized Milk 593 

Stools and Urine, Appearance of 547 

Sugar, Kind to Use 578 

Teeth 663 

Teething 560, 618 

Temperature 606 

Third Series of Formulas 583 

Thrush 551 

Toys 607 

Urine, Disappearance of 547 

Ventilation and Airing 567 

Weaning 569 

-Weighing Baby Frequently 558 

Wardrobe, Baby's First 553 

Washing Baby 547 

Wounds 621 

Eaby's Secoad Suiamer 598 



Bald Patches 56 

Causes 57 

Physician's Treatment 57 

Local Treatment 57 

Baldness 55 

Causes 55 

Mothers' Remedies 55 

1. — Well Recommended for 65 

2. — Vaselin and Quinine for 55 

3. — Good Canadian Remedy for 55 

Physicians' Treatment 55 

1.— Dr. Schalek 66 

2.— For Baldness 66 

3.— For Baldness 56 

4. — Ihle's Mixture 66 

5. — Bulkley's Lotion 56 

6. — Lassar's Ointment 66 

Bandage of the Jaw, Plate of S80 

For Fractures 381 

Hospital Method, Plate of 394 

Spiral Bandage of Foot, Plate of 384 

Spiral Bandage of the Finger, Plate of. . 384 

Borsch's Eye, Plate of 386 

Spiral Reversed Bandage of Arm, Plate of 386 

Barbers' Itch 87 

Mothers' Remedies 87 

1. — Standard Remedy for 87 

2. — Healing Ointment for 88 

3. — Reliable Remedy for 88 

4. — Sulphur and Lard for 88 

6. — Cuticura Ointment for 88 

Physicians' Treatment 88 

Barker's Bone and Nerve Liniment 467 

Barley Gruel 652 

Barley Water 647 

Basedown Disease 260 

Basilar Meningitis 210 

Bathing in Polluted Waters 400 

Baths 629 

Beard, Ringworm of the 87 

Bed Pan, How to Use a 641 

Bed Sores, Prevention and Care of 628 

Treatment, Preventive 628 

Treatment of Sore Proper 629 

Bed-Wetting 619 

Belladonna, Poison by 402 

Beri-Beri 230 

Bites, Dog (Not Rabid) 377 

Bites, Insect and Other 378 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 674 

1. — Simple Remedy for 674 

Bites, Mosquito 377 

Bites, Snake 377 

Big-Jaw 234 

Alimentary Canal Type 234 

In the Lungs 234 

Symptoms 234 

The Skin 234 

Diagnosis 234 

Treatment 235 

Biliary Calculi 129 

Bile Ducts, Cancer of the 130 

Bilious Headache 271 

Biliousness 125 

Causes 125 

Prevention 125 

Diet 126 

Mothers' Remedies 126 

1. — Lemons for 126 

2.— Salt and Water for 126 

3. — Dandelion Tea for Chronic 126 

4. — A Cheap and Very Safe Plan 126 

5. — Salt Lemonade for 126 

6. — Boneset Tea for 126 

Physicians' Treatment 126 

1. — Medicines 126 

2. — Twenty Drops of Fluid Extract of 

Queen's Root 126 

3. — The Following Combination 126 

4. — For the Attack 127 



912 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Biliousness (Herb Remedies) 421 

Blackheads 61 

Symptoms 61 

Causes 61 

Mothers' Remedies 61 

1. — Effective Yet Harmless Remedy for 61 

2. — Alum Water for 62 

3. — Cream of Tartar and Sulphur for.. 62 

4. — Healing Cream for 62 

Physicians' Treatment for Pimples 62 

Local Treatment 62 

1. — Precipitated Sulphur and Rosewater 62 

2. — A Good Combination 62 

Bladder, Inflammation of the 162 

Bladder, Inflammation of (Herb Reme- 
dies) 419-429 

Bladder Trouble 162 

Mothers' Remedies 162 

1. — English Oil of Sandalwood for 162 

2.— Effective Herb Teas for 163 

Treatment 163 

Diet 163 

Bladder Trouble (Herb Remedies) 

417, 425, 432, 435, 441, 442, 444 

Bleeders 254 

Bleeding 394 

Mothers' Remedies 394 

1.— Unusual Way to Stop 394 

2. — Cobwebs to Stop 394 

3. — Powdered Alum and Hot Water 

Stops 394 

4. — Salt and Flour Successful 394 

5. — Boracic Acid Is Excellent for 394 

6. — Tobacco Will Stop 395 

Bleeding (Herb Remedies) 420 

Bleeding After Delivery 540 

Bleeding From the Nose 19 

Bleeding from the Stomach 107 

Causes 107 

Symptoms 107 

Physicians* Treatment 107 

Caution 107 

Bleeding from the Wind-pipe and Lungs..,. 38 

Symptoms 38 

Quantity 38 

Mothers' Remedies 39 

1.— Salt Water for 39 

2.— Herb Tea for 39 

3. — Effective Remedy for 39 

4. — Tannin and Sugar for 39 

Physicians' Treatment for Bleeding from 

the Wind-pipe and Lungs 39 

1. — First Thing to Do 39 

2. — If Caused by the Coughing 39 

3. — Alum for 39 

4.— White Oak Bark Tea for 39 

5. — Hot Water and Salt for 40 

6. — Other Easily Obtained Remedies... 40 

Cautions 40 

Thirst 40 

Diet 40 

Bleeding from the Wind-pipe and Lungs 

(Herb Remedies) 412, 446 

Blepharitis Marginalis 348 

Causes 348 

Symptoms 348 

Treatment 348 

Local Treatment 348 

blister 92 

Mothers' Remedies 92 

1. — Linseed Oil for 92 

2. — A Method of Raising a Blister 92 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 674 

1.— White of Egg for 674 

Blister Disease 79 

Symptoms 79 

Causes 79 

Physicians' Treatment 79 

Elixir Quinine, Iron and Strychnine 79 

Local Treatment 79 



Blistered SVin, to Dress »35 

Blood and Ductless Glands, Diseases of 249 

Blood and Liver Regulator (Rare Prescrip- 
tion 46b 

Blotches and Pimples (Rare Prescription) . . 473 

Blood Purifier (Herb Remedies) 437 

Blood in the Urine 156 

Causes 156 

Treatment 156 

Blue Stone, Poison by 402 

Blue Vitriol, Poison by 402 

Boil 68 

Causes 68 

Mothers* Remedies 68 

1. — My Mother's Poultice for 68 

2. — Soap and Sugar Poultice for 68 

3. — Vinegar and Camphor for 68 

4.— Bean Leaf Poultice for 68 

5. — Another Remedy for 68 

Physicians' Treatment for Boils 69 

Boil (Herb Remedies) 431 

Borax (Medical Use) 671 

Boric Acid 626 

Bottle-Fed Babies 612 

Bowels, Bleeding from (Herb Remedies)... 423 

Bowels, Inflammation of 118 

Bowels, Inflammation of (Herb Reme- 
dies) 413, 439 

Bow-Legs 370 

Treatment 371 

Brain, Concusion or Laceration of 302 

Brain Diseases, General and Functional.... 280 

Brain Hemorrhage 292 

Brain, Softening of 298 

Brain, Syphilis of 297 

Causes 297 

Symptoms 297 

Symptoms When Arteries Are Diseased.. 298 

How to Tell What the Disease Is 298 

Recovery 298 

Treatment 298 

Brain, Tumors and Inflammation of 296 

Bran Poultice 634 

Brandy and Egg Mixture 649 

Breakbone Fever 208 

Breast, Broken Abscess 538 

Breasts, Caked (Herb Remedies) 434. 443 

Breast, Cancer of 335 

Breasts, Care of 538 

Breasts, Inflammation of 538 

Breasts, Inflammation of (Herb Remedies). 434 

Breathing. Difficult 339 

Bright's Disease, Diagnosis of 1 

Bright's Disease, Acute 156 

Symptoms 157 

Diagnosis 157 

Recovery 157 

Treatment 157 

Diet and Nursing 157 

Bowels, Attention to 157 

Bright's Disease, Chronic 158 

Causes 158 

Conditions 158 

Symptoms 158 

Treatment; Diet 158 

Brinkerhoff System of Treating Piles 468 

Brodie's Liniment for Asthma 484 

Bromidrosis 57 

Bromototoxismus 374 

Bronchial Asthma 37 

Bronchial Asthma (Herb Remedies)....... 438 

Bronchitis, Acute, Diagnosis of 2 

Bronchitis, Acute (Herb Remedies) 420 

Bronchitis, Acute 30 

Causes 30 

Symptoms 31 

Mothers' Remedies 31 

1. — Camphor and Lard for 31 

2. — Grandmothers' Remedy for 31 

3. — Antiphlogistine Plaster for 31 



MEDICAL INDEX 



913 



4. — One of the Best Home Remedies... 32 

5, — Camphorated Oil and Steaming for. 32 

6.— General Relief for 32 

7.— Lard Poultice for 32 

8. — Mustard Plaster for 32 

9._We]l-Known Remedy for 33 

10. — Remedy and General Tonic for.... 33 

Physicians' Treatment for 33 

1, — Sweating Remedy for 33 

2. — Steaming Remedy for 33 

3.— Steaming With Pitcher 33 

4.— Rub the Chest 33 

6. — For Adults 34 

Diet in Bronchitis (Similar to Laryngitis) 34 

Bronchitis, Acute (Herb Remedies, 422, 426, 444 

Bronchitis, Chronic 34 

Causes 34 

Symptoms 34 

Physicians* Treatment 34 

Preventive 34 

1. — Ammonium Chloride 34 

2. — Combination of Ammonium Chloride, 

Licorice and Water 34 

3.— If the Cough Is Troublesome 34 

Bronchitis, Chronic (Herb Remedies) 438 

Bronchial Goitre 258 

Bronchial Tubes, Inflammation of the 30 

Broncho- Pneumonia 40 

Causes 40 

Symptoms 40 

Secondary Cases 40 

Prevention 40 

Mothers' Remedies 41 

1. — Herb Tea and Poultice for 41 

3. — Hon>e Remedy f or . . 41 

3. — Hot Vinegar Applications for 41 

Physicians' Treatment 41 

Diet 41 

Bruises 621, 391 

Mothers' Remedies 891 

1. — Cold Water Prevents Coloring 391 

2. — Kerosene Relieves the Pain of.... 391 
3. — Turpentine to Keep Proud Flesh 

from 891 

4. — Bread and Vinegar Quick Relief for 391 

6. — Good Liniment for 891 

6. — Liniment used in Ohio for 391 

Physicians' Treatment for Bruises 391 

1. — Tincture of Arnica 392 

2.— Alcohol for 392 

3. — Cold or Hot Water Applied With 

Cloths 892 

4. — Raw Beefsteak (lean) is Excellent.. 392 

5. — Lead and Laudanum Wash 392 

Bruises (Herb Remedies) 410, 429. 443, 446 

Bubonic Plague 225 

Bunions 95 

Mothers* Remedies 96 

1. — Remedy from Your Flower Garden. 96 

2.— A Cure for 96 

3. — Iodine for 96 

4. — Tested Remedy for 96 

Physicians' Treatment 96 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 674 

1. — Pulverized Saltpetre for 674 

Bums 387, 621 

Causes 887 

Burns 387 

First Degree 387 

Second Degree 387 

Third Degree 387 

Mothers' Remedies for Burns 387 

1. — Linseed Oil for 387 

a. — Common Soda 387 

3. — ^Apply Crushed Onion Poultice for. 387 

4. — Molasses Takes Pain from 387 

6.— Butter a Relief for 887 

a. — Oil of Peppermint Draws Fire 

Out of 387 



7. — Sv;eet Oil and Cotton Batting Re- 
lieves 387 

8. — Vinegar Prevents Blistering from.. 387 

For a Severe Case 390 

For Third Degree Bums 390 

Warm Baths 390 

Burns from Acid 391 

Burns from Alkali (Like Potash or 

Strong Ammonia) 391 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 674 

1. — Lime Water and Sweet Oil for 674 

2.— Charcoal for 674 

3.— Grated Onion for 674 

4. — Easily Prepared Remedy for 674 

Burns (Herb Remedies) 429 

Bums and Scalds (Rare Prescription) 466 

Calculi, Biliary 129 

Caisson Disease 304 

Caked Breasts 566 

Caked Breasts (Herb Remedies) 434, 443 

California Liniment 470 

Calculus, Renal 161 

Calculi or Stones, Operation for 665 

Callositas 68 

Callosity 68 

Causes 68 

Symptoms 68 

Physicians' Treatment 68 

Calvus 68 

Camphor (Medical Use) 671 

Cancer of the Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts 130 

Causes 130 

Cancer of the Breast 335 

Cancers, Operation for 664 

Cancer 332 

Cancer is curable if it be operated upon in 

its early stages 833 

Have Operations Failed to Cure? 332 

What is Cancer? 333 

When to Suspect Cancer and What to Do 333 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 675 

1.— Yellow Dock Root for 675 

Cancer Paste 471 

Cancer of the Stomach, Diagnosis of 2 

Cancer of the Stomach 106, 384 

Symptoms 106 

Course 106 

Physicians' Treatment 106 

Diet 107 

Cancer of the Uterus 834 

Canker Sore Mouth 97, 551 

Causes 97 

Symptoms 97 

Mothers' Remedies 98 

1. — Raspberry Leaf for 98 

2.— Oak Bark Tea for 98 

3. — Boracic Acid for 98 

4.— Canker Weed Tea for ... 98 

5. — Honey and Borax for 98 

6.— Wild Turnip for 98 

7. — Alum for 98 

8. — Borax Water for 98 

9. — Common and Effective Remedy for. 98 

10. — Shoemaker Root and Borax for 98 

Physicians' Treatment for Sore Mouth... 99 

1. — For Canker Sore Mouth 99 

2. — Burnt Alum 99 

3. — Nitrate of Silver 99 

4.— A Wash of Sage Tea 99 

5. — The Juice of a Ripe Tomato 99 

Canker Sore Mouth (Herb Remedies), 410, 420 

Capsicum and Belladonna Plasters 635 

Carbolic Acid 625 

Carbolic Acid, Poison by 403 

Carbuncle 69 

Symptoms 59 

Causes 60 



914 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Mothers' Remedies 60 

1. Poppy Leaves to Draw and Ripen... 60 

2. Slippery Elm and Sassafras Root for 60 

3. Sheep Sorrel Poultice for 60 

•t. Bread and Milk Poultice for 60 

5. The Common Scabious for 60 

6. Snap Bean Poultice for 60 

Physicians' Treatment 60 

Local 60 

Cardialgia 107 

Care of Discharges (Excreta) 62i 

Care and Disinfection of an Infected Room. 626 

Care of the Room by the Nurse 626 

Carter's Little Liver Pills.. 472 

Castoria 472 

Castor Oil (Medical Use) 671 

Cataract, Operation for 663 

Cataract 353 

Senile Cataract 354 

Symptoms of Senile (Old Age) Cataract.. 354 

Course 354 

Cataract, Senile 354 

Catarrh 14 

Causes 14 

Symptoms and Course 14 

Mothers' Remedies 14 

1. — Successful Remedy for 14 

2. — Cleansing Antiseptic Remedy for... 14 

3.— Witch-Hazel for 14 

4. — Cure for 15 

5. — Mullein Leaves, Treatment for 15 

6. — Milk and Salt Wash for 15 

Mothers' Remedies (L^nclassified) 674 

1. — Burnt Alum for 674 

2.— Bad Case Cured by the Following.. 674 

3. — Borax and Camphor for 675 

4.— Pure Lard for 675 

Physicians' Treatment for 15 

Local ^ 15 

1. — Spray for 15 

2. — Powders for 15 

3. — Solution for 16 

4. — Spray for 16 

Catarrh (Herb Remedies) 431, 434 

Catarrh, Acute Nasal 10 

Catarrh Acute Pharyngeal 21 

Catarrhal Angiocholitis, Acute 128 

Catarrhal Headache 268 

Catarrhal Jaundice 128 

Catarrh of Long Standing 467 

Catarrh Ointment (Rare Prescription) 468 

Cathartic and Sure Cure for Constipation.. 468 

Cathartic (Herb Remedy) 429 

Cereals and Cereal Gruels 651 

Cerebral Anemia 296 

Cerebral Hemorrhage 292 

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis 209 

Cervical Tuberculosis 213 

Cervix, Diseases of 497 

Cervix, Inflammation of 498 

CervLx, Tear of 497 

Chafing 552 

Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhea 

Remedy 473 

Chapped Hands and Face 93 

Mothers' Remedies 93 

1. ^-Quince Seed Cream for 93 

2. — Soothing Lotion for 93 

3. — Glycerin for 93 

4. — Carbolic Salve for 93 

5. — Glycerin and Lemon Juice for 93 

6. — Camphor Ice for 93 

7. — Remedy from a New York Lady 93 

8.— Rose Cream for 93 

9. — Preventive for 93 

10.— From a Twin Falls, Idaho. Mother. 93 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified') 676 

1. — An Inexpensive Remedy for 676 



Physicians' Treatment for Chapped Hands 9-1 

1. — For Chapped Hands 94 

2. — Powdered Camphor 94 

3. — Ointment of Water of Roses 94 

4. — Powdered Zinc Oxide 94 

Charbon (Wool Sorter's Disease) 230 

Cheese, Poison by 403 

Chest. Cold in 30 

Chestnut Puree 652 

Chicken Broth 652 

Chicken Broth ._ 648 

Chicken Pox, Diagnosis of...... 2 

Chicken Pox 179 

Mothers' Remedies 179 

1. — Catnip Tea and Soda Water for.... 179 

Physicians' Treatment 180 

Chilblains 96 

Mothers' Remedies 96 

1. — A Cure for 96 

2.— Witch-Hazel for 95 

3. — Ointment for 96 

4. — Vinegar Cure 96 

5. — Home-Made Salve for 96 

6. — Common Glue 96 

7. — The Onion Cure for 97 

8.— The Hemlock Remedy for 97 

Physicians' Treatment for Chilblains 97 

Internal 97 

External 97 

1.— Alum as a Wash 97 

2. — Ointment of Ichthvol 97 

3.— Rosin 97 

4. — Lard and Iodine Ointment 97 

5.— The Following Is Good 97 

Childbirth 494 

Child Crowing 26 

Cause 27 

Symptoms 27 

Physicians' Treatment 27 

Preventive 27 

Cold Sponeing 27 

Chills and Fever 229 

Mothers' Remedies 229 

1. — Peruvian Bark and Rhubarb for 229 

2. — Horseradish for 230 

3. — Dogwood Known to Be Good for... 230 

Treatment 230 

Choking (Foreign Bodies in the Larynx)... 396 

Mothers' Remedies 396 

1. — Fish Bone to Stop 396 

2. — Simple Remedy to Stop 396 

3. — Pennyroyal Tea and Lard Relieves.. 396 
4. — Grease and Meat Common Remedy 

for 398 

In the Gullet (Foreign Bodies) 396 

Chloasma 61 

Chloral Habit 374 

Chloride of Lime 625 

Chloral, Poison by 403 

Cholelithiasis 129 

Chorea (Herb Remedies)....' 419, 427, 439 

Cholera, Asiatic 223 

Causes 223 

Symptoms 223 

Treatment 224 

Cholera Infantum 112 

Symptoms 112 

Cautions 113 

Mothers' Remedies 113 

1. — Castor Oil and Warm Applications 

for 113 

2.— First Thing to Do 113 

3. — White of Egg and Cathartic for 113 

4.— Olive or Sweet Oil for 113 

5. — Spice and Whisky for 113 

6. — Cabbage Leaf Poultice for 114 

7. — Herb Remedv for 114 

8.— Tomatoes Will Relieve 114 

— Injection fnr 114 



MEDICAL INDEX 



915 



Mothers' Remedies (Undassified) 676 

1. — Ckkkweed for .. 

Diets and Drinks 

Physicians* Treatment 



676 
114 



for Cholera In- 



114 

1.— Washing Out the Bowel 114 

2.— For Vomitins 114 

3. — Snbcarbonate of Bismnth 114 

4. — Castor Ofl 115 

6. — ^Mustard Poultice for 115 

Cholera Morbos, Diagnoas of 2 

Cholera Morbus Ill 

Synptoos Ill 

Mothers' Remedies Ill 

1.— Castor Oil for Ill 

2. — ^Bladdierry Root and Boiled MiQc for 111 

S. — ^Bladkberry Cordial for Ill 

4. — ^Tincture of Cayenne Pepper for . Ill 

6. — Nntmeg and Jamaica Ginger for. 111 

6. — Home Remedy for Ill 

7.— Old Rdiable Remedy for 112 

8. — Common Remedy for 112 

Pfayaeians* Treatment for Cholera Morbus 112 

1.— Heat 112 

2. — Mori^iine br Hrpodermic Method.. 112 

S. — ^For Cholera Morbus 112 

Cholera Morbos (Hetb Remedies) 413 

Chordee (Hetb Remedies) 426 

Choroid. The 347 

Chlorosis (Herb Remedies) 444 

Ouooic Brighfs Disease 158 

Chronic DesqnamatiTe or Tubal Nephritis. . . 158 

Chronic Diffuse Nqthritis 158 

Chnmic Dyspepsia 

Chronic (gastritis 

Chronic Tnfiaiiwitari ni of the Bladder. ...... 

Chronic Indigestion 

Chronic Melancholia 

Chrooic Inflammation of the Nose 

Chronic Par enc hym atons Nephritis 

Chronic Rhenmatism 

Chrooic Rhenmatism (Herb Remedies) 

414, 434, 435, 

Chronic Rhinitis 

Chronic ^rfenitis 

Chronic Ui '— 



103 
103 
163 
103 
312 
14 
153 
311 

440 

14 

256 
155 
347 
647 
131 



Gliary 

Cinnamon Tea 

Circnlatory Disturbances of the liver.. 

Circulation. Poor. Alcohol Rub for 6S0 

CHrculatory System. Diseases of 837 

G icumci sion 509 

Cirrfaoas of the Kidneys 159 

Orrhosb of tiie Lirer 131 

Cleft Palate 368 

Clitoris. The 491 

Club Foot 371 

Cocaine Habit 373 

Colds 9. 638 

Causes 10 

Symptoms ............................. 10 

Mothers' Remedies 10 

1. — ^Borax for Cold Settled in Throat.. 10 
2. — Valuable Caution and Treatment for 11 

3. — ^Molasses-Vinegar Syrup for 11 

4. — Quinine and Ginger for 11 

5. — Boneset Tea for 11 

6. — Cold or Threatened Consumpti<m 11 

7. — Rock Candy Syrup for 11 

8.— Skunk's Oil for 11 

9. — Lemons aoid Mustard for 11 

10. — Hops or Catnip Poultice 18 

11.— Hooey for IS 

12. — ^To Break Up at the Onset 18 

13. — ^Mutton Tallow and Red Pepper for. 18 

14. — Lard and Turpentine for 12 

15. — Milk ana -cayonie as a Prerentrre. 18 



Mothers' Remedies rUnclassified) 675 

1. — Capsoies for 675 

8.— Mullein Remedy 675 

3. — An Easily Prepared Remedy for 675 

Physicians' Treatment for Colds 12 

Preventive 12 

1. — Camphor and VaseUn Mixed or 

Cami^ior and Cream 18 

8. — Camphor Taken Internally 13 

3. — ^Aconite 13 

4.— The Following Is Good 13 

5. — Lard and Camphorated Oil 13 

6. — ^To Restore Loss of Voice 13 

7. — ^Benzoin Teas for 13 

8. — Herb Teas for 13 

9. — ^Dr. Ban, a London. Em^and. Spe- 
cialist IS 

10.— When the Disease Is Rather Marked 14 
Colds (Herb Remedies). .414. 423, 486, 437. 440 

Colds in Babies 619 

Cold in Chest 80 

Cold (C ompr es se s -. 333 

Cold. June 17 

Cold Pack. The 631 

CoW, Rose 17 

Colic 608 

Colic in Infants 471 

Colic, Intestinal 184 

Causes v 184 

Symptoms 184 

Physicians' Treatment 184 

1. — For Colic 184 

2.— Severe Case 184 

3, — Tincture of ColocjTith 184 

Colic Intestinal (Herb Remedies) 

416, 417, 41S, 432, 441. 442. 445 

Collapse 376 

Comedones 61 

Common Itch SI 

Common Tables of Measure — .Apothecaries' 

Weight 636 

Concussion of the Brain 308 

Concussion of the Spine 303 

Condensed MiOc. How ShaD I Use? 689 

Condiment (Herb Remedies) 43 

Congestion of the Brain 895 

Congestive Headache 869 

Congestion of the Kidnevs, Acute 155 

Kidney .' 155 

Treatment 155 

Congestion of the Kidney. Chronic 155 

Congestion of the Liver, Acute 131 

Congestion of the Liver, Chronic 131 

Conjunctivitis 349 

Constipation 136, 471 

Causes — 136 

1. — Mechanical Obstruction 136 

2. — Defective Motion of the Bowels 136 

3. — ^Deficient Bowd Secretions 130 

4. — Odier Causes — ^Mechanical Ofastmc- 

tion ; 136 

Defective Worm-Like Bowel Movement... 136 

Deficiency of the SecreticHis 136 

Sz^irj Caases 136 

Sr=?::=5 137 

Fiss-re 137 

He:r:--h:iis 137 

P t ? 1S7 

P ::: 5 137 

Veu- r, : : e ^e:.- 137 

ILi-:-:, ^-,i:,^ ::- :;-:.-::- 137 

:—-_:- S : -e ::r POIs and 

- -r; 138 

2— ?-5: r f : Castor Oil 138 

3— H- It- : - 138 

4— ^ :e r-: X u-hrrient for Old 

?^ r 138 

5.— Sii: -i V.'ate- ::r 138 



916 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



6. — Water Core for 

7. — Taziic and Standard Resiedj for — 

&— djccrin a^ Witdi-Hazel for 

9. — WtH-knamn Rcooedj Hot 

19. — Effective RaBe<b^ in tiie Most Stnb- 

bom Cases ox 

11. — Remedy £roin a Motiier at Lee. 



If. — ^Frait and Hot Water Core for. 

13.-^crb Tea for 

Baxk Tea Wltfaont 

E^oal 

es (Unclassified) 

1. — ^Bxan as a Core for 

a.— An Old Tried Remedy for 

X — ^An E fi e cli^e Remedy for 

4. — Jnice from Prunes for (Baby). . 

Fbysacians' Treatment 

1. — Slietilang of dte ^uiincter 
S. — ^Freqoent Rectal and 



138 
138 
138 
138 

13» 

13» 
139 
139 



or T»**'»Vy""^ of aMXT- 



CoTFOSRe 

cnry 

Corrosive Sublimate, Poison by 

Coiyza 

Coagb of Lons Standing, Synq» for 

Coaghs 

Causes ; 

IftoCbcrs^ Remedies ............. 

1. — "-f^p*^* 'y Tincture ....... 

S. — fimey and \nicgar for 

3. — Excellent Syrup for. 



.34-C6S 

.. 34 

.. 34 
.- 84 
.. 35 
36 



of Warm Water 
(in tibe hf ginning on]y) ......... 

4. — Applications of Electricify 

Abdominal Massage (Knrading, Rubbing; 

etc.) :-..-.• 

Cofffous IWf jjBi Iwater Injectiaos. ........ 

Eectr::f^r 

C:rre: 

V^v ■ 

\( z- 



Diet. 



Take. 



c- 



CTS 
•75 
CTS 
875 
875 
139 
139 

139 

139 
139 

149 
141 
141 
141 
14S 
148 
148 
148 
143 
14 3 
143 



4. — ^Rdiable Mixture in Sercre Cases. . . 35 

5. — MaDexn Leaf Tea for 35 

6, — L«r=?r: '' -I't 2r.f Sugar for 35 

7— S:a-d;r: : t~tiy for 35 

S.—lz^zi: 5 r : 36 

&— ? r-f : s Xot for Oril. 



'^TCgonc 



Ph 



:ira_ 

r^crrotion for 

C:=binatiaas Codd Be 



c-r; 



37 

37 



C-T.S:' 

C:-s::: 
C:-5::: 
C:-5-=: 

Cc - 
Ccr : 

C:-v:.: 

Ccz-. •:: 

Convoli 



scaza S^rada.. 14? 

-2. . . li.Z 

r :- ?:wder 143 

143 

i . 4il, 489. 433. 439 



ptioa 

ption CHerb Remedies) 



870 

811 

437 

166 

tJae Medicine Chest ....... 637 

Malarial Fercr 888 

:ii-ev 159 



Cranr 

Cran:2; 

Crea- 

Ciea-? 

Cres- 

Ocazn 



r5) 



.548-614 



Cream of Tartar (Medical 

Cream Toast 

Cream of Tomato Sotq*.. 

Criminal Abortion 

Croaked Feet 

Croop. Diagnosis of 

Croup .................. 

oyn^toms 



4 : : 43S, 431, 437. 438. 439 

;:' W-z-Cfing 5 

180 

633 

CHerb Remedies) 431 



Remedies) 484-430-433-441 

nedies (Unclassified) 676 

-'■-^ fOT- 676 

: t-rgjgia* FitA jf^'.'.'.'.'.'. . 866 

-. S-: ur 653 

94 

:: i:-; 653 

647 



Use). 



873 



STT^^i^ 



Cc-- 
Ccr-- 



Corns 



Gntel 



847 

of the 5 

851 

, 658 

58. 478 



Mothers' Reme£es 

1- — Cold Atwilf 

J— S-t C- e fDr 

S.—l-~rzi:t Relief 

4—7 I _-: 'I^T^CT CKM 

5. — ?t-r^: .-:: y^-er T^ia 

6. ::i. :.. :t:^-t^ and 



... 494 

... 370 

... J 

... 87 

... 87 

... 87 

... 87 

... 87 

... 8S 

... 8S 

... 8S 



)f the Surest Remedies 

-^-s and Kerosene for 

■ ~;'''c Inrithont Pain........... 

i_ Z'3TC for 

- - '~~ s ~ Eiteclive Rf iiicdy for 
i S^::e:ssfnl Remedy for 



S.— " 



P^^ 



Coras cHerb. RexLudl-^'' 



for 

Corns....... 



Q. — ■ 

i: — : 
Il- 
ls —: 

13 — 

14 — 

1: — 



:4t 59 

: 59 

59 

416 



:«nt for Croop 
iavs 

: : :- a Hot 



88 
89 
89 

89 
89 
89 

29 

t9 

ere 
f-e 

so 
sc 

3« 



MEDICAL INDEX 



917 



S.— Dr. Holt of Xew York Says 30 

4. — The Home Treatment 30 

5. — Goose Grease 30 

6. — Steam Is Very Useful 30 

Croup (Herb Remedies) 469, 474, 608 

Croup, Spasmodic 27 

Croup, Spasmodic (Herb Remedies) .423, 427, 431 

Crowing, Child 26 

Crust, Coffee 647 

Cupping, Wet and Dry 635 

Currant Juice 649 

Cuticura Ointment 474 

Cuticura Resolvent 474 

Cuts 392, 621 

Cuts (Herb Remedies) 430 

Cyst, Sebaceous 85 

Cystitis 162 

Cystitis (Herb Remedies) 411-419 

Cystocele 514 

DandruflF 83 

Definition 83 

Varieties 83 

1. — Oily Seborrhoea 83 

2. — Dry Seborrhoea 88 

3.— Mixed Type of Both 83 

Causes 84 

Local 84 

Mothers' Remedies 84 

1. Home Preparation from New York 

Mother 84 

2. A Barber's Shampoo for 84 

8. Lemon Juice for 84 

4. A Brooic, Ontario, Lady Prevents... 84 

6. Simple and Harmless 84 

6. Talcum Powder an Excellent Remedy 

for 84 

Physician's Treatment for Dandruff 84 

Local • 85 

Remedies 85 

1. For Dandruff 85 

2. For Dandruff 85 

3. A (}ood Combination 85 

4. For Dandruff 85 

Dangue 208 

Symptoms 208 

Physicians' Treatment 208 

Deadly Night Shade, Poison by 403 

Dead, How to Care for the 638 

Deafness 867 

Treatment 367 

Mothers' Remedies 367 

1. Quick and Effective Remedy for 367 

2. Often Tried Remedy for 367 

3. My Mother, in Gait, Found Good for 367 

DEFORMITIES 369 

Delirium Tremens 372 

Symptoms 872 

Treatment 372 

Chronic Alcoholism 873 

Mothers' Remedies 373 

1. Effective as Cure for 373 

Treatment 373 

Delirium Tremens (Herb Remedies) 427, 439 

Dementia 813 

Primary Dementia 313 

Secondary Dementia 313 

Senile (old age) Dementia may be primary 313 

Chronic Dementia 313 

Dermatitis 62 

Deviation of the Nasal Septum 19 

Causes 19 

Physicians' Treatment 19 

Diabetes, Diagnosis of 2 

Diabetes, Insipidus 330 

Causes 330 

Symptoms 330 

Treatment 330 



Diabetes. Mellitus 328 

Causes 328 

Symptoms 328 

Recovery 329 

Treatment, Preventive 329 

Diet 329 

The following is a list of articles which a 

Diabetes oatient may take 329 

Must Not Take 330 

Medicines, Codeine 330 

Diabetic Bread 648 

Diagnosis, Mothers' 1 

Diarrhea 108 

Causes 108 

Symptoms 108 

Mothers' Remedies 108 

1. Wild Sage Tea for 108 

2. Egg and Nutmeg for 108 

3. Scorched Flour and Sugar for...... 108 

4. Excellent Compound for 108 

5. Spice Poultice for 108 

6. Blackberry Tea for 108 

7. Hot Milk for 109 

8. Castor Oil for 109 

9. Former Canadian's Remedy for.... 109 

10. A Goderich Lady found this good.. 109 

11. Inexpensive Remedy for 109 

12. Fern Root Good to Relieve 109 

13. Milk and Pepper a Common Rem- 

edy for 109 

Physicians' Treatment for 109 

1. Rest in Bed 109 

2. Dose of Castor Oil for 109 

3. For Children an Infusion of pathweed 109 

4. For Infants an Infusion of Chamomile 109 

5. Another for Infants 110 

6. Ginger is Frequently of Good Service 110 

7. Infants of Six Months 110 

Diet in Diarrhea from the Head Nurse of a 

Large Hospital 110 

May Take 110 

Must Not Take 110 

Infants 110 

Diarrhea (Herb Remedies), 410, 411, 412, 
413, 417, 418, 420, 422, 424, 429, 431, 434, 

439 442 443 

Diarrhea (Older C:hildren) '.....' 613 

Diarrhea, Flux and Dysentery (Rare Pre- 
scription) 472 

Diet 643 

Diet in Older Children, fourth to tenth year 598 
Diet in Debility sent us from one of our 

Leading Hospitals — May Take 646 

Soups, Fish, Meats, Eggs, Farinaceous... 646 
Vegetables, Desserts, Drinks, must not take 646 
Diets in Fevers — Furnished us by a Trained 

Nurse in a Hospital — May Take 645 

Foods, Drinks— Must Not Take 645 

DIGESTIVE ORGANS. DISEASES OF... 97 

Diphtheria, Diagnosis of 2 

Diphtheria, Diagnosis between Acute Ton- 

silitis and 188 

Causes 184 

Symptoms 184 

Pharyngeal Diphtheria 184 

Laryngeal Diphtheria (formerly called 

Membraneous Croup) 184 

Diagnosis of 185 

Recovery 185 

Mothers' Remedies 185 

1. Cure and Preventive for 185 

2. Kerosene for 185 

3. Hops and Hot Water Relieves 185 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 676 

1. A Marine City Mother Gives the Fol- 
lowing Cure for 676 

Physicians' Treatment 185 

Local Treatment 18« 



918 



M 01 HERS' REMEDIES 



When in the Larynx 16G 

Diet ]ll 

Cautions If^ 

Diphtheria, Laryngeal io* 

Diphtheria, Pharyngeal 18* 

Dishes for the Sick Room 646 

Diseases of Women, Causes of *93 

Disinfectants ,• 2o? 

Disinfection 624 

Dislocations 879 

General Causes 379 

General Symptoms 379 

General Treatment 379 

Dislocation, Finger or Thumb 380 

Dislocation of the Jaw 379 

Treatment 380 

Dislocation of the Shoulder Joint 380 

Divergent, Squint 356 

Dog Bites (Not Rabid) ..... .•:..;• 377 

Mothers' Remedies (Lnclassified) 6<6 

1. Home Treatment for 676 

Dose for the Children, How to Determine... 636 

Dose in Drops for Different Ages 636 

Rule usually followed 636 

Douches 641 

Drink, Bland after Poisoning 438 

Drooling 554 

Dropsy 165 

From Heart Disease 165 

Mothers' Remedies 165 

1. Juniper Berries for 165 

2. Wild Milkweed for 165 

3. White Bav Buds 165 

4. Canada Thistle for 165 

5. Very Effective Remedy for 165 

6. Common Herb Remedy for 165 

7. Queen of the Meadow 166 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 677 

I. Chestnut Leaves for 667 

Physicians' Treatment for Dropsy 166 

Dropsy (Herb Remedies), 416, 426, 429, 432, 

43S, 440 

Dropsy, Abdominal 135 

Drowned Persons, How to Find 400 

Drowning, How to Keep from 399 

Drowned, Treatment of 397 

Drunkenness 676 

Chocolate for 676 

Dry Cupping 635 

Drv Salt Bath Sent us with Mothers' Reme- 
dies 630 

Dry Tetter 63 

Ductless Glands 249 

Duodenum, Ulcer of the Stomach and 106 

Dyspepsia, Diagnosis of Acute 2 

Dyspepsia, Acute 100 

Causes 100 

Symptoms — In Mild Cases 100 

Severe Cases 100 

Mothers' Remedies 100 

1. Mustard and Molasses for 100 

2. Wormwood Tea for 100 

3. Dry Salt for ^ 100 

4. Chicken Gizzard Skin for 101 

5. An Excellent Tonic for 101 

6. Fruit Diet for 101 

7. Hickory Ashes for 101 

8. Salt and Water for 101 

9. Slipperv Elm for 101 

10. Cold Water for 101 

II. Hot Water for 101 

12. Yolk of Egg and Salt for 101 

13. Lemon Remedy for 101 

14. Hops Excellent for 102 

15. Tested Remedy for 102 

18. Chamomile Tonic for Aged Persons 

and Children 102 



Ph\'sicians' Treatment in Severe Forms.. 102 

Diet 108 

May Take lOS 

Must Not Take 103 

Dyspepsia, Acute (Herb Remedies), 411, 417, 

421, 425, 445, 446 

Dyspepsia, Chronic 103 

Causes 103 

Symptoms 103 

Mothers' Remedies 104 

1. Spice Poultice for 104 

2. Oil of Hemlock for 104 

3. Ginger and Soda for 104 

4. Oil of Peppermint for 104 

5. Mustard Poultice and Eggs for 104 

6. Hot Plate for 104 

Physicians' Treatment for Chronic Gas- 
tritis r 104 

Diet 106 

Cautions 105 

Home Treatment 106 

1. Drink Cold Water 105 

2. Do Not Eat Much Meat 105 

3. If the Stomach Wants Tone 105 

4. Charcoal in Small Doses 105 

5. If a Bitter Tonic is Needed 105 

Dyspepsia, Chronic (Herb Remedies), 423, 

424, 446 

Dyspepsia, Nervous 105 

Dyspepsia, Tonic 473 

Dysentery-, Diagnosis of 2 

Dysentery 226 

Acute Catarrhal Dysentery 226 

Symptoms 226 

Mothers' Remedies 226 

1. Sweet Cream for 226 

2. One Ounce Dewberry Root for 226 

3. Colts Tail Remedy for 227 

4. Suear and Brandy for 227 

5. Herb Remedy for 227 

6. New Method to Cure 227 

7. Starch Injection for 227 

8. To Cure Bloody 227 

Physicians' Treatment 227 

1. Remain in Bed 227 

2. Bismuth Subnitrate 227 

3. Irrigation of the Colon 227 

4. Ipecac 227 

Nursing and Diet 228 

Dysentery (Herb Remedies), 411, 420, 422, 

424, 429, 432, 434, 439, 442, 446 

Dysmenorrhea 607 

Dysmenorrhea (Herb Remedies;, 417, 419, 

420. 422, 423, 428, 435. 443. 444 

Ear, Diseases of 358 

Membrana Tympani 358 

Membrana Tympani (the Drum) Membrane 358 

The Tympanum or Middle Ear 358 

The Eustachian Tube 359 

Ear, Diseases of (Herb Remedies) 410 

Earache, Diagnosis of 3 

Earache 367, 610 

Treatment 368 

Mothers' Remedies for Earache 368 

1. Hot Raisin for 368 

2. Flax and Commeal for 368 

3. Soothine: Home Remedy for 368 

4. Horse Radish Leaves for 368 

5. Onion Sure Cure for 368 

6. Temporary Relief for 368 

7. Sweet Oil and Pepper for 368 

8. Steamine with Hot Water for 368 

9. Castor Oil for 36§ 

10. Fresh Warm Milk for 369 

Earache (Herb Remedies) 431 

Earache (Rare Prescription) 470 

Ear (aural) Douche 641 

Ear, Things in 396 



MEDICAL INDEX 



919 



Eclampsia 5*2 

Eclecticism 661 

Electrically Shocked 397, 400 

Eczema 63 

Definition 63 

Varieties 63 

Symptoms 63 

Eczema Vesiculosum (Vesicular Eczema). 63 
Eczema Pustulosum (Pustules) Pustular 

Kind 63 

Eczema Papulosum (Papular Variety) 63 

Eczema Rubrum (Red) 64 

Eczema Squamosis (Scaling) 64 

Recovery 64 

Causes 64 

Mothers' Remedies 64 

1. Lemon or Vinegar for 64 

2. Olive Oil and Powder for 64 

8. Herb Tea for 64 

4. Potato and Camphor for 64 

5. Sulphur and Lard for 64 

6. Burdock Tea a Standard Remedy for 64 

7. Blood Purifier for 65 

8. Reliable Remedy for 65 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 677 

1. Lard and Sulphur for 677 

2. Gasoline for 677 

Physicians' Treatment 65 

In Chronic Sluggish Cases 65 

Local Treatment 65 

1. Black Wash 65 

2. Lead and Laudanum Wash 65 

3. A Solution of Boric Acid 65 

4. Soothing Application for 65 

5. Dusting Powders 66 

6. Oxide of Zinc 66 

7. McCall Anderson's Ointment 66 

The Black Wash Should be Used 66 

8. Pastes 66 

9. For the Itching 66 

External Treatment of Chronic Cases.... 66 

1. Tincture of Green Soap 66 

2. Tar 66 

3. Salicylic Acid 66 

4. Dr. Schalek Uses 66 

Glycogelatin Dressing 67 

Special Varieties of Eczema and what to 

do for them 67 

Eczema of Children 67 

Physicians' Treatment for Eczema 67 

Eczema of the Scalp, Milk Crust 67 

Eczema of the Face 67 

Eczema of the Scrotum 67 

Eczema of the Hands in Adults 67 

Diet in Eczema 67 

Eczema (Herb Remedies) 416 

Edward's Alterative and Tonic Bitters 487 

Egg Broth 649 

Eggnog, Cold 649 

Egg Cordial 649 

Eggs, Dainty Way to Serve on Toast 648 

Egg Gruel 648 

Eggnog, Hot 649 

Ely's Cream Balm 474 

Emetic . 431 

Emphysema 43 

EMERGENaES. ACCIDENTS AND 

POISONS 376 

Endocarditis 341 

Simple Kind, Cause 341 

Symptoms 341 

Treatment 341 

Diet 841 

Caution 341 

Endocarditis, Chronic 342 

Endometritis 498 

Endometritis, Putrid 500 

Endometritis, Septic Puerperal 499 



Enemata 638 

A High 638 

A Low 639 

Directions 639 

Position 639 

Amount 639 

What Material 639 

Syringe 639 

Enemata, Astringent 641 

Enema, Laxative for Infants and Children. 639 

Formula No. 1 640 

Formula No. 2 640 

3. Molasses and Laxative Enema 640 

Enemata, Nutritive 640 

Formula No. 1 640 

Formula No. 2 640 

Enemata, Stimulating No. 1, Black Coffee.. 641 

Enemata, Salt No. 2 641 

Enemata, Turpentine 641 

Enlarged Glands 619 

Enlarged Nail 77 

Treatment 77 

Inflammation of the Nail 78 

Enteralgia 124 

Epilepsy 288 

Causes 288 

Symptoms 288 

Characteristic Paroxysm of Major Attacks 288 

Clonic Spasm Stage 289 

The Minor Attack or "Petit Mai" 289 

Recovery 289 

Physicians' Treatment 290 

What to do during the Attack 290 

Preventives and General Treatment 290 

Diet 290 

Causes 290 

Medicines 290 

Caution 290 

Epithelial Cancer 336 

Eruptions (Herb Remedies) 442 

Erysipelas, Diagnosis of 3 

Erysipelas 220 

Cause 220 

Symptoms 220 

Mothers' Remedies 221 

1. SHpperv Elm Bark for 221 

2. Bean Poultices for 221 

3. Soda Wash for 221 

4. Easy Remedy for 221 

5. Copperas Liniment for 221 

6. Cranberry Poultice for 221 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 677 

1. Antiseptic Wash for 677 

Physicians' Treatment for Erysipelas 221 

1. Local Treatment 221 

2. Paint thoroughly with Tincture of 

Iodine 222 

3. The following is a splendid application 222 

4. Tincture of Chloride of Iron 222 

Diet 222 

Nursing 222 

Erysipelas (Herb Remedies). ..420, 422, 428, 432 

Erythema Pernio 96 

Excessive Sweating 75 

Exophthalmic Goitre 260 

Causes 260 

Symptoms Acute Cases 260 

Chronic Cases 260 

Treatment 260 

Expectorants (Herb Remedies) 434, 444 

External Applications 631 

EYE AND EAR, Diseases of 346 

Eye, Bandage of 386 

Eyelids, Sore (Herb Remedies) 434 

Eyes, Sore (Baby's) 549 

Face Creams 94 

Mothers' Preparations 94 

1. Cream of Pond Lilies 94 



920 



MOTHERS* REMEDIES 



2. '^Tien facing our North Winds in 

Canada 94 

3. Lanolin Cream for 94 

4. Cucursber Lotion 94 

5. Almond Lotion to Whiten and Soften 

the Sldn 95 

6. The Cold Ontario Wind BLarmkss 

When using this 95 

Facial Neuralgia 265 

Fainting S76 

Falls 396 

Falling of the Bowel 137 

Falling of the Bowel (Herb Remedies) 410 

Falling Sickness 288 

Fallopian Tubes, Diseases of 502 

Fallopian Tubes, Inflammation of 502 

False Leukaemia 252 

Fatty Heart 344 

Fattiness 380 

Fsttiness (Herb Remedies) 434 

Fibromata 501 

Film en the Eye 352 

Filth Disease 200 

Finger and Thumb Dislocation 380 

Fire in Clothing 396 

Fistula in Anus 152 

Physicians' Treatment 152 

Fish Bone in Throat 677 

Mothers' Remedies OJnclassiSed) 677 

1. Choking from 677 

Fits 395 

Fitting Glasses .^ ^ 355 

Feeding During the Second Year 595 

Fellow's Hvpophosphites 475 

Felon . . . .' 69 

How to Ot>en the Felon 70 

If in the Palm 70 

Felon. Saperfcial 70 

Mothers' Remedies 70 

1. A Cure if Taken in Time 70 

2. Treatment until Time to Lanoe 70 

3. Strong Remedy for 70 

4. Lemon to Draw Inflammation from. 70 

5. Hot Water Cure for 70 

6. Soap and Commeal Poultice for.... 70 

7. Smartweed Poultice for 71 

8. Hot AopHcation for 71 

9. An Old Tried Remedy for 71 

10. Turpentine Cure for 71 

11. Weak Lye Arr'-^cation for 71 

12. Rock Salt and Turpentine for 71 

Physicians' Treatment for Superficial Felon 71 

i. Some Hold the Fineer in Hot Ljre... 71 

2. Yolk of Egg and Salt 71 

3. The Membrane of Egg Shell 71 

Felon. Superficial (TEerb Remedies^ 434 

Female Regulator (Rare Prescription) 474 

Fever, Aestivo-Autumnal 223 

Fe\-er, Breakbone 208 

Fever Cases and to Disg^jise the Taste of 

Bad Medicines — Syrup of Lemons for.... 650 

Fever. Continuous Malarial 228 

Fever Drinks 643 

Fever. Hay 17 

Fever, Intermittent Malarial 228 

Fever, Malarial, Diagnosis of 3 

Fever, Malaria 223 

Fever, Malaria (Herb Remedies) 414 

Fever, Malta 230 

Fever, Pernicious Malarial 229 

Fever, For (Rare Prescription) 474 

Fever, Remittent 228 

Fever, Rheumatic, Diagnosis of 4 

Fever, Rheumatic 317 

Fever, Scarlet, Diagnosis of 5 

Fever, Scarlet 167 

Fever. Scarlet (Herb Remedies) 425 

Fever. Spotted. Diagnosis of 4 

Feul Swea^■^g 57 



Fever, Typhoid^ Diagnosis of 5 

Fever, Typhoid 195 

Fe%-er, Typhus 200 

Fever, Yellow 224 

Flatulency (Herb Remedies) 424. 432, 442 

Flaxseed Tea 650 

Flesh Worms 61 

Floating Kidney 154 

Flux (Rare Prescription) 474 

Fomentations 634 

Foods and Drinks for the Sick Room 633 

Foods for cifterent meals for those who can 

eat but do not have much appetite 645 

Breakfast, Dinner, Supper 645 

Foods that mav be taken together 645 

Food for Healthy Infants 583 

Food, the kind of 643 

Food Poisoning 374 

Foods, Spoiled, Poison by 407 

Foods that should not be taken together.... 645 

Follicular Tonsilitis, Diagnosis of 5 

Foot Baths in Bed 629 

Forearm. Bandage for , — . 381 

Foreign Bodies in the Gullet 396 

Foreign Bodies in the Larynx 396 

Foreign Bodies in the Throat, Ear or Nostril 608 

Fowler's Solution, Poison by 404 

Fractures 380 

Fractures, Bandage for 381 

Freckles 75 

Causes 75 

Mothers* Remedies 75 

1. Buttermilk for 75 

2. To Remove 75 

3. Alcohol and Lemon Juice for 75 

4. Excellent Lotion for 76 

5. Borax Water for 76 

6. Canadian Remedy for 76 

Physicians' Treatment for Freckles 76 

Friedrich's Disease 306 

Frost Bites 95 

Mothers' Remedies 95 

1. Remedy from Northern New York... 95 

2. Roasted Turnips for 05 

Frjit Tuices. How to Albuminize 644 

Functional Brain Disease 280 

Furjnculus (Furuncle) 68 

Gall Bladder, Cancer of ISO 

Gall Stones. Diagnosis of 3 

Gall Stones 129 

Gangrene 91 

Dry Gangrene 91 

Mothers' Remedies 91 

1. Remedy from New York 91 

Phvsicians' Treatment 92 

Moist Gangrene 92 

Causes 92 

Physicians' Treatment for Moist Gangrene 92 

Gangrenous Stomatitis 99 

Causes 99 

Svmptoms 99 

Treatment 99 

Salivation 99 

Chlorate of Potash Solution, Soda Solutions ino 

Boracic Acid Solutions 100 

Gas from Wells, Cisterns, Mines, etc 395 

Treatment 395 

Gastralgia 107 

Gastric Headache 270 

Gastritis. Acute 100 

Gastritis. Chronic 103 

Gastrodynia 107 

General Brain Diseases 280 

General Paralysis of the Insane... 298 

General Paresis 293, 314 

Softening of the Brain 29S 

S^-mptoms 2P3, 31 4 

Treatment 299. 314 



MEDICAL INDEX 



921 



General Tonic *75 

General Tonic (Herb Remedies), 424, 428, 

432, 435, 444, 445 

Genital Organs, Female, Anatomy of 490 

Genuine White Oil Liniment 476 

Genu Valgum 370 

Genu Varum ^"^^ 

German Measles ^"^^ 

Germicides «25 

Germs, The ^25 

Gin Drinkers' Liver 131 

Ginger (Medical Use) 672 

Glanders 233 

Causes 238 

Symptoms 233 

1. Acute Glanders 233 

2. Chronic Glanders 233 

3. Acute Farcy 233 

Treatment of Glanders 233 

Glands of Bartholin, The 491 

Gland, Thyroid, Diseases of 258 

Glasses, Fitting 355 

Gleet (Herb Remedies) 435, 438 

Glottis, Oedema of the 26 

Glottis, Spasm of the 26 

Glottis, Swelling of the 26 

Symptoms 26 

Gluten Gruel 652 

Goitre (Bronchial) 258 

Causes 258 

Symptoms 258 

Recovery 258 

Mothers' Remedies 258 

1. Three Ingredient Remedy for 258 

2. Simple Remedy for 259 

3. Inexpensive Remedy for 259 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 677 

1. A Good Remedy for 677 

8. Iodine for 677 

Physicians' Treatment 259 

1. Locally Tincture of Iodine 259 

2. Use the Comp, tincture of Iodide — 259 
Externally 259 

3. An Ointment 259 

4. Other Medical Remedies 259 

5. Colorless Iodine 259 

6. This is Very Good 259 

Goitre, Exophthalmic 260 

Gonorrhea .... 235 

Gonorrhea (Herb Remedies), 411, 413, 417, 

425, 429, 432, 438, 443 

Gonorrheal Rheumatism 236 

Inflammation of the Joints 236 

Svmptoms 236 

Treatment 236 

Good Samaritan Liniment 476 

Gout 315 

Causes 315 

Symptoms, Acute Type 315 

Retrocedent Gk)ut 316 

Chronic Gout — Causes, etc 316 

Treatment. Preventive 816 

Diet in Gout 316 

Dr. Osier of England says 316 

Diet from a Prominent Hospital for Gout 

Patient 317 

May Take 317 

Must Not Take 317 

Treatment 317 

Dr. Hare of Philadelphia says 317 

Gout (Herb Remedies) 435, 442 

Grandmother's Own Cough Remedy 476 

Grape Juice 650 

Gravel (Herb Remedies) 424, 438, 441, 442 

Green Mountain Salve 477 

Gruel, Farina 653 

Gunn'fi Rheumatic Liniment 478 



Haematuria 



156 



Haematuria (Herb Remedies) 419, 433 

Haemorrhagic, Purpura 253 

Haemophilia 254 

Causes 254 

Condition 254 

Symptoms 254 

Treatment 254 

Hair's, Dr. B. W. Cure 478 

Haines's Golden Specific for Opium Habit.. 478 

Hall's Hair Renewer 479 

Hamburg Breast Tea 488 

Hamburg Drops 479 

Hamlin's Wizard Oil 480 

Hard Liver 131 

Hare-Lip 369 

Symptoms 369 

Operations 869 

Harter's Wild Cherry Bitters 487 

Hay Asthma 17 

Hay Fever 17 

Causes 17 

Symptoms 17 

Mothers' Remedies 17 

1. Quick Relief from 17 

2. Remedy Worth Trying 17 

3. Our Canadian Remedy for 18 

4. Medicine that Helps 18 

Physicians' Treatment for Hay Fever 18 

1. The following gives relief from 18 

2. Pill Blennostasin 18 

3. The following solution gives tempor- 

ary Relief IS 

4. After using the above Spray 18 

5. In Some Cases 18 

6. Dr. Ball of London gives the following 18 

7. Another from Dr. Ball 18 

Headache 268 

Sick Headache 268 

Nervous Headache 268 

Catarrhal Headache 268 

Congestive Headache 268 

Neuralgia or Gastric (Stomach) Headache 268 

Bilious Headache 268 

Bowel Headache 268 

Womb Headache 268 

Rheumatic Headache 268 

Headache Sick (Herb Remedies), 413, 414, 427 

Headache, Nervous (Herb Remedies) 427 

Headache, Bilious (Herb Remedies) 414 

Headache (Rare Prescription) 476 

Head, Injuries to 308 

Symptoms 302 

Treatment 303 

What to do First 303 

Head Louse 78 

Haemoptysis^ 38 

Haematemesis 107 

Heartburn (Rare Prescription) 476 

Heart Disease 337 

Heart Disease (Herb Remedies) 419 

Heart Disease, Fluttering, etc. (Rare Pre- 
scription) 477 

Heat and Chemicals 624 

Heat Stroke 375 

Hellebore, White and Green, Poison by 404 

Hemorrhoids 137, 145 

Hemorrhage, Post-Partum (Bleeding after 

Delivery) 540 

Hepatic Abscess 132 

Hepatitis (Herb Remedies) 429 

HERB DEPARTMENT (Over 100 Herbs) . . 408 

Common Names 408 

Internal and External Use 408 

Part of Herb Used 408 

When to Gather 408 

Flowers When 408 

Grows Where 408 

Prepared How 408 

Diseases, Dose, etc 408 



922 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Drving and Preserving Roots. Barks, 

Herbs, etc 408 

Roots *09 

Barks 409 

Flowers and Seeds 409 

Preparation of the Herbs for Medicine 409 

Infusion of Tea. to make 409 

Decoction, to make 409 

Essence, to make 409 

Fomentations, to make 409 

Ointments or Salve, to make 409 

Plasters, to make 409 

Poultices, to make 410 

Powder, to make 410 

Syrups, to make 410 

Tincture, to make 410 

Achillea Millefolium 446 

Acorus Calamus 442 

Adiantum Pedantum 428 

Ague Root 444 

Ague Weed 414 

Albany Beechdrops 420 

Alder, Spotted 410 

Aletris Farinosa 444 

Allium Cepa 431 

Allium Sativum 423 

Althea Officinalis 429 

Alum Root^ 420 

American Valerian 427 

Amygdalus Persica 432 

Antbemis Nobilis 417 

Apple Pern 442 

Aralia Racemosa 440 

Arbutus, Uva Ursi 411 

Arctium Lappa 415 

Aristolochia Serpentaria 441 

Artemisia Absinthium 446 

Arum Triphyllum 444 

Asclepias Syriaca 430 

Ascleoias Tuberosa 434 

Asthia Weed 428 

Balmony 411 

Bayberry 411 

Bearberry 411 

Bed Straw 417 

Beech Drops 412 

Bee's Nest 416 

Bethroot 412 

Bird's Nest 416 

Birthroot 412 

Bitter Herb 41 1 

Blackberry 413 

Black-berried Elder 422 

Black Cohosh 418 

Black Haw 413 

Black Root 423 

Black Snake Root 418 

Blazing Star 422 

Bloodroot 413 

Blood Staunch 423 

Blue Berrv' 418 

Blue Coho'sh 418 

Blue Flag 414 

Blue Pimpernel 439 

Boneset 414 

Brooklime 415 

Buchu 415 

Burdock 415 

Burning-bush 445 

Calamus 442 

Calendula Officinalis 430 

Cancer Root 412 

Candleberry 411 

Carrot 416 

Caryophvllus 418 

Catch Weed 417 

Catmint 416 

Catnip 416 

Catwort 416 



Caulophyllum Thalictroides 418 

Celandine 416 

Chamomile 417 

Checker Berry 432 

Chelidonium Majus 416 

Chelone Glabra 411 

Chenopodium Anthelminticum 446 

Chicken Toes^ 420 

Chimaphila Umbellata 435 

Cimicifuga Racemosa 418 

Cistus Canadensis 437 

Cleavers 417 

Clivers 417 

Cloves 418 

Coakum 434 

Cock-up-hat 436 

Colic Root 444 

Collinsonia Canadensis 441 

Colts Tail 423 

Comfrey 419 

Corallorhiza Odontorhiza 420 

Coral Teeth 420 

Com Silk 419 

Corydalis Formosa - 444 

Corvallaria Multiflora 441 

Cramp Bark 420 

Cranberrv (Upland or Wild) 411 

Cranberry (High) 420 

Cranesbill (Spotted) 420 

Crawlev 420 

Cross Wort 414 

Crow Foot 420 

Crow Com 444 

Cypripedium Pubescens 427 

Cucurbita Pepo 436 

Culver's Physic 421 

Culver's Root 421 

Dandelion 421 

Datura Stramonium 442 

Daucus Carota 416 

Deerberrv 432 

Devil's Bit 422 

Dewberry 413 

Dioscorea Villosa 445 

Dracontium 439 

Dragon's Claw 420 

Dragon Root 444 

Drooping Starwort 422 

Elder (Black-berried) 422 

Elder Sweet 422 

Elecampane 423 

Emetic Herb 428 

Epigea Ripens 425 

Epipheras Virginiana 412 

Equisetum Hyemale 438 

Erigeron Canadensis 423 

Euonymus Atropurpureus 445 

Eupatorium Perf oliatum 414 

Eupatorium Purpureum 436 

False Unicorn Root 422 

Female Regulator 428 

Fetid Hellebore 439 

Fe\-er Root 420 

Fever Wort 414 

Firew eed 423 

Fish Mouth 411 

Five Fingers 423 

Flag Lilv 414 

Flag Root 442 

Fleabane 423 

Flower de Luce 414 

Fraearia Vesca 442 

Frost Plant 437 

Frost Wort 487 

Galium Aparine 417 

Garget 4S4 

Garlic 423 

Gentian 423 

Gentiana Lutea 423 

Geranium Maculatum 420 



MEDICAL INDEX 



923 



Ginger 423 

Ginseng • • • • *23 

Golden Seal 425 

Goose Foot 446 

Goose Grass *ll 

Gravel Plant f25 

Gravel Root 436 

Gravel Weed 425 

Ground Holly 435 

Ground Laurel 425 

Ground Lily JJ2 

Ground Raspberry **» 

Gum Plant ^]^ 

Hard Hack f 41 

Hamamelis fl^ 

Healing Herb 419 

Hedeoma PulegtJides *^* 

Helonias Dioica 4^* 

Hoarhound *26 

Hoodwort 4d» 

Hops J26 

Horse Balm 441 

Horse Chestnut 426 

Horse Tail 438 

Humulus Lupulus 4^o 

Hydrastis Canadensis 425 

Hypericum Perfoliatum 443 

Ictodes Foetida 439 

Indian Apple 429 

Indian Arrow Wood 446 

Indian. Balm 412 

Indian Sage 414 

Indian Tobacco 428 

Indian Turnip 444 

Inula Helenium 423 

Iris Versicolor 414 

Tack-in-the- Pulpit 444 

Jimson Weed 442 

Joe-Pye Weed 436 

Juniper 427 

Juniper Communis 427 

Knob Root 441 

Lady's Slipper 427 

Lamb's Quarter 412 

Laurus Sassafras 438 

Leontodon Taraxacum 421 

Leonurus Cardiaca 430 

Lcptandra Virginica 421 

Life Root 428 

Liver Lily 414 

Lobelia 428 

Lobelia Inflata 428 

Madweed 439 

Maiden Hair 428 

Mandrake 429 

Mare's Tail 423 

Marigold 430 

Marrubium Vulgare 426 

Marshmallow 429 

May Apple 429 

May Flower 425 

Meadow Cabbage 439 

Mentha Piperita 433 

Mentha Viridis 440 

Milfoil 446 

Mitchella Pepens 432 

Milkweed 430 

Milk Wort 438 

Mortification Root 429 

Motherwort 430 

Mountain Box 411 

Mountain Flag 438 

Mountain Pink 425 

Mustard 431 

Myrica Cerifera 411 

Nepeta Cateria 416 

Nerve Root 427 

Noah's Ark 427 

Oak Bark f Red and White> 431 



One Berry 432 

Onion 431 

Orange Root 425 

Orange Swallow Wort 434 

Panax Quinquifolium 424 

Papoose Root 418 

Parsley 432 

Partridge Berry 432 

Peach Tree 432 

Pennyroyal 433 

Peppermint 433 

Petroselinum Sativum 432 

Pettymorrel 440 

Phytolacca Decandra 434 

Pigeon Berry 434 

Pigeon Weed 440 

Plantain 434 

Plantago Major 434 

Pleurisy Root 434 

Podophyllum Peltatum 429 

Poke 434 

Polecat Weed 439 

Polyagla Senega 438 

Polygonum Punctatum 440 

Prickly Ash 435 

Pridewood 423 

Princes Pine 435 

Prunus Virginianus 445 

Puke Weed 428 

Pumpkin 436 

Purple Boneset 436 

Queen's Delight 436 

Queen of the Meadow 436 

Queen's Root 436 

Quercus Alba 431 

Raccoon Berry 429 

Rag Wort 428 

Rattle Root 418 

Red Berry 411 

Red Clover 437 

Red Elm 439 

Red Puccoon 413 

Red Raspberry 413 

Red Root 413 

Rheumatism Weed 435 

Rhus Glabra 442 

Rich Weed 418 

Rock Parsley 432 

Rock Rose 437 

Roman Chamomile 417 

Rumex Acetosa 439 

Rumex Crispus 447 

St. John's Wort 443 

Sage 437 

Salt Rheum Weed 411 

Salvia Officinalis 437 

Sambucus Canadensis _ 422 

Sanguinaria Canadenisis 413 

Sassafras 438 

Scoke 434 

Scouring Rush 438 

Scutellaria Lateriflora 439 

Senecio Gracilis 428 

Seneca Snake Root 438 

Shave Grass 438 

Sheep Sorrel 439 

Silkweed 430 

Sinapis Alba 431 

Skunk Cabbage 439 

Skull Cap 439 

Slippery Elm 439 

Smartweed 440 

Snakehead 411 

Snake Lily ..;..,.; 414 

Snake Root Virginia 441 

Snapping Hazelnut 410 

Solomon's Seal 441 

Spearmint 440 

Spi?net 440 

Spikenard 440 



924 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Spindle Tree <*5 

Squaw Mint 43S 

Squaw Root *18 

Squaw Weed 428 

Squaw Vine 432 

Stagger Weed 444 

Star Grass 444 

Stillingia Sylvatica 436 

Stinkweed 442 

Storkbill 420 

Stone Root 441 

Strawberry 442 

Stramonium 442 

Sumach ^^2 

Swamp Cabbage 439 

Sweating Plant 414 

Sweet Flag 442 

Sweet Rush 442 

Tall Speedwell 421 

Tanacetum 443 

Tansy **3 

Tetter Wort 416 

Thorn Apple 443 

Thoroughwort 414 

Thousand Leaf 446 

Three Leaved Night Shade 412 

Tickweed 433 

Toothache Tree 435 

Tormentil 420 

Trailing Arbutus 425 

Trifolium Pratense 437 

Trillium Purpureum 413 

True Unicorn Root 444 

Trumpet Weed 436 

Tuber Root 434 

Tumeric Root 425 

Turkey Corn 444 

Turnip, Indian 444 

Turtle Bloom 411 

Ulmus Fulva 439 

Vegetable Antimony 414 

Veronica 421 

Veronica Beccabunga 415 

Viburnum Opulus 420 

Viburnum Prunifolium 413 

Wahoo 445 

Wake Robin 419 

Water Pepper 440 

Waxberry 411 

Wax Myrtle 411 

White Hoarhound 426 

Wild Cherry 445 

Wild Carrot 416 

Wild Lemon 429 

Wild Tobacco 428 

Wild Turkey Pea 444 

Wild Turnip 444 

Wild Yam 445 

Wind Root 434 

Winterbloom 410 

Winter Clover 432 

Winterereen 435 

Witch-Sazel 410 

Wormseed 446 

Wormwood 446 

Xanthoxylum Fraxineum 435 

Yarrow 446 

Yaw Root 436 

Yellow Dock 447 

Yellow Moccasin Flowers 427 

Yellow Puccoon 425 

Yellow Umbel 427 

Zea Mays 419 

Zingiber Officinale 423 

Hereditary Ataxia 306 

Hernia 122 

Herpes Zoster 74 

Hesperidin (Medical Use) 669 



Hiccoughs 301, 619 

Causes 302 

Mothers' Remedies • 302 

1. Vinegar for 308 

2. Sugar and Vinegar Stops 308 

3. Sugar Will Relieve 302 

4. Simple Remedy for 302 

5. Home Remedy to Stop 302 

6. Vinegar Stops 302 

7. Cinchona Bark in Peppermint Stops. 303 
Physicians' Treatment 308 

Hiccoughs (Herb Remedies) 431 

Hinkley Bone Liniment 480 

Hip Joint Disease 236 

Causes 236 

Symptoms of the First Stage 236 

Second Stage 236 

Treatment 236 

Hives 89, 620 

Causes 89 

Medicines 89 

Mothers' Remedies 89 

1. Slippery Elm for 89 

2. External and Internal Home Medi- 

cines 89 

3. Tea and Powder 90 

4. Catnip Tea for 90 

5. Mother from Buckhom. Florida, says 90 

6. From a Mother at New Milford, Pa. 90 

7. Buttermilk for 90 

8. Baking Soda for 90 

9. Canada Blue Clay for 90 

Physicians' Treatment for Hives 90 

For the Itching 90 

Hoarseness 24 

Causes 24 

Symptoms 24 

Mothers' Remedies 24 

1. Borax for 24 

2. Egg and Lemon for 85 

3. Horseradish for 85 

4. Successful Remedy for Adults 85 

5. Lemon and Sugar for Children 25 

Physicians' Treatment for Hoarseness. ... 25 

1. Rest the Voice 25 

2. An Ice Bag S5 

3. Tincture of Aconite 85 

4. Citrate of Potash 85 

5. Full Dose of Ten Grains of Dover's 

Powders 25 

6. For a Cough 25 

Hoarseness (Herb Remedies) . .423, 426, 428. 429 

Hobnail Liver 131 

HoUoway's Ointment 481 

HOMEOPATHY DEPARTMENT 448 

Medicines 448 

List of Remedies 448 

Fluids for External L^se 448 

Care of Medicines in the Sick Room. . . . 448 
Directions for using Homeopathic Medi- 
cines 448 

Chronic Cases, For 449 

Acne 459 

Ague 460 

Aphthae 449 

Apoplexy 461 

Appendicitis 454 

Asiatic Cholera 455 

Bilious Attacks 456 

Bilious Diarrhea 456 

Biliousness. Liver 456 

Bladder, Inflammation of 459 

Boils 440 

Bowel Falling 455 

Brain, Congestion of 461 

Brain. Inflammation of 461 

Bright'; Disease 45t 

Bronchitis, Acute and Chronic 457 



MEDICAL INDEX 



925 



Catarrh. Chronic 456 

Carbuncle *60 

Chicken Pox •*60 

Cholera, Asiatic *55 

Cholera Infantum 453 

Cholera Morbus 454 

Chorea 462 

Cold, Common, Beginning of 449 

Colic 454 

Constipation 454 

Convulsions, in Children 462 

Cord, Inflammation of 461 

Croup 457 

Cystitis (Inflammation of the Bladder) . . . 459 

Diabetes Mellitus 458 

Diarrhea 453 

Diphtheria 451 

Diseases of Women 463 

Dropsy 455 

Dysentery •• • 453 

Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation) . . . 464 

Ears, Boils in the Canal 463 

Ear, Inflammation of 463 

Eczema 460 

Endocarditis 458 

Enteritis 452 

Erysipelas 459 

Esophagus, Inflammation of 451 

Eyes, Simple Inflammation of 463 

Eyes, Stye on Lids 463 

Eyes, Weak and Watery 463 

Fever, Inflammatory 460 

Fever, Intermittent 460 

Fever, Spotted 461 

Fever, Typhoid 461 

Fever, Yellow 461 

Gastralgia (Cardialgia) 452 

Gastritis, Acute 451 

Gastritis, Chronic 451 

Glossitis 450 

Gout 459 

Gums, Diseases of 450 

Headache 461 

Headache, Sick 462 

Heartburn 452 

Hematuria 459 

Hives 459 

Impetigo 460 

Influenza 457 

Intestine, Large, Inflammation of 453 

Itch 459 

Jaundice 456 

Kidney, Nephritis 458 

La Grippe 449 

Laryngitis 456 

Laryngitis, Chronic 456 

Leucorrhea 464 

Liver, Enlarged 455 

Liver, Inflammation of 455 

Lumbago 463 

Measles 460 

Menorrhagia (too much flow) 464 

Menses, Suppression of 463 

Metritis (Inflammation of the Womb) 463 

Mumps 464 

Nerves, Inflammation of 462 

Neuralgia 462 

Neuritis (Inflammation of the Nerves) . . . 462 

Night Sweats 464 

Ovary, Inflammation of 464 

Painter's Colic 454 

Palpitation 458 

Palpitation of the Heart 463 

Pemphigus 460 

Peritonitis 455 

Pharyngitis 451 

Piles 454 

Pleurodynia 458 

Pleurisy 458 



Pneumonia 457 

Psoriasis 460 

Pulse, Intermittent 458 

Quinsy 451 

Renal Calculi 459 

Rheumatism 459 

Scarlet Fever 460 

Sciatica 463 

Scurvy 460 

Sick Headache 462 

Smallpox 460 

Spleen, Enlargement 458 

Spotted Fever 461 

St. Vitus' Dance 462 

Stomatitis 449 

Stye 463 

Teeth, Diseases of 450 

Throat feels raw and sore 449 

Throat, Inflammation of 450 

Tonsils, Tonsilitis and Quinsy 451 

Tonsilitis 451 

Tonsil, Enlarged 451 

Toothache 462 

Typhoid Fever 461 

Uvula, Inflammation of 450 

Veins, Varicose 458 

Vomiting 452 

Water on the Brain 461 

Whites 464 

Whooping Cough 457 

Worms 455 

Yellow Fever 461 

Honey (Medical Use) 672 

Hordeolum 348 

Hot Bath, Hot Air, Vapor and Steam Bath. 630 

Hot Pack, The 681 

Hot Springs of Arkansas 666 

Army and Navy Hospital 666 

Privileges of Ex-Soldiers 666 

Free Baths for Indigent People 667 

Physicians* and Medical Regulations 667 

Cost of Living at Hot Springs 667 

Additional Information 668 

Household Articles, their Medical Uses 668 

Humid Tetter 63 

Hydrochloric Acid, Poison by 404 

Hydroperitoneum 135 

Hydrophobia 241 

Comparative Danger 248 

Immediate Treatment of the Wound 248 

When to Send Patients to Institutes 248 

What to Send for Examination 248 

Protection 249 

Cities where Pasteur Institutes are located 249 

Hydrothorax 43 

Causes 43 

Physicians' Treatment 44 

Hymen, The 491 

Hyperaemia of the Brain 295 

Hyperaemia of the Kidney 155 

Hyperaemia of the Liver 131 

Hyperidrosis 75 

Hvpertrophy of the Prostate 164 

Symptoms ] 64 

Treatment, Preventive 164 

Hypochondria 427 

Hysteria 283 

Causes 283 

Education 284 

Direct Influence 284 

Symptoms 284 

Symptoms of the Paroxysms 285 

During the Convulsion 286 

The first thing to do 286 

Preventive Treatment of Hysteria 286 

Physicians' Treatment 287 

1. The Following is Recommended by 

Dr. (^odell 287 

9. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic 28? 



9-26 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



S, AsafcEtida 

4. Sorcb^ or Mask Rcx}t., 

5. T=e FoL^ywins Is Good< 

6. Tincture of Hops 

7. Geoeral Caationg 
Hysecria (Hesb Rfrrfirs), 4S0. 426. 430. 4». 443 




j9«, «1T 



■ ±£r Bkes (Herb Benedies).. 434 



• Eyes at Birth. Diagaft- 



I=£- 



15C 
J4 



MEDICAL INDEX 




928 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



6. Effective and Easy Cure for 154 

7. Sheep Sorrel Excellent for 154 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 67S 

1, An Easily Prepared Remedy for 678 

Kidneys (Herb Remedies) 

...411, 415, 416, 417, 419, 422, 426, 435, 446 

Kidneys, Acute Inflammation of the 156 

Kidneys, Chronic Congestion of 155 

Kidneys, Acute Congestion of 155 

Treatment 155 

Kidneys, Diseases of 152 

Kidney, Floating 154 

Kidneys, Hyperemia of the 155 

Kidney and Liver Cure (Rare Prescription) 478 

Kidney, Movable 154 

Causes 154 

Symptoms 155 

Treatment 155 

Diet for Movable Kidney 155 

Kidnej's, Plate of 153 

Kidneys, Stomach, Prostate, etc., Operation 

for , 665 

Kidney Stones, Diagnosis of 3 

Kidney Stone 161 

Symptoms •. . . . 161 

Treatment 161 

Diet 162 

Queen of the Meadow 162 

Kidney Stone (Herb Remedies) 435 

Knee Joint Disease 236 

Treatment 236 

Labia Majora, The 490 

Labia Minora, The 490 

Labor 528 

Laceration of the Brain 302 

La Grippe, Diagnosis of 3 

La Grippe 192 

The Onset 192 

Mothers' Remedies 193 

1. Red Pepper or Cayenne for 193 

2. An Easy Remedy for 193 

3. Pleasant and Effective Remedy for. . 193 

4. To Allay Fever in 193 

5. Poor Man's Herb Vapor Bath 193 

6. Red Pepper Treatment from Canada. 193 
Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 678 

1. Red Pepper Treatment from a Cana- 
dian Mother 678 

Physicians' Treatment 194 

Com Sweat 194 

Fever 194 

Irritating Cough 194 

Sore Throat 195 

Bowels 195 

Medicines 195 

Aspirin 195 

Diet 195 

Lard (Medicgl Use) 672 

Laryngeal Diphtheria 184 

Laryngitis, Acute '. . 26 

Diet in Laryngitis ' 26 

Laryngitis, Oedamatous 26 

Larynx, Inflammation of 24 

Laudanum. Poison by 404 

Laxatives (Herb Remedies) 431, 445 

Laxative Bromo-Quinine Tablets 468 

Lead Poisoning 374 

Causes 374 

Svmptoms of Acute Case 374 

Chronic Case 374 

Symptoms 374 

Treatment 374 

Prevention 374 

For Chronic Poisoning remove the cause. 374 

ConstTpation 374 

For Pain 374 

Lemonade 649, 650 



Lemonade Albuminized ^^0 

Lemon Jelly 6*6 

Lemon (Medical Use) 669 

Lemon Velvet 6^7 

Length of Time to Cook Cereals 651 

Lens, for Glasses 355 

Lentigo 75 

Lepra Anesthetica (Nerve Leprosy) 240 

Lepra Maculosa 240 

Lepra Trophomenrotica 240 

Lepra Tuberosa (Tuberculated, Nodulated or 

Tegumentary Skin Leprosy) 238 

Leprosy 236 

Definition 236 

History 237 

Cause 237 

Symptoms 238 

Leprosy, Atrophic 240 

Leprosy, Skin 238 

Leucorrhea (The Whites) 510 

Leucorrhea (Herb Remedies), 411, 412, 413, 

419. 420, 422, 425, 431, 432, 441, 442, 446 
Leukaemia 262 

1. Spleen and Bone-Marrow (Spleen- 

Medullary type) 252 

2. Lymphatic type 252 

Causes 252 

Symptoms 252 

Treatment 252 

Leukaemia, False 252 

Causes 252 

Symptoms 253 

Treatment 253 

Light 624 

Lime Water 648 

Liniment 678 

Liniment (Rare Prescription) 479 

Linseed Meal Poultice 631, 635 

Lip, Hare 369 

Liquid, Diet 644 

Liver, Abscess of the 132 

Liver, Chronic Congestion of the 131 

Liver, Circulatory Disturbances of 131 

Causes 131 

Symptoms 131 

Abscess 132 

Recovery 132 

Treatment 132 

Diet in Liver Troubles 132 

May Take 133 

Must Not Take 133 

Liver, Circulatory Disturbances of (Herb 

Remedies 414, 416, 421, 425, 429, 445 

Liver, Cirrhosis of the 131 

Liver (Description of) 125 

Liver, Hard 131 

Liver. Hobnail 131 

Liver, Gin Drinkers' 131 

Liver Pills (Rare Prescription) 479 

Liver, Sclerosis of the 131 

Liver Spots 61 

Causes 61 

Physicians' Treatment 61 

Local Treatment 61 

Local Bsths and Packs 630 

Local Peritonitis 134 

Lochia, The 540 

Lochia. The (Herb Remedies) 420, 430, 432 

Lockjaw, Diagnosis of 3 

Lockjaw 231 

Causes 231 

Symptoms 231 

Recovery 232 

1. Successful Remedy for 232 

2. Smoke as a Cure for 239 

Physicians' Treatment 232 

Locomotor Ataxia 305 

Lombard Secret Cancer Remedies 471 

Loss of Appetite 587 



MEDICAL INDEX 



929 



Lotions 633 

Louse, Body 78 

Louse, Diseases of the Skin Produced by... 78 

Treatment 78 

Louse, Head 78 

Lumbago 323 

Mothers' Remedy 678 

1. Ointment for 678 

Lump Jaw 234 

Lungs, Abscess of the 43 

Lungs, Acute Inflammation of 40 

Lungs, Acute Inflammation of (Herb Rem- 
edies) 419, 427 

Lungs. Bleeding from 38 

Lungs, Bleeding from (Herb Remedies), 412, 446 

Lungs, Tuberculosis of the. Diagnosis of.... 5 

Lung Fever 218 

Lurschkas Tonsil 8 

Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound 469 

Lye, Poison by 404 

Madame Rupert's Face Bleach 473 

Malarial Fever, Diagnosis of 3 

Malarial Fever 228 

Causes 228 

Intermittent Malarial Fever 228 

(a) Tertian 228 

ib) Ouartian 228 

(r) Quotidian 228 

Symptoms 228 

Remittent or Continuous Malarial Fever. . 228 

Pernicious Malarial Fever 229 

Treatment — Prevention 229 

Malarial Fever (Herb Remedies) 414 

Malignant Anthrax 231 

Malignant Jaundice 131 

Malnutrition (Marasmus) 616 

Malta Fever 230 

Mania 3T? 

Mastoiditis. Chronic 365 

Mastoid, Operation for 663 

Matches. Poison by 406 

Measles, Diagnosis of 4 

Measles 175 

Incubation 176 

Symptoms and description of ordinary type 176 

Eyes 177 

Mortality in Measles 177 

Diagnosis 177 

Treatment — Prevention 177 

Mothers' Remedies 177 

1. Lemon Remedy from a Canadian 

Mother 177 

2. Elder Blossom Tea to drive out 177 

General Treatment 178 

Cold Drinks 178 

Cough in Measles 178 

1. For Measles 178 

2. For Measles 179 

3. For Irritation of the Skin 178 

4. For Scaling 178 

Diet 178 

Teas 178 

Caution 179 

Measles, German, Diagnosis of 4 

Measles. German 179 

Incubation period runs 179 

Rash 179 

Treatment 179 

Medicine Chest 637 

Melancholia 312 

Causes 312 

Acute Melancholia 312 

Chronic Melancholia 312 

Membranous Croup 184 

Meniniritis 210 

-^Treatment 810 



Meningitis, Basilar 210 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 1 

MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS 1 

Meningitis, Cerebro-Spinal 209 

Cause 209 

Conditions 209 

Symptoms, Ordinary Fonn 209 

Malignant type 210 

Spinal Meningitis 210 

Meningitis, Tubercular 210 

Menopause (Change of Life) 513 

Menorrhagia 505 

Menorrhagia (Herb Remedies) .420, 441, 443, 446 

Menstrual Headache 271 

Menstruation 494 

Menstruation (Herb Remedies) 415, 428, 432 

Menstruation Delayed 504 

Menstruation Delayed (Herb Remedies) .... 

428, 432, 440 

Menstruation Difiicult 507 

Menstruation Difficult (Herb Remedies) . 415, 443 

Menstruation and Its Disorders 504 

Menstruation and Its Disorders (Herb Rem- 
edies) 430 

Menstruation Premature 504 

Menstruation Vicarious (in place of) 505 

Mercuric Chloride, Poison by. . 4^5 

Midwifery, or Obstetrics 515 

Migrane, Hemicrania 272 

Mild Plaster for Children 634 

Milk Leg 542 

Milk of Lime, to Prepare 625 

Milk Porridge 647 

Milk Poison, Popular Remedy for 680 

Miscarriage 524 

Miscarriage (Herb Remedies) 413, 422, 444 

Mitchell's Eye Salve 482 

Mitral Insufficiency or Incompetency 343 

Symptoms 343 

Mitral Stenosis 343 

Moist Heat, for 631 

Mole 77 

Physicians' Treatment 77 

Causes 77 

Mons Veneris 490 

Morbus Coxarius 236 

Morphine Habit 373 

Svmotoms 378 

Treatment 373 

Morphinism 373 

Morphine, Poison by 405 

Mosauito Bite 377 

Mothers' Flour and Water Pouhice 634 

Mothers' Remedies Unclassified 674 

Mother Seigel's Symp 482 

Moth Patch 61 

Mountain Dew 647 

Mouth. Sore 97. 551 

Mouth, Sore (Herb Remedies). 410, 420, 448, 444 

Mouth and Teeth. Care of 628 

Spongy and Sore Gtrms. 628 

Cloths for Washing the Teeth and Month 628 

Mouth Wash. Antiseptic 120 

Antiseptic Mouth W^sh 120 

Sim-ple and Unsurpassed 121 

Mouth Wash ("Herb Remedies) 410 

Mulled Wine «50 

Multiple Neuritis 278 

Mumps. Diagnosis of 4 

Mumps 180 

Treatment 190 

Muscular Rheumatism 323 

Ciauses 323 

Symptoms 323 

Lumbaeo 323 

Torticollis (S*-'ff or Wr*,- Ne'^k^ 323 

Pleurodvnia, Pain in the CTJcst Mnsclcs, 
etc 328 



930 



M: TIERS' REMEO.ES 



Scat 



r Xsck. 

-:-7 Stiff Neck... 

:^ o€ Sassafras. 
leat. Preventwe. 



for Weak Bade. 

' W-2kBack.... 

eikBack.... 

:= for.... 



2- RociielLe Salts £>>r--.. 

3L Ftovos of Solptar wffl Rdaeve 
F^in of 

4. TInee Sbivle lu gicdi e iH Lioim^: 

for 

5. S^!?*?K;r G-^?^ f*fT. 

T . S i-~ T ^ - T.i~-ij to Kf iif ic. paiQ 



324 
324 
3S4 
334 
334 
334 
334 
333 
335 
3i5 
3-5 
3^5 
3i5 
335 



335 



Azteno-SacnMac Form 

BcBovery .............................. 

^t^FCauBDCXDt ............................. 

IHet as Follovcd W a Proniiient Ha»- 



May Take 

M-zst Xct Tske 

N't;;- : ; r^rriic CFaRndhrynatoas) 

: t: 5 : -ic ( Pjui e mlii— atons) (Herb 

V--- : : 



iSioa. of 




159 

m 

IM 

IM 
IM 
IM 
158 

419 
158 
181 
154 
376 
340 
S7S 
378 
378 
378 
387 
387 
367 
367 



.418. 433. 428, 43d. 439 
1©5 



False Nerve Ti 



PUster 



833. 635 

873 

.833.834^ 833 

833 

834 



345 



161 
361 
261 
361 





?25es of iCkapter^ 961 



iies) 



443 

361 

181 

261 



, 77 

78 

393 

SS4 

^-i'v;. S^i 

391 

■z S?4 



1. 

2. 
3. 



:£SU for... ........ 



963 



163 
183 



264 



of Crznal 



831 



Ne: 



19 

4S4. 433. 440 

4 

158 

!£S<j-2xa3.!£TTe). 158 



for.... 



Nrwialgir : 

Hemtalgia, 

Canscs . 



278 

t65 

.................. ^^ 



MEDICAL INDEX 



931 



S3rmptoms 266 

Physicians' Treatment 266 

Local Treatment 266 

Neuralgia of the Rectum 137 

Neuralgia of the Stomach 107 

Causes 107 

Symptoms 107 

Physicians' Treatment 107 

Neuralgia of the Trigeminus 265 

Neuralgia Trifacial 265 

Neurasthenia 2S0 

Neuritis 276 

Causes 277 

Neuritis, Simple 277 

Neuritis. Multiple 27S 

Neuroma 276 

New York Sun Cholera Cure 480 

Nieht Sweats 44 

Mothers' Remedies 44 

1. Salt Bath for 44 

2. Cold Sage for 44 

Physicians' Treatment 44 

1. Atropine for 44 

2. Tonics to Keep up the Appetite.... 44 

Nitric Acid, Poison by 405 

Normal Salt Solution 626 

Nose, Anatomy of the 6 

Nose-Bleed 19 

Mothers' Remedies 19 

1. Remedy sent tis by a Public School 

Teacher 19 

2. Alum as a Cure for 19 

3. Remedy that Succeeded in a Severe 

Case 19 

4. Simple Remedy for 20 

5. Another Home Remedy for 20 

6. Puff-Ball for 20 

7. Vinegar and Water f?r 20 

Physicians' Treatment for Nosc-Bleed 20 

Nose-B'.eed (Herb Remedies) 420 

Nose, Broken 383 

Nose, Chronic Inflammation of the 14 

Nose. Things in the 396 

Nose. Tumor of the 19 

Phvsicians' Treatment 19 

Nursing 565 

NURSING ^DEPARTMENT, Including 

Care of Sick and Sick Room 123 

Albv.min Water 649 

Alcohol Sponge Bath 631 

Almond Milk 649 

Appendicitis, for 688 

Apple Water 649 

Arrowroot Custard 647 

Arrowroot Gruel 652 

Baked Custard 647 

Barley Gruel 652 

Barley Water 647 

Baths 629 

Bed Pan, How to Use 641 

Bed Sores, Prevention and Care of 628 

Treatment Preventive 623 

Treatment of Sore Proper 623 

Blistered Skin, to Dress 635 

Boric Acid 626 

Bran Bath 630 

Brandy and Egg Mixture 649 

Brown B-ead 653 

Capsicum and Belladonna Plasters 635 

Carbolic Acid 625 

Care and Disinfection of an Infected 

Room 626 

Care of Discharges (Excreta) 624 

Sputum Curs 624 

Bed Pans and Urinals 624 

Soiled Dressing and Linen 624 

Candle 649 



Cereals and Cereal Gruels 651 

Chestnut Puree 652 

Chicken Broth 648 

Chloride of Lime «»6 

Cinnamon Tea 647 

Common Tables of Measures, Apothe- 
caries' Weight 636 

Convalescent Diet 644 

Cold 632 

Cold Compresses 632 

Contents of Medicine Chest 637 

Cold Pack. The 631 

Commeal Gruel 652 

Corrosive Sublimate or Bichloride of 

Mercury 625 

Counter-irritants 633 

Coughs of Long Standing, Syrup for 650 

Cracker Gmel 652 

Cream of Celery Soup 653 

Cream of Potato Soup 653 

Cream Soup 647 

Cream Toast 646 

Cream of Tomato Soup 653 

Crust Cogee 647 

Cupoing, Wet and Dry 635 

Currant Juice 649 

Daily Care of the Room by the Nurse 626 

Dead, How to Care for the 638 

Diabetic Bread 648 

Diet 643 

Diet in Debilitv sent us from one of our 

Leading Hospitals — May Take 646 

Soups, Fish, Meats. Eggs. Farinaceous 

Vegetables. Desserts, Drinks 646 

Must Not Take 646 

Diets in Fevers. Furnished us by a 
Trained Nurse in Hospital— May Take. 645 

Food, Drinks— Must Not Take 645 

Dishes for the Sick Room 646 

Disinfection 624 

Disinfectants 625 

Disinfecting the Room 626 

Dose for Children. How to Determine... 636 

Dose in Drops for Different Ages 636 

Rule Usually Followed 636 

Douches 641 

Dry Cupping 635 

Dry Salt Bath sent us with Mothers' 

Remedies 680 

Ear (Aural) Douche 641 

Egg Broth 649 

Ezzr.og, Hot 649 

Eggnog. Cold 649 

Egg Cordial 649 

Eegs. Dainty Way to Serve on Toast 648 

Egg Gruel 648 

Enemata 633 

A High 638 

A Low 639 

Directions 639 

Position 639 

Amount 639 

\\'hat Material 639 

Syringe 689 

Laxative Enema. Sometimes is Nec- 
essary 639 

Laxative Enema for Infants and Chil- 
dren 639 

Formula No. 1 640 

Formula No. 2 640 

3. Molasses and Laxative Enema 640 

Enemata. A?t-ineent 641 

Enemata, Nutritive 640 

Formula No. 1 640 

Formula No. 2 640 

Enemata. Salt 641 

Enemata. Stimulating 641 

Black CoSee 641 

Enemata. Turpentine 641 



932 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



External Applications 631 

Farina Gruel 652 

Fever Cases and to Disguise the Taste 

of Bad Medicines, Syrup of Lemon for 650 

Fever Drinks for ,.648 

Flaxseed Tea 650 

Fomentations 634 

Foods for Different Meals for Those 
Who Can Eat But Who Do not Have 

Much Appetite 645 

Breakfast, Dinner, Supper 645 

Foods that May Be Taken Together 645 

Foods That Should Not be Taken Together 645 

Foods and Drinks for the Sick Room.... 643 

Food, the Kind of 643 

Foot Baths in Bed 629 

Fruit Juices, How to Albuminize 644 

Germicides 625 

General and Local, For Dry Heat 631 

Germs, The 625 

Gluten Gruel 652 

Grape Juice 650 

Heat and Chemicals 624 

Hot Bath, Hot Air, Vapor and Steam Bath 630 

Hot Pack, The 631 

Ice Bags (India Rubber) 632 

Ice Cream 647 

Ice Poultices 633 

Ice Water Coils 638 

Inflammation, To Allay 641 

Imperial Drink 650 

Jacket Poultice, The 632 

Lemonade .649, 650 

Lemonade Albuminized 650 

Lemon Jelly 646 

Lemon Velvet 647 

Length of Time to Cook Cereals 651 

Light 624 

Lime Water 648 

Linseed Meal Poultice 635, 631 

Liquid Diet 644 

Local Baths and Packs 630 

Lotions • • 633 

Medicine Chest 637 

Mild Plaster for Children 634 

Milk of Lime to Prepare 625 

Milk Porridge 647 

Moist Heat, For 631 

Mothers' Flour and Water Poultice 634 

Mountain Dew 647 

Mouth and Teeth, Care of 628 

Spongy and Sore Gums 628 

Cloths for Washing the Teeth and Mouth 623 

Mulled Wine 650 

Mustard Leaves or Sinapisms 635 

Mustard Plaster 634, 635 

Mustard Poultice 633 

Mustard Stupe 634 

Neuralgia and Earache, For 631 

Normal Salt Solution 626 

Nursing Department 623 

Oatmeal, Barley or Rice Water, From the 

Grain 650 

Oatmeal Gruel 646, 648, 652 

Odors 647 

Omelet 648 

Orangeade 650 

Oyster Stew 653 

Peptonized Milk, Cold Process 653 

Plasters, Capsicum and Belladonna 635 

Poultices of Peach Tree Leaves from Our 

Mothers' List 634 

Pulse 642 

Raspberry Shrub 646 

Raspberry Vinegar 647 

Rectal Douche 641 

Respiration (Breathing) 643 

Root Beer 64S 



Sago Custard 647 

Salt Water Bath, Tonic Action 630 

Soft Diet 644 

Soiled and Stained Linen 624 

Spice Plaster 634, «86 

Spice Poultice «S4 

Spice Poultice from a Stanljrton, Va., 

Mother 634 

Sponge Bath eSO 

Starch Bath «80 

Starch and Laudanum 641 

Starch Poultice 632 

Sterilization 624 

Sterilizing, A Simple Method nf 625 

Summer Complaint, Prepared Flour for... 648 

Table 636 

Tapioca Jelly 652 

Temperature (Fever) Under the Tongue 

and Arm-pit 642 

Temperature of the Room 624 

Tongue, The 642 

Ulcers 643 

High Fevers 643 

Dark Brown or Blackish Coating 643 

Strawberry Tongue 643 

Cankered Tongue 643 

Cholera Infantum 643 

Constipation 643 

Biliousness 643 

Tub Bath (Common) 631 

Tuberculous Patients, How to Treat Spu- 
tum from 627 

In Diphtheria 627 

Bed Pans 627 

Sheet and Clothing 627 

Turpentine and Mustard Stupes, for see 

above 635 

Turpentine Stupes 684 

Vaginal Douche the. For Oeansing 641 

Vanilla Snow 648 

Ventilation 623 

Warm Baths (90 to 100 F.) 630 

Wet Cupping 635 

Whole Wheqt Bread 653 

Yeast Poultices 633 

Nutmeg Liver 131 

Nux Vomica, Poison by 405 

Oatmeal, Barley or Rice Water, from the 

Grain 650 

Oatmeal Gruel 648, 652, 646 

Obesity 380 

Treatment 331 

Diet 331 

For Breakfast 331 

Noon Meal Dinner 831 

Supper 331 

Before Going to Bed 331 

Obesity— (Herb Remedies) 434 

OBSTETRICS, OR MIDWIFERY 615 

Obstruction, Intestinal 121 

Odors 647 

Oedema of the Glottis 26 

Oedematous Laryngitis 26 

Olive Oil (Medical Use) 672 

Omelet 648 

Onion (Medical Use) 669 

Onychia 78 

Onychauxis 77 

Operations 862 

Operations, Special 663 

Opium, Poison by 405 

Ophthalmia Neonatorum 360 

Ophthalmia Neonatorum, Diagnosis of 4 

Orangeade 650 

Organs, Diseases of the Digestive 97 



MEDICAL INDEX 



933 



Organic Diseases of the Spinal Cord 304 

Sjrntptoina 304 

Treatment 304 

Organs of Generation, The Internal 491 

Osteopathy 661 

Ovaries, The 493 

Ovaries, Inflammation of 503 

Ovaries, Tumors of 504 

Ovaries, Tumors of the Operation for 663 

Ovaritis 503 

Ovary, Diseases of 503 

Oxalic Acid, Poison by 405 

Oxyuria Vermicularis 46 

Oyster Stew 653 

Ozena , 16 

Causes 16 

Physicians' Treatment 16 

Home Treatment 16 

1. Solution for 16 

2. The Following Ointment 16 

3. Dr. Ferguson of New York uses the 

Following 17 

Pain or Rheumatism 679 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 679 

1. Tansy and Smartweed for 679 

2. Horseradish Poultice for 679 

3. T.iniment to Relieve 679 

4. Vinegar and Pepper for 679 

Paine's Celery Compound 488 

Pain Killer, External 481 

Palate, Cleft 369 

Palpitation of the Heart 337 

Causes 337 

Symptoms 337 

Mothers' Remedies 338 

1. Tea of Geranium Root for 333 

2. Hot Foot Bath and Camphor for 338 

3. Valuable Herb Tea for 338 

Mothers' Remedies for Heartburn 338 

1. Home Remedy for 338 

2. Soda a Popular Remedy for 338 

3. Excellent Remedy for 338 

4. Remedy for Stout Person 839 

Phvsicians' Treatment for Palpitation 838 

When Caused bv the Stomach 338 

Difficult Breathine 3S0 

Physicians' Cautions 339 

Diet 3?() 

The Heart 3!^9 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 679 

1. Salt Baths for 679 

Palsy 294 

Causes 294 

Symptoms 294 

(a) Paralvsis of the Ocular (eve) 

Muscles 294 

(b) Paralvsis of the Muscles of Masti- 

cation (eating) 294 

(c) Paralvsis of the Facial (Face) 

Mvscles 295 

(d) Paralvsis of the Muscles of the 

Unoer Extremity 295 

(e) Paralvsis of the Muscles of the 

Lower Evtremities 295 

(f) Tovic (Poison) Paralysis, Lead 

Paralvsis 295 

Physicians' Treatment 295 

Palsv. S-haktng 291 

Paralvsis 294 

Paralvsis jA<ntans . 291 

Paralvsis, General of the Insane 298 

Paralvcis. Infantile 307 

Parasites. Diseases Caused by Animal 44 

Paresis, General 298 

Paretic Dementia 298 

Parotitis I80 



Parry's Compound Sarsaparilla Blood Pur- 
ifier 488 

Parry's, Grave's Disease 260 

Pasteur Institutes, Location of 249 

Patch, Moth 61 

PATENT MEDICINES AND RARE OLD 

PRESCRIPTIONS 465 

Ague, Chills and Fever (Rare Prescrip- 
tion) 467 

Allen's World's Hair Restorer 465 

Anti-Constipation Pad *65 

Ayer's Cherry Pectoral 4<>3 

Ayer's Hair Vigor 466 

Ayer's Sarsaparilla 467 

Barker's Bone and Nerve Liniment 467 

Blood and Liver Regulator (Rare Pre- 
scription) 466 

Blotches and Pimples (Rare Prescription) 473 

Brinkerhoff System of Treating Piles 468 

British Oil 488 

Brodie's Liniment for Asthma 48 1 

Bull's Blood Syrup 470 

Burns and Scalds (Rare Prescription) 466 

California Liniment 470 

Cancer Paste 471 

Carter's Little Liver Pills 472 

Castoria 472 

Catarrh Ointment (Rare Prescription)... 463 
Cathartic and Sure Cure for Constipation, 468 

Catarrh of Long Standing 407 

Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhea 

Remedy 473 

Colic. Cholera and Diarrhea (Rare Pre- 
scription) 469 

Colic in Infants 471 

Constipation 471 

Corns 472 

Coughs 468 

Croup 459 

Cuticura Ointment 474 

Cuticura Resolvent 474 

Diarrhea, Flux and Dysentery (Rare Pre- 
scription) 472 

Dyspepsia Tonic 473 

Earache (Rare Prescription) 470 

Edward's Alterative and Tonic Bitters 487 

Ely's Cream Balm 474 

Fellow's Hvpophosphites 475 

Female Regulator (Rare Prescription) 474 

Fever, For (Rare Prescription) 474 

Flux (Rare Prescription) 474 

General Tonic 476 

Genuine White Oil Liniment 476 

Good Samaritan Liniment 478 

Grandmother's Oxvn Cough Remedy 476 

Green Mountain Salve 477 

Gunn's Rheumatic Liniment 478 

Haines's Golden Specific for Opium Habit 478 

Hair's. Dr. B. W, Cure 478 

Hall's Hair Renewer 479 

Hamburg Breast Tea.. 488 

Hamburg Drops 479 

Hamlin's Wizard Oil 480 

Harter's Wild Cherry Bitters 487 

Headache (Rare Prescription) 476 

Heartburn (Rare Prescription) 476 

Heart Diseases, Fluttering, etc. (Rare 

Prescription) 477 

Hinkley's Bone Liniment 480 

Holloway's Ointment 481 

Iron Tonic Bitters (Rare Preccriotion) . . , 4'77 

Itch Ointment (Rare Prescription) 478 

Tohnson's Liniment 484 

"Kelloe's Red Drops 481 

Kellv's Tonic 486 

Kickapoo Indian Oil 481 

Kidnev and Liver Cure (Rare Prescrip- 
tion) 478 



934 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Laxative Bromo-Quinine Tablets 468 

Liniment (Rare Prescription) 479 

Liver Pills (Rare Prescription) 479 

Lombard's Secret Cancer Remedies 471 

Lvdia Pinkbam's Vegetable Compound... 469 

Madame Rupert's Face Bleach 473 

Mitchell's Eye Salve 482 

Mother Siegel's Syrup 482 

Nervousness (Rare Prescription) 480 

Neuraleia (Rare Prescription) 481 

New Yo-k Sun Cholera Cure 480 

Pain Killer, External 481 

Paine 's Celery Compound 488 

Parry's Comp. Sarsaparilla Blood Puri- 
fier 483 

Patterson's Emulsion of Pumpkin S«eds. . 483 

Perry Daris's Pain Killer 484 

Pierce's Compound Extract of Smart- 
weed 488 

Poison Oak and Ivy (Rare Prescription) . 431 

Radway's Pills 488 

Relief from Asthma (Rare Prescription) . 465 
Rheumatism, Internal Use (Rare Pre- 
scription) 482 

Royal Catarrh Cure 467 

Safe's Catarrh Cure 484 

Salve for Boils and Old Sores (Rare 

Prescription) 466 

Saul's Catarrh Remedy 485 

St. Jacob's Oil 485 

Scald Head (Rare Prescription) 482 

Scrofula (Rare Prescription) 482 

Seven Sutherland Sisters' Hair Grower.. 485 

Skinner's Dandruff Mixture 485 

Smith's Electric Oil 470 

Sere Eyes (Rare Prescription) 470 

Sore Throat (Rare Prescription) 475 

Southern (Tholera Cure 483 

Syrup of Figs 485 

Tape Worm (Rare Prescription) 483 

Thomas's Electric Oil 486 

Tonic, General (Rare Prescription) 475 

Toothache (Rare Prescription) 483 

Van Buskirk's Fragrant Sozodont 486 

Watt's Anti-Rheumatic Pills 487 

White's Cough Syrup 487 

Whooping Cough (Rare Prescription) .... 484 
Patterson's Emulsion of Pumpkin Seeds.... 483 

Pediculus Capitis ^ 78 

Pediculus Corporis 78 

Pediculus Pubis 78 

Pelvis. The 490 

Pemphigus 79 

Peptonized Millc 594 

Peptonized Milk 653 

Cold Process 653 

Pericarditis 341 

Primary or First Cause 341 

Symptoms 341 

Treatment of Pericarditis 341 

Periproctitis 137, 151 

Perineum and Cervix, operation for 664 

Peritoneum, Inflammation of the 133 

Peritonitis, Acute, General 133 

Causes 133 

Symptoms 133 

Recovery, Prognosis, etc 134 

Peritonitis. Local 134 

S3rmptoms 134 

Treatment of Acute Peritonitis 134 

For Vomiting 134 

Diet 134 

Peritonitis. Tubercular 134 

Svmptoms 134 

Treatment 134 

Permanent Teeth, Usual Order 619 



Pernicious Anaemia 250 

Condition 250 

Sympcoms 250 

Treatment 250 

Pernicious Malarial Fever 229 

Perry Davis's Pain Killer 484 

Pertussis 180 

Pterygium 352 

Pruritus Ani 143 

Pharyngitis, Acute 21 

Pharyngeal Catarrh, Acute 21 

Pharyngeal Diphtheria 184 

Pharyngeal Tonsil 8 

Pharynx, Inflammation of 21 

Phlebitis 345 

Causes 345 

Symptoms 345 

Treatment 345 

Pierce's Comp. Extract of Smartwced 488 

Piles 145 

Varieties 146 

Causes 146 

External Piles 146 

Skin Piles, (Cutaneous) 147 

Mothers' Remedies 147 

1. Sulphur and Glycerin for 147 

2. Stronglv recommended remedy for . . 147 

3. Good Salve for 147 

4. Smartweed Salve for 147 

5. Cold Water Cure for 147 

6. Simple Application and Relief from. 147 

7. Steaming with Chamomile Tea for . . 147 
Physicians' Treatment for Piles 14« 

What to do first 148 

Lead and Laudanum Wash 148 

1. Soothing Ointment for 148 

2. Salve for 148 

3. For External Piles 148 

4. If there is much Itching 148 

5. I L'se quite frequently 148 

Operation for Piles 149 

Cutaneous Skin Piles Operated upon 149 

Mothers' Remedies (L^nclassified) 679 

1. Prescription for 679 

Piles (Herb Remedies) .. .410, 420, 423, 426, 442 

Piles, Internal 149 

Symptoms 149 

Recovery, Pain, etc 150 

Physicians' Treatment for Piles 150 

1. For Inflamed piles 150 

2. For Bathing the Piles 150 

3. When there is Slieht Bleeding 150 

4. If the Protruded Piles are Inflamed. 150 

5. An Oinrme-t 151 

6. Tea of White Oak Bark for 151 

7. Take a rectal Injection 151 

Preventive. Teratment 151 

For Constipation 151 

Habits 151 

Diet ..., 151 

Foods Allowed 151 

Piles. Itching 143 

Pile?. Operation for 664 

Pimples 61 

P-nworms 46 

Placenta Prjeria 527 

Plag-je 225 

Causes 225 

Bubonic Plague 225 

Septicemia type 225 

Pneumonia type 225 

Symptoms 225 

Pneumonic Plague 226 

Septicemic PlagTie 226 

Treatment. Prevention . 226 

Plague. Bubonic 225 

Plasters. Capsicum and Belladonna 635 



MEDICAL INDEX 



935 



Pleura, Inflammation of the 41 

Pleurisv Diagnosis of '^ 

Pleurisy, Acute . . . .1 41 

Causes 42 

Diet and Nursing 42 

Physicians' Treatment 42 

1. Home Treatment 42 

2. Other Home Remedies 42 

3. Fomentations 43 

4. Camphorated Oil for 43 

5. Adhesive Plaster 43 

6. Tincture of Aconite 43 

7. Hypodermic of Morphine 43 

Pleurisy, Acute (Herb Remedies) 

420, 428, 434, 444 

Pleurisy, Operation for 664 

Pleurodynia 323 

Plumbism, Saturnisrn 374 

Pneumonia, Diagnosis of 4 

Pneumonia 218 

Causes of pneumonia 218 

Symptoms 218 

Mothers' Remedies 219 

1. Salt Pork for Inflammation for 219 

2. Raspberry Tincture for Inflammation 

of 219 

3. Herb Ointment 219 

4. Mullein for 219 

5. Salve for Weak 219 

Physicians' Treatment for Lungs 219 

Fomentations 220 

Pneumonia (Herb Remedies) 434 

Pneumonia, Broncho 40 

Poisoning 621 

POISONS, ACCIDENTS AND EMERGEN- 
CIES (Chapter) 376 

Poisoning, Bland Drink After 438 

Poisoning, Food 374 

Poisoning, Ivy 92 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) . •• 679 

1. Buttermilk and Salt Heals 679 

2. Lead Water and Laudanum 679 

3. Excellent Cure for 679 

Poisoning, Lead 374 

Poison Oak and Ivy, (Rare Prescription) .. 481 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 680 

1. Gunpowder and Lard for 680 

POISONS, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENTS. 

ANTIDOTES AND STIMULANTS 400 

Poisoned Wounds 377 

Polypus, Nasal _ 19 

Posterior Spinal Sclerosis 305 

Post Nasal Growths 8 

Poultice (Herb Remedies) 424, 429 

Poultice of Peach Tree Leaves from our 

Mothers' List 634 

Pregnancy, Accidents of 524 

Pregnancy, Cramps during (Herb Remedies) 

420, 439 

Premature Labor 524 

Prevention of Conception 494 

Prickly Heat Rash 76 

Symptoms 76 

Cause 76 

Mothers' Remedies 76 

1. Soda Water for 76 

2. Relief from pain of 76 

3. Burnt Cornstarch for 76 

4. Soothing Ointment for 76 

Physicians' Treatment for Prickly Heat. . 77 

Chafing 77 

Mothers' Remedies for Chafing 77 

1. Fuller's Earth Eases 77 

2. Good Home Remedy for 77 

3. Borax and Zinc stops 77 

4. Common Flour Good to Stop 77 



Proctitis 

Podagra 

Prolapse 

Proprietary Foods 

Prostate, Diseases of the 

Prostate, Hypertrophy of the 

Symptoms 

Treatment, Preventive 

Prostration, Nervous 

Pruritis 

Pseudo- Leukaemia 

Psoriasis 

Pulse 

Purifier, Blood (Herb Remedies) 

Purpura 

Symptoms 

1. Symptomatic Purpura 

2. Type Arthritic Purpura 

Purpura Haemorrhagic 

Symptoms 

Treatment 

Pyelitis 

Symptoms 

Treatment 

Diet 

Pyemia 

Symptoms . .• 

Local Treatment 

General Treatment 

Quinsy 

Radway's Pills 

Rash, Nettle 

Rash, Nettle (Herb Remedies) 

Rash, Prickly Heat 

Raspberry Shrub 

Raspberry Vinegar 

Rectal Douche 

Rectocele 

Rectum, Abscess around the 

Rectum, Diseases of the 

Rectum, Neuralgia of the 

Relief for Asthma (Rare Prescription) 

Remittent Fever 

Renal Calculus 

Respiration (Breathing) 

RESPIRATORY DISEASES 

Resuscitate the Drowned, To 

Retina 

Retina, Inflammation of the 

Retinitis, Albuminuric 

Rheumatism 

Liniment sent us from a Gentleman in 

Canada 

Rheumatic Arthritis 

Rheumatism Articular 

Rheumatism Chr«nic 

Rheumatism, Chronic (Herb Remedies) .... 

414, 434, 435, 

Rheumatic Fever, Diagnosis of 

Rheumatic Rever (Articular Rheumatism) . . 

Causae 

Predisposing 

Condition 

Symptoms 

Fever 

Mothers' Remedies 

1. Salicylate of Soda Treatment 

2. Cotton Excellent for Inflammatory, . 
Prevention 

1. Physicians' Causes 

2. Hot Fomentations 

3. The Following is Good 

4. A Prescription 

5. A Layer or Two of Gauze Saturated 

with MetbyleaKcylate 

6. Internal 



137 
315 

137 
622 
163 
164 
104 
164 
280 
495 
252 
79 
642 
422 
253 
253 
253 
253 
253 



254 
160 
Iflfl 
161 
161 
223 
223 
223 
223 
190 
488 

89 
442 

76 
646 
647 
641 
614 
151 
136 
137 
466 
228 
161 
642 
6 
397 
347 
355 
355 
678 

678 
314 
317 
321 

440 
4 
317 
317 
318 
318 
318 
318 
818 
319 
319 
319 
320 
320 
320 



320 
329 



936 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



7. Dr. Hare Recommends 32C 

Nursing 321 

Diet 321 

Rheumatism, Gonorrheal 236 

Rheumatism, Gonorrheal (Herb Remedies) 

429, 430 

Rheumatic Gout 314 

Rheumatic Anthritis 314 

Arthritis Deformans 314 

Causes 314 

Conditions 314 

Symptoms 314 

Acute 314 

Chronic Type 315 

Monarticular or One Joint Type 315 

Recovery 315 

General Treatment 315 

Local 315 

Rheumatic Headache 268 

Rheumatism, Diagnosis of Inflammatory 4 

Mothers' Remedy (Unclassified) 677 

1. Salt Petre and Sweet Oil for ,. . . 677 

Rheumatism, Internal Use (Rare Prescrip- 
tion) 482 

Rheumatism, Muscular 323 

Rheumatism, Muscular (Herb Remedies) . . . 

415, 426, 434 

Rhinitis, Acute 10 

Rhinitis, Chronic 14 

Ribs, Broken 382 

Rickets 614 

Ringworm 86 

Varieties 86 

Ringworm of the Body 86 

Mothers' Remedies 86 

1. Gunpowder and Vinegar for 86 

2. Cigar Ashes for 86 

3. Kerosene for 86 

4. Ontario Mother Cured Boy of 86 

5. Another from a Mother at Valdosta, 

Georgia 86 

6. Egg Skin Remedy for 86 

7. From a Mother at Owosso, Michigan 86 
Physicians' Treatment 86 

1. For Infants and Children 86 

2. Corrosive Sublimate 87 

3. Ammoniated Mercury 87 

4. For Ringworm 87 

5. For Ringworm 87 

Ringworm (Herb Remedies) 413 

Ringworm of the Beard 87 

Ringworm of the Scalp 87 

Cautions and Treatment 87 

1. Carbolic Acid 87 

2. Oleate of Mercury 87 

3. Sulphur Ointment 87 

4. Tincture of Iodine 87 

Root Beer 646 

Rose, Cold 17 

Rough on Rats, Poison by 406 

Round Worm 44 

Royal Catarrh Oite 467 

Rupture 122 

Causes 123 

Location 123 

Symptoms 123 

Mothers' Remedies 123 

1. Poultice for 123 

Physicians' Treatment 123 

Irreducible Ruptures 123 

Strangulated Hernia or Rupture 124 

Symptoms 124 

Mothers' Remedies 124 

1. Hop Poultice 124 

Physicians' Treatment 124 

To Reduce 124 

Caution 124 

Mothers' Remedy (Unclasifled) 680 

1. Herb Remedy for 680 



Rupture in a Baby 820 

Rupture of the Spleen 256 

St. Jacob's Oil 486 

Sad Mania 312 

Sage's Catarrh Cure 484 

Sago Custard 647 

Salpingitis 502 

Salt (Medical Use) 668 

Saltpetre, Poison by 406 

Salt Rheum 67 

Mothers' Remedies 07 

1. Alum Wash and Cathartic for 67 

2. Ammonia and Camphor 68 

3. Cactus Leaf Cure for 68 

4. Pine Tar for 68 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 680 

1. Well Tried Remedy for 680 

Salt Rheum (Herb Remedies) 416, 434 

Salve for Boils and Old Sores (Rare Pre- 
scription) 466 

Salve, Splendid General 681 

Santonin, Poison by 407 

Saul's Catarrh Remedy 485 

Scalds, Mothers' Remedies for 387 

Scalds (Herb Remedies) 429 

Scald Head 617 

Scald Head (Rare Prescription) 482 

Scalding Urine (Herb Remedies) 440 

Scalp, Care of 550 

Scalp, Ringworm of the 87 

Scarlet Fever, Diagnosis of 6 

Scarlet Fever 167 

Definition 167 

Modes of Conveying 167 

Remains in the Room, How Long? 108 

Age, Occurrence, Susceptibility 168 

How Often ? 168 

Incubation 168 

Contagion 168 

Onset 168 

Rash 168 

Fever 168 

Sore Throat 169 

Tongue 169 

Scaling 169 

Complications, Nose 169 

Ear 169 

Eye 169 

Kidneys 170 

Heart 170 

Joints 170 

Chorea 170 

Diagnosis 170 

From Measles 170 

Recovery 170 

Sanitary Care of Room and Patient 170 

City and State Supervision 171 

How to Prevent and Avoid Scarlet Fever 171 
Sanitary Care of Infected and Sick Per- 
sons and Rooms 172 

The Room in Which One is Sick with this 

Disease 172 

Soiled Clothing, Towels, Bed Linen, etc.. 172 

The Discharges 173 

All Cups, Glasses, Spoons, etc 173 

Foods and Drinks ; . . . 173 

Persons Recovering from Scarlet Fever... 173 

Diet and Nursing 173 

■ During the Sickness 174 

Special Treatment 174 

Dropsy in Scarlet Fever 175 

How Soon May a Convalescent Person 

Associate with the Healthy 175 

Caution 175 

Scarlet Fever (Herb Remedies) 422 

Scarlatina, Diagnosis of 5 

Schaefer Method of Artificial Respiration... 397 



MEDICAL INDEX 



937 



Sciatica 26Z 

Schools of Medicines 6o0 

Sclerosis of the Liver 131 

Scrofula 212 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 681 

1. A Good Remedy for 681 

Scrofula (Herb Remedies) 

416, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 444, 445, 447 

Scrofula (Rare Prescription) 482 

Scurvy 615 

Scurvy (Herb Remedies) 434, 444, 447 

Sebaceous Cyst 85 

Seborrhea 83 

Secretion, Lessened Sweat 57 

Senile Cataract 354 

Symptoms of Senile (Old Age) Cataract. 354 

Course 354 

Sep:icemia 222, 223 

Seven Sutherland Sisters' Hair Grower.... 485 

Shingles 74 

Definition 74 

Symptoms 74 

Causes 74 

Mothers' Remedies 74 

1. Herb Remedy for 74 

2. Mercury Ointment for 74 

Physicians' Treatment 75 

Shocked, Electrically 397 

Shoulder Joint Dislocation 380 

Sick Headache (Herb Remedies) 413, 414 

Simple Acne 53 

Simple Angina 21 

Skin, Diseases of the 52 

Macule Spots (Patches) 63 

Papule (Pimple) 53 

Tubercle (Node Lump) 53 

Tumors 53 

Wheel 63 

Vesicle 53 

Bleb 53 

Pustule 53 

Scale 53 

Crust 53 

Excoriation 53 

Fissures 53 

Ulcer (Sores) 53 

Scar 53 

Pigmentation 53 

Skin, Diseases of the (Herb Remedies) 

415, 430. 435, 436, 438, 447 

Skin Diseasea Produced by Lice 78 

Skin, Inflammation of the 62 

Skin, Inflammation of the (Herb Remedies) 412 

Skinner's Dandruff Cure 485 

Sleep 603 

Sleeplessness 299 

Slcrplessness (Herb Remedies) 426, 430, 439 

Smallpox, Diagnosis of 4 

Smallpox 201 

Causes 201 

Symptoms 201 

Eruptions 201 

Confluent Form 201 

Varioloid 201 

Treatment 202 

Diet 202 

Nursing 202 

General Rule for Disinfection 203 

Hands. Body, etc 203 

Vaccination and Re-vaccination and its 

Prevention of Smallpox 203 

A Good Time to be Vaccinated 203 

Why Vaccinate ? 203 

Smallpox entirely prevented by re-vaccina- 
tion .». . . 204 

Who Should Be Vaccinated 204 

Who Should Not Be Vaccinated 205 



When Should a Person be Vaccinated?.. 205 

Vaccination after Exposure to Smallpox.. 205 

With what should one be vaccinated?.... 206 

Where Vaccination Should Be Performed 206 

After Vaccination 206 

Common Appearances after Vaccination.. 206 

What to do during and after Vaccination 207 

Make a Record of your Vaccination 207 

Lives Saved from Smallpox in Michigan. 207 

Smith's Electric Oil 470 

Smooth Tonsilitis, Diagnosis of 5 

Snake Bites 377 

Symptoms of a Snake Bite 378 

Treatment 378 

First thing to do 378 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 680 

1. Simple Poultice for 680 

2. Onions and Salt for 681 

Snake Bite (Herb Remedies) 434 

Soda (Medical Use) 669 

Salt Water Bath, Tonic Action 630 

Softening of the Brain 298 

Soft Diet 644 

Soothing Syrup, Overdose of 622 

Sore Eyes (Rare Prescription) 470, 549 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 681 

1. Camphor and Breast Milk for 681 

Sore Mouth, Canker 97 

Sore Mouth, Canker (Herb Remedies^ 410, 

420, 442, 444 

Sore Throat 21 

Symptoms 21 

Chronic 21 

Prevention of the Chronic Kind 21 

Prevention of the Acute Kind 21 

Mothers' Remedies 21 

1. Used for Years Successfully 21 

2. Splendid Liniment for 22 

3. Simple Gargle for 22 

4. Home Made Salve for 22 

5. Cold Packs Sure Cure for 22 

6. Ointment for 22 

7. Remedy from a Mother in Johnson 

City, Tenn. 22 

8. Gargle and Application for 23 

9. Vinegar Gargle for 2b 

10. Alum and Vinegar for 23 

11. Kerosene for 23 

12. Remedy always at hand 23 

13. Simple Remedy for 23 

Physicians' Treatment for Sore Throat... 2*3 

1. Inhalation of Steam 23 

2. Sulphur and Cream for 23 

3. Good Old Mothers' Remedies 23 

1. Phvsicians* Local Treatment 24 

2. When the Attack is Mild •.•••.•• 24 

3. I like the following at the beginning 24 

4. For Chronic Catarrh 24 

5. Other Gargles 24 

6. Snuff 24 

Mothers' Remedies (L^nclassified) 681 

1. Mustard Plaster for 681 

Sore Throat (Herb Remedies), 418, 4'>o. 4''.'>. 

431, 434, 442 

Sore Throat (Rare Prescription) 475 

Sores or Ulcers 72 

Sores or Ulcers (Herb Remedies), 410, 412, 

413, 416, 431. 434, 447 

Southern Cholera Cure 483 

Spasms 542, 616 

Spasms (Herb Remedies) 420, 432 

Spasmodic Asthma 37 

Spasm of the Glottis 26 

Special Diseases 265 

Spice Plaster 635 

Spice Poultice 634 

Spice Poultice from a Stanlyton, Va., Mother 634 



938 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Spinal Cor(L Icjari^ of 

Canses 

Symptoms .................... 

Treatment 

Tranmatism of tbe Cord 

Symp-osis 

Recovery 

Treatment, Inmiediate 

Spinal Cord. Oisanic Diseases of. 

Spine, Conoisaon of the 

Splinters 

Splinter, to Extract 

Splints 

SpoHed Foods, Poison by 

SiK>n^e Bath 

Spots. Liver 

Spctte^f Fever, Diagnoas of 



Sprains (Herb Remedies) 

Squint 

Internal or Convergent Squint 

External or Divergent Squint 

Canses of Co n verge n t (Internal) Squint. . 

Treatment 

External ( Di vergent Squint) 

Squint, Operation for 

Stab Wounds , 

Stammering ............................. 

Miners' Remedies 

1. Easy Cure for 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 

1. Canadian Mother's Treatment for 

Physicians* Treatment - 

Starch Bath 

Starch and Landannm 

Starch Poultice 

Steaioma 

Sterilization . - ........................... 

Sterilized WSk 

Sterilizing, A Simple Method of 

Stig Neck 

Stinralant (Herb Remedies) 

Stings 

Mothers* Remedies 

1. Leaves of (Cranium (ktod for Bee or 

Wa^ 

2. Sinqile Remedy for 

Movers' Remedies (Undasafied) 

1. Old Tried Canadian Remedy for 

2. From Nettles 

Stiags (Herb Remedies) 412. 

Stomach, Bleeding from 

Stomach. Caccer of the 106, 

Stcmacb Tlziiizzt 

S::niE:i:. 2 t-i-i of the 

St:=2:h '1- fcr 

5::~m .- : .t I'.fi — — stion of Ae 



: Remedies). 439, 442, 
Ulcer of the 



:e. Poison by. 



Cz"s-= 



303 
303 
303 
303 
303 
303 
304 
304 
304 
303 
631 
682 
3S1 
407 
630 

61 
4 
383 
410 
356 
336 
356 
356 
356 
356 
664 
303 
301 
301 
301 
681 
6S1 
301 
630 
641 
633 

85 
634 
593 
593 
3S4 
433 
379 
379 

379 
379 
681 
681 
681 
443 
107 
334 
270 
107 
663 
111 
103 
443 
5 
97 
99 
356 
407 
34C 
34S 



d to Kai 

:s (Unclasped). 
L Leaves for 



(Medical Use; 



3i? 
34 i 
34S 
6S1 
681 
349 
397 
578 
407 
676 



Complaint. Prepared Flour for 

Sunburn 

Mothers' Remedies 

1. Lemcm Juice and Vinegar for 

2. Ammosia Water for 

3. Relief from Pain and Smarting of 

4. Preparation for 

Physicians' Treatment 

1. For Sunburn 

2. For Sunburn 

3. The following is a good i owKiiiliiHi 
Sunstrokes 

Symptoms .. 

Pn^nosis 

Mothers' Remedies 

1- Qaick Method to Rdieve 

Treatment 

For Severe Cases 

Medicine 

Sunstn^Ees and Intoxicants (Cliapter) 

Superficial Felons 

Suppurative Tocsilitb 

Sweating, to Cause (Herb Remedies), 441, 

443, 

Mothers* Remedies (Unclassified).....^.. 

1. Swe atin g; to Canse 

2. Another 

Sweating, Eif t'ssive ...................... 

Symptoms ............................. 

Canses 

Treatment .■. . 

Application for the Local Treatment . . 

White Oak Bark for 

Sweating Excessive (Herb Remedies), #26, 



Sweating, Fool 

Symptoms ............................. 

Mothers' Remedies 

1. Alum Water for 

3. Borax and Alcohol for 

3. Simple Home Remedy for 

Physicians' Treatment 

1. Dressing Powders 

2. Boric Acid, powdered, may also be 

used - 

3. Dusting Pow^r 

4. One per cent Solution 

Sweat, Lessened Secretion of. 

Sweats. Night 

Swellings (Herb Remedies) 421, 

Swdling of the Glottis 

Svmrto— 5 

S^rT=?i- t- : I- - -T itTnation of the Eye 



Herb Remedies), 415, 429, 434, 435. 

426. 428. 

nes 



•48 

96 

91 

91 

91 

91 

91 

91 

91 

91 

91 

375 

275 

376 

S76 

876 



376 

371 

79 

190 



•81 

•82 

75 

n 

75 
75 
T5 

75 

434 

57 
67 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 

57 

57 

58 

57 

44 

443 

26 

26 

354 

854 

415 



485 



Table 836 

Taenia Sagisata 48 

Taenia Solium 48 

Talipes 370 

Tape Worm 48 

Tape Worm (Rare Prescription) 483 

TErioca JeUy «52 

Ts-rrar Emetic, Poistm by 407 

7i;:e 307 

307 



1 i5:e Buds 

T=;te Buds. Plate of. 



563 

r:z :..- S^O. •» 

r:-rr.:iry (Skra) Leprosy 238 

— :rri--re (Fever) Under the Tongue, 

Arm-pit 642 

Temperature of Ae Room 624 

Tetanus 2 ?1 

Tetter. Dry 



MEDICAL INDEX 



939 



Tetter, Humid 63 

Things in the Ear 395 

Things in the Nose 396 

Thomas's Electric Oil 486 

Thread Worm 46 

Throat, Sore 21 

Throat, Sore (Herb Remedies), 418, 420, 

425, 431, 434, 437. 442, 444 

Thrush 551 

Thumb, Dislocation 380 

Thyroid Gland, Diseases of 258 

Symptoms 258 

Treatment 258 

Thyroiditis 258 

Tic Doloureux 265 

Tickling in Throat 25 

Tinea Trichophytina 86 

Tobacco. Poison by 407 

Toe-Naii, Ingrowing 395 

Tongue, The 642 

Ulcers 643 

High Fever 643 

Dark Brown or Blackish Coating 643 

Strawberry Tongue 643 

Cankered Tongue 643 

Cholera Infantum 643 

Constipation 643 

Biliousness 643 

Tonic (Herb Remedies), 424, 425, 428, 432, 

444, 445 

Tonic, (kneral (Rare Prescription) 475 

Tonsilitis, Diagnosis of 5 

Tonsilitis, Acute 187 

Follicular, Inflammation of 187 

Causes 187 

Symptoms 187 

Diagnosis Between Acute Tonsilitis and 

Diphtheria 188 

Mothers' Remedies 188 

1. Raw Onion for 188 

2. Peppermint Oil good for 188 

3. Borax Water for 188 

4. Salt and Pepper with relieve 188 

5. Peroxide of Hydrogen will cure 188 

6. A Remedy Effective for 188 

Physicians' Treatment for Tonsilitis 189 

1. Home Treatment 189 

2. Smartweed 189 

3. Salt Pork for 189 

4. Liniment 189 

5. Internally 189 

6. Hot Water 189 

7. Thyme 189 

8. Steaming with Compound Tincture of 

Benzoin 189 

9. For the Pain 189 

10. Medicines, Parke, Davis & Co., Anti- 

Tonsilitis Tablet No. 645 is very 
good 190 

11. Aspirin 190 

12. Dr. Hare of Philadelphia 190 

Tonsilitis, Suppurative 190 

Tonsils, Operation for 665 

Tonsil, Pharyngeal 8 

Toothache - 119 

Mothers' Remedies 119 

1. Dry Salt and Alum for 119 

2. Oil of Cloves quick relief for 119 

3. Home Made Poultice for 119 

4. Oove Oil and Chloroform 119 

5. Sure Cure for 119 

6. vS'alt and Alum Water for 119 

7. Oil of Cinnamon for 119 

8. Reliable Remedy for 119 

9. From Decayed Teeth 120 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 682 

1. Benzoin for 682 

2. Oil of Cinnamon for 682 



Physicians' Treatment 121 

Toothache (Herb Remedies) 418 

Toothache (Rare Prescription) 483 

Tooth Powders 120 

Mothers' Tooth Powders 120 

1. The Ashes of Burnt Grape Vine 120 

2. Tooth Powder 120 

3. Tooth Powder 120 

4. Tooth Powder 120 

5. Tooth Wash 120 

6. Commonly Used 120 

Torticollis 323 

Tracheotomy and Intubation, Operation for. 664 

Traumatism of the Cord 303 

Symptoms 303 

Recovery 304 

Treatment, Immediate 304 

Tremens, Delirium 372 

Trichiniasis 50 

Modes of Infection 51 

Symptoms 51 

Physicians' Treatment 52 

Tricuspid Stenosis (narrowing) 344 

Recovery 344 

Treatment: (a) While Compensated 344 

{b) The Stage of Broken Compensation 344 

Tricuspid (Valve) Insufficiency 344 

Cause 344 

Trifacial Neuralgia 265 

Tub Bath (common) 631 

Tuberculosis of the Lungs, Diagnosis of . . . . 5 

Tuberculosis 211 

Forms — The Lungs 211 

Ordinary Consumption 2] 1 

1. Acute Miliary Tuberculosis 211 

(a) Acute General Miliary Tubercu- 
losis 211 

(6) Pulmonary (Lung) Type 211 

(c) Tubercular Meninigtis 211 

2. Tuberculosis of the lymph nodes 

(glands) 212 

3. Tuberculous Pleurisy 212 

4. Tuberculous Pericarditis 212 

5. Tuberculous Peritonitis 212 

6. Tuberculosis of the Larynx 212 

7. Acute Pneumonia (Pulmonary Tuber- 

culosis) or Galloping Consumption 212 

8. Chronic Ulcerative Pulmonary Tuber- 

culosis 212 

9. Chronic Miliary Tuberculosis 212 

10. Tuberculosis of the Alimentary Canal 212 

11. Tuberculosis of the Brain 212 

12. Tuberculosis of the Liver, Kidneys, 

Bladder, etc 212 

13. Tuberculosis of Joints 212 

Mesenteric Kind 21 2 

Mothers' Remedies 212 

1. Simple Home Method to Break Up.. 212 

2. Physicians' Treatment 212 

Physicians' Treatment for Consumption... 213 

Sanitary , 213 

Prevention of Tuberculosis 213 

Second 213 

Individual Prevention 213 

General Measures 214 

At Home 214 

Diet— Treatment 214 

Diet in Tuberculosis Furnished by a Hos- 
pital 214 

May Take 214 

Must Not Take 214 

What every person should know about Tu- 
berculosis, whether he has had the dis- 
ease or not 214 

Tuberculosis (Herb Remedies) 437 

Tuberculosis Patients, How to Treat the 

Sputum from 627 

Tuberculosis, Cervical 212 



940 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Tuberculated Leprosy 238 

Tubercular Meningitis 210 

Tubercular Peritonitis 134 

Tuberculous Tumors 297 

Tumors 336 

A Benign Tumor 336 

A Malignant Tumor 336 

Some Varieties 336 

Malignant Sarcoma (Sarcomata) 336 

Diagnosis 337 

Treatment 337 

Tumors (Herb Remedies) 412, 434, 447 

Tumors of the Brain 296 

Causes — Predisposing 296 

Gumma 296 

Tuberculous Tumors 297 

Glioma 297 

Sarcoma and Cancer 297 

Symptoms 297 

Treatment 297 

For Headache 297 

For Vomiting 297 

Tumor of the Nose 19 

Turpentine (Medical Use) 670 

Turpentine and Mustard Stupes 635 

Turpentine Stupes 634 

Typhoid Fever, Diagnosis of 5 

Typhoid Fever 195 

Cause 195 

Symptoms 196 

Time 196 

Incubation 196 

First Week 196 

Second Week 196 

Third Week 196 

Fourth Week 197 

Special Symptoms and Variations 197 

Walking Type 197 

Digestive Symptoms 197 

Diarrhea 1 97 

Perforation of the Bowel 197 

Treatment 197 

Prevention 197 

Sanitary Care 197 

Sanitary Care of the Household Articles.. 198 

Diet and Nursing in Typhoid Fever 198 

Cold Sponging 199 

The Bath 199 

INTedical Treatment 199 

Management of the Convalescent 199 

Typhus Fever 200 

Symptoms 200 

Eruptions 200 

Fever 201 

Treatment like Typhoid 200 

Ulcers 72 

Causes 72 

Treatment 72 

Chronic Ulcer 72 

Mothers' Remedies 72 

1. The Potato Lotion for 72 

2. Chickweed Ointment for 73 

'3. Healing Ointment for 73 

4. Excellent Salve for 72 

5. An Old German Remedy for 72 

6. An Antiseptic Wash for 72 

7. Chickweed and Wood Sage Poultice 

for 73 

8. Blood Root and Sweet Nitre for 73 

9. A Good Combination for 73 

10. A Four Ingredient Remedy for 73 

11. Carrots will heal 73 

12. A Remedy that Cures 73 

13. Bread and Indian Meal for 78 

Physicians' Treatment for Ulcers 73 

Balsam of Peru is good for 74 

A Salve 74 



Poultice 74 

Indolent Sluggish Ulcer 74 

Poultice for 74 

Ulcers (Herb Remedies), 410, 412, 413, 416, 

431, 434, 447 

Ulcer of the Cornea, Diagnosis of 5 

Ulcer of the Cornea 351 

Ulcer of the Stomach, Diagnosis of 5 

Ulcer of the Stomach and Duodenum 106 

Symptoms 106 

Physicians' Treatment 106 

1. Rest 106 

2. Feed by the Rectum 106 

Uraemia, Acute 156 

Uraemia, Acute (Herb Remedies) 435 

Ursemia, Chronic 156 

Uraemia, Toxaemia 156 

Urethritis 235 

Urethritis (Herb Remedies) 415 

Urinary Passage 164 

Mothers' Remedies 164 

1. Dandelion Root will clean 164 

Urinary Passage (Herb Remedies), 411, 415, 

432. 436, 443 

Urine, Blood in the 156 

Urine, Scalding (Herb Remedies) 440 

Urticaria 89 

Uterus, Cancer of the 334 

Vaccination ' 208 

Symptoms 208 

Vagina, The 491 

Vaginal Douche, for Cleansing the 641 

Vagina, Inflammation of 496 

Vaginismus 497 

Vaginitis 496 

Van Buskirk's Fragrant Sozodont 486 

Vanilla Snow 648 

Varicella 179 

Varicose Veins 345 

Predisposing Causes 346 

Exciting Causes 346 

Physicians' Treatment 346 

Palliative 346 

Varicose Veins (Herb Remedies) 410 

Variola 201 

Varix 345 

Vaselin (Medical Use) 670 

Venereal Diseases 494 

Ventilation 623 

Verucca 89 

Vestibule, The 491 

Vinegar (Medical Use) 673 

Vomiting 115 

Mothers' Remedies 115 

1. Spice Poultice to Stop 115 

2. Mustard Plaster to Stop 115 

3. Parched Corn, Drink to Stop 115 

4. Peppermint Application for 115 

5. Mustard and Water for 115 

6. Warm Water for 115 

Physicians' Treatment 115 

1. For Vomiting 115 

2. For Nervous Vomiting 115 

3. A Little Brandy 116 

4. Oil of Cloves 116 

5. Lime Water 116 

6. Vinegar Fumes 116 

7. Seidlitz Powder 116 

8. Mustard Plaster 116 

9. One-tenth drop of Ipecac 116 

10. One-half drop of Fowler's Solution.. 116 

Vomiting (Herb Remedies) 423, 433, 440 

Vulva, Cysts of 496 

Vulva, Inflammation of 494 

Vulva, Itching of 495 

Vulvitis 494 



MEDICAL INDEX 



941 



Warm Baths (90 to 100 F.) 630 

Wart 89 

Mothers' Remedies 89 

1. An Application for 89 

2. Match and Turpentine for 89 

3. Muriate of Ammonia for 89 

4. Turpentine for 89 

5. Warts, to Remove 89 

6. Milkweed Removes 89 

7. For Warts 89 

Warts (Herb Remedies) 413, 416 

Watt's Anti-Rheumatic Pills 487 

Weak Back 682 

Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified) 682 

1. Liniment for 682 

2. Turpentine and Sweet Oil for 682 

Weaning 569 

Wen 85 

Treatment 85 

Wet Cupping 635 

Whites, The 510 

White's Cough Syrup 487 

White Swelling 236 

Whitlow 69 

Whole Wheat Bread 653 

Whooping Cough, Diagnosis of 5 

Whooping Cough 180 

Symptoms 181 

The First Stage 181 

Spasmodic or Second Stage 181 

Stage of the Decline 182 

Complications 182 

Diagnosis 182 

Mortality 182 

Mothers' Remedies 182 

1. Chestnut Leaves for 182 

2. Chestnut Leaves and Cream for 182 

3. Mrs. Warren's 182 

4. Raspberry Tincture for 182 

Physicians' Treatment for Whooping 

Cough 183 

Medical Treatment 183 

1. Good Powder 183 

2. Tincture of Aconite 183 

3. The Best Treatment 183 

Diet 183 

Whooping Cough (Herb Remedies) 487, 439 

Whooping Cough (Rare Prescription) 484 

Wine of Antimony (Poison by) 407 

Wind-pipe, Bleeding from 38 

WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 489 

Abortion (Accidents of Pregnancy) 524 

Causes 525 

Causes — Due to the Father — Paternal.... 525 

Fcetal Causes 525 

Symptoms 525 

Threatened Abortion 526 

Inevitable Abortion 526 

Treatment — Preventive 526 

Treatment of Threatened Abortion 526 

Treatment of the Inevitable Abortion 527 

Placenta Praevia 527 

Treatment 527 

Amenorrhea 505 

Causes 505 

Symptoms 505 

Treatment 505 

Bleeding after Delivery 540 

Breast Broken, Abscess 538 

Breasts, Care of 538 

Breasts, Inflammation of 538 

Abscess, Broken Breast 538 

Treatment — Preventive 538 

Mothers' Remedies for Sore Breasts 539 

1. A Never Failing Remedy for 539 

2. An Herb Treatment for 589 



3. A Hot Poultice for 539 

4. Fresh Hops for 539 

5. A Poultice of Peach Leaves for 539 

Mothers' Remedies for Sore Nipples 539 

1. A Good Wash for 539 

2. A Good Family Ointment for 539 

(Tcrvix, Diseases of 497 

Tear of the Cervix (Laceration) 497 

Causes 497 

Symptoms, Immediate and Remote 497 

Remote Symptoms 497 

Treatment 498 

Cervix, Inflammation of the 498 

Cause 498 

Symptoms 498 

Treatment 498 

Cervix, Tear of 497 

Childbirth 494 

Clitoris, The 491 

Convulsions (Eclampsia) 542 

Treatment 542 

Criminal Abortion 494 

Cystocele 514 

Causes 514 

Symptoms 514 

Treatment 514 

Diseases of Women, Causes of 493 

Menstruation 494 

Dress 494 

Prevention of Conception 494 

Criminal Abortion 494 

Childbirth 494 

Venereal Diseases 494 

Dress 494 

Dysmenorrhea 507 

Eclampsia 642 

Endometritis 498 

Endometritis, Putrid 500 

Symptoms 500 

Treatment 500 

Diet 600 

Endometritis, Septic, Puerperal 499 

Symptoms 499 

Treatment 499 

Fallopian Tubes, Diseases of 502 

Fallopian Tubes, Inflammation of 502 

Fibromata 501 

Genital Organs, Female, Anatomy of 490 

Glands of Bartholin, The 491 

Hemorrhage, Post-Partum (Bleeding After 

Delivery) 540 

Causes 640 

Symptoms 540 

Treatment 540 

Pulse and Temperature 541 

Treatment 541 

Diet 542 

Hymen, The 491 

Labia Majora, The 490 

Labia Minora, The 490 

Labor 528 

Premonitory Signs of Labor 528 

Stages of Labor 529 

The First Stage 529 

Second Stage 529 

Third Stage 530 

Management of Labor 530 

Preparation of the Bed 530 

Preparation of the Patient 630 

Examination of the Patient 531 

Management of the Second Stage 632 

Dr. Manton. of Detroit. Says: 532 

Management of the Third Stage 534 

The CTiild 534 

Another Method 535 

The Mother 536 

Rest 537 

After-Pains 537 



942 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



The Bladder 

The Bowels 

Leacorrhea (The Whites) 

Causes 

From a Tom Cervix 

In I-fammation of the Canal of the 

Cervix 

Inflammation of the Body of the Womb, . 
If the Inflammation Is Cansed by Gonor- 
rhea 

Symptoms 

Mothers' Remedies 

1. Slippery Elm for 

2. Glycerin for 

3. Conunon Tea for 

i. Witch-Hazel for 

5. White Oak Bark for 

6. A Good Herb Remedy for 

7. Common Vineear : : r 

8. An Easily Prerarfi ?.e~r;y for 

9. Home-Made 5u??:;::: -es f.r 

10. A God H:-^Rr~-. f- 

11. A New Y:.-:< _;;::::- Remedy for.. 

Phvsicians' Tr;a:— er.: 

Local 

1. One Ounce of Wiite Oak Bark 

2. Ta— t Aril sn^. Glvcerin 

3. L:: i s 3 ie- SeaL 

4. Th ^ -r-iri. :- Gives Good Scr- 



Vi:: 



5. 

6. 

Lochia. 7-e .. 

Die: 

Menr-agia . 

Causes 

Local Causes 



'."arrri Water., 
'.e Remedies. . 



Treatment for Profnse Men- 



2. Ir. 

3. E:; 



id Remedy for. 



? :. -.v.:: do Weii 

4. Zj. :-e A;;r:::e Is Poor 

: _ - ::u -r : : Nux Vomica 

c. G:!if--. 5ei'. Root 

7. Oi". of Erigeron or Flea-bane 

8. Oil of Cinnamon 

9. CranesbiU (Geranium Maculatum) — 
Menopause (Change of life) 

Symptoms 

Mothers' Remedies 

1. A Useful Herb Remedy for 

2. An Old Tried Remedy for 

3. Good Advice From an Experienced 

Mother 

Physicians' Treatment 

Menstruation 

Menst-^ation, Delayed 



Reniedies- 



Obstruction of 



Ca 



Remedy for. 

: for 

-.lit 



-...,!< 



symptoms 

?»rot':er5' Remedies for Painful Menstru- 



1 A ":::i Tonic for 

A H : — e^ Remedy for. 

^^^-:;i'; --??,:nient 

: ~ - :-r .--::ack 

A If ^-e ?-;;-:•; Xe^^ 

3. f:-I;i"iv:-,V- ^^ -■ -^ 

4. Tin::- -e :: ?--: s 

5. Tincture of Cocculus. 



Syste 



Is 



Cohosh . 



537 
53S 
510 
510 
510 

510 
510 

510 
510 
510 
510 
511 
511 
511 
511 
611 
511 
511 
511 
512 
512 
512 
512 
512 
512 
512 

612 
512 
512 

540 
640 
605 
505 
505 
50« 

506 
506 
506 
506 
506 
50« 
50« 
506 
50« 
507 
513 
513 
513 
513 
513 

513 
513 
494 
504 
505 

505 
505 

505 
507 
507 
507 

507 
507 
507 
507 
507 

508 
508 
508 

508 



Menstruation, Premature 5#4 

Treatment .604 

Menstruation, Vicarious (In Place of) 605 

Midwifery, or Obstetrics 615 

Milk Leg 643 

Symptoms 642 

Treatment 643 

Diet 543 

Miscarriage 6S4 

Mons Veneris 490 

Obstetrics, or Midwifery 515 

Small Bodies 615 

The Embryo or Impregnated Egg 516 

Development of the Different Months 515 

First Month 615 

Second Month 615 

Third Month 615 

Fourth Month 516 

Fifth Month 616 

Sixth Month 616 

Seventh Month 616 

Eighth Month 616 

Ninth Month 616 

Nausea and Vomiting 617 

Breasts 517 

Bladder 617 

Abdominal Changes 518 

Pigrmentation 518 

Quickening 518 

The Blood 518 

Nervous System 513 

Constipation Is the Rule 51S 

The Foetal Heart-beat 518 

Pelvic Signs 519 

Duration of Pregnancy 519 

How to Determine Date of Confinement. . 519 

Position of the Womb 619 

Twins 619 

Sex 519 

Diagnosis 519 

Hveiene of Pregnancy 519 

nothing . . .^ 520 

Food 520 

Bathing 520 

The Bowels and Bladder 520 

Exercise, Rest and Sleep 521 

The Vagina 521 

The Breasts and Nipples 521 

NervDus System 521 

Disorders of Pregnancy 521 

Mothers' Remedies S"?"! 

1. A Great Aid for 522 

2. Nausea of Pregnancy, Menthol and 

S^veet Oil for 623 

3. Bouillon or Broth for 522 

4. Indigestion and Heartburn 522 

Teeth 523 

Constipation 523 

Difficult Breathing 523 

Varicose Veins and Piles 525 

Pfles 523 

Albumin in the L'rine (Albuminuria) 524 

Treatment 524 

Organs of Generation, Tbe Internal 491 

Ovaries. The 493 

Ovary. Diseases of 603 

Ovaries, Inflammation of the 503 

Causes 503 

Symptoms 503 

Treatment 503 

Physicians' Treatment 603 

Ovaries, Tumors of the 504 

Svm^toms 504 

Treatment 504 

Ovaritis 503 

Pelvis. The 490 

Placenta Prsevia 587 

Pregnancy, Accidents of 524 

Premarjre Lab-^r (Accidents of Pregnancy). 524 



MEDICAL IXDEX 



943 



Prevention of Oanception 494 

Pruritis 495 

Rectocele 514 

Causes 514 

Symptoms 514 

Treatment 514 

Salpingitia 502 

Condition 502 

Causes 502 

Symptoms 502 

The Symptoms of the Chronic Variety. . . 502 

Treatment of the Acute Kind 503 

For the Chronic Variety 503 

Vagina, The 491 

Vagina, Inflammation of 496 

Varieties 496 

1. Catarrhal or Simple Form 496 

2. Granular 496 

3. Gonorrheal Form 496 

4. Diphtheritic 497 

5. Senile Type 497 

Symptoms 497 

Treatment (In Acute Cases) 497 

In Chronic Cases 497 

Vaginismus 497 

Treatment 497 

Vaginitis 496 

Venereal Diseases 494 

Vestibule, The 491 

Vulva, Cyst of 496 

Cause 496 

Symptoms 496 

Condition 496 

Treatment 496 

Vulva, Inflammation of the 494 

Causes 494 

Other Causes 494 

In Infants 495 

Symptoms and Condition of the Parts 495 

Treatment 495 

1. If There Is Much Pain. '....'.'. 495 

2. For Chronic Form 495 

Vulva. Itching of the 495 

Causes 495 

Parts Irritable 495 

S3miptoms 495 

Treatment 4915 

Local \'l 496 

Vulvitis 494 

Whites, The '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 510 

Womb. Cancer of the Body of 500 

Treatment 500 

Womb, Displacements 5OS 

Caases 5OS 

Symptoms 508 

Treatment 509 

Operations 509 

Womb, Falling or Prohpse of 509 

For the Incomplete Falling 509 

For the Complete Falling 509 

Mothers' Remedies 609 

1. Unicorn Root for 509 

2. A Fine Herb Combination for 509 

3. A Physician's Treatment for 509 

4. A Never-FEi'ing Remedy for 510 

5. ^^Tiite Oak Bark for 510 

Womb, Fibroid Tumors of 501 

1. Interstitial 501 

2. Sub-Mucus (Under the Mucons 

Membrane) 501 

3. Sub-Peritoneal 501 

Causes 501 

Symptoms 501 

Mothers' Remedy 501 

1. Common Wood Cactus for 501 

Treatment 501 

Symptoms Calling for an Operation 501 



Womb. Inflammation of the T Aning of the.. 498 

Causes 498 

Acute Variety 493 

Gonorrheal Variety, Symptoms 493 

Mothers' Remedy 499 

1. A Good Tonic for 499 

Physicians' Treatment 4W 

Womb. Malienant Diseases of 500 

Causes 500 

SvmDtoms 500 

Treatment 500 

Womb, Subinvolution 501 

Causes 501 

Symptoms 501 

Results 502 

Treatment 502 

Womb, Bleeding from the (Herb Reme- 
dies) 412, 413, 423 

Womb, Cancer of the Body of 500 

Womb, Displacements of 508 

Womb, Falling or Prolapse 509 

Womb, Fibroid Tumors of 501 

Womb Headache 271 

Womb, Inflammation of the Lining of 498 

Womb, Malignant Disease of 500 

Womb. Subinvolution 501 

Wool Sorters' Disease 230 

Worms, Flesh 81 

Worms, Pin 46 

Worm. Round 44 

S}-raptoms 45 

>Iothers' Remedies 45 

1. Sage Tea for 45 

2. Tansy Remedv for 45 

3. Peach Leaf Tea for 45 

Physicians' Treatment 45 

1. Dr. Osier of Oxford. England, recom- 

mends as follows 45 

2. Dr. Ritter's Santonin Remedy 45 

3. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, Michigan... 46 

4. The Following Is from Professor 

StiUe 46 

Worm, Round (Herb Remedies). . .414, 432, 446 

Worm, Tape 4S 

Symptoms 48 

Treatment. Preventive 49 

Mothers' Remedies 49 

1. Pumpkin Seed Tea for 49 

2. Another Good Remedy for 49 

3. Ontario Mothers' Remedy for 49 

4. Successful Remedy for Children or 

Adults 49 

Phvsicians' Treatment 49 

Preparing the Patient 49 

Giving the Remedy and Receiving the 
Worm 49 

1. Light Diet 50 

2. Pelletierine Remedy for 50 

3. Infusion and Emulsion for 50 

4. An Old-Time Remedy for 50 

Worm. Thread 46 

Mothers' Remedies 46 

1. Aloes Treatment for 46 

2. Pink Root tor 46 

3. Quassia Chips for 47 

4. Lime Water Injection for 47 

5. Salt Water Remedy for 47 

Physicians' Treatment _. - 47 

i. Santonin in Small Doses and Mild 

Purgative Like Rhubarb 47 

2. Santonin for 47 

3. Dr. Tooker of Chicago, Illinois 47 

4. Dr. Tooker Gives Another Method.. 4T 

5. Another Remedy for 47 

6. Spearmint Treatment for 47 

7. Internal Treatment for 43 

8. Tincture of Cina. to Accompany In- 

jection 48 



944 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Worm, Thread (Herb Remedies) .. 423. 432, 446 

Wounds 621 

Wounds, Punctured 893 

Wounds, Rusty Nail 393 

Wounds, Stab 392 

Wounds, Torn 393 

Wounds, Torn (Herb Remedies) .. 430, 434, 443 



Writer's Cramp *t9 

Causes 292 

Symptoms 2^93 

Recovery 292 

Physicians' Treatment 292 

Wry Neck 324 

Yeast Poultice 633 

Yellow Fever 224 



INDEX TO MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 

INCLUDING PAGES 683 TO 790 



MANNERS' AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS. ... 683 

Afternoon Wear 768 

Incongruity in Dress 768 

Appropriate Dress for Women 768 

Bachelor Hospitality 764 

Bachelor and the Chaperon, The 764 

Cheaper Ways of Entertaining 765 

Bachelor's Chafing Dish, The 765 

Village Society, In 766 

Should He Offer His Arm? 766 

The Outside of the Walk 766 

Minor Matters of Men's Etiquette 766 

Cards and Calls 766 

Bad Habits 767 

Car Fare Question, The 767 

Balls, the Etiquette of 722 

Calls, the Etiquette of , . . . 690 

Time and Manner 690 

Men's Demeanor 690 

"Pour Prendre Conge" 691 

Girls' Manners 691 

First Calls 691 

Calls After Wedding 740 

Card, Calling, Etiquette 688 

For Women 688 

A General Rule 688 

After Social Functions 688 

After Absence 688 

For Men 689 

Letters of Introduction 689 

At a Hotel 689 

Styles in Cards 689 

Uses of Names 689 

Carriage Etiquette 777 

Minor Items 778 

Children's Parties 727 

Games 727 

Supper 727 

Games for Older Children 727 

Christening Ceremonies 747 

Ceremony, The 747 

Sponsors 748 

Church Christenings 748 

Church Etiquette 776 

Friendly Advances 776 

Demeanor 776 

Civility in Public 778 

Rude Tourists 778 

Telephone Etiquette 779 

Concerninig Introductions 685 

Women and Introductions 685 

When Calling 685 

General Introductions 686 

Men and Introductions 686 

A Few Things Not to Do 686 

In Company 687 

School Girls' Etiquette 687 



Cook's Work, The T81 

Should Understand Duties 781 

Nurse, The 788 

Debutante, The 721 

A Grave Mistake 721 

Her Dress 721 

If Not a Belle 722 

Decollette Gowns Are Worn When? 769 

Wearing the Hat 769 

Ornaments 769 

Debutante's Dress, The 769 

Dressinig on Modest Allowance 770 

Dinner, The Informal 700 

Family Dinners 701 

Requirements 701 

Setting the Table 702 

Dinners and Luncheons...' 698 

Formal Dinners 698 

Serving the Dinner 698 

The Help Required 699 

Precedence 700 

Be Prompt 700 

Dress for Elderly Women 770 

Suitable, The 770 

Duties of a Chaperon 771 

Mothers as Chaperons 771 

Chaperon's Lot Not Easy 771 

Chaperon a Social Help 771 

Chaperon of the Motherless Girl, The 772 

Avoid Espionage 772 

Girls and the Chaperon, The 772 

Chaperon in Middle Class Society, The... 772 

Duties and Dress of Servants 779 

Maid, The One 779 

Instructing the Maid 780 

Maid's Serving, the 780 

Duties of Waitress and Cook 781 

Engagements, Announcement of 729 

How Disclosed 729 

After the Announcement 730 

Girl's Behavior, The 730 

Length of Engagement 730 

Breaking Off 731 

Wedding Trousseau, The 781 

Engagements, Concerning 728 

Parental Wishes 728 

Entertainments, At Small 723 

Card Parties 724 

At the Party 724 

Etiquette for Children 726 

First Lessons 726 

Etiquette of Correspondence, The 755 

Essentials, The 756 

Letter Forms 766 

Abbreviations 767 

What Not to Do 767 

Placing the Stamps 768 



MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 



945 



When to Write 758 

Care in Writing 758 

Keeping Letters 759 

Letters of Congratulation and Condolence. 759 

Etiquette of Dress, The 767 

Garden Parties 723 

Refreshments 723 

Guests, What is Expected of the 712 

Dress at Week-End Visits 712 

Men's Wear 712 

Guests, The Obligations of 715 

About Being Thoughtful 715 

Outside Acquaintance 716 

Other Points to Observe 716 

Concerning Departure 716 

At Home Again 717 

Hat, The Etiquette of the 761 

Coachman's Salute, The 762 

Hat, When to Raise the 762 

At Other Times 762 

Hat and Coat When Calling 763 

Home Wedding, The 740 

Correct Attire 740 

After the Wedding 742 

Wedding Gifts 742 

What to Give 742 

Acknowledgments 743 

Wedding Decorations 743 

Hospitality in the Home 708 

Real Hospitality 708 

Short Visits 709 

The Unexpected Visit 709 

The Inopportune Arrival 709 

Visits that Save Expense 710 

Hostess, The Duties of 713 

The Visitors' Comfort 713 

Preparing for Company 713 

The Hostess's Invitations 714 

The Visitor's Entertainments 714 

Invitations 692 

Invitations, Formulas for 692 

Replies 693 

Must Not Ask Invitations 694 

Other Particulars 694 

Informal Invitations 694 

Afternoon Tea 695 

The Verbal Invitation 695 

Luncheons 703 

Formal Luncheons 703 

Minor Particulars 703 

Large Luncheons 704 

Manners for Men 760 

Value of Courtesy 760 

Manners of the Gentleman, The 760 

Training, A Matter of 761 

Politeness an Armor 761 

Manners and Social Customs 683 

Importance of Knowledge 684 

A Matter of Habit 684 

Men's Dress 767 

Mourning Garments 751 

Expense of Mourning, The 752 

Mourning Wear 752 

Period of Mourning, The 763 

French Mourning 753 

Mourning for Men 764 

Duties of Friends, The 754 

Mourning Etiquette 749 

Funerals, Conduct of 749 

Undertaker, The 749 

Duties of the Next Friend, The 750 

House Funeral, The 750 

Church Funerals 761 

Flowers 751 

90 



Neighborhood Etiquette 777 

Borrowing 777 

Receptions 707 

Receiving 707 

Decorations 707 

Rules for Precedence 763 

Smoking, About 763 

Smoke, Where not to 764 

Expectoration, About 764 

Social Affairs, The Young Girl's 718 

Girl and the Chaperon 719 

Girl and the Young Men, The 719 

About Gifts 720 

Telephone, The 720 

Speech, Good Form in 773 

Use of Slang and Colloquialisms 773 

Form of Address . . . 774 

Courtesy of Conversation 774 

"Stag" Dinners 725 

Subjects of Conversation 775 

Discourtesies 77§ 

Some Things to Avoid 775 

The Speaking Voice 776 

Summary 782 

Table Etiquette 704 

At the Table 705 

Using the Fork 705 

Vegetables, Fruits, etc 705 

The Spoon 706 

Finger Bowls 707 

Tea, the Musical and Informal 725 

Visiting Etiquette for Girls 717 

Deference to Age 718 

Wedding Anniversaries 745 

Wedding, The 745 

Silver Wedding, The 745 

Golden Weddings, The 746 

Courtesies of the Occasion, The 746 

Gifts 747 

Wedding Festivities 732 

Engagement "Showers" 732 

How Presented 732 

Refreshments 733 

Wedding Invitations and Announcements... 696 

Correct Form 696 

The Bridegroom's Family 697 

Other Items 697 

Wedding Preparations 73S 

The Expense of the Wedding 733 

Bride's Privileges, The 734 

Who Pays? 735 

Wedding Gown, The 735 

Later Wear of the Wedding Gown 735 

Bridal Flowers 736 

Widow's Bridal Attire ^ . 736 

Man's Wedding Garments, The 736 

Bride's Mother, The 117 

Church Wedding. The Formal 737 

Bride's Father, The 738 

Another Form 738 

Best Man's Duties, The 738 

Duties of the Ushers 739 

Wedding Reception, The 739 

Refreshments 739 

Going Away 739 

Weddings, The Simplest of 744 

Week-End Visits 710 

Invitation, The 710 

Amusements 711 

Hostess's Arrangements 711 

Young Girls' Parties 724 

Birthday Party 725 



946 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 

MISCELLANEOUS INDEX 

PAGES 790 TO 908 

kiehiding Chapters <m ''BMutf aad th* Toilet/' *7<(urseiy Hints and Firacide 

Gems/* ''Domestie Science," "Canning and Pickling," '"Candj" 

''General Miscellaneous" and ''Glossary" 



Acid or Lye, Bums from 858 

Account Book, Kitchen 867 

"Affection" (Quotation) 808 

"After the Burial," from Lowell 809 

"All Girls and Boys" (QuotaUon) 808 

Almonds, Salted 830 

Ants, Troubled With 886 

Apples, The Quickest Way to Core 877 

Awkwardness Due to Eyes 811 

Baby, Amusing 814 

"Baby-Class Tree. The" (Poem) 805 

Baby's Fine Dresses 803 

Baby's Kimona 802 

Baby's Layette 801 

Baby's Meals 807 

Baby's Nerves 80S 

Baby's Nose 814 

Baby's Outing 802 

Baby's Petticoats 811 

Baby, Pretty Things for 802 

"Baby's Purpose" (Quotation) 808 

Baby (Quotations) 801, 802 

Baby, Rather Hard On 810 

Baby's Sleeves 813 

Baby's Veil 814 

Baking, Apples Cored for 874 

Baking Dishes, Discolored China 877 

Baking Help 868 

"Barefoot Boy" (Quotation) 804 

Barefoot, Going 803 

Basting Thread, To Save 885 

Bathing the Baby, Hints for 866 

Bathrobe, A 812 

Bathtub, Folding 816 

BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 790 

"Be Discreet" (Quotation) 81S 

Bed Sheeting 872 

Bed Time 815 

Beef, Creamed 829 

Beef -Tea, Preparing, A Way of 86$ 

Bindings, Book With Delicate 890 

Black Ants, How to Kill 861 

BlackiflafJ Soap With Stove 857 

Blackheads 790 

Blankets, To Remove Stains from 858 

Blankets. To Wash White Woolen 889 

Bowl, Finger 883 

Boy's Garments 802 

"Boys" (Quotation) 802 

Bread, To Freshen 865 

Breakfast Food, Cooking 884 

Breakfast Food, To Open Packages 871 

Broom Bags 864 

Broom, How to Preserve the Household.... 880 

Bruise or Cut, For 858 

Brush, To Sweep Stairs With Paint 859 

Bunions 799 

Bureau Drawers That Stick 891 

Buttons for Future Use 885 

Buttonhole, To Make a Neat 876 

Buttons, Sewing on 888 



Cake Tins, Greasing 873 

Cake Tins, Non-Sticking 860 

Cake Tins, To Prevent Sticking 865 

Canary Seed, To Keep Mice Away from. . 879 

Candle Grease, To Remove 863 

Candle Grease, To Take Out of Linen 881 

Candles, To Keep in Warm Weather 879 

CANDY MAKING 848 

Candy Making at Home 848 

Chocolate Candy, Plain 851 

Chocolate Candies 850, 851 

Chocolate Caramels 851 

Chocolate Fudge 851 

Chocolate Nut Caramels 851 

Chocolate Peppermint Wafers 852 

Chocolate Creams 850 

Chocolate Creams, No. 2 851 

Cocoanut Caramels 852 

Cocoanut Cream Bars 851 

Cocoanut Snow Balls 852 

Confectioners' and Common Candy 848 

Cream Dates 854 

Crystallized Fruits 854 

Bonbons. Making the 850 

Butter Scotch 853 

Flavor and Color 849 

Fondant, French or Boiled 849 

Fondant, Making the 849 

Hints, A Few 855 

Hoarhound Candy 854 

Maple Balls 852 

Maple Candies 852 

Maple Creams, No. 2 852 

Maple Creams 852 

Marron Glaces 854 

Marshmallows 854 

Molasses Candies 852 

Molasses Taffy 852 

Molasses Taffy No. 2 853 

Nougat 853 

Nut Bars 853 

Nut Loaf 853 

Other Candies 854 

Peanut Candy 853 

Popcorn Baskets 853 

Popcorn Candy 853 

Sour Drops 853 

School Girl's Delight 854 

Stick Candy 854 

Sugar, Boiling the 848 

Wafers 852 

CANNING 831 

Apples 832 

Apples and Quinces 831 

Apple Sauce 832 

Butter, Apple 832 

Canning Fruits, Table for 838 

Com 833 

Grapes 833 

Peaches 832 

Peaches, Brandy 832 



MISCELLANEOUS INDEX 



947 



Pears 832 

Pineapple 832 

Plums 832 

Rhubarb 833 

Strawberries 833 

CANNING (DOMESTIC SCIENCE 

METHOD) 819 

Cherries 822 

Corn 821 

Peaches 822 

Pears 822 

Raspberry 822 

Rhubarb .821 

Strawberries 821 

String Beans 821 

Tomatoes Canned Whole by Steaming 821 

Carpet, Removing Dirt from 880 

Cauliflower, Cooking 870 

Cauliflower, To Prepare 883 

Center-Pieces, Ironing 883 

Center-Pieces, Lace on 884 

"Chains of Habit" (Quotation) 815 

Chairs, To Prevent from Marring the Floor 881 

CHAFING DISH COOKERY, SOME 

HINTS ON 827 

Almonds, Salted 830 

Beef, Creamed 829 

Chafing Dish Concoctions, Some Favorite. 828 

Chicken a la Goldenrod 828 

Creamed Chicken 828 

Creamed Sauce 828 

Eggs and Cream 829 

Fondue, Cheese 829 

Oysters, Creamed 829 

Rarebit, Welsh 830 

Toast, Curried 829 

Tomato Curry of 830 

Welsh Rarebit, Cream 830 

Chapped Hands and Face 791 

Chair Bottoms, To Tighten Cane-Seated 857 

"Charity" (Quotation) 811 

"Cheerful Giver, A" (Quotation) 807 

Cheese from Drying, To Keep 878 

Cherries and Pineapple, Combinations of... 870 

Chestnuts, Roasted 876 

Chicken, Creamed 828 

Chicken a la Goldenrod 828 

Child's Broom, Uses for 870 

Chilblains 799, 857 

Child's Dress, Serviceable 885 

Children's Dresses, Tucking 883 

"Children's Hour, The" (From Poem) 805 

Children's Sunday. The 804 

Chopping Bowl, Substitute for 865 

Cleaning the Rug at Home 811 

aoset. To Light, of Any Kind 880 

Clothes, Hanging Out 860 

Clothes, Correct Length of 816 

Clothes, Rack for Children's 8^7 

Clothes, Rust Spots on the 869 

Clothes. Washing 860 

Coarse Thread, Do Not Use 885 

Coffee, To Keep from Boiling Over 869 

Coffee, To Settle 864 

Cold or Fever Sores 793 

Collars, Uses for Men's Worn Out 870 

Convenience for the Sewing Room 885 

"Conversation, The Value of Wise" (Quo- 
tation) 811 

Cookies from Burning, How to Keep 860 

Cookies, To Keep 877 

C«okies, To Shape 876 

Cooking Utensils. Washing ?«6 

Corn Bread, To Mix 869 

Corns 798 

Precautions 799 



Corsets, Fixing Worn 884 

Cotton, To Remove Ink-Stains from 881 

Coverlet, Saving the 806 

Creamed Chicken 828 

Cream in Coffee, Substitute 870 

Cream, Whipping 858 

Crepe, Faded 882 

Crockery and Enamel, Cleaning 890 

Curling, To Keep Rug from 883 

Curtains, To Stretch 861 

Cutting Board, A Fine 860 

Dandruff ... 794 

Darning 873 

Darning, To Teach 872 

Delicate Fabrics, To Clean 876 

Dentist, Visits to the 798 

DICTIONARY, MEDICAL 893 

Disagreeable Odors, to Destroy 868 

Disappointing a Child 814 

Discipline 802 

Discoveries 860 

Dish for Children, A 812 

Dish Closet, Crepe Paper for 870 

Dish Cloths 870 

Dishes, Less Noise in Washing 886 

Doily, To Brosh Fringe from a.. 872 

DOMESTIC SCIENCE DEPARTMENT... 817 

Domestic Science, Theory and Practice of 817 

Moral Influence, Its 817 

Domestic Science, Economy of 818 

Proper Cooking, Greatest Food Value 

from 818 

Cooking Meats, How to Save in 818 

Winter Supply, Our 819 

Preserving Foods 819 

Four Common Methods of Preserving 

Foods 819 

Steaming, First 819 

Boiling in Syrup, Second 820 

Preserving, Third 820 

Cold Water, Process, Fourth 820 

Cold Water Process, To Can by 820 

Utensils 820 

Sterilize Jars, To 820 

Filling Jars, Directions for 820 

Double Duties 804 

Dress Goods, Measuring 885 

Dress Goods, Shrinking 884 

Dressmakers, Amateur 888 

Dress Patterns, Preserving 883 

Drippings, Care of the 877 

Dusters 864 

Dyed Hair 79r> 

Dyeing at Home 878 

"Easy to Misjudge Men" (Quotation) 812 

"Easy Task, An" (Quotation) 812 

Eggs, Beating 874 

Eggs, To Boil Without Cracking Them 885 

Eggs. Measure the 868 

Embroidery, Eyelet 889 

Entertaining Children. The Art of 806 

Envelopes, Uses for Old 891 

Eyes, The 798 

Eyelashes and Eyebrows 798 

Eyelet Embroidery, Supsestions for 867 

Eyes, Excessive Lieht Weakens the 892 

Fabrics. Cleaniag Fine 889 

Face, The 790 

Face Cream, A Pure 791 

Face Powders 793 

"Familv" (Quotation) 812 

Feet, The 798 

Fern Growing, Successful 882 

Flannel Binder, The 805 

Flies, To Destroy 892 

Flooring. To Keeo in Place 879 

Flowers (Quotation) 802, 815, 816 



948 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Flowers, Wild 814 

Fly Paper Stains, To Remove 866 

Fondue, Cheese «29 

Food, Scorched 875 

Forbearance (Quotation) 807 

Forming Habits 815 

Foulard Dress, Have You Been Hoarding?. 876 

Four Things (Quotation) 815 

Freckles 791 

Freshen Nuts. How to 868 

Friendship (Quotation) 813 

Friends, Making (Quotation) 814 

Fruit After Cutting, To Keep Grape 868 

Fruit Cans, When the Top Cannot Be Re- 
moved 873 

Fruit Stains, To Remove from the Hands.. 867 

Furniture Brush, A Serviceable 890 

Furniture, Clean Gilt 861 

Furniture, Paint Wicker 891 

Furniture Polish. A Good 880 

Furniture, To Remove White Marks On 881 

Furniture, To Wash 890 

Gas, How to Economize on 886 

Gas, Save the 865 

Gilded Surfaces. To Qean 891 

GUt Frames, Cleaning 888 

Gingham Apron for the Housewife 887 

Glass, Paint That Sticks to 890 

Gloss, To Give Starch a 874 

Glass Stopper, How to Remove 866 

Gloves. To Clean Kid 888 

Gnawing Holes, If the Mice Are 872 

Gowns, Afternoon 810 

Gravies. Making 875 

Gray Hair 795 

Grease from Silk, To Remove 870 

Grease, To Take Out Wagon 8S9 

Greatness of Love, The (QuoUtion) 806 

Hair. The 793 

Hair, Care of the 794 

Hair, Clipping the 794 

Hair, Color of the 795 

Hair, Dyed 795 

Hair Brushes, Washinff 859 

Hair, Gray 795 

Hair and Health 796 

Hair Tonic. A 796 

Hair. Washing the 795 

Hands, The 797 

Hand Chum. Small 878 

Handkerchiefs. Uses for Men's Old Snk... 889 

Hands and Nose. Red 792 

Hangers. Hat 864 

Harsh Commands 813 

Health as an Aid to Beauty 790 

Hem. Putting in a Temporary 885 

Hemstitching 871 

Hems of Table Linen. To Turn Easily and 

Accurately 889 

Hints. House-Cleaning 888 

Homes. Summer 881 

Honesty (Quotation) 814 

Hot Water Bottle. To Preserve 859 

House Account, Keeping a •• . 874 

House. A Spotless 879 

Household, A Convenience for 889 

Household. A Handy Disinfectant for the.. 892 

House Key. How to Carry 863 

Housekeeping. Systematic 868 

Housewife. Hints for the 892 

Housewife. Systematic. A 879 

Human Face, The (Quotation) 806 

Tee Box, Borax as a Purifier for 891 

Irlleness (Quotation) 804 

indulgence 807 



Intemperance (Quotation) 803 

Ironing Day, Conveniences for 877 

Ironing Board. Conveniences for 861 

Iron Holders Made from Asbestos 884 

Iron Rust, To Remove 877 

Iron Sink, To Keep in Good Condition 886 

JAMS AND JELLIES 845 

Apple 845 

Blackberry Jam 846 

Blackberry 845 

Crab Apple 845 

Cranberry 845 

Ck)oseberry Jam 847 

Grape 846 

Orange Marmalade 846 

Peach 847 

Plum and Apple Jam 846 

Raspberry Jams 847 

Rhubarb 846 

Rhubarb and Apple 846 

Spiced Grape 846 

Strawberry and Red Currant Jam 847 

Tomato Marmalade 846 

JAMS .\ND JELLIES (DOMESTIC SCI- 
ENCE METHOD) 822 

Glasses for Jelly. To Prepare 822 

Jelly Glasses, To Cover 833 

Jelly Bag, To Make 823 

Ck)od Emits for Making Jelly 823 

General Directions for Making JelJv 823 

Apple Jelly 823 

Barberry Jelly 824 

Crab Apple TeUy 823 

Currant Jelly 824 

Grape Tarn 824 

Grape Tellv 824 

Quince Jelly 824 

Raspberry Jam 824 

Raspberry Jelly 824 

Strawberry Jam 824 

Keep Dainties Away from the Beginning. . . 809 

Kerosene Lamps, Paint Smoked from 857 

Kettles, Burned 867 

Kitchen Apron 877 

Kitchen Apron, How to Attach Holder to. . 863 

Kitchen Apron. Making a 875 

Kitchen, Convenient Addition to 862 

Kitchen, Drop Table for 877 

Kitchen, A Useful Article in 886 

Lace, Sewing 876 

Laces. To Wash 853 

Lamp Burners. To Clean 858 

Lamps. Kerosene 868 

Lap-Board. When Using 876 

Last Step. The 868 

Laugh. The Value of (Quotation) 812 

Learning to Sew 804 

Learning Wisdom (Quotation) 810 

Leather Furniture. (Zlean 861 

Lemons. How to Obtain More Jnice 858 

Lemons. Washing 872 

Life (Quotation) 816 

Linen Collars. L'se of Old 859 

Linen. To Make Easier to Write on 878 

Linoleum. Clean 862 

Linoleum or Oilcloth That Is Cracked 891 

Little Minds 815 

Liquid Whiteners 793 

Living Room. Attractive 882 

Long Seams. Basting 885 

Love (Quotation") 805 

Love. The Two Symptoms of 813 

Lunches, Putting Up 891 

Maidenhood (Quotation) 813 



MISCELLANEOUS INDEX 



949 



Machine Grease, To Remove 879 

Market, Going to 890 

MARMALADES AND BUTTERS (DO- 
MESTIC SCIENCE METHOD) 825 

Apple 825 

Crab Apple 825 

Peach 825 

Pineapple 825 

Rhubarb 826 

Marred, If Your Paint Has Been 881 

Massage 792 

Matrimony, Cares of (Quotation) 811 

Meals, Airing House After 888 

Meals, Cheerfulness at 871,883 

Meat, Broiling 870 

Meat, The Color Should Be 873 

Meat, Larding a Piece of 878 

Medicine Cupboard 865 

MEDICAL DICTIONARY 893 

Medicine (Quotation) 811 

Method 807 

Methods of Cooking Eggs 813 

Mildew, To Remove 874 

Milk Vessels, Never Pour Scalding Water 

Into 872 

Mittens, Kitchen 875 

Moulding by Circumstances (Quotation) . . . 815 

Moulding, To Prevent Fruits from 891 

Mop Handles, Uses of 884 

Money to Children 812 

Mother (Quotation) 801 

Motherhood 801 

Moths 871 

Moths in Carpet 890 

Mould, To Keep Free From 859 

Mouth Breathing 812 

Mouth and Teeth 797 

Muddy Skirt, To Make Wash Easily 871 

Mud Stains, To Remove 876 

Music, To Pack 863 

Mutton Chops, To Make Tender 875 

Mysterious Future, The (Quotation) 808 

Nails, Care of the 797 

Finger Nail Powder 797 

Implements 797 

The Process 797 

Nails, Ingrowing 799 

Nail Powder, Finger 797 

Needles, For Broken 862 

Needle Holder, A 857 

Needle Sharpener 867 

NeedJes, Threading 885 

Nicknames (Quotation) 808 

Night Petticoats 812 

Night Lamp, A New 864 

Noon of Life, The (Quotation) 812 

Now or Never (Quotation) 811 

Nursery 810 

NURSERY HINTS' AND FIRESIDE 

GEMS 800 

Obedience 812 

Oil Cloth, Buying a New 874 

Old Velvet, Uses for 858 

Oranges as Medicine 806 

Oven, After Cake is Removed from 873 

Oysters, Creamed 829 

Oysters, Raw 883 

Paint and Varnish, Cleaning 860 

Pancakes, Sour Milk 869 

Pantry, (Hosed Cupboards in the 874 

Peaches, Left Over 870 

Pea-Pods, Uses for 878 

Peas, (booking 886 

Petticoats, Children 867 

Petticoat, making over a Heatherbloom 887 



Petticoats, Making Children's 873 

Piano Keys, To Clean 881 

PICKLES 836 

Beet 835 

Blackberries, Mothers' 836 

Brocoli 836 

Cabbage 836 

Cantelope, Sweet 836 

Catsup, Aunt Mary's 838 

Catsup, Grape 839 

Catsup, Gooseberry 838 

Catsup, Pepper 839 

Catsup, Tomato 838 

Cauliflower 835 

Celery Sauce, Mother Used to Make 837 

Cherries 839 

Chili Sauce ., 837, 840 

Cucumber, Ripe 837 

Cucumber, Sliced 838 

Currants, Spiced 840 

Dill Pickles, Grandmother's 83S 

Grapes, Spiced 840 

Green Beans 841 

Green Tomato 839 

Mustard 836, 838 

Oyster Catsup 839 

Peaches, Sweet 836 

Pears, Ginger 840 

Pickles, Bottled 838 

Pickles, Mustard 839 

Pickles, Mixed 836 

Pickles, Spanish 840 

Pickles, Sweet Mixed 839 

Prunes, Sweet 836 

Relish, Corn 839 

Relish, Tomato 837 

Sauce, Green Tomato, for Meats or Fish. 837 

Soye Tomato 840 

Spiced Vinegar for Pickles 838 

Tomato 837 

Tomato, Green 837, 840 

Tomato Relish 837 

PICKLES (Domestic Science Method) 826 

Chili Sauce 826 

Cucumber, Sweet , 827 

Olive Oil Pickles 826 

Pickled Pears or Peaches, Sweet 826 

Tomato, Green 827 

Picnic Supplies 808 

Pie Crust, How to Make 863 

Pillows, to Air 878 

Pillow Slips, Changing 859 

Pillows, Separate Night and Day 886 

Pimples 791 

Pinafore, The 810 

Pineapple, To Preserve 884 

Pincushion, A Brick 867 

Pitchers, To Prevent Dripping 865 

Plaster-of-Paris, To Clean 881 

Playground for Boys 808 

Plaited Skirt, Pressing a 873 

Poison Bottle, To Mark 865 

Poison, Let the Bottle Tinkle 863 

Politics and Veracity (Quotation) 813 

Pomades, Use of 794 

Potatoes, To Improve Baked 875 

Potatoes, Boiled 869 

Potatoes, Browning 872 

Powder, To Use 793 

Praying of a Child (Poem) 800 

PRESERVES 841 

Apple 841 

Apricot 842 

Brandied Peaches 844 

Cherries 841 

Citron ,842 



950 



MOTHERS' REMEDIES 



Citron and Quince 842 

Fig and Rhubarb 841 

Grapes 844 

Lemon Butter 841 

Peaches 844 

Pears 841, 842, 843 

Pear Chips 845 

Pineapple 842 

Purple Plums 844 

Quinces 844 

Raspberr>- and Currant 822 

Rhubarb S41 

Spiced Currants 843 

Spiced Gooseberries 843 

Spiced Grapes 844 

Spiced Peaches 845 

Strawberry 822, 841, 843 

Tomato 843 

Princess Skirt 813 

Progress (Quotation) 809 

Prominent Ears 814 

Pudding, Steaming or Boiling 8S6 

Purses. Old Suitcases and 891 

Putty, To Remove 871 

Quilts, Hanging Out 890 

Quilts, Washing SS4 

Rarebit, Welsh 830 

Ravelings, A Use for 866 

Reading (Quotation) 813 

Reasoning Versus Punishment 802 

Red Ants, To Destroy 867 

Rice. Boiling 870 

Roaches. To Exterminate 886 

Rock Me to Sleep (Quotation) 809 

Romper, The 807 

Rouge 793 

Rubber, To Mend 877 

Ruffle Easily, To 873 

Rugs, To Clean Light 880 

Rugs, Cleaning 861 

Rule, A Good (Quotation) 804 

Rust, Charcoal to Prevent 857 

Sacks, A Use for 857 

Salad, Delicious 880 

Salted Almonds 830 

Sanitary Care of Baby's Bottles 815 

Sanitary Drinking Cups 812 

Saw, Toy 874 

Scallops. To Mark 876 

Schooling, Early (Quotation) 803 

Screens, Putting Away 882 

Scrub Bucket, Convenient 880 

Scrub Bucket Leaks, When the 869 

Scrubbing Brush, The Care of 857 

Scrubbing Tender Faces 805 

Seam, Stitching down 873 

Securing Covering at Night 814 

Selfisbness (Quotation) 807 

Sewing Machine, After (Cleaning the 887 

Sewing Machine, Conveniences 873 

Sewing Room, A Hint 863 

Se\*nng, To Save Time by 858 

Sewing, Time Saved in 864 

Sheets, to Hold in Place 866 

Shelves for Cupboard 888 

Shoes, Children's, To Save 879 

Shoe Cover, A 863 

Shoe Polisher, A Satisfactory 866 

Shortcake, Meat 875 

Sickness, in Case of 857 

Sieve, To Clean 860 

Silence (Quotation) 811 

Silk Gloves, To Preserve 867 

SiDc, Grease Stains on 883 

Silk, Using on the Machine 863 

Silverware, Cleaning 890 

Silver, To Clean 859 



Skins of Tomatoes, To Remove Quickly 878 

Skirts, To Press ggg 

Soap Shaker, Home-Made *.'..* gQi 

Soft Soap, To Make .".'.'.*.'.'.'* 886 

Song of Long Ago, A (Quotation) 810 

Songs and Story-Telling 328 

Souring, To Keep Bread from ..../.. 872 

Spoon, Uses of a Wooden * 890 

Sprinkling Clothes, New Method...,*.'.'.!'.*.' 671 

Stains, Old Perspiration ....'. 889 

Stains, Removing _ g^g 

Stained Water Bottles, To Maki * Clean !!!! ! 871 

Stale Bread, Uses for , 372 

Starch, To Prevent from Boiling Oyct..... 866 

Stews and Hash, How to Make 864 

Stilletto, Convenient Place for /, 860 

Stocking Tops, For Convenient Holders.!!! 864 

Stockings from Wearing Out, To Prevent. . . 867 

Stoves, Cleaning gyg 

Stove, The Easiest Way to Blacken..!!!!!! 875 

Suits, Wash 872 

Sunburn ' [ ygj 

Sweaters " gj^ 

Sweeping as a Beautifier ! ! ! ! ! 882 

Sweeping Brush, Cleaning the 881 

System (Quotation) 807 

Tablecloths, to Prevent from blowing off... 8fi5 

Table Linen, Mending 869, 885 

Table Linen, A Neat Way to Hem 883 

Table Linen, Fruit Stains on 880 

Table, Preparing Oranges for the 871 

Table, To Prevent Marks on the 888 

Tomato, Hollowing out a 875 

Tangled Threads, To Remove ! 887 

Tarnished Brass, To Wash 876 

Tea and Coffee S15 

Tears, Banish ] 816 

Tears (Quotation) ! ! 803 

Teeth, Children's 793 

Teeth, Cleansing the '/, 793 

Teeth Second 803 

Temperature of the Nursery ! . 809 

Tinware Rusting, To Prevent 878 

Tireless Talkers (Quotation) 806 

Toast, Curried 829 

Toaster, A Good Substitute for a 883 

Tomato, Curry of 830 

Tooth Powder 811 

Tough Meat, to Make Tender 884 

Towels, Loops on 859 

Towels, Tea 879 

Toy, Children's 869 

Toys, Discarded 859 

Training (Quotation) 803 

Tub, Galvanized 874 

Tub for the Playroom 811 

Tufted Furniture, For 862 

Underclothing, Hemstitching 885 

Undergarments (Infants) 803 

Unique Table Protector 815 

Unselfishness 806 

Vegetables, Boiling 890 

Vegetable, Chestnuts as 874 

Vegetables, To Make Tender 878 

Vegetables, To Restore Freshness to 887 

Veils. Washing 881 

"Village Blacksmith," from Longfellow's 806 

Vinegar, For Clearing 858 

Vinegar, To Give a Nice Flavor..... 872 

Wall Paper, Light Colored 879 

Water Pipes in the Kitchen 872 

Wedding Celebrations 810 



MISCELLANEOUS INDEX 



951 



Welsh Rarebit 830 

Whisks. Worn Brooms or 887 

White Dress, if turned yellow 874 

White Fabric, To Remove Dust from 887 

White SpotB Caused by Dishes, to Remove. 866 

Wholesome Pleasures 805 

Wild Flowers 802 

Windows, Qeaning in Winter 861 

Windows, For Qosing 892 

Window, Sanitary Screen 871 

Windows, Waaliing 861 



Wood Berries, Bright, May Be Preserved.. 881 

Wood Floors, Soft to Paint BB9 

Wood Work, Old, to Keep Clean 881 

Wood Work, To Wash Grained 888 

Woolen Qothing, Cleaning Black 877 

Woolens, Washing Fine 888 

Wringer Rollers, Renewing 865 

Wrinkles 792 

Wrinkled Hands 792 

Zweiback Noodles 808 





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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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